Housefly - Knowledge

709: 1269: 979: 862: 656: 786: 354: 38: 4092:"The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean "lord of flies" (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, "Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron"; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian).", Lewis, "Beelzebul", in Freedman, D.N. (1996). Vol. 1: The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (639). New York: Doubleday. 456:. The claws help the housefly to unstick the foot for the next step. Houseflies walk with a common gait on horizontal and vertical surfaces with three legs in contact with the surface and three in movement. On inverted surfaces, they alter the gait to keep four feet stuck to the surface. Houseflies land on a ceiling by flying straight towards it; just before landing, they make a half roll and point all six legs at the surface, absorbing the shock with the front legs and sticking a moment later with the other four. 764:. This cuticular hydrocarbon is not released into the air and males sense it only on contact with females; it has found use as in pest control, for luring males to fly traps. The male initiates the mating by bumping into the female, in the air or on the ground, known as a "strike". He climbs on to her thorax, and if she is receptive, a courtship period follows, in which the female vibrates her wings and the male strokes her head. The male then reverses onto her abdomen and the female pushes her 56: 1108: 593: 1192:" should not be used directly above food-handling areas because of scattering of contaminated insect parts. Another approach is the elimination as far as possible of potential breeding sites. Keeping garbage in lidded containers and collecting it regularly and frequently, prevents any eggs laid from developing into adults. Unhygienic rubbish tips are a prime housefly-breeding site, but if garbage is covered by a layer of soil, preferably daily, this can be avoided. 499: 424: 5000: 460: 1066:, and pyogenic cocci, making them especially problematic in hospitals and during outbreaks of certain diseases. Disease-causing organisms on the outer surface of the housefly may survive for a few hours, but those in the crop or gut can be viable for several days. Usually, too few bacteria are on the external surface of the houseflies (except perhaps for 1299:(1962), pointed out that as a laboratory animal, houseflies did not trouble anyone sensitive to animal cruelty. Houseflies have a small number of chromosomes, haploid 6 or diploid 12. Because the somatic tissue of the housefly consists of long-lived postmitotic cells, it can be used as an informative model system for understanding 1072:) to cause infection, so the main routes to human infection are through the housefly's regurgitation and defecation. A number of bacterial endosymbionts have however been detected in sequence-based identification from whole genome sequences extracted from flies, the greatest numbers being detected in the abdomen. 1164: 705: in) long, thinner at the mouth end, and legless. Larval development takes from two weeks, under optimal conditions, to 30 days or more in cooler conditions. The larvae avoid light; the interiors of heaps of animal manure provide nutrient-rich sites and ideal growing conditions, warm, moist, and dark. 408: in). The females tend to be larger winged than males, while males have relatively longer legs. Females tend to vary more in size and there is geographic variation with larger individuals in higher latitudes. The head is strongly convex in front and flat and slightly conical behind. The pair of large 1179:

Houseflies can be controlled, at least to some extent, by physical, chemical, or biological means. Physical controls include screening with small mesh or the use of vertical strips of plastic or strings of beads in doorways to prevent entry of houseflies into buildings. Fans to create air movement or

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The ability of housefly larvae to feed and develop in a wide range of decaying organic matter is important for recycling of nutrients in nature. This could be exploited to combat ever-increasing amounts of waste. Housefly larvae can be mass-reared in a controlled manner in animal manure, reducing the

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Insecticides can be used. Larvicides kill the developing larvae, but large quantities may need to be used to reach areas below the surface. Aerosols can be used in buildings to "zap" houseflies, but outside applications are only temporarily effective. Residual sprays on walls or resting sites have a

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into his genital opening; copulation, with sperm transfer, lasts for several minutes. Females normally mate only once and then reject further advances from males, while males mate multiple times. A volatile semiochemical that is deposited by females on their eggs attracts other gravid females and

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Houseflies are a nuisance, disturbing people while at leisure and at work, but they are disliked principally because of their habits of contaminating foodstuffs. They alternate between breeding and feeding in dirty places with feeding on human foods, during which process they soften the food with

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grow throughout the body, killing the housefly in about five days. Infected houseflies have been known to seek high temperatures that could suppress the growth of the fungus. Affected females tend to be more attractive to males, but the fungus-host interactions have not been fully understood. The

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of their legs, so they can identify foods such as sugars by walking over them. Houseflies are often seen cleaning their legs by rubbing them together, enabling the chemoreceptors to taste afresh whatever they walk on next. At the end of each leg is a pair of claws, and below them are two adhesive

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The larvae depend on warmth and sufficient moisture to develop; generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster they grow. In general, fresh swine and chicken manures present the best conditions for the developing larvae, reducing the larval period and increasing the size of the pupae. Cattle,

495:, covering the haltere. The abdomen is gray or yellowish with a dark stripe and irregular dark markings at the side. It has 10 segments which bear spiracles for respiration. In males, the ninth segment bears a pair of claspers for copulation, and the 10th bears anal cerci in both sexes. 742: in) long, and formed from the last shed larval skin. It is yellowish at first, darkening through red and brown to nearly black as it ages. Pupae complete their development in two to six days at 35 °C (95 °F), but may take 20 days or more at 14 °C (57 °F). 822:

Adult houseflies are diurnal and rest at night. If inside a building after dark, they tend to congregate on ceilings, beams, and overhead wires, while out of doors, they crawl into foliage or long grass, or rest in shrubs and trees or on wires. In cooler climates, some houseflies

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Ogden Nash was neither the first nor the last person to puzzle about the value of the fly, not only because flies are frequently considered a nuisance, but also because biodiversity in general is a puzzle. Nash's question can also be interpreted as going to the heart of

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in 1943. The Baoshan bombing produced epidemics that killed 60,000 people in the initial stages, reaching a radius of 200 kilometres (120 mi) which finally took a toll of 200,000 victims. The Shandong attack killed 210,000; the occupying Japanese troops had been

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In the early 20th century, Canadian public health workers believed that the control of houseflies was important in controlling the spread of tuberculosis. A "swat that fly" contest was held for children in Montreal in 1912. Houseflies were targeted in 1916, when a

416:) and a pair of short antennae. Houseflies process visual information around seven times more quickly than humans, enabling them to identify and avoid attempts to catch or swat them, since they effectively see the human's movements in slow motion with their higher 773:

goat, and horse manures produce fewer, smaller pupae, while mature swine manure composted with water content under 30%, approached 100% mortality of the larvae. Pupae can range from about 8–20 milligrams (0.12–0.31 gr) in weight under different conditions.

753:, an eversible pouch on its head, to tear open the end of the pupal case. Having emerged from the pupa, it ceases to grow; a small fly is not necessarily a young fly, but is instead the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage. 1259:

to churn up the surface of a manure heap and render it unsuitable for breeding is another approach. Augmentative biological control by releasing parasitoids can be used, but houseflies breed so fast that the natural enemies are unable to keep up.

