946:(1413) forty-five Polish families adopted forty-seven Lithuanian Catholic families, lending them their coats of arms. It is assumed that the representatives of Lithuanian nobility gathered in Horodło constituted the elite of that time on which Vytautas based his authority. The adoption of Polish coats of arms, an important marker of nobility with a well-established tradition in Western Europe, elevated this narrow group above other privileged population groups. Despite the fact that some of them abandoned the Horodło coats of arms and replaced them with others, the political significance of this gesture did not lose its significance. In the system built by Vytautas, central offices were restricted to Catholics only, which excluded nobles of Ruthenian origin. The basis of the Grand Duke's power was the lands of Lithuania proper, basically the provinces of Trakai and Vilnius. Nobles from this region constituted the ruling elite. The situation began to change in the 1430s when nobility privileges began to be extended to the Ruthenian nobility.
391:
835:). The most powerful princes retained almost total power in their lands, recognising the supremacy of the grand dukes. Vytautas began a policy of limiting the power of the princes and incorporating their appanages into the domain. Many princes died in civil wars after his death. Many appanages, lying in the east, were lost to Moscow in the course of wars in the 15th and 16th centuries. Some families became extinct, and with the restriction of the circle of inheritance, their estates were incorporated into the grand-ducal domain. In 1499 Alexander regulated the legal system of the few remaining appanages, the magnates ruling them were given the full
31:
831:. These were mostly, at least according to tradition, the descendants of the dynasties who accepted the authority of Gediminids. However, only those who owned land in Lithuania proper, who was of Lithuanian origin and who had accepted Catholicism in 1386, had any influence on central state policy. The Ruthenian princes had influence only on the local situation in their lands. They varied considerably in terms of wealth and importance, some of them wielding huge estates, while others possessed their land on service tenure from the grand duke or another prince (so-called 'service princes' -
958:) a term borrowed from Polish. Their position grew especially during the period when the Grand Duke was also King of Poland and was away from the country for long periods. Crucial to this was the privilege of 1492, which gave the council enormous influence over the politics of the Grand Duchy. Practically giving it full control over the actions of the ruler. While in Poland at that time the limitation of royal power was associated with an increase in the role of the ordinary nobility, in the Grand Duchy, where nobility assemblies (
45:
53:
3936:
1173:"Polish nobility" or outright "Poles". At the same time, separatism and the defense of Lithuanian national separateness within the federation state were very strong. The Lithuanian nobility was warmly attached to the laws, traditions and symbols of the Grand Duchy. Moreover, the Lithuanian separateness was also defended by the members of ethnically Polish families settling in Lithuania.
1038:, newly crowned King of Poland, granted a privilege to nobles and soldiers. They received personal rights, including the right to inherit and govern land as well as estates inherited from ancestors or gifted by the Grand Duke. At the same time, the nobles had duties to serve in the military, build, maintain and safeguard castles, bridges, roads and other vicinities.
337:
relationship with Poles and the territorial integrity of their common, although enslaved, homeland was strengthening in the minds of all Poles. In the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, the cultural unity of inhabitants was strengthening, and many traditionally understood Lithuanians discovered a modern national identity - they became
1104:, and other voivodeships. The privilege also prohibited selling various state and church positions to nobility. In turn, the Grand Duke was limited from exploiting conflicts between higher and lower nobility and profiting by selling the positions. This privilege also signified that city residents could not become officials.
864:, which in pagan times probably belonged to every person of noble status. It is not clear whether they owed their princely dignity to their former status as sovereigns or to their connection and affinity with the ruling family established in the 14th century (this is confirmed at least for the Gedraitis and Holshanskys).
935:), literally meaning "lord" gained popularity. This new elite was only partly descended from the old princely families that ruled Lithuania in pagan times. To a large extent, these were new families that appeared during the reigns of Jogaila and Vytautas and whose representatives were among the signatories of the
725:) originally denoted all those who fought. Over the course of the 15th century, it changed its meaning to refer to the masses of ordinary nobility who could stand up to fight when called upon. There were also social groups that were personally free but had no military commitments. Such a group were, for example,
949:
The cementing of the new elite was strengthened by the emergence of the institution of the council. Initially, it had no institutionalized form but gathered the ruler's closest associates. However, from 1430 onwards, it began to take shape as a permanent institution, to which one automatically became
1172:
Linguistic
Polonization did not always mean full Polonization in the state or ethnic sense. The Lithuanian nobility felt united with the Polish nobility as part of one political nation of the Commonwealth, enjoying privileges, freedom and equality. In this sense, they often referred to themselves as
1025:
Following his distribution of state land, the Grand Duke became dependent on powerful landowners, who began demanding greater liberties and privileges. The nobles were granted administrative and judicial power in their domains and increasing rights in state politics. The legal status of the nobility
751:
This led to a rapid change in the structure of land ownership. While in 1386 80% of the population lived in the lands directly under the Grand Duke's rule, by 1528 this figure had fallen to 30%. It is estimated that 5% of the land was owned by the Church, while as much as 65% of the land was then in
374:
grew up in an atmosphere of supremacy of nobility culture, so they easily identified with it. It adopted the nobility's way of perceiving the world, even if it came from other social groups. According to a commonly accepted interpretation, the history of the "peoples" inhabiting the eastern lands of
1238:
addressed
Lithuanian nobility calling for the Lithuanian language to play a more important role in state life. The usage of Lithuanian declined, and the Polish language became the predominant administrative language in the 16th century, eventually replacing Ruthenian as the official language of the
813:
As the privileges and political importance of the nobility grew and the burdens and freedoms of the peasantry were reduced, these linguistic differences began to gain importance. Around the beginning of the 16th century, groups of boyars spared no effort to prove their noble status. The grand ducal
729:
boyars, who served as grand-ducal envoys and were in charge of road maintenance. A significant group of boyars were service boyars who did not own allodial land, but only service estates, which they received and owned only by the grace of the Grand Duke. As the role and wealth of the great magnates
361:
of 1863-1864 and the wave of post-uprising repressions were a great shock for the people of the former Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. However, under the influence of painful experiences, the sense of community between Lithuanianness and Polishness became even stronger, and the belief in the identity of
1163:
The nobility was particularly numerous in the ethnically
