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777:. In 1904, he estimated that he had collected more than 700 folk tales in addition to other genres of folklore (folk songs, proverbs, etc.). That seems accurate since a surviving list of folk tales has 688 entries, but the last entry was recorded in 1892. Of these, 26 tales have not survived. Others are known from original notes (132 in Lithuanian and 12 in Polish) or from translations (516 into Polish and 2 into Russian). The original notes were lost when Davainis-Silvestraitis gave them to another person for safekeeping so that they would not be confiscated and destroyed by the Tsarist police in 1895. At the time, Lithuanian texts in the
803:: he recorded who, when, and where told him the text, attempted to record the texts as accurately as possible, and provided some comments in footnotes. Most of the folk tales were recorded in 1887 (270 tales) and 1889 (169 tales). He recorded the tales from 247 people in 82 different villages and towns around Raseiniai. Additional 30 people told their tales in other locations in Lithuania. In addition to folk tales, Davainis-Silvestraitis collected about 250 folk songs, 500 short folklore sayings, 600 spells, 1,000 descriptions of
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1023:, salutations, curses). Such editorial work delayed the publication from 1888 to 1894. Two 400-page volumes were published and another was prepared, but not published due to financial difficulties. The tales were not grouped or classified in any way and are presented almost randomly. The two published volumes contain about 300 texts and remain the largest publication of Lithuanian folk tales in Polish. The collection was again negatively reviewed by
914:, 14 Polish songs, and 9 Lithuanian tales to the society. This renewed his interest in Lithuanian folk tales and hopes that his material would be published. In 1887, he recorded a total of 270 new tales from the people. However, the collaboration with Volters also did not work out perhaps because Davainis-Silvestraitis hoped to get substantial compensation for his collection or because Volters at the time supported the
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translated to Polish by
Davainis-Silvestraitis but their language needed heavy editing as Davainis-Silvestraitis spoke and wrote in provincial Polish mixed with some Lithuanian jargon. Though translated, the text provided Lithuanian original words for various specific names (e.g. names of mythical beings, certain things or rituals) and harder to translate fragments (e.g. idioms,
161:, Davainis-Silvestraitis was proud of his heritage. However, he showed little interest in working the inherited manor and accumulated debts. Having completed only three years of secondary education, he was interested in Lithuanian history, culture, and folklore. He collected about 700 folk tales, 250 folk songs, 500 short folklore sayings, 600 spells, 1,000 descriptions of
840:). Davainis-Silvestraitis recorded several tales that had similar-sounding words or names to names in Veckenstedt's tales and attempted to match them up. This resulted in text alterations (e.g. adding names or functions to mythical beings) thus degrading the quality and authenticity of the tales. For example, Veckenstedt wrote about a man named Parkenas who was gifted a
785:. When he returned to Lithuania in 1905, Davainis-Silvestraitis resumed collecting folklore samples. A few of these texts were published in his own journals, but most remain in manuscripts. The collection from this period is not large as he spent most of his time and energy working in the publishing industry. At least 29 tales were recorded around
749:. His interests were eclectic and he collected archaeological artifacts, old musical instruments, old tales from locals, etc. He started organizing and attempting to publish the collected materials only in early 1880s. Davainis-Silvestraitis was interested not only in Lithuanian traditions. For example, published two articles the customs of the
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criticizing
Davainis-Silvestraitis' approach to the "re-Lithuanization" of the nobles. Such comments were hurtful and Davainis-Silvestraitis felt misunderstood and not appreciated, rejected by the younger generation of Lithuanian activists and by his own family. Nevertheless, in 1913–1914, he decided
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in March 1904 and was elected to a committee tasked with organizing
Lithuanian language lessons at different schools in the city. He supported efforts to introduce Lithuanian language services at Roman Catholic churches in Vilnius and surrounding area. He was one of the founding members of the Union
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in
Lithuania in 1889. However, Davainis-Silvestraitis lacked formal education and his articles lacked consistency and internal logic; therefore, he mostly concentrated on publishing samples of folklore. Karłowicz also worked on publishing the tales collected by Davainis-Silvestraitis. The tales were
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that he edited. He published three types of articles: attempts at comparative analysis, reviews, and samples of collected folklore. Almost every issue of the journal printed some text from
Davainis-Silvestraitis; in total, he published almost 20 articles, including articles on traditional village
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and medicinal herbs. Vincentas
Bakutis (1829–1899) was the biggest local collaborator and supporter of Davainis-Silvestraitis. Bakutis was a local man who lived in poverty but was highly respected for his wisdom and knowledge. Likely, he was the main source of various traditions, games, spells,
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was discontinued due to financial difficulties in May 1914. Davainis-Silvestraitis was increasingly rejected by the younger generation of
Lithuanian activists. Davainis-Silvestraitis also served a three-month prison sentence for publishing an article urging to protect Lithuania from nihilistic
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in which he proclaimed love to the homeland, expressed abstract hopes for its bright future, idealized its heroic past, and urged to learn and use
Lithuanian language. He also published a few satirical poems in the Polish press. He did not have greater poetic talents but two of his works were
725:, traditions, and folklore. Unlike many other nobles of the period, Davainis-Silvestraitis was proud of his Lithuanian heritage and rejected Polish culture which was seen as more prestigious at the time. His first notes are known from 1867 when he was eighteen. He read Polish works of
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and
Davainis-Silvestraitis recorded a tale about a god of illnesses Parkeras, while the actual tale was about an itching illness known as parkera. While Davainis-Silvestraitis altered some details (e.g. adding names of mythical beings or replacing
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and mainly published articles about the use of Polish language in
Catholic churches and attempts to introduce Lithuanian-language masses and services. However, the newspapers did not provide new ideas and failed to become a catalyst for
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because of its anti-nobility platform and demands that land should be distributed to peasants. His position was misunderstood by other Lithuanian activists and he began distancing himself from the Lithuanian public life.
