28:
20:
94:. They can parasitize, bite, sting, cause allergic reactions, and/or vector disease to humans. It can be impossible to know the full impact that insects and other arthropods have on human health. Medical entomologists worldwide are working to combat the known effects in order to improve public health.
55:
that impact human health. Veterinary entomology is included in this category, because many animal diseases can "jump species" and become a human health threat, for example, bovine encephalitis. Medical entomology also includes scientific research on the behavior, ecology, and
134:
that can digest the nutrients received from the host. While these ectoparasites feed, the transfer of fluids may transmit diseases such as typhus, plague, and Lyme disease. It is also suspected that bedbugs may also be vectors of hepatitis B.
126:, meaning they feed on the blood of their host. Nearly all personal pests can be transmitted to an uninfected host with prolonged exposure to an infected host. Lice, fleas, bedbugs, and ticks are known as
211:. They carry over 100 pathogens and transmit some parasitic worms. The flies in poorer and lower-hygiene areas usually carry more pathogens. Some strains have become immune to most common insecticides.
130:. Ectoparasites live on the skin of their host. They have adaptations that allow them to access the nutrients inside of the host, such as methods to penetrate skin, insert digestive enzymes and a
266:
that can prevent humans from contracting some of those diseases. They have also developed ways to prevent the arthropods from biting humans. According to a study by the
27:
487:
262:. Through feeding, insects or other arthropod vectors can transmit diseases to humans. Medical entomologists and other medical professionals have helped to develop
481:
175:
are picked up by flies from the faeces of infected people and transferred to clean food either on the fly's hairs or by the fly vomiting during feeding.
409:
347:
At least 100 flea species can transmit plague. Re-emerging major threat several thousand human cases per year. High pathogenicity and rapid spread.
64:, and involves a tremendous outreach to the public, including local and state officials and other stake holders in the interest of public safety.
976:
297:(minor vector). 50 million people are infected by dengue annually, 25,000 die. Threatens 2.5 billion people in more than 100 countries.
267:
937:
895:
742:
171:
is a very common and cosmopolitan species which transmits diseases to man. The organisms of both amoebic and bacillary
902:
1092:
969:
506:
671:
1102:
67:
Public health entomology has seen a huge surge in interest since 2005, due to the resurgence of the bed bug,
1097:
962:
357:, not all species. Sleeping sickness threatens millions of people in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (
127:
660:
839:
358:
918:. Macmillan Pub. Co., New York, NY—Chapter on medical pests vector and transmitted diseases table.
815:
309:
mosquitoes. 500 million become severely ill with malaria every year and more than one million die.
579:
574:
523:
350:
78:
There are many insects (and other arthropods) that affect human health. These arthropods include
947:
762:
Vingerhoets, Ad (June 2001). "An
Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology (2nd ed.), Edited by
737:
590:
547:
518:
61:
871:
Medical
Entomology: A Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods
665:
606:
458:
374:
8:
1011:
727:
511:
500:
475:
470:
464:
230:
causing responses such as, watery eyes, rashes, congestion of nasal passages and asthma.
270:
published in May 2018, illnesses caused by insect bites have tripled from 2004 to 2016.
179:
germs may be deposited on food with the fly's faeces. The house fly cause the spread of
876:
708:
343:
219:
183:
germs by carrying them from a yaws ulcer to an ordinary sore. Houseflies also transmit
155:
living in the skin and the allergic response to the parasite is the condition known as
954:
779:
1035:
933:
898:
891:
783:
682:
676:
143:
775:
447:
763:
530:
437:
in France. 200,000 estimated cases of yellow fever (with 30,000 deaths) per year.
415:
223:
19:
766:, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA, 2000. ISBN: 0-87893-616-5 (pbk.). 724 pp".
618:
565:
541:
391:
338:
131:
226:) as they forage. Cockroach excrement and cast skins also contain a number of
1086:
1023:
787:
641:
585:
535:
452:
421:
312:
289:
184:
123:
147:
also known as the itch mite, burrows into the skin of its host making it an
1069:
1047:
1006:
989:
942:
703:
699:
554:
404:
284:
200:
148:
91:
87:
57:
648:
623:
327:
251:
493:
427:
368:
354:
259:
243:
239:
208:
196:
1057:
985:
611:
533:– Vectors: vary according to geographical area; in the United States
385:
332:
322:
317:
305:
255:
247:
227:
192:
172:
141:
cannot be classified as ectoparasites. The mite that causes scabies,
83:
52:
1052:
1018:
998:
713:
635:
629:
433:
168:
195:
are sometimes fly-borne. Other diseases carried by houseflies are
1040:
732:
596:
300:
263:
204:
188:
176:
156:
138:
119:
111:
79:
802:
Vector
Control - Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities
559:
364:
48:
371:
16 million cases a year, resulting in 600,000 deaths annually.