Lithuanian lands and is estimated to have constituted about 10-11%, while in the Ruthenian lands of the Grand Duchy only about 3-4%. The nobility in Samogitia was particularly numerous, but usually, it was a poor nobility living in gentry
747:
gave legal security of tenure to holders of allodial land and recognized in law the rights of landowners to pass on their estates. Although allodial land ownership was previously known in the Grand Duchy, its prevalence increased significantly in the following period. Similarly, the new law of
1386:. An even larger percentage of Lithuanian nobility was Polonised and adopted Polish identity by the late 19th century. A Russian census in 1897 showed that 27.7% of nobility living within modern Lithuania's borders recognized Lithuanian as the mother language. This number was even higher in
336:
In the 18th century, the unoppressed
Polonization of the lands within the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a completed process, and the Polonization of Vilnius was a state of affairs. Despite the lack of their own state, the conviction of the permanent nature of Lithuania's
383:) were perceived at best as "younger brothers", naturally subordinated to the Polish national interest. It was therefore necessary to educate them and guide them in the right direction, because they were not yet mature enough to make independent decisions. "Our Polish paternalism - writes
1393:
Most descendants of the
Lithuanian nobility remained ill-disposed to the modern national movements of Lithuania and Belarus and fought for Poland in 1918-1920. The landowning nobles in the new Lithuanian state saw themselves predominately as Poles of Lithuanian background. During the
1009:). They adopted instead the Polish title "książę", which in Ruthenian texts was translated as "knyazhe". As a result, the poorer prince families that still used the title of knyaz fell completely into insignificance, and the Lithuanian magnate elite consisted of "princes and lords" (
428:. At the beginning of the 20th century, descendants of former noble Lithuanians were most likely to call themselves Poles. Only a part of the nobility, openly referring to the traditions of historical Lithuania, trying to reconcile Lithuanianness with Polishness, called themselves "
188:, which had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, with szlachta constituting close to 10% of the population, but in some constituent regions, like Duchy of Samogitia, it was closer to 12%. However, the high nobility was extremely limited in number, consisting of the
369:
In the consciousness of the general Polish society at that time, the multi-ethnic heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth was increasingly identified simply with Polish heritage. Such views were held by the most active and opinion-forming layer of the emerging nation. The
2122:
587:. These positions evolved from tribal leaders and were chiefly responsible for waging wars and organizing raids operations into enemy territories. Following the establishment of a unified state, they gradually became subordinates to greater Dukes, and later to the
1300:, the Polonization of the nobility, gentry and townspeople was practically complete by the early 19th century, relegating the Lithuanian language to the status of a peasant's tongue. The processes of Polonization and russification were partially reversed with the
1168:
in the late 18th century. In 1777 there were 16,534 noble houses registered (5.2% of the total) in the whole Grand Duchy. In 1790 the register showed 100 palaces, 9,331 manors, 494 noblemen's houses in towns, and 13,890 houses of noblemen without subjects.
314:. However, it should be mentioned that this process took place without orders or prohibitions, without coercion, mainly under the influence of civilizational domination and administrative influence (there is also no evidence of administrative coercion).
523:
currently there are no famous families left in
Lithuania, and the functioning and competing associations of the Lithuanian nobility gather in their ranks representatives of the minor nobility, most often descending from their families on the distaff
348:
and unsuccessful armed uprisings led to the strengthening of the
Polonization processes of the small nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, identifying spiritually and culturally with Polish traditions. Post-uprising repression resulted in the
362:
both elements became almost a patriotic axiom. Additionally, in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the process of linguistic Polonization of the rural population accelerated rapidly, especially in the
1250:
remained loyal to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and safeguarded its sovereignty vis-à-vis the Kingdom of Poland. Gradually Polonization spread to a broader population, and for the most part, the Lithuanian nobility became part of both nations’
3503:
Suchocki, William R. (1983). "Formowanie się i skład narodu politycznego w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim późnego średniowiecza" [Formation and composition of a political nation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late Middle Ages].
683:
While at the beginning the nobility was almost all Lithuanian or Samogitian, with territorial expansion more Ruthenian families joined the nobility. As early as the 16th century, several Ruthenian noble families began to call themselves
997:/Kieżgajło in 1547) from the Emperor. The elevation of the Radziwiłł family resulted in the abandonment of the title of "knyaz" by those Ruthenian families that still retained significant power, wealth and often appanages (for example
818:
through the ages". Another opportunity to prove nobility were the military musterings, the first one organised in 1528, where a register of those capable to fight was prepared. Listening in such a register was legal proof of nobility.
353:
becoming the mainstay of Polishness. Because the Catholic Church had a Polish character, it became an element integrating both the conscious classes and the popular masses, who began to identify with Polishness through their religion.
867:
Among them, only the Holshansky played a significant role on the side of the grand dukes, starting from Jogaila and Vytautas, being in the strict power elite. Apart from them, these were the families descended from Gediminas family:
739:, in Poland was already a well-established estate, its legal position was consolidated in the 14th century. At this point, it was basically impossible to enter the noble status otherwise than by birth. The development of the idea of
752:
the hands of 13 thousand of noble families (6 thousand of them were of Lithuanian origin). Most of it was owned by a small group of several dozen families of lords, which constituted the political elite of the country.
466:
The last representative of the great Lithuanian families living in today's Lithuania, Stefania Maria Romer, died in 2012. Meanwhile, in Poland, about 2,000 Polish families with Lithuanian origins live and use the Polish
876:, Kobryński and Zasławski. The princes of ethnically Ruthenian origin were excluded from the strict power elite and found their place in it only at the end of the 15th century. Then the representatives of powerful
3051:
1080:
limited positions within the Catholic Church or state institutions only to people from Lithuania. Certain nobles were released from their duties to the Grand Duke. This privilege also marked the beginnings of
1366:
Over the course of time, the Lithuanian nobility increasingly developed a sense of belonging to the Polish nation. During the 19th century, a self-designation, often represented using a Latin formula
161:
model (with a hereditary system of heraldic identification), as well as an increase in the position of the Greater Lithuanian nobility. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of
1258:
The middle nobility adopted the Polish language in the 17th century, while the minor rural nobles remained bilingual up to the period when the question of language related-nationality appeared.