213:(1912–1913) that were aimed at Polish-speaking nobles and peasants in hopes that they could be convinced to "return" to their Lithuanian roots. However, the newspapers offered no new ideas and did not become popular.
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Davainis-Silvestraitis kept a diary from his relocation to Vilnius on 18 August 1904 until 7 February 1912. It was written with the intent of chronicling Lithuanian activities in the city and was published in 2020.
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in 1883. Karłowicz asked Davainis-Silvestraitis to attempt to corroborate and authenticate some of the more unusual tales published by Veckenstedt (they were later proved to be falsifications; see also
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with historical facts and folklore tropes but lacks coherence and poetic merit. It was intended as a heroic poem but its stronger areas are descriptions of nature. He also translated few poems by
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of land and a manor. The family mostly spoke Polish though they also knew Lithuanian. His close relative, the son of his father's brother, was the publicist Aleksander Dowojna-Sylwestrowicz.
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in an attempt to find cooperation with different Polish activist groups. He objected to the Polish ambitions of establishing a multi-cultural society along the lines of the old
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Debts forced him to give up the manor in 1891 and start a nomadic life in search of means of living. He struggled financially and took assorted jobs. In 1904, he settled in
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but was rejected due to his lack of education. Not finding a steady income in Vilnius, he moved to Saint Petersburg in December 1904 to work at the editorial office of
2956:"Olga Mastianica, Bajorija lietuvių tautiniame projekte (XIX a. pabaiga – XX a. pradžia), Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2016. 200 p. ISBN 978-609-8183-13-9"
1362:(Hymn of the Homeland) as a separate booklet. It described a young Lithuanian woman who was superior to young women from other nations. Another booklet with his poem
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Davainis-Silvestraitis established contacts with Veckenstedt who promised to help print the 500 tales that Davainis-Silvestraitis had collected in the German journal
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1101:(Endecja) and called it the greatest enemy of Lithuania that wanted to see only the Polish language and Polish nation in Lithuania. This forced him to resign from
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before their correspondence ceased in 1890. That year, articles harshly criticizing Veckenstedt for falsifying Lithuanian folklore were published by Karłowicz in
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medicinal herbs, etc. collected by Davainis-Silvestraitis. Bakutis continued to collect and write down folklore even after Davainis-Silvestraitis left Lithuania.
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and his mother was afraid that Davainis-Silvestraitis might join the rebels. After the uprising, the Kėdainiai Gymnasium was closed by the Tsarist authorities.
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helped Davainis-Silvestraitis sell his collection of about 200 medicinal plants with descriptions how they are used in folk medicine to the botanical garden of
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was published in 1883, Davainis-Silvestraitis contributed 82 texts to the publication and helped its distribution in Lithuania. His contributions ranged from
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He inherited the manor after his father's death in 1869, but showed no great interest in agricultural matters. In 1874–1876, he took metalworking courses in
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and donated books to its library. He became more active in Lithuanian cultural life when he moved to Vilnius in 1904. He was one of founding members of the
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which would transform into a purely scientific publication. He completed the manuscript of the encyclopedia, but could not publish it due to World War I.
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After the death of Davainis-Silvestraitis, his collections attracted little interest. Only in 1973, 152 tales in Lithuanian were published in Vilnius.