1477:'s humorous two-line 1942 poem "God in His wisdom made the fly/And then forgot to tell us why." indicates the debate about the value of biodiversity, given that even those considered by humans as pests have their place in the world's ecosystems. 776:

The life cycle can be completed in seven to ten days under optimal conditions, but may take up to two months in adverse circumstances. In temperate regions, 12 generations may occur per year, and in the tropics and subtropics, more than 20.

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In the 1970s, the aircraft modeler Frank Ehling constructed miniature balsa-wood aircraft powered by live houseflies. Studies of tethered houseflies have helped in the understanding of insect vision, sensory perception, and flight control.

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epidemic broke out in the eastern United States. The belief that housefly control was the key to disease control continued, with extensive use of insecticidal spraying well until the mid-1950s, declining only after the introduction of

1303:. Oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in houseflies was found in one study to increase with age and reduce life expectancy supporting the hypothesis that oxidative molecular damage is a causal factor in senescence (aging). 309:

inch) long. Adult flies normally live for two to four weeks, but can hibernate during the winter. The adults feed on a variety of liquid or semi-liquid substances, as well as solid materials which have been softened by their

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Nazni WA, Luke H, Wan Rozita WM, Abdullah AG, Sa'diyah I, Azahari AH, et al. (June 2005). "Determination of the flight range and dispersal of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) using mark release recapture technique".

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that attacks horses. A virus that causes enlargement of the salivary glands, salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), is spread among houseflies through contact with food and infected female houseflies become sterile.

809:, but they also consume milk, sugary substances, and rotting fruit and vegetables. Solid foods are softened with saliva before being sucked up. They can be opportunistic blood feeders. Houseflies have a 2375:

Lam K, Thu K, Tsang M, Moore M, Gries G (September 2009). "Bacteria on housefly eggs, Musca domestica, suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites".

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Nearly every element in the universe may be thus personalized, and even the least of these such as tiny Chipmunk and those little insect helpers and mentors of deity and man in the myths, Big Fly (

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in winter, choosing to do so in cracks and crevices, gaps in woodwork, and the folds of curtains. They arouse in the spring when the weather warms up, and search out a place to lay their eggs.

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Zhu FX, Wang WP, Hong CL, Feng MG, Xue ZY, Chen XY, et al. (July 2012). "Rapid production of maggots as feed supplement and organic fertilizer by the two-stage composting of pig manure".

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Houseflies can fly for several kilometers from their breeding places, carrying a wide variety of organisms on their hairs, mouthparts, vomitus, and feces. Parasites carried include cysts of

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The housefly is probably the insect with the widest distribution in the world; it is largely associated with humans and has accompanied them around the globe. It is present in the

2829:"Fly Pendants and Cylindrical and Spherical Beads, ca. 1539–1292 B.C.E. Gold, lapis lazuli, Length: 9 11/16 in. (24.6 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 08.480.198" 1127:. Japanese Yagi bombs developed at Pingfan consisted of two compartments, one with houseflies and another with a bacterial slurry that coated the houseflies prior to release. 552:. The systematic identification of species may require the use of region-specific taxonomic keys and can require dissections of the male reproductive parts for confirmation. 471:

is a shade of gray, sometimes even black, with four dark, longitudinal bands of even width on the dorsal surface. The whole body is covered with short hairs. Like other

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The mouthparts are specially adapted for a liquid diet; the mandibles and maxillae are reduced and not functional, and the other mouthparts form a retractable, flexible

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Szalanski AL, Owens CB, McKay T, Steelman CD (September 2004). "Detection of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from filth flies by polymerase chain reaction".

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Jiang Y, Lei C, Niu C, Fang Y, Xiao C, Zhang Z (October 2002). "Semiochemicals from ovaries of gravid females attract ovipositing female houseflies, Musca domestica".

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Hwangbo J, Hong EC, Jang A, Kang HK, Oh JS, Kim BW, Park BS (July 2009). "Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens".

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Ho TM (November 1990). "Phoretic association between Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae) and flies inhabiting poultry manure in Peninsular Malaysia".

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Houseflies have many predators, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, various insects, and spiders. The eggs, larvae, and pupae have many species of stage-specific

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with an enlarged, fleshy tip, the labellum. This is a sponge-like structure that is characterized by many grooves, called pseudotracheae, which suck up fluids by

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Ai H, Wang F, Xia Y, Chen X, Lei C (May 2012). "Antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica L".

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Förster M, Klimpel S, Sievert K (March 2009). "The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany".

850:; these lay their eggs in the housefly larvae tissue and their offspring complete their development before the adult houseflies can emerge from the pupae. 260:. Adults are gray to black, with four dark, longitudinal lines on the thorax, slightly hairy bodies, and a single pair of membranous wings. They have red 3956:"Molecular characterization of the key switch F provides a basis for understanding the rapid divergence of the sex-determining pathway in the housefly" 3798: 677: in) in length, and they are deposited by the fly in a suitable place, usually dead and decaying organic matter, such as food waste, carrion, or 2547:

Roy HE, Steinkraus DC, Eilenberg J, Hajek AE, Pell JK (2006). "Bizarre interactions and endgames: entomopathogenic fungi and their arthropod hosts".

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Houseflies, with short life cycles and ease with which they can be maintained, have been found useful for laboratory research into aging and

4444: 4171:) (Wyman and Bailey 1964:29–30, 51, 137–144), are as necessary for the harmonious balance of the universe as is the great Sun. 4403: 3538:"Identification and characterization of mutations in housefly (Musca domestica) acetylcholinesterase involved in insecticide resistance" 5368: 2452: 2615:"Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus, a globally distributed insect virus that infects and sterilizes female houseflies" 487:

stability. The wings are translucent with a yellowish tinge at their base. Characteristically, the medial vein (M1+2 or fourth long

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bulk of waste and minimizing environmental risks of its disposal. Harvested maggots may be used as feed for animal nutrition.

4352: 4298: 4147: 3810: 3687: 3660: 3070: 2597: 1772: 1742: 1634: 1510: 1334:) can be found on most or all housefly chromosomes. Sexual differentiation is controlled, as in other insects, by an ancient 1322:. The housefly is, however, thought to exhibit multiple mechanisms for sex determination, such as male heterogamy (like most 5237: 2022: 5393: 1277: 2703:"Sustainable production of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae as a protein-rich feed ingredient by utilizing cattle manure" 427:

Housefly mouthparts, showing the pseudotracheae, semitubular grooves (dark parallel bands) used for sucking up liquid food

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Holmes GE, Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1992). "Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging: a review".