1222:
although the process took centuries. In the 16th century, a newly established theory amongst Lithuanian nobility was popular, claiming that Lithuanian nobility was of Roman extraction, and the
262:
As cultural homogenization and linguistic Polonization of the nobility progressed, the concept of Lithuanian began to mean simply regional difference within the uniform political nation of the
2337:
1382:. With Polish culture developing into one of the primary centers of resistance to the Russian Empire, Polonization in some regions actually strengthened in response to official policies of
1092:
renewed the 1447 privilege and added a few more provisions, the most important of which limited the Grand Duke's rights in regards to foreign policy. The Grand Duke became dependent on the
733:
The process of the formation of the noble estate in Lithuania accelerated after the union with Poland when there arose a desire to equalize the legal system of both countries. Nobility, or
329:). In 1697, in the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the request of the local Lithuanian nobility, Polish was introduced as the official language instead of the previously existing
1418:
Lithuanian and Samogitian families possessed heraldry predating formal Christianization. The most archaic type of post-1413 heraldry has a motive of crossed arrows. According to the
3196:
1398:
years the government of Lithuania issued land reform limiting manors with 150 hectares of land while confiscating land from those nobles who were fighting alongside the Polish in
2848:
Gudmantas, Kęstutis (2004). "Vėlyvųjų Lietuvos metraščių veikėjai ir jų prototipai: "Romėnai" (The personages of the Lithuanian chronicles and their prototypes: The "Romans")".
1323:
imperial officials wanted to minimize the social base for another potential uprising and thus decided to reduce the noble class. During the period 1833–1860, 25,692 people in
3065:
814:
council resolved that nobility had to be attested by the testimony of two neighbours, of undoubtedly noble lineage, saying that the applicant's family had been "boyars and
2953:
The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents
1073:
to Catholic and Eastern Orthodox nobility. They were guaranteed freedom to dispose of their land. Significantly, the act also prohibited persecution without a fair trial.
1147:. The nobility was granted triple immunity: legal, administrative and tax exemption. The statute finalized the division between nobility, peasants, and city residents.
3418:
1230:
language. By that time, the upper nobility and the ducal court already used Polish as their first language. The last Grand Duke known to have spoken Lithuanian was
1555:
1331:
lost their noble status. They could not prove their status with monarchs' privileges or land ownership. They did not lose personal freedom, but were assigned as
743:
aroused among the nobility a notion of being the main unifying force of the kingdom and responsible for its rule. Lithuanian nobles aspired to this position.
341:. It should be noted, however, that the described processes took place almost exclusively within the nobility and landed gentry and among the intelligentsia.
2412:
1572:
505:
1561:
1465:
1544:
1539:
1053:, guaranteeing the right to inherit lands gifted by the Grand Duke. Forty-three Lithuanian noble families were granted Polish coats of arms. Most of the
1819:
1567:
1511:
1506:
1126:. The implementation of serfdom deprived the peasants of land ownership as well as personal rights, making the serfs completely dependent on nobles.
509:
950:
a member by virtue of holding the relevant office. Possession of the princely title gave the right to participate in wider councils, called Sejm (
444:, from the first words of the invocation from the poem Pan Tadeusz: "O Lithuania, my country ... " ). In turn, the representatives of the former "
962:) did not exist, full power passed into the hands of the great lords. Grand Duchy of Lithuania offices were held almost exclusively by magnates.
3469:
3294:
3254:
1144:
1096:. Without the consent of the Council no high official could be removed from his position. Lower posts had to be appointed in the presence of
748:
inheritance led to a decline in the importance, outside Kaunas district and Samogitia, of clan kinships, in favour of more nuclear families.
1550:
3839:
3326:
Lithuanomans and Polonizers: Myths, mutual perceptions and stereotypes in Polish-Lithuanian relations in the first half of the 20th century
2259:
1410:
during the years 1945–53 of Soviet occupation, many manors were destroyed. The Association of Lithuanian Nobility was established in 1994.
837:
3319:
3567:
2362:
2047:
1710:
1847:
390:
1527:
783:
1195:). During the following centuries, the Lithuanian nobility began to merge with the Polish nobility. The process accelerated after the
1460:
169:, and 47 selected boyars of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Catholic faith were adopted by Polish noble families and received Polish
939:(1413). They owed their position to the generosity of the grand dukes, who rewarded them with offices and land granted in allodium.
463:
belongs primarily to the descendants of old Greater Lithuanian families, most of whom were Polonized and still live in Poland today.
1261:
The Lithuanian nobles did preserve their national awareness as members of the Grand Duchy, and in most cases recognition of their
3892:
2287:
1600:
375:
the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth constituted an integral part of the history of Poles. The local "peoples" (especially
3879:
3321:
Litwomani i polonizatorzy: Mity, wzajemne postrzeganie i stereotypy w stosunkach polsko-litewskich w pierwszej połowie XX wieku
2094:
Litwomani i polonizatorzy: mity, wzajemne postrzeganie i stereotypy w stosunkach polsko-litewskich w pierwszej połowie XX wieku
3722:
3453:
3385:
3337:
3226:
2999:
2190:
2132:
2102:
2057:
2027:
1993:
1942:
1423:
1111:
confirmed the position of the Council of Lords in state politics and limited acquisition of positions within the noble class.
3914:
3038:
In the Shadows of Poland and Russia: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the Mid-17th Century
1066:
Jogaila's privilege in 1432 in essence repeated previous acts. Military service remained the primary means to receive land.
207:
for success on the battlefield. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ducal titles were mostly inherited by descendants of old
4264:
3690:
1239:
Grand Duchy in 1697. Nonetheless, spoken Lithuanian was still common in the Grand Duchy courts during the 17th century.
2151:
1407:
1200:
1133:
345:
263:
212:
185:
99:
2284:
3430:
3102:
3077:
2966:
1186:
17:
4453:
3832:
3779:
1359:
653:
224:
189:
3665:
3560:
317:
Polonization processes led to the fact that already in the 17th century, Lithuanian landowners called themselves
211:
while the relatively few hereditary noble titles in the Kingdom of Poland were bestowed by foreign monarchs. The
3366:
Rimvydas Petrauskas, Lietuvos diduomenė XIV a.pabaigoje - XV a.:sudėtis-struktūra-valdžia. Aidai, Vilnius; 2003.
2889:
1893:
730:
increased, the service boyars put themselves at the service of the lords and princes in exchange for tenures.
841:. This was of little political significance since the princes as a political class were of little importance.
4509:
4476:
4428:
4323:
3804:
3697:
3306:
1265:
family roots; their leaders would continue to represent the interests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the
744:
56:
Crossed arrows motive indicates the oldest type of heraldry in Lithuania after formal Christianization, like
1304:. Despite origins from mostly the non-noble classes, a number of nobles re-embraced their Lithuanian roots.