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2928:"Lietuvių tautosakos rinkėjų Jano Karlovičiaus ir Mečislovo Davainio-Silvestraičio bendradarbiavimas: metodologijos raida, etnolingvistikos apraiškos"
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Living away from Lithuania, he could no longer collect samples of folklore. However, he continued to write for many Lithuanian periodicals, including
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which he considered below his station and a desperate measure to improve his financial situation. He spent considerable effort collecting samples of
184:, he published two volumes of Lithuanian folk tales translated into Polish in 1894. His work helped to prove that Lithuanian folk tales published by
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who spoke Polish but considered themselves to be Lithuanian) in hopes that they could be "returned" to their Lithuanian roots and would join the
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but started drifting away from the Lithuanian public life due to anti-nobility attitudes. He edited and published the Polish-language newspapers
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Davainis-Silvestraitis was proud of his noble birth and was interested in his family's genealogy even claiming that they reached the legendary
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in Lithuania in 1889–1890. He also wrote an overview of other nations' histories and traditions in 1881 which he published in his newspaper
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Kerbelytė, Brosnislava (1973). "Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis tautosakininkas". In Kerbelytė, Brosnislava; Viščinis, Klimas (eds.).
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474:. Chasing profit, he led a nomadic life frequently moving to different cities in Russia. He briefly lived, among other places, in
331:(especially folk tales) and attempting to publish them. While studying in Warsaw, he contributed articles and poetry in Polish to
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and joined the Lithuanian cultural life becoming a members of various Lithuanian societies. He was one of the organizers of the
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Davainis-Silvestraitis wrote and published several poems in Lithuanian and Polish. Like many other poets of the time, he wrote
173:, he published a booklet with ten tales and five songs in 1889 and a collection of 159 folk remedies in 1898. With the help of
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and returned to Vilnius in March 1905. He joined various Lithuanian societies active in the city and contributed articles to
504:) planned a Lithuanian periodical on agricultural and trade matters, but their permit applications were rejected due to the
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of debts in 1890. The following year, Davainis-Silvestraitis transferred his share of the manor to his brother and moved to
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Davainis-Silvestraitis became interested in Lithuanian folk tales when he established contacts with the Polish folklorist
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2855:"Beata Kalęba, Rozdroże. Literatura polska w kręgu litewskiego odrodzenia narodowego, Kraków: Universitatis, 2016"
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and urged more care in future studies. Davainis-Silvestraitis sent samples of the folk tales that he collected to
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2830:"Mečislovo Davainio-Silvestraičio dienoraštis: lietuvių inteligento saviraiškos Vilniuje liudininkas (1904–1912)"
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as well as himself) and objects from the history and mythology of Lithuania (mainly taken from Narbutt's works).
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and urged Poles to support the national state of Lithuanians. In 1907, he published the Polish satirical booklet
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1995:"Vilniaus senųjų kapinių, vad. Rasų kapinėmis, komplekso tautosakininko Mečislovo Davainio-Silvestraičio kapas"
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Davainis-Silvestraitis was most active in collecting examples of folklore from 1883 to 1890 in the area around
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who wrote that it was shameful that the collection was published in Polish and not in original Lithuanian.
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and as a separate book. However, Veckenstedt printed only four descriptions of Lithuanian customs during
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During his life, Davainis-Silvestraitis contributed texts to numerous Lithuanian periodicals, including
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142:; 20 April 1849 – 31 May 1919) was a Lithuanian journalist, poet, publicist, folklorist, and
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Davainis-Silvestraitis was a member of several Lithuanian societies. He joined the cultural
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that he was collecting folklore and searching for collaborators. He received responses from
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to write an encyclopedia on Lithuanian topics in Polish. He hoped to print it in parts in
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in search for means of living. He initially chose Jelgava as it was home of the linguist
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Davainis-Silvestraitis collected folklore based on the methodology that he learned from
665:. He returned to Vilnius in August 1918. He received some financial assistance from the
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in December 1905. He was one of the four people to sign the controversial memorandum to
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The family was not wealthy and Davainis-Silvestraitis completed only two years at the
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in April 1919 and Davainis-Silvestraitis died on 31 May 1919 at the hospital of the
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and medicinal herbs – most of which was collected in 1883–1890 in the area around
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Postcard with the portrait of Vincas Bakutis published by Davainis-Silvestraitis
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where together with Lithuanian businessman Antanas Smilga (future publisher of
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2001:(in Lithuanian). Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture
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with Lithuanian words), he did not alter the plot or meaning of the tales.
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2707:"Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis: poetas, publicistas, tautosakininkas"
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for the Return of the Lithuanian Language Rights in Lithuanian Churches (
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of which ten tales and five songs were published as a booklet in 1889 in
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in July 1908. The newspaper was mainly directed to the Polish-speaking
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Bajorija lietuvių tautiniame projekte (XIX a. pabaiga – XX a. pradžia)
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Society of Devotees of Natural Science, Anthropology, and Ethnography
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Pasakos, sakmės, oracijos. Surinko Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis
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critically evaluated the publication for mistakes in phonetics and
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234:(briefly worked as an editorial staff in 1904–1905). He also wrote
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2786:"Keli nežinomi Mečislovo Davainio-Silvestraičio kūrybos puslapiai"
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Atsiskyrėlis iš Suvalkijos. Jono Basanavičiaus gyvenimas ir darbai
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Caricature of Davainis-Silvestraitis with the caption "Lithuanian
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into Lithuanian. In October 1904, he wrote a poem in honor of
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should not be a deciding factor on who should be considered a
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in which he described towns and villages around Vilnius (e.g.