1028:
693:
687:
653:
397:
379:
187:
by carrying the virus from infected faeces to food or drink.
115:
107:
569:
180:
103:
816:"Endoparasitic mites - Parasites - ALPF Medical Research"
984:
888:
Physician's Guide to
Arthropods of Medical Importance
521:– Several mosquito vectors, the most important being
804:. World Health Organization. 1997. pp. 237–261.
31:
A U.S. Navy medical entomologist identifying insects
914:Higley, L. G., L. L. Karr, and L. P. Pedigo. 1989.
1084:
73:
627:. The major vectors are species in the genera
970:
869:ldridge, B. F., and Edman, J. D., eds. 2000.
862:Mullen, G. L., and Durden, L. A., eds. 2002.
377:– most common vectors: the mosquito species:
925:. Anchor Press, Doubleday, Garden City, NY.
890:, Fifth Edition.Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press,
761:
238:There are many insects that bite including
222:carry disease-causing organisms (typically
977:
963:
844:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
268:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
621:– Vector: assassin bugs of the subfamily
932:4th Edition Cambridge University Press.
916:Manual of entomology and pest management
557:– Vectors: several species of the genus
273:
26:
18:
951:. Little, Brown, and Co., New York, NY.
907:Harwood, R. F., and M. T. James. 1979.
507:Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV)
431:in South America, and species in genus
16:Study of insect impacts on human health
1085:
958:
909:Entomology in Human and Animal Health
743:Insect indicators of abuse or neglect
685:– Vectors: mosquitoes in the genera
450:– Vector: Mosquitoes, main vectors
13:
609:– Vectors: sandflies of the genus
401:; affects over 120 million people.
14:
1114:
864:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
551:(Southeast) are the main vectors.
233:
122:, may vector pathogens. They are
97:
315:– Vectors: species in the genus
930:Medical Entomology for Students
883:. Norton and Co., New York, NY.
672:Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
832:
808:
794:
755:
335:. Two million people infected.
1:
780:10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00068-0
748:
74:Insects of medical importance
873:. Kluwer Academic Publishers
425:in Africa, species in genus
367:-–Vectors: mites, fleas and
214:
7:
721:
162:
10:
1119:
661:Human ewingii ehrlichiosis
996:
911:. Macmillan Pub. Co., NY.
509:– Major mosquito vector:
586:Brugia timori filariasis
545:(Midwest and West), and
473:– Vector: Known vectors
441:
278:
41:public health entomology
1093:Subfields of entomology
840:"Illnesses on the rise"
683:Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
580:Haemaphysalis spinigera
575:Kyasanur forest disease
524:Culex tritaeniorhynchus
102:Personal pests such as
948:Rats, Lice and History
738:Delusional parasitosis
591:Anopheles barbirostris
548:Culex quinquefasciatus
32:
24:
768:Biological Psychology
566:Alkhurma virus (KFDV)
519:Japanese encephalitis
407:– Principal vectors:
274:Insect-borne diseases
60:of arthropod disease
45:veterinary entomology
30:
22:
1103:Academic disciplines
921:McNeil, W. H. 1976.
866:, Academic Press, NY
820:www.alpfmedical.info
666:Amblyomma americanum
459:Aedes camptorhynchus
375:Wuchereria bancrofti
341:– Principal vector:
207:, and some forms of
1098:Medical specialties
728:Arbovirus infection
512:Culex annulirostris
501:Kunjin encephalitis
476:Culex annulirostris
471:Barmah Forest Virus
465:Culex annulirostris
986:Infectious disease
928:Service, M. 2008.
923:Plagues and people
886:Goddard, J. 2007.
881:The Malaria Capers
709:Loa loa filariasis
588:– Primary vector:
344:Xenopsylla cheopis
69:Cimex lectularius.