4600:
3886:
3356:
Rimvydas Petrauskas Giminaičiai ir pavaldiniai: Lietuvos bajorų grupės XIV a. pabaigoje-XV a. I pusėje in:
2866:
unlikely, especially because the Romans had very little hold, if any, in the lands so far north) (see also
1140:
2312:
899:
Since the reign of Vytautas, documents began to distinguish a group of great lords, calling them in Latin
3957:
3902:
3825:
3527:
1301:
1093:
1046:
827:
Initially, a group distinguished by prestige were the princely families, which members bore the title of
118:; following Lithuania's eastward expansion into what is now Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, many ethnically
4306:
3553:
1686:
234:
and recognized Polish national thought as a natural continuation of Greater Lithuanian national thought
1307:
The lesser Lithuanian nobility, still partially preserving the Lithuanian language, subsequent to the
223:, it was closer to 12%. However, the high nobility was extremely limited in number, consisting of the
4112:
4026:
1898:
1778:
1285:
873:
844:
Regarding Lithuania proper, not counting descendants of Gediminas seven princely families are known:
1985:
Litwini na Uniwersytecie Dorpackim (Juriewskim) do 1918 roku i ich dalsze losy: słownik biograficzny
1353:, imperial officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and
57:
4391:
4298:
1955:
1670:
1164:
villages. In the right-bank part of Kaunas county the nobility accounted for as much as 25% of the
620:
Ethnic Lithuanian nobility had different names than common people, as their names consisted of two
460:
394:
271:
95:
3185:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 52.
4161:
4155:
4148:
2338:"Jak poprawić sytuację polskich szpitali? Wojciech Puzyna przekonywał w Ustce do komercjalizacji"
1533:
1500:
1031:
398:
1143:, completed in 1588, further expanded the rights of nobility. Laws could be enacted only by the
985:) from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1518, similarly some other families received titles of counts (
230:
Over time, the vast majority of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania voluntarily became
4405:
3675:
3423:
Mes, Lietuva: Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVIa. Viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas
2958:
2912:
Sužiedėlis, Saulius (1981). "Language and Social Class in Southwestern Lithuania before 1864".
2363:"Polak prowadził w Londynie lokal uwielbiany przez gwiazdy. W jego żyłach płynie książęca krew"
405:
3127:
2991:
1454:
1449:
1277:
1185:(1413), the Lithuanian nobility's rights were equalized with those of the ruling class of the
219:(nobility) constituting close to 10% of the population, but in some constituent regions, like
30:
4227:
3607:
1399:
1115:
1070:
966:
471:
196:
3197:"Предводитель дворянства Скаржинский Александр Матвеевич и отдельные представители его рода"
3119:
2983:
2950:
2387:
1488:
497:
456:
4443:
3897:
3764:
1470:
1426:. As the nobility expanded during the following centuries more coats of arms were created.
1379:
1354:
1316:
1308:
1231:
1152:
1077:
137:
34:
1494:
493:
8:
4357:
4293:
4222:
4184:
3774:
3739:
3506:
3268:
Duchies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The magnate lordship as a political region
1695:
1441:
1223:
1211:
1108:
1097:
1089:
795:
770:
625:
602:
568:
303:
75:
1522:
1419:
1235:
1182:
1042:
943:
936:
669:
154:
4471:
4438:
4316:
4311:
4288:
4133:
4047:
3994:
3874:
3799:
3734:
3637:
3463:
3440:
Rachuba, Andrzej (2010). "Litwini". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.).
3288:
3248:
3014:
ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS E., KULAKAUSKAS A. Carų valdžioje: XIX amžiaus Lietuva. Vilnius, 1996.
1663:
1632:
1590:
1390:, where 36.6% of nobility identified the Lithuanian language as their mother language.
1215:
1101:
807:
693:
481:
330:
220:
115:
38:
1136:. The nobility was granted the right to elect a common ruler for Poland and Lithuania.
849:
657:
157:
on October 2, 1413, initiating nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following the
4418:
4396:
4386:
4381:
4352:
4347:
4021:
3919:
3749:
3670:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3576:
3449:
3426:
3381:
3358:
Lietuva ir jos kaimynai: nuo Normanų iki Napoleono: prof. Broniaus Dundulio atminimui
3333:
3222:
3120:
3098:
3073:
2995:
2984:
2962:
2951:
2451:
2186:
2128:
2098:
2053:
2023:
1989:
1956:"Miesięcznik Heraldyczny. Organ Towarzystwa Heraldycznego we Lwowie. R.6 1913 nr9-10"
1938:
1906:
for references to Germanic synonym of kuningaz (Modern German: König, English: king).
1903:
1610:
1387:
1328:
1324:
1320:
665:
588:
299:
276:
181:
788:
384:
4463:
4458:
4362:
4282:
4250:
4233:
4217:
4042:
3971:
3789:
3784:
3759:
3680:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3592:
3214:
1914:
1880:
1830:
1375:
1350:
1335:
1297:
677:
358:
133:
107:
860:. They also used the title knyaz, which is probably a rendering of the Lithuanian
699:
143:
Initially, the privileged social group of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was called
4433:
4259:
4211:
4079:
3702:
3685:
3597:
3236:
2180:
2092:
2017:
1983:
1745:
1724:
1676:
1247:
1219:
1196:
1129:
1010:
978:
970:
760:
673:
661:
629:
560:
441:
409:
350:
311:
295:
204:
177:
83:
2209:
1671:
Muscovite and later Russian princely and noble families originating in Lithuania
1638:
1288:. And Lithuanian nobles did rise to fight for the independence of their nation.
998:
4423:
4341:
4277:
4271:
4167:
4107:
3978:
3794:
3744:
3660:
3627:
3602:
3309:[Lithuanian-Ruthenian knyazes from the end of the fourteenth century].
2233:
1312:
1119:
580:
371:
363:
338:
200:
158:
4173:
3302:
4594:
4569:
4178:
3478:
2986:
The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788-1792: A Political History
2455:
2437:
1789:
1383:
280:
256:, as the terms "Lithuanians" and "Lithuanian" have changed over the centuries
129:
3243:. Vol. I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569. Oxford.
2124:
Ojczyzna nie tylko Polaków: mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w latach 1918-1939
1402:. Many members of the Lithuanian nobility during the interbellum and after
4564:
3392:
1516:
1476:
1403:
1281:
1266:
1207:
597:
445:
288:
231:
170:
1644:
1085:
in Lithuania, as peasants were removed from the Grand Duke's jurisdiction.