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larvae: Each pupa has one hole through which a single adult wasp has emerged; the wasp larvae fed on the housefly larvae.

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and continues to be classified under that name. A more detailed description was given in 1776 by the Danish entomologist

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Though the order of flies (Diptera) is much older, true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the

4119: 3304:"Biodegradation of pig manure by the housefly, Musca domestica: a viable ecological strategy for pig manure management" 2812: 1335: 819:, which can live on the surface of housefly eggs and deter fungi which compete with the housefly larvae for nutrients. 413: 4325: 4214: 3466:"Insecticide resistance resulting from sequential selection of houseflies in the field by organophosphorus compounds" 1330:), female heterogamy (like birds), and maternal control over offspring sex. This is because a male-determining gene ( 1268: 5172: 5373: 5320: 4437: 3604: 1093:

between 1958 and 1962 exhorted the people to catch and kill houseflies, along with rats, mosquitoes, and sparrows.

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Bryant EH (September 1977). "Morphometric adaptation of the housefly, Musca domestica L., in the United States".

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Alves SM, Bélo M (August 2002). "Morphometric variations in the housefly, Musca domestica (L.) with latitude".

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Houseflies play an important ecological role in breaking down and recycling organic matter. Adults are mainly

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Linn. : its structure, habits, development, relation to disease and control by C. Gordon Hewitt (1914)

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How to control house and stable flies without using pesticides. Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 673

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Junqueira AC, Ratan A, Acerbi E, Drautz-Moses DI, Premkrishnan BN, Costea PI, et al. (November 2017).

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period in China (1386 AD) for a range of medical conditions and have been considered as a useful source of

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mechanism. Although a wide variety of sex-determination mechanisms exists in nature (e.g. male and female

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of any bacteria of medical or veterinary importance, but they do serve as mechanical vectors to over 100

439:. It is also used to distribute saliva to soften solid foods or collect loose particles. Houseflies have 5107: 3905: 2332:

L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) development in different types of manure [Desarrollo de la Mosca Doméstica (

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The ease of culturing houseflies, and the relative ease of handling them when compared to the fruit fly

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saliva and deposit their feces, creating a health hazard. However, housefly larvae are as nutritious as

4956: 4936: 2023:"Report of Species Belonging to the Genus Musca Linné, Including the Taxonomic Key (Diptera: Muscidae)" 1389:, concerning an insect, in one version a fly, which puffs itself up to seem important. In the Biblical 1300: 685:) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed where they were laid. They are pale-whitish, 3 to 9 mm ( 667:

in her lifetime, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm (

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Walsh SB, Dolden TA, Moores GD, Kristensen M, Lewis T, Devonshire AL, Williamson MS (October 2001).

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Houseflies have been used in art and artifacts in many cultures. In 16th- and 17th-century European

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showing claws and bristles, including the central one between the two pulvilli known as the empodium

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almost touch in the male, but are more widely separated in the female. They have three simple eyes (

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relationship with humans, they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans.

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Miller BF, Teotia JS, Thatcher TO (March 1974). "Digestion of poultry manure by Musca domestica".

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Levine OS, Levine MM (1991). "Houseflies (Musca domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis".

1133:, which causes cholera, was the bacterium of choice, and was used by Japan against the Chinese in 55: 4823: 4800: 4713: 3608: 2518: 1244: 1022: 951:, with antioxidant properties, and possibly other proteins and polysaccharides of medical value. 717: 1975: 1940: 1453:, deals with the insect's mortality, subject to uncontrollable circumstances, just like humans. 5224: 5019: 4888: 4204: 3839: 3677: 2889: 1381: 1221: 1201: 840: 334: 4288: 3650: 3060: 2150:"The Linnaean species of the families Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera)" 1762: 1734: 5312: 4981: 4873: 4663: 4658: 4509: 4399: 4111: 4104: 2828: 1291:, have made them useful as model organism for use in laboratories. The American entomologist 1196:

longer-lasting effect. Many strains of housefly have become immune to the most commonly used

1120: 1102: 992: 893: 322:, while, in numbers, they can be physically annoying. For these reasons, they are considered 160: 4342: 4315: 4037: 3589:

Gerry, Alec C. (15 October 2020). Owen, Jeb (ed.). "Review of Methods to Monitor House Fly (

2796: 1726: 5141: 5066: 4828: 4622: 4609: 4413:, by L. O. Howard and F. C. Bishopp. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1408, 1928 3862: 3716: 3373: 3315: 3099: 2714: 2626: 2384: 2260:

Murvosh CM, Fye RL, LaBrecque GC (1964). "Studies on the mating behavior of the house fly,

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Male houseflies are sexually mature after 16 hours and females after 24. Females produce a

564:, as well as in the tropics, where it is abundant. It is present in all populated parts of 3145:"Swatting flies for health: Children and tuberculosis in early twentieth-century Montreal" 2560: 8: 4986: 4931: 4813: 4698: 4683: 4567: 1449: 1368:

The antimicrobial peptides produced by housefly maggots are of pharmacological interest.

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air barriers in doorways can deter houseflies from entering, and food premises often use

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Philadelphia Department of Health poster warning the public of housefly hazards (c. 1942)

1090: 1051: 1010: 966: 810: 616:(louse flies, bat flies and allies). They are thought to have originated in the southern 453: 417: 5071: 3866: 3838:

Sharma A, Heinze SD, Wu Y, Kohlbrenner T, Morilla I, Brunner C, et al. (May 2017).

3720: 3377: 3319: 3103: 2935:"The House Fly as a Vector of Food Poisoning Organisms in Food Producing Establishments" 2718: 2630: 2388: 337:" onwards. Authors sometimes choose the housefly to speak of the brevity of life, as in 318:

on their bodies and in their feces, contaminate food, and contribute to the transfer of

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Hussein M, Pillai VV, Goddard JM, Park HG, Kothapalli KS, Ross DA, et al. (2017).

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Prompiboon P, Lietze VU, Denton JS, Geden CJ, Steenberg T, Boucias DG (February 2010).