37:medical entomology
35:The discipline of
33:
25:
1080:
1079:
938:978-0-521-70928-6
896:978-0-8493-8539-1
677:Ixodes scapularis
607:Carrion's disease
488:O. camptorhynchus
482:Ocleratus vigilax
351:Sleeping sickness
144:Sarcoptes scabiei
1110:
997:Disciplines and
979:
972:
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448:Ross River fever
295:Aedes albopictus
47:is focused upon
23:Aedes albopictus
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877:Desowitz, R. S.
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764:Randy J. Nelson
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724:
531:West Nile virus
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281:
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224:gastroenteritis
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774:(2): 171–172.
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619:Chagas disease
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542:Culex tarsalis
539:(Eastern US),
528:
516:
504:
498:
468:
443:
440:
439:
438:
410:Aedes simpsoni
402:
372:
362:
348:
339:Bubonic plague
336:
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298:
293:(main vector)
280:
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235:
234:Biting insects
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216:
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132:gut microbiome
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98:Personal pests
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1070:ectoparasites
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642:Panstrongylus
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536:Culex pipiens
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453:Aedes vigilax
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313:Leishmaniasis
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290:Aedes aegypti
286:
283:
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271:
269:
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257:
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249:
245:
244:biting midges
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202:
198:
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190:
186:
185:poliomyelitis
182:
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174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
151:. The act of
150:
146:
145:
140:
139:Scabies mites
136:
133:
129:
128:ectoparasites
125:
124:hematophagous
121:
120:scabies mites
117:
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105:
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1048:Parasitology
1007:Bacteriology
990:microbiology
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922:
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848:. Retrieved
846:. 2018-05-01
843:
834:
823:. Retrieved
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700:Scrub typhus
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652:
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555:Lyme disease
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503:(mosquitoes)
492:
486:
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451:
432:
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420:
416:A. africanus
414:
408:
405:Yellow fever
396:
390:
384:
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342:
326:
316:
304:
294:
288:
285:Dengue fever
260:stable flies
237:
218:
201:tuberculosis
166:
152:
149:endoparasite
142:
137:
101:
92:Siphonaptera
88:Phthiraptera
77:
68:
66:
58:epidemiology
44:
40:
36:
34:
943:Zinsser, H.
651:– Vectors:
649:Chikungunya
624:Triatominae
328:Phlebotomus
303:– Vectors:
287:– Vectors:
256:Horse-flies
252:black flies
220:Cockroaches
173:dysenteries
43:, and also
1087:Categories
1065:Entomology
850:2018-09-07
825:2018-09-07
749:References
711:– Vector:
702:– Vector:
674:– Vector:
663:– Vector:
657:mosquitoes
599:– Vector:
577:– Vector:
568:– Vector:
494:Culicoides
428:Haemagogus
422:A. aegypti
355:Tsetse fly
353:– Vector:
240:mosquitoes
209:ophthalmia
197:Salmonella
153:S. scabiei
53:arthropods
1058:helminths
999:pathogens
788:0301-0511
612:Lutzomyia
386:Anopheles
369:body lice
333:Old World
323:New World
318:Lutzomyia
306:Anopheles
248:sandflies
228:allergens
215:Cockroach
193:hepatitis
84:Hemiptera
1053:protozoa
1036:Mycology
1019:Virology
1012:bacteria
722:See also
714:Chrysops
636:Rhodnius
630:Triatoma
434:Sabethes
392:Mansonia
264:vaccines
169:housefly
163:Housefly
1024:viruses
733:Myiasis
704:Chigger
597:Babesia
331:in the
321:in the
301:Malaria
205:anthrax
189:Cholera
177:Typhoid
157:scabies
112:bedbugs
80:Diptera
62:vectors
49:insects
1029:prions
945:1934.
936:
901:
894:
879:1991.
786:
639:, and
603:ticks.
601:Ixodes
560:Ixodes
496:marksi
462:, and
419:, and
395:, and
365:Typhus
258:, and
90:, and
1041:fungi
694:Culex
688:Aedes
654:Aedes
442:Minor
398:Aedes
380:Culex
279:Major
116:ticks
108:fleas
39:, or
988:and
934:ISBN
899:ISBN
892:ISBN
784:ISSN
691:and
570:tick
491:and
485:and
325:and
191:and
181:yaws
167:The
104:lice
51:and
776:doi
717:sp.
359:WHO
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