994:
986:
893:
649:
637:
4546:
4501:
4138:
2719:
2587:
1773:
1659:
1585:
1395:
1291:
1270:
990:
885:
689:
633:
477:
449:
425:
408:, Lithuanians lived mainly in the counties on the border with Lithuania:
380:
376:
306:
previously used by some citizens of Grand Duchy of Lithuania was used by
111:
103:
4538:
3727:
3715:
3170:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. pp. 347–359.
1795:
1785:
1761:
1741:
1705:
1691:
1595:
1482:
1246:
families were affected by Polonization, although many of them like the
869:
853:
1620:
857:
652:
and others. Those families acquired great wealth, eventually becoming
421:
302:, a historiographer of Greater Lithuania at that time, wrote that the
44:
4520:
3924:
3817:
3545:
2867:
1813:
1751:
1714:
1649:
1605:
1262:
1002:
889:
881:
621:
614:
592:
540:
485:
252:
208:
162:
4063:
2388:"Wielkopostna zaduma w polskim sanktuarium na Kahlenbergu w Wiedniu"
4448:
3966:
3909:
3859:
3848:
3769:
3584:
3483:
3397:
3064:
2442:
2022:(in Polish). Tow. Miłośników Wilna i Ziemi Wileńskiej. p. 16.
1909:
1768:
1756:
1718:
1699:
1654:
1252:
1191:
1055:
1006:
845:
765:
735:
641:
216:
180:, nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the nobility of the
150:
119:
48:
Medieval Coat of Arms of Lithuania was inherited by oldest families
4575:
3264:
Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny
3166:
Jonynas, Ignas (1933). "Alšėniškiai". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.).
102:(including during period of foreign rule 1795–1918) consisting of
4492:
4143:
4085:
3710:
1736:
1681:
1626:
1615:
1243:
1123:
1082:
1060:
1035:
645:
489:
413:
307:
166:
52:
3332:(in Polish). Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
3181:
Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1985). "Alšėnų kunigaikščiai".
4069:
3935:
3414:
Historiographical notes on the research of Lithuanian nobility.
1835:
1825:
1807:
1728:
1165:
877:
700:
Grand Duchy of Lithuania before the Union of Lublin (1386-1569)
501:
417:
215:
had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, with
4556:
3122:
1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History
2647:
2097:(in Polish). Wydawn. Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. p. 27.
1227:
1026:
was based on several privileges, granted by the Grand Dukes:
919:). Soon, the borrowed from Polish term "pan" (plural "pany",
828:
711:
322:
144:
124:
91:
2260:"Skarb Sanguszków oficjalnie własnością tarnowskiego Muzeum"
624:. Greater noble families generally used their predecessor's
4528:
4056:
3425:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lithuanian institute of history.
1988:(in Polish). Adam Mickiewicz University Press. p. 33.
1422:
of 1413, 47 Lithuanian and Samogitian noble houses adopted
1050:
610:
576:
534:
452:, additionally reserving the exclusive right to this term.
284:
3213:
3141:
2725:
2593:
2127:(in Polish). Młodzieżowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 152.
3281:
Studies on the beginnings of Lithuanian society and state
3277:
Studja nad początkami społeczeństwa i państwa litewskiego
2797:
2770:
2671:
1937:, p. 20–50, 2006 Białystok, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku,
1311:
left most of the former Grand Duchy under control of the
1151:
Most of the nobility rights were retained even after the
672:. The aforementioned families were granted corresponding
294:
Already in 1576, seven years after the conclusion of the
2831:
2829:
2827:
2814:
2812:
2758:
2707:
2695:
2611:
2483:
2471:
27:
Legally privileged class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3307:"Kniaziowie litewsko-ruscy od końca czternastego wieku"
3050:
Russia saved Lithuanian nation from becoming Polonised
2748:
2746:
2577:
2575:
2538:
2536:
2534:
1841:
291:
took over the cultural patterns of the higher classes.
3540:
3446:
Under a Common Sky. Peoples of the former Commonwealth
2787:
2785:
2659:
2507:
1864:
1292:
After partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
424:, and almost all of them were rural people engaged in
269:
The main Polonizing factors, as in other areas of the
2824:
2809:
2635:
1153:
third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2743:
2731:
2683:
2623:
2599:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2531:
2519:
2019:
Divertimento: dzieje ziem płn.-wsch. Rzeczpospolitej
3442:
Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
3372:N. Asadauskienė, V. Jankauskas, V. Kamuntavičienė,
2782:
2495:
90:) was historically a legally privileged hereditary
3217:; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000).
2438:"About the Lithuanian Baroque in a Baroque Manner"
2152:"Na Litwie zmarła ciocia Bronisława Komorowskiego"
1854:
1429:
1315:. The situation worsened during the years of tsar
802:) began to denote the nobles who possessed land.
287:, where, by adopting cultural patterns, the lower
227:and later, within the Russian Empire, of princes.
192:and later, within the Russian Empire, of princes.
1434:
4592:
3390:
2288:"Księżna z rodu Sapiehów odwiedziła Zamek Książ"
2258:Małopolskiego, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa.
2210:"ZWIĄZEK SZLACHTY POLSKIEJ Oddział we Wrocławiu"
1176:
930:
924:
755:New terms emerged for all those of noble birth:
720:
704:
822:
3031:
3029:
519:Genealogical and Heraldic Society of Lithuania
195:Families of the nobility were responsible for
3833:
3561:
2948:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
692:family, which attributed its ancestry to the
543:, lesser members of the nobility were called
3528:"The Gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
3221:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History.
3180:
3142:"Lietuvos bajorų karališkoji sąjunga - Home"
3072:. Vilnius: Baltos lankos. pp. 232–233.
2283:
2052:(in Polish). Przegląd Wschodni. p. 20.
1360:Program of Restoration of Russian Beginnings
1158:
969:(Radvila) received the title of the prince (
3476:
3035:
3026:
2435:
2120:
3840:
3826:
3568:
3554:
3468:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3393:"The double fate of the Lithuanian gentry"
3293:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3274:
3253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3095:Llietuvių visuomenė XIXa. antrojoje pusėje
2981:
2911:
2896:
2653:
2178:
2015:
1953:
1372:Lithuanian by birth, Polish by nationality
915:) or, in Ruthenian texts, "great boyars" (
656:. Their representatives are respectively
327:Lithuanians by birth, Poles by nationality
3417:
3317:
3040:. Stockholm University. pp. 282–283.
2847:
2841:
2257:
2090:
2045:
1981:
1874:
1579:
448:", now "nationalized", called themselves
3525:
3502:
3283:] (in Polish). Vol. 2. Vilnius.