2499: 2408: 2209: 2182: 2166: 2149: 2007: 1702: 1677: 1594: 1551: 1539: 1343: 1181: 1168: 875: 846: 815: 785: 532: 488: 319: 50: 4383: 4079: 2304: 2064:"Time flies, a new molecular time-scale for brachyceran fly evolution without a clock" 1814:

Deonier CC, Richardson CH (1935). "The Tarsal Chemoreceptor Response of the Housefly,

1789: 1255:), whose larvae compete with those of the housefly for resources. The introduction of 5388: 5307: 5128: 4708: 4678: 4627: 4617: 4592: 4526: 4416: 4348: 4321: 4294: 4220: 4210: 4115: 3985: 3940: 3928: 3890: 3878: 3806: 3779: 3775: 3744: 3739: 3704: 3683: 3656: 3628: 3620: 3571: 3518: 3487: 3416: 3389: 3343: 3284: 3249: 3125: 3066: 3034: 2999: 2964: 2907: 2903: 2859: 2808: 2777: 2742: 2652: 2593: 2564: 2491: 2400: 2357: 2308: 2214: 2130: 2085: 1768: 1738: 1727: 1707: 1630: 1586: 1543: 1506: 1502: 1467: 1248: 1229: 1031: 631:

in 1758 based on the common European specimens by the Swedish botanist and zoologist

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for later use. It lays batches of about 100 eggs on decaying organic matter such as

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Cirillo VJ (2016). ""I am the baby killer!" House flies and the spread of polio".

3088:"The microbiomes of blowflies and houseflies as bacterial transmission reservoirs" 2412: 1693: 1598: 510:

A variety of species around the world appear similar to the housefly, such as the

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3549: 3111: 2995: 1652:"Q. Why is it so hard to swat a housefly? A. It sees you coming in slow motion" 1444: 1247:

have been investigated. These include the introduction of another species, the

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is complete, the adult housefly emerges from the pupa. To do this, it uses the

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Dahlem GA (2009). "House Fly (Musca domestica)". In Resh VH, Carde RT (eds.).

1582: 1318:, environmental factors), the way sex is determined is usually fixed within a 1124: 5342: 5042: 4951: 4496: 3729: 3624: 2361: 1461:"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" speaks of flies in the context of death. In 1440: 1434: 1315: 1272: 1047: 746: 632: 440: 338: 292: 207: 176: 4273: 3954:

Hediger M, Henggeler C, Meier N, Perez R, Saccone G, Bopp D (January 2010).

3874: 3302:Čičková H, Pastor B, Kozánek M, Martínez-Sánchez A, Rojo S, Takáč P (2012). 1831: 4883: 4848: 4772: 4542: 3989: 3932: 3882: 3632: 3575: 3420: 3393: 3347: 3253: 3129: 3038: 2968: 2911: 2863: 2781: 2746: 2656: 2568: 2404: 2312: 2218: 2134: 2089: 1711: 1590: 1547: 1082: 1055: 960: 944: 409: 358: 237: 5094: 4021: 4005:"Flourishing in Filth: House Fly–Microbe Interactions Across Life History" 4004: 3783: 3748: 3616: 3491: 3288: 3003: 2950: 2495: 1306:

The housefly is an object of biological research, partly for its variable

1107: 964:. They may also be used for other effects as in the Flemish painting, the 5245: 5206: 5051: 4946: 4777: 4748: 4673: 4643: 4597: 4547: 2638: 2589:

Linn: Its Structure, Habits, Development, Relation to Disease and Control

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Linn: Its Structure, Habits, Development, Relation to Disease and Control

1426: 1256: 1197: 1172: 1143: 936: 824: 592: 577: 476: 241: 137: 5299: 4409: 4061:"On robots and flies: Modeling the visual orientation behavior of flies" 3522: 3192: 2797: 536:, the Australian bush fly and several closely related taxa that include 5198: 5120: 4723: 4718: 4575: 4490: 2487: 1474: 1398: 1311: 1287: 1189: 1163: 1086: 1063: 851: 835: 765: 617: 609: 519: 345:", which deals with mortality subject to uncontrollable circumstances. 333:. Houseflies appear in literature from Ancient Greek myth and Aesop's " 272: 5211: 3557: 3232:

Lockwood JA (2012). "Insects as weapons of war, terror, and torture".

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such as found in the notably severe example of Freeman et al 2019 in

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housefly also acts as the alternative host to the parasitic nematode

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Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology: Biology, Structure, Function

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Healy K, McNally L, Ruxton GD, Cooper N, Jackson AL (October 2013).

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to fall back to Earth when he attempted to ride the winged steed to

732:. The pupal case is cylindrical with rounded ends, about 8 mm ( 5159: 5115: 5036: 4838: 4743: 4585: 4580: 1410: 1237: 1138: 1068: 1035: 987: 948: 831: 750: 601: 581: 492: 491:) shows a sharp upward bend. Each wing has a lobe at the back, the 480: 452:, enabling the housefly to walk up smooth walls and ceilings using 449: 315: 117: 2516: 1977:

The Housefly. Its natural history, medical importance, and control

5146: 4833: 4789: 4755: 4733: 4688: 1422: 1319: 1059: 1043: 1039: 955: 802: 459: 276: 127: 4224: 3085: 1994:

Paterson HE (2009). "The Musca domestica complex in Sri Lanka".

943:. Housefly larvae have been used in traditional cures since the 612:(blow flies, flesh flies and allies), and more distantly to the 4767: 4468: 4457: 3797:

Bernstein H, Payne C, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008).

1418: 1355: 1327: 1323: 1233: 854:

feed on housefly larvae in manure heaps and the predatory mite

725: 682: 573: 565: 561: 484: 468: 362: 311: 288: 284: 253: 97: 77: 4999: 3796: 3511:

Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology

2105:"Gene flow among geographically diverse housefly populations ( 2062:

Wiegmann BM, Yeates DK, Thorne JL, Kishino H (December 2003).

620:

region, particularly the Middle East. Because of their close,

4738: 3906:"Insect sex determination: it all evolves around transformer" 3903: 2336:

L.) (Díptera: Muscidae) en Distintos Tipos de Estiércol]"

1386: 1077: 907: 806: 713: 678: 296: 280: 268: 257: 4782: 3799:"Cancer and Aging as Consequences of Unrepaired DNA Damage" 3535: 2879: 2848: 2612: 2546: 2061: 1458: 1414: 906:

causes a fatal disease in houseflies. After infection, the

879: 729: 728:, the larvae crawl to a dry, cool place and transform into 569: 267:

The female housefly usually mates only once and stores the

3953: 1471:, the fly is, however, a symbol of the children involved. 858:

consumes housefly eggs, each mite eating 20 eggs per day.

3904:

Verhulst EC, van de Zande L, Beukeboom LW (August 2010).

3837: 2939:

American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health

1413:

was a god who chased away flies during the sacrifices to

1394: 664: 472: 261: 233: 107: 3761: 3705:"DNA oxidative damage and life expectancy in houseflies" 2700: 1675: 970:(1496). Housefly amulets were popular in ancient Egypt. 4209:. Anthropology Series. University of New Mexico Press. 3682:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1880. 2181:

Thom C, Gilley DC, Hooper J, Esch HE (September 2007).