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but only a few texts were published in the society's journal.
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was unveiled at his gravesite. The sculpture was added to the
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and briefly worked at the Central Library (predecessor of the
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who invited Davainis-Silvestraitis to contribute articles to
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3011:. In Mastianica-Stankevič, Olga; Venckienė, Jurgita (eds.).
2885:. In Mastianica-Stankevič, Olga; Venckienė, Jurgita (eds.).
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Sąjunga lietuvių kalbos teisėms grąžinti Lietuvos bažnyčiose
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and published two booklets with his poems in 1884 and 1904.
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In 1906, Davainis-Silvestraitis began writing articles for
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which was visited by other Lithuanian activists, including
2754:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
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The most successful and productive collaboration was with
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in August 1904 and worked at the bookstore established by
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to short notes on prices of grain at different markets to
2813:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas.
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1969:"Vilniuje atkurtas paminklas garsiam Lietuvos knygnešiui"
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During World War I, Davainis-Silvestraitis evacuated to
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and fiercely criticized ideas about recreating the old
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published as separate booklets. In 1884, he published
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Davainis-Silvestraitis was born on 20 April [
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Postcard with the portrait of Davainis-Silvestraitis (
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was lifted in 1904, Davainis-Silvestraitis moved to
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while his mother Eufroyzna de domo Jaruda, used the
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3009:"Mečislovo Davainio-Silvestraičio lietuvių kalba"
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3015:(in Lithuanian). Lietuvos istorijos institutas.
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671:Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania
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274:8 April] 1849 into a family of petty
2690:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Versus aureus.
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2981:"Lietuvystės Samsonas pakirptais plaukais"
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2808:
2783:
2668:
2604:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
1880:
1853:
1841:
1482:
1366:was published in 1904. The poem mixes the
1218:, Davainis-Silvestraitis began publishing
26:
3006:
2953:
2925:
2743:
2721:
2652:
2565:
2430:
2418:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2087:
2072:
2060:
2043:
2019:
1955:
1706:
1679:
1660:
1648:
1624:
1562:
1518:
1461:
1446:
1062:) in July 1906 and signed a complaint to
760:
104:Mieczysław Dowojna-Sylwestrowicz (Polish)
2744:Kerbelytė, Brosnislava (3 March 2020) .
1176:
1053:Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius
811:
764:
526:
250:
2903:
2704:
2669:Dambriūnas, Leonardas (November 1960).
1904:
1545:
951:. He also attempted to publish via the
654:influence from the East (i.e. Russia).
633:in July 1908 and ethnographic magazine
370:smuggle and distribute Lithuanian books
3033:
2761:"Tapęs tautinio išsivadavimo švyturiu"
2759:Krikštaponis, Vilmantas (8 May 2015).
615:) organized right after the Seimas by
586:. He was one of the organizers of the
429:
394:. He also collected information about
1169:
902:At the end of 1886, with the help of
689:. His grave was neglected during the
228:(a paid correspondent in 1891–1896),
2906:"Mečislovas Dovoina-Silvestravičius"
1418:
1416:
637:in 1912. These periodicals targeted
596:Prime Minister of the Russian Empire
3076:Journalists from the Russian Empire
3066:Folklorists from the Russian Empire
2878:Mastianica-Stankevič, Olga (2020).
2853:Mastianica-Stankevič, Olga (2018).
2828:Mastianica-Stankevič, Olga (2017).
2746:"Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis"
1299:). Such position was criticized by
1108:In 1906–1907, he wrote articles to
1033:
550:. He was considered for editors of
102:Mečislovas Dovoina-Silvestravičius
13:
2705:Juodytė, Genė (27 December 2014).
1424:"Mieczysław Dowojna-Sylwestrowicz"
1392:; it was first published in 2013.
1232:and sought to involve them in the
1097:in which he criticized the Polish
598:. However, he refused to join the
531:Tomb of Davainis-Silvestraitis in
316:. His uncle was killed during the
14:
3117:
3061:Activists from the Russian Empire
1413:
132:Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis
20:Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis
3056:20th-century Lithuanian nobility
3051:19th-century Lithuanian nobility
2751:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
2709:(in Lithuanian). Šiaulių kraštas
2686:Grigaravičius, Algirdas (2017).
1301:Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis
562:. There he was a witness to the
513:Liudmila Malinauskaitė-Šliūpienė
424:Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis
140:Mieczysław Dowojna-Sylwestrowicz
2904:Mažonas, K. (5 December 1969).
2661:
1987:
1961:
1047:which was organized in 1885 in
683:Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society
247:Early life and folklore studies
2784:Mastianica, Olga (July 2013).