3261:
2929:
2927:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2803:
2776:
2726:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
2677:
2665:
2594:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
1954:Aleksander, Semkowicz Władysław (1913).
1801:
1069:Privilege of May 6, 1434 was granted by
613:, which was the title sometimes used by
535:Lithuania before formal Christianization
389:
65:Nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
51:
43:
29:
3439:
3165:
3060:
3058:
3017:
2835:
2818:
1355:banned press in the Lithuanian language
1122:, which completed the establishment of
989:/Gasztołd in 1529/30; Ilinicz in 1553;
240:
88:szlachta Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
14:
4593:
3847:
3575:
3241:The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania
3117:
2886:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795
2335:
896:found their place in the power elite.
3821:
3549:
3301:
3235:
3092:
3086:
2933:
2924:
2883:
2872:
2791:
2764:
2752:
2737:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2581:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2204:
2202:
2174:
2172:
203:; some were rewarded with additional
3219:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
3055:
2185:(in Polish). Czytelnik. p. 26.
2146:
2144:
2116:
2114:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2041:
2039:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1842:Families from the Republic of Venice
1276:Lithuanian language was used during
1041:In 1413 Vytautas and Jogaila signed
310:, while the nobility widely adopted
3391:Aleksandravičius, Egidijus (1999).
2990:. Oxford University Press. p.
1865:Families from Ferrara and/or Modena
1132:in 1569 created the new state, the
521:, Czesław Malewski, commented that
24:
3541:Lithuanian Royal Union of Nobility
3347:
2199:
2169:
2049:Przemiany narodowościowe na Litwie
1927:
808:stratified into several categories
25:
4612:
3519:
3360:. Vilnius, 2001, p. 107-126.
3311:Biblioteka Instytutu Historii Uam
2936:Lithuania: Past, culture, present
2466:gente Ruthenus, natione Lithuanus
2141:
2111:
2079:
2036:
2002:
1966:
686:gente Ruthenus, natione Lithuanus
387:- is firmly located in the East.
3934:
3477:Schmalstieg, William R. (1982).
2920:(3). Lituanus Foundation: 36–37.
2076:, Wrocław-Warszawa 1982, s. 139.
1368:gente Lithuanus, natione Polonus
128:); and, later on, predominantly
3207:
3189:
3174:
3159:
3134:
3111:
3044:
3008:
2975:
2949:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011).
2942:
2860:
2429:
2405:
2380:
2355:
2329:
2305:
2277:
2251:
2226:
1855:Families from Republic of Lucca
1430:Influential Lithuanian families
1406:emigrated to Poland, many were
72:of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3068:; Antanas Kulakauskas (1996).
2890:University of Washington Press
2436:Bumblauskas, Alfredas (1995).
2179:Mackiewicz, Stanisław (1990).
2066:
1947:
1894:List of early Lithuanian dukes
1435:Families from ethnic Lithuania
1309:partitions of the Commonwealth
1201:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1134:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
591:. After Mindaugas' death, all
319:gente Lithuani, natione Poloni
264:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
213:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
186:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
184:became a common entity of the
100:Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
3318:Buchowski, Krzysztof (2006).
3183:Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija
2850:Ancient Lithuanian Literature
2091:Buchowski, Krzysztof (2006).
1920:
1547:(Dowmont-Siesicki, Szeszycki)
1177:Ties to the Kingdom of Poland
1020:
705:Formation of the noble estate
249:doesn’t mean the same as the
3036:Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2006).
2982:Butterwick, Richard (2012).
2938:. Baltos lankos. p. 77.
2336:Gdańsk, Radio (2023-06-04).
1982:Błaszczyk, Grzegorz (2022).
1424:Polish nobility coat of arms
823:Emergence of a magnate elite
149:. Boyars became part of the
7:
3448:] (in Polish). Warsaw.
3275:Łowmiański, Henryk (1932).
2121:Tomaszewski, Jerzy (1985).
2016:Dziewulski, Wacław (1997).
1887:
1413:
1302:Lithuanian National Revival
1094:Lithuanian Council of Lords
745:Privileges of 1387 and 1413
10:
4617:
3380:). Šviesa, Vilnius; 2011.
3262:Kowalski, Mariusz (2013).
3168:Lietuviškoji enciklopedija
3066:Aleksandravičius, Egidijus
1242:At first, only Lithuanian
1141:Third Statute of Lithuania
1045:. The act served to renew
529:
4555:
4537:
4519:
4500:
4491:
4372:
4334:
4243:
4204:
4197:
4123:
4097:
4035:
4014:
4007:
3987:
3950:
3943:
3932:
3867:
3856:
3636:
3583:
2046:Eberhardt, Piotr (1997).
1935:Litwomani i polonizatorzy
1899:List of Lithuanian rulers
1444:(Olelkovych, Alelkaičiai)
1339:
1286:For our freedom and yours
1199:(1569), resulting in the
1159:After the Union of Lublin
636:; this was the case with
3532:The Alphabetical Lists.
3118:Liekis, Šarūnas (2010).
3097:. Mokslas. p. 152.
3093:Vėbra, Rimantas (1990).
688:. A good example is the
575:, usually translated as
539:Prior to the baptism by
461:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
397:, representative of the
272:First Republic of Poland
96:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3858:(*) : state where
3023:Aleksandravičius, p.207
2934:Žukas, Saulius (1999).
2394:(in Polish). 2017-03-07
2369:(in Polish). 2022-03-06
1960:PAN Biblioteka Kórnicka
1049:and establish a common
1047:Polish–Lithuanian union
1032:Grand Duke of Lithuania
455:According to Professor
2884:Stone, Daniel (2001).
1875:Families from Courland
1580:Families from Ruthenia
1556:House of Sudymuntowicz
1342:in rural areas and as
1014:
982:
974:
931:
925:
848:, Dowgowd, Giedraitis/
799:
774:
764:
721:
606:
595:rulers held the title
584:
572:
564:
559:), related to the Old
551:) and greater nobles,
459:, the heritage of the
434:historical Lithuanians
406:Second Polish Republic
401:
153:(nobility) during the
87:
79:
60:
58:Kościesza coat of arms
49:
41:
1933:Krzysztof Buchowski,
1802:Families from Livonia
1639:House of Wiśniowiecki
1400:Polish-Lithuanian War
1327:and 17,032 people in
1234:(1440-1492). In 1595
1116:Sigismund II Augustus
1071:Sigismund Kestutaitis
567:, meaning "king", or
517:The president of the
440:" (i.e. - such as in
393:
346:First Polish Republic
197:military mobilization
55:
47:
33:
3735:Hungary and Slovakia
3656:Austria and Slovenia
3313:(in Polish). Warsaw.