4317:

Lord of the Flies: Text, Criticism, Giossary and Notes

1938: 1767:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 310. 1188:

hanging from the ceiling are effective, but electric "

3016: 2517:

Christophoryova J, Stloukal E, Stloukalova V (2011).

1807: 1528:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

838:. Some of the more important are the parasitic wasps 3805:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1–47. 3266: 2455:. Cornell University: Department of Entomology. 2017 2180: 1362:

that is not sensitive to the negative regulation of

388: in) long with a wingspan of 13 to 15 mm ( 4452: 4344:

Toktok Talkie: Ancient Mariner to Zophosis Moralesi

3509:) control due to multiresistance to insesticides". 3406: 3359: 3357: 2259: 2109:

L.): a worldwide survey of mitochondrial diversity"

264:, set farther apart in the slightly larger female. 4103: 4058: 2020: 479:; what would be the hind pair is reduced to small 3435:"Insect Control Devices, Design and Installation" 2325: 1813: 1385:is a group of five fables, sometimes ascribed to 1350:causes male development by negatively regulating 5340: 3529: 3354: 3065:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141. 2592:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–184. 2374: 1437:religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being. 3463: 3363: 3142: 2290: 1939:Sanchez-Arroyo H, Capinera JL (20 April 2017). 1669: 1497:. Harvard University Press. 2012. p. 257. 1228:is vital to avoid continued use of ineffective 291:. After two to five days of development, these 4009:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 3844:, a paralog of the generic splice factor gene 2932: 2694: 2102: 1820:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1790:"Morphology and anatomy of adults: Mouthparts" 1724: 4438: 4260:Miner P (2011). "Blake's Swedenborgian Fly". 4002: 3913:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2759: 2240:United States Environmental Protection Agency 368:Adult houseflies are usually 6 to 7 mm ( 256:. It is the most common fly species found in 3702: 2981: 2875: 2873: 2523:in Slovakia (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae)" 1969: 1967: 1965: 1629:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6. 4202: 4040:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 3648: 2519:"First record of phoresy of pseudoscorpion 1911:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 469–470. 1902: 1900: 1301:cumulative age-related cellular alterations 921: 4445: 4431: 4347:. Wordweaver Publishing House. p. 6. 4290:Bloom's How to Write about Emily Dickinson 3582: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 1756: 1754: 36: 4020: 3979: 3840:"Male sex in houseflies is determined by 3738: 3728: 3644: 3642: 3565: 3505:Keiding J (1975). "Problems of housefly ( 3481: 3470:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3337: 3327: 3163: 3119: 2958: 2893: 2870: 2736: 2726: 2646: 2351: 2208: 2198: 2165: 2154:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2124: 2079: 1962: 1888: 1701: 1568: 1405:'s name may mean "lord of the flies". In 958:paintings, houseflies sometimes occur as 865:Housefly killed by the pathogenic fungus 587: 357:Head of a female housefly with two large 4340: 4059:Huber SA, Franz MO, Bülthoff HH (1999). 3675: 3669: 3231: 2340:Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 1996:Journal of Entomology Series B, Taxonomy 1993: 1983:. New York: Comstock Publishing Company. 1897: 1760: 1649: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1267: 1162: 1106: 977: 931:, and could be used to convert waste to 860: 784: 707: 654: 591: 497: 463:A housefly wing under 250x magnification 458: 422: 352: 4313: 3504: 3427: 3178: 3058: 3045: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1751: 801:; their primary food is animal matter, 663:Each female housefly can lay up to 500 5341: 4729:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 4286: 4101: 4035: 3639: 2794: 2668: 2666: 2619:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2581: 2467: 1906: 1618: 1525: 1149: 973: 283:. These soon hatch into legless white 5018: 5017: 4426: 4259: 4134: 4110:. Cornell University Press. pp. 3703:Agarwal S, Sohal RS (December 1994). 3652:Biological Control by Natural Enemies 3588: 2561:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150941 2233:"(Z)-9-Tricosene (103201) Fact Sheet" 1787: 1729:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 1605: 1397:represent death and decay, while the 1354:. There is also a female-determining 982:Housefly lapping up food from a plate 878:(nonparasitic) passengers, including 5287:a7045d3b-97aa-4413-a95e-176a9e9ef2b3 5186:46209d5a-566c-44f2-987d-0ddd1ff64126 4411:The House Fly and How to Suppress It 4293:. Infobase Publishing. p. 169. 2476:Experimental & Applied Acarology 2326:Larraín P, Salas C, Salas F (2008). 2147: 2103:Marquez JG, Krafsur ES (July 2002). 1973: 1915: 1870: 1278:Songs of Innocence and of Experience 627:The housefly was first described as 4167:) and Ripener (Corn Beetle) Girl (' 2663: 2225: 1844: 1346:protein in many different insects. 769:leads to clustered egg deposition. 475:, houseflies have only one pair of 13: 4241:. Native Languages of the Americas 4144:Handbook of North American Indians 3246:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100618 2473: 2167:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00756.x 2008:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1975.tb00134.x 1540:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01046.x 14: 5405: 5369:Insect vectors of human pathogens 4368: 3443:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2933:Ostrolenk M, Welch H (May 1942). 2882:Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2021:Tumrasvin W, Shinonaga S (1977). 608:, is most closely related to the 604:Era. The housefly's superfamily, 526:; and other members of the genus 4998: 3801:. In Kimura H, Suzuki A (eds.). 3605:Entomological Society of America 3464:Georghiou GP, Hawley MK (1971). 3409:Journal of Environmental Biology 2904:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00502.x 1733:(4th ed.). Wiley. pp. 1650:Johnston I (15 September 2013). 1503:10.4159/harvard.9780674067288.c9 1375: 1275:'s illustration of "The Fly" in 813:relationship with the bacterium 240:. It possibly originated in the 54: 4334: 4307: 4280: 4253: 4239:"Native American Fly Mythology" 4231: 4196: 4128: 4095: 4086: 4068:Robotics and Autonomous Systems 4052: 4029: 3996: 3947: 3897: 3831: 3790: 3755: 3696: 3498: 3457: 3400: 3295: 3260: 3225: 3199: 3172: 3136: 3079: 3062:Medical Entomology for Students 3010: 2975: 2926: 2842: 2821: 2788: 2753: 2606: 2575: 2540: 2510: 2445: 2419: 2368: 2353:10.4067/S0718-58392008000200009 2319: 2284: 2253: 2183:"The scent of the waggle dance" 2174: 2141: 2096: 2055: 2014: 1987: 1864: 1838: 1725:Gullan PJ, Cranston PS (2010). 1026:. Houseflies do not serve as a 555: 4844:Home-stored product entomology 3596:Journal of Economic Entomology 3386:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.008 3143:Minnett V, Poutanen M (2007). 