2671:"Adomas Jakštas — publicistas"
1248:. A separate Polish newspaper
1242:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1091:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1039:Lithuanian clubs and societies
881:and Davainis-Silvestraitis in
717:brought him to studies of the
705:Studies of Lithuanian folklore
641:(specifically, members of the
1:
3071:Poets from the Russian Empire
2960:Lithuanian Historical Studies
2859:Lithuanian Historical Studies
1395:
1068:Lithuanian Scientific Society
898:Publishing collected material
461:Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga
386:about nobility's role in the
372:that were illegal due to the
256:
3101:Lithuanian writers in Polish
3096:Lithuanian newspaper editors
2926:Rutkovska, Kristina (2013).
1388:, one of the leaders of the
1314:. When it became clear that
1074:in December 1906 and of the
991:architecture, traditions of
908:Russian Geographical Society
612:Tautiškoji demokratų partija
241:
7:
3007:Venckienė, Jurgita (2020).
1285:Belarusian National Revival
1234:Lithuanian National Revival
647:Lithuanian National Revival
388:Lithuanian National Revival
148:Lithuanian National Revival
113:Lithuanian National Revival
10:
3122:
2979:Vaskelaitė, Vilma (2020).
2954:Sniečkutė, Marija (2017).
1999:Cultural Heritage Registry
1377:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
1320:Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė
1230:Polish-Lithuanian identity
1080:Kanklės of Vilnius Society
955:. The society's president
859:Zeitschrift für Volkskunde
699:Cultural Heritage Registry
661:. There he worked for the
568:Russian Revolution of 1905
153:Born to a family of petty
3106:Burials at Rasos Cemetery
3086:Lithuanian book smugglers
2809:Mastianica, Olga (2016).
2641:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2629:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2617:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2593:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2578:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2491:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2479:Mastianica-Stankevič 2017
2467:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2455:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2443:Mastianica-Stankevič 2017
2407:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
2032:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1929:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1917:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1893:Mastianica-Stankevič 2018
1869:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1827:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1815:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1803:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1791:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1779:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1767:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1755:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1743:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1731:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1719:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1692:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1637:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1531:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1507:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1495:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1408:Mastianica-Stankevič 2020
1348:
1189:and armed with the sword
1014:about the customs of the
290:. His parents owned four
222:(82 texts in 1883–1886),
118:
108:
98:
88:
66:
34:
25:
18:
2988:Naujasis Židinys - Aidai
2541:, pp. 104, 114–116.
1871:, pp. 62–63, 70–71.
1228:who maintained the dual
968:Jan Aleksander Karłowicz
818:Jan Aleksander Karłowicz
794:Jan Aleksander Karłowicz
781:were illegal due to the
600:National Democrats Party
523:Cultural life in Vilnius
175:Jan Aleksander Karłowicz
2731:(in Lithuanian). Vaga.
1318:would be discontinued,
727:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
685:. He was buried in the
588:Great Seimas of Vilnius
494:. In 1897, he moved to
420:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
201:Great Seimas of Vilnius
3081:Lithuanian folklorists
1330:published articles in
1305:Kazimieras Prapuolenis
1283:, or activists of the
1238:ethnographic Lithuania
1211:
1076:Lithuanian Art Society
1058:
910:after he presented 25
770:
761:Collection of folklore
713:. His interest in the
611:
535:
360:who introduced him to
267:
139:
82:Second Polish Republic
3091:Lithuanian male poets
3013:Dienoraštis 1904–1912
2887:Dienoraštis 1904–1912
1368:legends about Palemon
1364:Palemonas ir Giržduta
1180:
918:. Only 24 songs from
912:Lithuanian folk songs
812:Debunking Veckenstedt
768:
673:) in the short-lived
530:
515:and sister-in-law of
346:Tygodnik Illustrowany
254:
2935:Archivum Lithuanicum
2834:Archivum Lithuanicum
916:Lithuanian press ban
783:Lithuanian press ban
715:history of Lithuania
667:Council of Lithuania
540:Lithuanian press ban
506:Lithuanian press ban
374:Lithuanian press ban
301:and one year at the
284:Szeliga coat of arms
2607:, pp. 166–167.
2568:, pp. 163–164.
1844:, pp. 10, 109.
1386:Zygmunt Sierakowski
1324:Mykolas Sleževičius
1289:Lithuanian language
1256:efforts to address
831:tales in German by
735:Władysław Syrokomla
719:Lithuanian language
643:Lithuanian nobility
572:Lietuvių laikraštis
559:Lietuvių laikraštis
501:Lietuvių laikraštis
437:Vienybė lietuvninkų
430:Financial struggles
354:Antanas Baranauskas
329:Lithuanian folklore
303:Kėdainiai Gymnasium
288:Pomian coat of arms
231:Lietuvių laikraštis
225:Vienybė lietuvninkų
169:. With the help of
2631:, pp. 11, 65.