2417:katowice.wyborcza.pl
2286:, Mateusz Lipiński.
1660:House of Domontovich
1633:House of Tyszkiewicz
1591:House of Danielewicz
1586:House of Chodkiewicz
1471:House of Czartoryski
1380:Samogitian Eldership
1317:Nicholas I of Russia
1232:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1206:Lithuanian nobility
674:Polish coats of arms
617:and several others.
607:Didysis kunigaikštis
241:Cultural affiliation
138:Inflanty Voivodeship
35:Columns of Gediminas
4601:Lithuanian nobility
3920:South Africa (Zulu)
3507:Zapiski Historyczne
3378:Lithuanian noblemen
2234:"Beata Tyszkiewicz"
1696:Demetrius I Starshy
1611:House of Kalinowski
1596:House of Olelkowicz
1573:House of Narutowicz
1530:(Puricki) (Puriška)
1455:House of Ościkowicz
1450:House of Holszański
1442:House of Olelkowicz
1408:deported to Siberia
1319:'s rule. After the
1284:calling to rise up
1278:Kościuszko Uprising
1226:was just a morphed
1224:Lithuanian language
1109:Sigismund I the Old
1098:voivodes of Vilnius
1090:Alexander Jagiellon
1078:Casimir I Jagiellon
781:in Latin. The term
777:) in Ruthenian and
395:Konstanty Radziwiłł
304:Lithuanian language
251:nobility of todays
247:Lithuanian nobility
3676:Estonia and Latvia
3585:Present monarchies
3577:Nobility of Europe
3479:"Lithuanian names"
3270:] (in Polish).
3126:. Rodopi. p.
2767:, p. 304-306.
2716:, p. 115-116.
2704:, p. 299-300.
2656:, p. 298-302.
2620:, p. 292-293.
2492:, p. 304-307.
2480:, p. 306-307.
2317:www.sejm-wielki.pl
2214:www.antoniego26.pl
1664:Daumantas of Pskov
1650:House of Ostrogski
1645:House of Zasławski
1606:House of Hlebowicz
1534:House of Radziwiłł
1523:House of Piłsudski
1501:House of Kieżgajło
1483:House of Gediminid
1477:House of Giedygołd
1466:House of Borkowski
1114:On April 1, 1557,
1088:1492 privilege by
993:in 1568; possibly
694:House of Gediminas
457:Grzegorz Błaszczyk
402:
399:House of Radziwiłł
331:Ruthenian language
245:Despite the term,
221:Duchy of Samogitia
132:families from the
116:Duchy of Samogitia
61:
50:
42:
39:House of Gediminas
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4487:
4486:
4401:Baltic countries
4193:
4192:
4003:
4002:
3815:
3814:
3638:Former monarchies
3455:978-83-11-11724-2
3419:Kiaupienė, Jūratė
3386:978-5-430-04453-4
3339:978-83-7431-075-8
3228:978-9986-810-13-1
3215:Kiaupa, Zigmantas
3001:978-0-19-925033-2
2957:. BRILL. p.
2264:www.malopolska.pl
2192:978-83-07-01971-0
2134:978-83-203-1963-7
2104:978-83-7431-075-8
2059:978-83-909013-0-5
2029:978-83-907732-4-7
1995:978-83-232-4075-4
1943:978-83-7431-075-8
1904:Germanic monarchy
1655:House of Zbaraski
1545:House of Siesicki
1540:House of Sakowicz
1495:House of Gasztołd
1489:House of Giedroyć
1388:Kovno Governorate
1329:Kovno Governorate
1325:Vilna Governorate
1321:November uprising
1187:Kingdom of Poland
1015:"książąt i panów"
666:Kristinas Astikas
589:King of Lithuania
446:Semigalian people
300:Augustyn Rotundus
182:Kingdom of Poland
18:Lithuanian nobles
16:(Redirected from
4608:
4547:Marshall Islands
4498:
4497:
4373:Central, Eastern
4202:
4201:
4012:
4011:
3948:
3947:
3938:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3531:
3515:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3436:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3374:Lietuvos didikai
3371:
3365:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3314:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3232:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3062:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2806:, p. 86-88.
2801:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2779:, p. 89-92.
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2680:, p. 40-41.
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2516:, p. 64-66.
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2088:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1931:
1915:List of szlachta
1831:Barclay de Tolly
1641:(Višnioveckiai),
1627:House of Sapieha
1621:House of Ogiński
1616:House of Krupski
1562:House of Świrski
1558:(Sudimantaičiai)
1420:Union of Horodło
1376:Lithuania Proper
1374:) was common in
1357:and started the
1351:January Uprising
1341:
1298:Lithuania proper
1236:Mikalojus Daukša
1183:Union of Horodło
1043:Union of Horodło
967:Radziwiłł family
944:Union of Horodło
937:Union of Horodło
934:
928:
792:
724:
678:Union of Horodlo
670:Mykolas Kęsgaila
438:The Mickiewicz's
359:January Uprising
344:The fall of the
159:Western European
155:Union of Horodło
134:Duchy of Livonia
122:noble families (
108:Lithuania Proper
80:bajorija, šlėkta
37:, symbol of the
21:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4580:
4551:
4533:
4515:
4483:
4374:
4368:
4330:
4272:The Netherlands
4239:
4189:
4119:
4093:
4031:
3999:
3983:
3939:
3930:
3863:
3852:
3846:
3816:
3811:
3632:
3579:
3574:
3533:
3522:
3494:
3492:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3433:
3408:
3406:
3370:(in Lithuanian)
3369:
3364:(in Lithuanian)
3363:
3354:(in Lithuanian)
3353:
3350:
3348:Further reading
3340:
3329:
3286:
3285:
3246:
3245:
3229:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2947:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2910:
2897:
2882:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2654:Łowmiański 1932
2652:
2648:
2644:, p. XXII.