2984:Reviews of Infectious Diseases 2774:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.033 2427:"Where do flies go in winter?" 1818:L., to Sucrose and Levulose". 1781: 1718: 1643: 1562: 1519: 1486: 1220:has achieved a high degree of 348: 1: 4927:Decline in insect populations 4520:List of insect-inspired songs 4206:Navaho Indian Ethnoentomology 4146:. p. 539. Archived from 4080:10.1016/S0921-8890(99)00055-X 4003:Nayduch D, Burrus RG (2017). 2305:10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00162-2 1694:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.06.018 1480: 1263: 1212:is conferred by variation in 1167:Detail of a 1742 painting by 1096: 1002:and eggs of helminths; e.g., 856:Macrocheles muscae domesticae 650: 4203:Wyman LC, Bailey FL (1964). 3776:10.1016/0921-8734(92)90034-M 3655:. CUP Archive. p. 348. 3329:10.1371/journal.pone.0032798 3031:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.087 2728:10.1371/journal.pone.0171708 2293:Journal of Insect Physiology 2200:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050228 1342:, which is regulated by the 885:Macrocheles muscaedomesticae 7: 5394:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4406:Featured Creatures Web site 3972:10.1534/genetics.109.109249 3803:New Research on DNA Damages 3593:) Abundance and Activity". 3234:Annual Review of Entomology 2803:. Reaktion Books. pp. 2549:Annual Review of Entomology 2030:Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ 1845:Ray CC (17 December 2002). 874:Houseflies sometimes carry 762:(Z)-9-tricosene (muscalure) 10: 5410: 4957:Pesticide toxicity to bees 4937:List of endangered insects 4137:"Navajo Ceremonial System" 3679:Encyclopedia of Entomology 3649:DeBach P, Rosen D (1991). 3207:"Eliminate the Four Pests" 3112:10.1038/s41598-017-16353-x 1788:Dessì G (8 January 2017). 1421:; Zeus sent a fly to bite 1171:that uses a housefly in a 1158: 1100: 780: 724:At the end of their third 443:, organs of taste, on the 18: 5026: 4995: 4967: 4909: 4861: 4812: 4697: 4636: 4608: 4566: 4535: 4478: 4464: 4036:Hanser K (26 June 2009). 3925:10.1016/j.gde.2010.05.001 3281:10.1080/00071667408416100 2681:World Health Organization 2397:10.1007/s00114-009-0574-1 2036:: 209–218. Archived from 1847:"Q&A; Gleeful Flies?" 1447:, part of his collection 1137:in 1942, and in northern 1119:, the Japanese worked on 789:Housefly pupae killed by 641:Johan Christian Fabricius 192: 187: 166: 159: 51:Scientific classification 49: 44: 35: 30: 4922:Colony collapse disorder 4917:Bees and toxic chemicals 4389:28 November 2020 at the 4320:. Al Manhal. p. 8. 3730:10.1073/pnas.91.25.12332 2996:10.1093/clinids/13.4.688 2530:Folia Faunistica Slovaca 1038:, such as those causing 933:insect-based animal feed 922:Relationship with humans 681:. Within a day, larvae ( 19:Not to be confused with 5374:Flies described in 1758 4824:Insect bites and stings 4801:Drosophila melanogaster 4714:Biological pest control 3875:10.1126/science.aam5498 3542:The Biochemical Journal 3269:British Poultry Science 3019:Veterinary Parasitology 2377:Die Naturwissenschaften 2266:Ohio Journal of Science 2126:10.1093/jhered/93.4.254 2113:The Journal of Heredity 2081:10.1093/sysbio/52.6.745 1909:Encyclopedia of Insects 1583:10.1023/a:1020685727460 1245:biological pest control 1175:allegory of touch theme 1023:Enterobius vermicularis 718:Amedeo John Engel Terzi 299:, about 8 millimetres ( 246:spread around the world 5359:Household pest insects 4889:Rats, Lice and History 3366:Bioresource Technology 2521:Lamprochernes chyszeri 1391:fourth plague of Egypt 1382:The Impertinent Insect 1282: 1176: 1112: 983: 900:The pathogenic fungus 871: 841:Muscidifurax uniraptor 794: 721: 660: 597: 588:Evolution and taxonomy 507: 464: 428: 365: 335:The Impertinent Insect 4874:Alfred Russel Wallace 4659:Entomological warfare 4510:Insects in literature 4274:10.1093/notesj/gjr180 3181:American Entomologist 2951:10.2105/ajph.32.5.487 1877:American Entomologist 1832:10.1093/aesa/28.4.467 1433:. In the traditional 1271: 1226:Resistance monitoring 1166: 1121:entomological warfare 1110: 1103:Entomological warfare 1101:Further information: 993:Entamoeba histolytica 981: 894:Lamprochernes chyzeri 864: 788: 711: 658: 595: 501: 462: 426: 356: 5349:Cosmopolitan insects 5181:Fauna Europaea (new) 4829:Insect sting allergy 4623:Cicadas in mythology 4341:Henschel JR (2015). 3676:Capinera JL (2008). 3152:Urban History Review 2852:Tropical Biomedicine 2639:10.1128/AEM.02424-09 1336:developmental switch 1214:acetylcholinesterase 1005:Ascaris lumbricoides 903:Entomophthora muscae 868:Entomophthora muscae 454:Van der Waals forces 320:food-borne illnesses 5364:Insect common names 4932:Habitat destruction 4684:Insects in religion 4022:10.1093/aesa/saw083 3867:2017Sci...356..642S 3721:1994PNAS...9112332A 3715:(25): 12332–12335. 3617:10.1093/jee/toaa229 3378:2012BiTec.116..485Z 3320:2012PLoSO...732798C 3104:2017NatSR...716324J 2719:2017PLoSO..1271708H 2631:2010ApEnM..76..994P 2389:2009NW.....96.1127L 1761:Mehlhorn H (2001). 1450:Songs of Experience 1182:fly-killing devices 1150:In waste management 1091:Four Pests Campaign 1052:bacillary dysentery 1011:Trichuris trichiura 974:As a disease vector 967:Master of Frankfurt 524:Stomoxys calcitrans 418:flicker fusion rate 295:into reddish-brown 5379:Insects in culture 5005:Insects portal 4977:Insects and humans 4505:Arthropods in film 4454:Human interactions 4314:Golding W (2013). 4169:Anilt'ánii 'At'ééd 3819:on 25 October 2014 3439:FDA Food Code 2017 3211:chineseposters.net 3092:Scientific Reports 3059:Service M (2008). 2582:Hewitt CG (2011). 2488:10.1007/BF01193974 2433:. 10 February 2015 2068:Systematic Biology 1949:Featured Creatures 1890:10.1093/ae/51.1.31 1851:The New York Times 1619:Hewitt CG (2011). 1495:Righteous Republic 1295:, in his humorous 1283: 1230:active ingredients 1177: 1169:Frans van der Mijn 1113: 984: 872: 847:Spalangia cameroni 816:Klebsiella oxytoca 795: 722: 661: 598: 516:Fannia canicularis 508: 502:Micrograph of the 465: 429: 366: 5336: 5335: 5308:Open Tree of Life 5020:Taxon identifiers 5011: 5010: 4900:Insect Literature 4857: 4856: 4756:Carmine/Cochineal 4709:Beneficial insect 4679:Insects in ethics 4628:Scarab (artifact) 4618:Bees in mythology 4527:Insects on stamps 4417:Project Gutenberg 4354:978-99945-82-04-4 4300:978-1-4381-1240-4 4287:Priddy A (2009). 4262:Notes and Queries 4135:Wyman LC (1983). 4106:On Greek Religion 4102:Parker R (2011). 3861:(6338): 642–645. 3812:978-1-60456-581-2 3764:Mutation Research 3689:978-1-4020-6242-1 3662:978-0-521-39191-7 3558:10.1042/bj3590175 3193:10.1093/ae/tmw039 3165:10.7202/1015818ar 3072:978-0-521-70928-6 2795:Connor S (2006). 