2409:, pp. 34, 36.
2265:, pp. 12, 22.
2205:, pp. 17, 19.
2034:, pp. 23, 25.
1941:Grigaravičius 2017
1757:, pp. 11, 45.
1733:, pp. 45, 66.
1246:National Democracy
1216:Jonas Basanavičius
1212:
1099:National Democracy
1072:Jonas Basanavičius
1012:Gypsy Lore Society
997:Linkmenys Hillfort
945:Jonas Basanavičius
922:were published in
833:Edmund Veckenstedt
771:
639:Polish-Lithuanians
625:Jonas Basanavičius
617:Jonas Basanavičius
536:
362:Jonas Basanavičius
358:Kazimieras Jaunius
268:
186:Edmund Veckenstedt
171:Jonas Basanavičius
3022:978-609-8183-76-4
2990:(in Lithuanian).
2937:(in Lithuanian).
2917:(in Lithuanian).
2896:978-609-8183-76-4
2836:(in Lithuanian).
2820:978-609-8183-13-9
2792:(in Lithuanian).
2767:(in Lithuanian).
2697:978-9955-34-641-8
2677:(in Lithuanian).
2619:, pp. 76–77.
2493:, pp. 56–57.
2469:, pp. 55–56.
2397:, pp. 27–28.
2337:, pp. 25–26.
2313:, pp. 16–17.
2217:, pp. 19–20.
2193:, pp. 14–15.
2169:, pp. 35–36.
2145:, pp. 31–32.
2075:, pp. 32–33.
2046:, pp. 11–12.
1971:(in Lithuanian).
1931:, pp. 79–80.
1817:, pp. 53–54.
1805:, pp. 52–53.
1793:, pp. 48–49.
1769:, pp. 46–47.
1721:, pp. 68–70.
1610:Krikštaponis 2015
1374:and a section of
1266:Vilna Governorate
1226:Lithuanian nobles
1214:With the help of
1152:Simonas Daukantas
961:Moscow University
711:Palemonid dynasty
679:captured the city
623:With the help of
566:that sparked the
396:Simonas Daukantas
276:Lithuanian nobles
155:Lithuanian nobles
129:
128:
3113:
3026:
3003:
2985:
2975:
2950:
2932:
2922:
2910:
2900:
2884:
2874:
2849:
2824:
2805:
2780:
2755:
2740:
2730:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2682:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:, p. 24–25.
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1664:
1663:, pp. 9–10.
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1390:Uprising of 1863
1313:
1202:and shield with
1095:Satyry litewskie
1061:
1034:Other activities
1025:Jonas Jablonskis
1005:
995:, legends about
988:
976:
937:Jonas Jablonskis
933:
892:
867:
838:pseudo-mythology
826:
802:
614:
608:
496:Saint Petersburg
412:Jonas Jablonskis
342:
318:Uprising of 1831
314:Uprising of 1863
311:
299:Kaunas Gymnasium
265:
261:
258:
209:(1908–1914) and
183:
99:Other names
73:
57:
44:
42:
30:
16:
15:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3023:
2983:
2930:
2908:
2897:
2882:
2821:
2728:
2712:
2710:
2698:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2605:Mastianica 2016
2603:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2551:Mastianica 2016
2549:
2545:
2539:Mastianica 2016
2537:
2533:
2527:Mastianica 2016
2525:
2521:
2515:Vaskelaitė 2020
2513:
2509:
2503:Mastianica 2016
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:, pp. 6–7.
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1881:Dambriūnas 1960
1879:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1854:Mastianica 2016
1852:
1848:
1842:Mastianica 2016
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1483:Mastianica 2013
1481:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1372:Adam Mickiewicz
1355:romantic poetry
1351:
1333:Lietuvos žinios
1307:
1175:
1160:Adam Mickiewicz
1111:Vilniaus žinios
1103:Kurier Litewski
1087:Kurier Litewski
1070:established by
1041:
1036:
999:
982:
970:
927:
925:Zhivaya Starina
904:Eduards Volters
900:
886:
861:
820:
814:
796:
763:
731:Adam Mickiewicz
723:pagan mythology
707:
602:
553:Vilniaus žinios
548:Petras Vileišis
525:
484:Petras Vileišis
432:
416:Pranas Mašiotas
392:romantic poetry
336:
305:
263:
259:
249:
244:
236:romantic poetry
177:
122:Brother-in-law
103:
84:
75:
71:
62:
51:
46:
40:
38:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3004:
2976:
2951:
2923:
2901:
2895:
2875:
2850:
2825:
2819:
2806:
2781:
2756:
2741:
2719:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:Kerbelytė 2020
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2582:
2570:
2566:Sniečkutė 2017
2555:
2553:, p. 121.
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2481:, p. 184.
2471:
2459:
2447:
2445:, p. 180.
2435:
2433:, p. 350.
2431:Rutkovska 2013
2423:
2419:Kerbelytė 1973
2411:
2399:
2395:Kerbelytė 1973
2387:
2385:, p. 370.
2383:Rutkovska 2013
2375:
2371:Kerbelytė 1973
2363:
2359:Kerbelytė 1973
2351:
2349:, p. 361.
2347:Rutkovska 2013
2339:
2335:Kerbelytė 1973
2327:
2323:Kerbelytė 1973
2315:
2311:Kerbelytė 1973
2303:
2299:Kerbelytė 1973
2291:
2287:Kerbelytė 1973
2279:
2275:Kerbelytė 1973
2267:
2263:Kerbelytė 1973
2255:
2253:, p. 363.
2251:Rutkovska 2013
2243:
2239:Kerbelytė 1973
2231:
2227:Kerbelytė 1973
2219:
2215:Kerbelytė 1973
2207:
2203:Kerbelytė 1973
2195:
2191:Kerbelytė 1973
2183:
2179:Kerbelytė 1973
2171:
2167:Kerbelytė 1973
2159:
2157:, p. 364.
2155:Rutkovska 2013
2147:
2143:Kerbelytė 1973
2135:
2131:Kerbelytė 1973
2123:
2119:Kerbelytė 1973
2111:
2107:Kerbelytė 1973
2092:
2088:Kerbelytė 1973
2077:
2073:Kerbelytė 1973
2065:
2061:Kerbelytė 1973
2048:
2044:Kerbelytė 1973
2036:
2024:
2020:Kerbelytė 1973
2012:
1986:
1960:
1956:Kerbelytė 1973
1945:
1943:, p. 113.
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1895:, p. 200.
1885:
1873:
1858:
1856:, p. 101.
1846:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1707:Kerbelytė 1973
1696:
1684:
1680:Kerbelytė 1973
1665:
1661:Kerbelytė 1973
1653:
1649:Kerbelytė 1973
1641:
1629:
1625:Kerbelytė 1973
1614:
1567:
1563:Kerbelytė 1973
1550:
1535:
1523:
1519:Venckienė 2020
1511:
1499:
1487:
1466:
1462:Kerbelytė 1973
1451:
1447:Kerbelytė 1973
1439:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1360:Tėvynės giesmė
1350:
1347:
1273:discussions.
1244:by the Polish
1174:
1168:
1164:Teodor Narbutt
1156:Dionizas Poška
1148:Vilnius Region
1045:Birutė Society
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
957:Dmitry Anuchin
899:
896:
813:
810:
779:Latin alphabet
762:
759:
757:only in 1912.
743:Dionizas Poška
739:Teodor Narbutt
706:
703:
687:Rasos Cemetery
675:Lithuanian SSR
533:Rasos Cemetery
524:
521:
467:Tėvynės sargas
431:
428:
248:
245:
243:
240:
190:were falsified
127:
126:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
93:Rasos Cemetery
90:
86:
85:
76:
74:(aged 70)
68:
64:
63:
60:Russian Empire
47:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3118:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2649:
2643:, p. 80.
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2595:, p. 62.
2594:
2589:
2587:
2580:, p. 61.
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2529:, p. 96.
2528:
2523:
2517:, p. 79.
2516:
2511:
2505:, p. 83.
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2457:, p. 54.
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2373:, p. 27.
2372:
2367:
2361:, p. 26.
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2301:, p. 24.
2300:
2295:
2289:, p. 23.
2288:
2283:
2277:, p. 22.
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2241:, p. 21.
2240:
2235:
2229:, p. 20.
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2181:, p. 37.
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2133:, p. 31.
2132:
2127:
2121:, p. 30.
2120:
2115:
2109:, p. 33.
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2090:, p. 34.
2089:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2063:, p. 29.
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1958:, p. 11.
1957:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1919:, p. 77.
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1829:, p. 57.
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 48.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1745:, p. 66.
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1694:, p. 39.
1693:
1688:
1682:, p. 10.
1681:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1651:, p. 28.
1650:
1645:
1639:, p. 36.
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1565:, p. 13.
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1533:, p. 28.
1532:
1527:
1521:, p. 83.
1520:
1515:
1509:, p. 23.
1508:
1503:
1497:, p. 22.
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1410:, p. 15.