2599:978-0-521-23299-9 1774:978-3-540-66819-0 1744:978-1-118-84615-5 1636:978-0-521-23299-9 1512:978-0-674-06728-8 1468:Lord of the Flies 1308:sex-determination 1253:Hermetia illucens 1249:black soldier fly 1243:Several means of 1123:techniques under 659:Houseflies mating 645:Genera Insectorum 504:tarsus of the leg 331:sex determination 314:. They can carry 220: 219: 214: 200: 152:M. domestica 16:Species of insect 5401: 5354:Flies and humans 5329: 5328: 5316: 5315: 5303: 5302: 5290: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5267: 5266: 5264:NBNSYS0000030722 5254: 5253: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5227: 5215: 5214: 5202: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5098: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5075: 5074: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5015: 5014: 5003: 5002: 4879:Jean-Henri Fabre 4654:Cricket fighting 4649:Cockroach racing 4515:Insects in music 4476: 4475: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4363: 4362: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4173: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3852: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3815:. Archived from 3794: 3788: 3787: 3770:(3–6): 305–315. 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3732: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3569: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3331: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3149: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3025:(1–2): 163–167. 3014: 3008: 3007: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2962: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2897: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2802: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2650: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2383:(9): 1127–1132. 2372: 2366: 2365: 2355: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2202: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2148:Pont AC (1981). 2145: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2027: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1974:West LS (1951). 1971: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1936: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1871:Gorb SN (2005). 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1732: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1705: 1682:Animal Behaviour 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1616: 1603: 1602: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1490: 1210:organophosphates 1117:Second World War 1017:Hymenolepis nana 914:Habronema muscae 741: 740: 736: 704: 703: 699: 694: 693: 689: 676: 675: 671: 542:M. shanghaiensis 512:lesser house fly 437:capillary action 407: 406: 402: 397: 396: 392: 387: 386: 382: 377: 376: 372: 308: 307: 303: 236:of the suborder 206: 198: 172: 59: 58: 40: 28: 27: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5384:Insects as feed 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5311: 5306: 5298: 5295:Observation.org 5293: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5158: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5093: 5091: 5085:Musca_domestica 5083: 5078: 5072:Musca_domestica 5070: 5065: 5058:Musca domestica 5056: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5028:Musca domestica 5022: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4991: 4969: 4963: 4905: 4853: 4815: 4808: 4700: 4693: 4632: 4604: 4562: 4531: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4391:Wayback Machine 4377:Musca domestica 4375:The house-fly, 4371: 4366: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4185: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4156: 4154: 4153:on 5 March 2016 4150: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4001: 3997: 3952: 3948: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3850: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3813: 3795: 3791: 3760: 3756: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3647: 3640: 3591:Musca domestica 3587: 3583: 3552:Ltd.: 175–181. 3534: 3530: 3507:Musca domestica 3503: 3499: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3405: 3401: 3362: 3355: 3300: 3296: 3265: 3261: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3177: 3173: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3057: 3046: 3015: 3011: 2980: 2976: 2931: 2927: 2895:10.1.1.472.8821 2878: 2871: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2793: 2789: 2758: 2754: 2713:(2): e0171708. 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2587:Musca Domestica 2585:The House-Fly: 2580: 2576: 2545: 2541: 2525: 2515: 2511: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2373: 2369: 2334:Musca domestica 2330:Musca domestica 2324: 2320: 2299:(10): 945–950. 2289: 2285: 2262:Musca domestica 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2179: 2175: 2146: 2142: 2107:Musca domestica 2101: 2097: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2043:on 13 July 2020 2040: 2025: 2019: 2015: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1943:Musca domestica 1937: 1916: 1905: 1898: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1839: 1816:Musca Domestica 1812: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1723: 1719: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1656:The Independent 1648: 1644: 1637: 1624:Musca domestica 1622:The House-Fly: 1617: 1606: 1567: 1563: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1463:William Golding 1455:Emily Dickinson 1407:Greek mythology 1378: 1293:Vincent Dethier 1266: 1161: 1152: 1130:Vibrio cholerae 1105: 1099: 999:Giardia lamblia 976: 924: 791:parasitoid wasp 783: 738: 734: 733: 701: 697: 696: 691: 687: 686: 673: 669: 668: 653: 637:Systema naturae 629:Musca domestica 590: 558: 533:M. vetustissima 404: 400: 399: 394: 390: 389: 384: 380: 379: 374: 370: 369: 351: 305: 301: 300: 229:Musca domestica 204:M. d. domestica 183: 174: 170:Musca domestica 168: 155: 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5407: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5317: 5304: 5291: 5281: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5229: 5216: 5203: 5190: 5177: 5168:Fauna Europaea 5164: 5151: 5138: 5125: 5112: 5099: 5089: 5076: 5063: 5048: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5009: 5008: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4896:Lafcadio Hearn 4893: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4869:Jan Swammerdam 4865: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4795:Model organism 4792: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4669:Insect farming 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4572: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4553:Artificial fly 4550: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486:Insects in art 4482: 4480: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4407: 4393: 4381: 4370: 4369:External links 4367: 4365: 4364: 4353: 4333: 4326: 4306: 4299: 4279: 4252: 4230: 4215: 4195: 4186:|website= 4127: 4121:978-0801477355 4120: 4094: 4085: 4074:(4): 227–242. 4051: 4038:"Insect Power" 4028: 3995: 3966:(1): 155–170. 3946: 3919:(4): 376–383. 3896: 3830: 3811: 3789: 3754: 3695: 3688: 3668: 3661: 3638: 3611:): 2571–2580. 3581: 3550:Portland Press 3528: 3517:(3): 340–355. 3497: 3456: 3426: 3415:(4): 609–614. 3399: 3353: 3294: 3275:(2): 231–234. 3259: 3224: 3198: 3171: 3135: 3078: 3071: 3044: 3009: 2990:(4): 688–696. 2974: 2945:(5): 487–494. 2925: 2888:(3): 241–246. 2869: 2841: 2820: 2814:978-1861892942 2813: 2787: 2768:(1): 493–498. 2762:Food Chemistry 2752: 2693: 2662: 2625:(4): 994–998. 2605: 2598: 2574: 2539: 2509: 2466: 2444: 2418: 2367: 2346:(2): 192–197. 