1409:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:Kazys Grinius
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1206:fighting the
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1170:Publisher of
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:Romani people
1013:
1009:
1008:Vištytis Lake
1003:
998:
994:
989:
986:
981:
974:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
895:
893:
890:
885:
880:
876:
875:Ash Wednesday
872:
868:
865:
860:
854:
852:
847:
843:
839:
834:
830:
824:
819:
809:
806:
805:folk medicine
800:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
767:
758:
756:
752:
751:Romani people
748:
747:Antanas Juška
745:and later by
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:Soviet period
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
652:
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632:
631:
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621:
618:
613:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:Bloody Sunday
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
534:
529:
520:
518:
517:Jonas Šliūpas
514:
509:
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Nemuno sargas
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
438:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
366:folk remedies
363:
359:
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351:
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321:
319:
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309:
304:
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221:
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214:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:folk medicine
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
124:Jonas Šliūpas
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
45:20 April 1849
37:
33:
29:
24:
17:
3012:
2991:
2987:
2963:
2959:
2938:
2934:
2918:
2912:
2886:
2862:
2858:
2837:
2833:
2810:
2793:
2789:
2768:
2764:
2749:
2724:
2711:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2674:
2662:Bibliography
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2573:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2068:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1975:. 7 May 2017
1963:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1907:, p. 2.
1905:Mažonas 1969
1900:
1888:
1876:
1849:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1709:, p. 9.
1687:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1627:, p. 8.
1546:Juodytė 2014
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1464:, p. 7.
1449:, p. 6.
1442:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1403:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1315:
1276:
1275:
1258:Polonization
1253:
1252:grew out of
1249:
1219:
1213:
1208:Polish eagle
1199:
1190:
1171:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1049:East Prussia
1042:
1029:
978:
965:
923:
901:
882:
878:
857:
855:
815:
791:
772:
754:
708:
694:
656:
650:
634:
628:
622:
592:Sergei Witte
581:
575:
571:
557:
551:
537:
510:
499:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
433:
377:
349:
345:
332:
322:
296:
269:
229:
223:
217:
215:
210:
204:
194:
152:
144:book smugler
131:
130:
89:Burial place
72:(1919-05-31)
3046:1919 deaths
3041:1849 births
1308: [
1144:Dieveniškės
1140:Šalčininkai
1132:Videniškiai
1064:Pope Pius X
1000: [
983: [
971: [
928: [
887: [
862: [
821: [
797: [
603: [
337: [
306: [
264: 1907
260: 1905
178: [
146:during the
70:31 May 1919
52: [
3035:Categories
2765:XXI amžius
1433:2023-10-28
1396:References
1382:Lord Byron
1293:Lithuanian
1187:bast shoes
941:morphology
851:barbarisms
829:Samogitian
262: – c.
49:Žieveliškė
41:1849-04-20
3000:1392-6845
2972:1392-2343
2947:1392-737X
2871:1392-2343
2846:1392-737X
2802:0134-3211
2777:2029-1299
1128:Nemenčinė
1021:phrasemes
871:užgavėnės
775:Raseiniai
701:in 2000.
677:. Poland
538:When the
492:gold rush
455:Ūkininkas
350:Wędrowiec
334:Wędrowiec
242:Biography
167:Raseiniai
159:Samogitia
119:Relatives
2771:(2138).
1297:Krajowcy
1281:Krajowcy
1136:Eišiškės
879:Mélusine
583:Šaltinis
280:Kalnujai
188:in 1883
109:Movement
2737:1102423
1271:polemic
1262:Vilnius
1254:Litwa's
1124:Sudervė
1120:Kernavė
1116:Žasliai
993:Joninės
920:Palanga
787:Vilnius
544:Vilnius
488:Siberia
408:Jelgava
384:polemic
376:. When
197:Vilnius
78:Vilnius
3019:
2998:
2970:
2945:
2893:
2869:
2844:
2817:
2800:
2775:
2735:
2713:5 July
2694:
2681:(134).
2005:8 July
1979:8 July
1973:Lrt.lt
1349:Poetry
1326:, and
1183:Samson
949:Tilsit
659:Tambov
577:Viltis
480:Sasovo
476:Alatyr
449:Varpas
443:Šviesa
404:rubles
400:arenda
325:Warsaw
292:voloks
136:Polish
2984:(PDF)
2931:(PDF)
2914:Dirva
2909:(PDF)
2883:(PDF)
2790:Metai
2729:(PDF)
2675:Aidai
1339:Litwa
1316:Litwa
1312:]
1277:Litwa
1221:Litwa
1204:Vytis
1192:Litwa
1172:Litwa
1004:]
987:]
980:Wisła
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932:]
891:]
884:Wisła
866:]
846:Laima
825:]
801:]
755:Litwa
695:Aušra
651:Litwa
630:Litwa
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379:Aušra
341:]
310:]
278:near
219:Aušra
206:Litwa
182:]
56:]
3017:ISBN
2996:ISSN
2968:ISSN
2943:ISSN
2891:ISBN
2867:ISSN
2842:ISSN
2815:ISBN
2798:ISSN
2773:ISSN
2733:OCLC
2715:2021
2692:ISBN
2007:2021
1981:2021
1303:and
1264:and
1197:club
1006:and
873:and
842:lyre
580:and
490:and
478:and
356:and
344:and
272:O.S.
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1380:by
1260:of
1250:Lud
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930:ru
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