2318: 2283: 2272:(4): 264–271. 2252: 2224: 2173: 2160:(2): 165–175. 2140: 2119:(4): 254–259. 2095: 2074:(6): 745–756. 2054: 2013: 2002:(2): 247–259. 1986: 1961: 1914: 1896: 1863: 1837: 1826:(4): 467–474. 1806: 1780: 1773: 1750: 1743: 1717: 1688:(4): 685–696. 1668: 1642: 1635: 1604: 1577:(3): 243–251. 1561: 1534:(3): 580–596. 1518: 1511: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1465:'s 1954 novel 1377: 1374: 1265: 1262: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1098: 1095: 1083:Salk's vaccine 1028:secondary host 975: 972: 923: 920: 890:pseudoscorpion 852:Hister beetles 782: 779: 716:and adult, by 652: 649: 614:Hippoboscoidea 589: 586: 557: 554: 441:chemoreceptors 350: 347: 341:'s 1794 poem " 218: 217: 216: 215: 201: 190: 189: 185: 184: 175: 164: 163: 157: 156: 149: 147: 143: 142: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5406: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952:Neonicotinoid 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637:Other aspects 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4497:Musca depicta 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4327:9796500118451 4323: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4216:9780826301109 4212: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4039: 4032: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314:(3): e32798. 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2536:(3): 139–142. 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2454: 2453:"House flies" 2448: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1757: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1443:'s 1794 poem 1442: 1441:William Blake 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431:Mount Olympus 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1376:In literature 1373: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:haplodiploidy 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297:To Know A Fly 1294: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1273:William Blake 1270: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:salmonellosis 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1001: 1000: 995: 994: 989: 980: 971: 969: 968: 963: 962: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 919: 916: 915: 909: 908:fungal hyphae 905: 904: 898: 896: 895: 891: 887: 886: 881: 877: 870: 869: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848: 843: 842: 837: 833: 828: 826: 820: 818: 817: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 787: 778: 774: 770: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 747:metamorphosis 743: 731: 727: 719: 715: 710: 706: 684: 680: 666: 657: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Carl Linnaeus 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 594: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 505: 500: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 461: 457: 455: 451: 446: 442: 438: 434: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 410:compound eyes 364: 360: 359:compound eyes 355: 346: 344: 340: 339:William Blake 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230: 225: 213: 209: 205: 202: 197: 196:M. d. calleva 194: 193: 191: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 165: 162: 161:Binomial name 158: 154: 153: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 62: 57: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5027: 4982:Insecticides 4899: 4887: 4884:Hans Zinsser 4849:Clothes moth 4799: 4610:In mythology 4543:Fishing bait 4495: 4410: 4376: 4360:conservation 4358: 4343: 4336: 4316: 4309: 4289: 4282: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4243:. Retrieved 4233: 4205: 4198: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4157:20 September 4155:. Retrieved 4148:the original 4143: 4130: 4105: 4097: 4088: 4071: 4067: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4031: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3916: 3912: 3899: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3817:the original 3802: 3792: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3678: 3671: 3651: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3476:(1): 43–51. 3473: 3469: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3438: 3429: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3369: 3365: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3215:. Retrieved 3210: 3201: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3158:(1): 32–44. 3155: 3151: 3138: 3098:(1): 16324. 3095: 3091: 3081: 3061: 3022: 3018: 3012: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2885: 2881: 2858:(1): 53–61. 2855: 2851: 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2823: 2798: 2790: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2686:25 September 2684:. Retrieved 2674:"Houseflies" 2622: 2618: 2608: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2512: 2482:(1): 61–68. 2479: 2475: 2469: 2459:23 September 2457:. Retrieved 2447: 2437:23 September 2435:. Retrieved 2430: 2421: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2328:"House fly ( 2321: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2243:. Retrieved 2227: 2190: 2187:PLOS Biology 2186: 2176: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2045:. Retrieved 2038:the original 2033: 2029: 2016: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1976: 1954:20 September 1952:. Retrieved 1948: 1942: 1941:"House fly: 1908: 1883:(1): 31–35. 1880: 1876: 1866: 1854:. Retrieved 1850: 1840: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1799:27 September 1797:. Retrieved 1793: 1783: 1763: 1728: 1720: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1659:. Retrieved 1655: 1645: 1625: 1621: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1494: 1488: 1473: 1466: 1448: 1439: 1380: 1379: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1331: 1305: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1276: 1257:dung beetles 1252: 1242: 1218:M. domestica 1217: 1198:insecticides 1194: 1178: 1153: 1146:in advance. 1128: 1114: 1085:. 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720:(1872–1956) 578:Australasia 550:M. varensis 546:M. violacea 349:Description 287:, known as 242:Middle East 188:Subspecies 45:Adult male 5343:Categories 4987:Pesticides 4724:Bee pollen 4719:Beekeeping 4701:entomology 4644:Biomimicry 4576:Apitherapy 4536:In fishing 4491:Beetlewing 4472:in culture 4268:(4): 530. 4245:8 December 4044:7 December 3217:7 December 2834:8 December 2245:8 December 2047:7 December 1856:4 December 1661:4 December 1481:References 1475:Ogden Nash 1425:, causing 1399:Philistine 1312:heterogamy 1288:Drosophila 1264:In science 1222:resistance 1206:carbamates 1202:Resistance 1186:fly papers 1144:vaccinated 1097:In warfare 1087:Mao Zedong 1064:ophthalmia 766:ovipositor 651:Life cycle 618:Palearctic 610:Oestroidea 580:, and the 520:stable fly 361:and three 273:food waste 88:Arthropoda 4970:templates 4942:Pesticide 4558:Fly tying 4396:House fly 4188:ignored ( 4178:cite book 3941:205003182 3891:206656153 3823:15 August 3625:0022-0493 3187:(2): 83. 2890:CiteSeerX 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