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2460:
2458:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2182:Dom Radziwiłłów
2177:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1890:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1844:
1804:
1746:Danilo Irtishch
1673:
1582:
1577:
1485:(Gediminaičiai)
1437:
1432:
1416:
1378:and the former
1349:In view of the
1294:
1218:languages with
1197:Union of Lublin
1179:
1161:
1130:Union of Lublin
1023:
852:, Jamontowicz,
833:князя слчжбовiе
825:
786:
707:
702:
662:Radvila Astikas
658:Jonas Goštautas
537:
532:
442:Adam Mickiewicz
430:old Lithuanians
351:Catholic Church
296:Union of Lublin
243:
178:Union of Lublin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:Samoan Islands
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4324:United Kingdom
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4283:United Kingdom
4280:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3972:post-Columbian
3969:
3961:
3954:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:United Kingdom
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3526:J. Lyčkoŭski.
3521:
3520:External links
3518:
3517:
3516:
3500:
3474:
3454:
3437:
3431:
3415:
3388:
3367:
3361:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3315:
3299:
3272:
3259:
3233:
3227:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3188:
3173:
3158:
3133:
3110:
3103:
3085:
3078:
3070:Carų valdžioje
3054:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2974:
2967:
2941:
2923:
2895:
2871:
2859:
2840:
2823:
2808:
2796:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2755:, p. 303.
2742:
2740:, p. 116.
2730:
2728:, p. 155.
2718:
2706:
2694:
2692:, p. 299.
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2632:, p. 296.
2622:
2610:
2608:, p. 292.
2598:
2596:, p. 168.
2586:
2584:, p. 308.
2571:
2569:, p. 306.
2559:
2557:, p. 300.
2547:
2545:, p. 298.
2530:
2528:, p. 297.
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2428:
2404:
2379:
2354:
2328:
2313:"ks. giedrojć"
2304:
2276:
2250:
2225:
2198:
2191:
2168:
2156:Rzeczpospolita
2140:
2133:
2110:
2103:
2078:
2074:Historia Litwy
2065:
2058:
2035:
2028:
2001:
1994:
1965:
1946:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1708:
1703:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1473:(Čartoriskiai)
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1415:
1412:
1313:Russian Empire
1293:
1290:
1181:Following the
1178:
1175:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1127:
1120:Wallach reform
1118:initiated the
1112:
1105:
1086:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1039:
1022:
1019:
824:
821:
706:
703:
701:
698:
536:
533:
531:
528:
470:including the
385:Roman Wapiński
372:intelligentsia
364:Vilnius region
289:social classes
242:
239:
201:Golden Liberty
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4613:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4299:Great Britain
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4113:Indo-European
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:pre-Columbian
3965:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3514:(1–2): 31–79.
3513:
3510:(in Polish).
3509:
3508:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3432:9955-595-08-6
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3237:Frost, Robert
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3162:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3104:9986-403-69-3
3100:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3079:9986-403-69-3
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2968:9789004191907
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2892:. p. 63.
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2838:, p. 34.
2837:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2821:, p. 31.
2820:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:Kowalski 2013
2800:
2794:, p. XX.
2793:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:Kowalski 2013
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2678:Suchocki 1983
2674:
2668:, p. 39.
2667:
2666:Suchocki 1983
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
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2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2504:, p. 64.
2503:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2413:"Wyborcza.pl"
2408:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2293:
2292:Radio Wrocław
2289:
2285:
2280:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
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2184:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2157:
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2145:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2072:Ochmański J,
2069:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
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1950:
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1926:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1883:(Landsbergis)
1882:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1834:
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1821:
1818:
1816:(Tyzenhauzai)
1815:
1812:
1809:
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1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:Feodor Koshka
1787:
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1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
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1637:
1635:(Tiškevičiai)
1634:
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1628:
1625:
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1614:
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1597:
1594:
1592:
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1587:
1584:
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1571:
1569:
1568:Valmantaičiai
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
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1526:
1524:
1521:
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1513:
1512:Mantautaičiai
1510:
1508:
1507:Mangirdaičiai
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:(Giedraičiai)
1490:
1487:
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1478:
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1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:Russification
1381:
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1362:
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1356:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:proclamations
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
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1117:
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1103:
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1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
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1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
927:
922:
918:
917:боярe великie
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:
834:
830:
820:
817:
811:
809:
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801:
797:
793:
790:
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780:
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772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
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731:
728:
723:
718:
714:
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697:
695:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
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659:
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623:
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586:
582:
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574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
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527:
525:
520:
515:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
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491:
487:
483:
479:
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469:
465:
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458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
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415:
411:
407:
400:
396:
392:
388:
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382:
378:
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367:
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360:
355:
352:
347:
342:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
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297:
292:
290:
286:
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278:
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238:
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226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
171:coats of arms
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:Baltic German
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:class in the
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:
66:
59:
54:
46:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4411:
4406:Ritterschaft
4404:
4375:and Caucasus
4084:
4062:
4055:
3862:still exists
3754:
3728:Early Modern
3628:Vatican City
3511:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3488:
3482:
3445:
3441:
3422:
3407:. Retrieved
3402:
3396:
3377:
3373:
3357:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3303:Wolff, Józef
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3240:
3218:
3208:Bibliography
3191:
3182:
3176:
3167:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3145:
3136:
3121:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3069:
3046:
3037:
3019:
3010:
2985:
2977:
2952:
2944:
2935:
2917:
2913:
2885:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2836:Rachuba 2010
2819:Rachuba 2010
2799:
2772:
2760:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2562:
2550:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2465:
2459:. Retrieved
2447:
2441:
2431:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:iKrakow.info
2391:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2346:. Retrieved
2342:Radio Gdańsk
2341:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:
2307:
2296:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2263:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2237:
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2181:
2160:. Retrieved
2155:
2123:
2093:
2073:
2068:
2048:
2018:
1984:
1959:
1949:
1934:
1929:
1810:(Pliateriai)
1788:family (via
1564:(Sviriškiai)
1517:House of Pac
1417:
1404:World War II
1392:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1333:one steaders
1332:
1306:
1295:
1275:
1267:General sejm
1260:
1257:
1241:
1210:, replacing
1205:
1190:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1150:
1145:general sejm
1054:
1030:In 1387 the
1024:
999:Wiśniowiecki
964:
959:
955:
951:
948:
941:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
898:
866:
861:
856:, Sudemund,
843:
836:
832:
826:
815:
812:
803:
782:
778:
756:
754:
750:
741:corona regni
740:
734:
732:
726:
716:
710:
708:
685:
682:
634:family names
628:pagan given
619:
596:
573:kunigaikštis
556:
555:(singular -
552:
548:
547:(singular -
544:
538:
522:
518:
516:
513:
475:
468:
464:
454:
437:
433:
429:
403:
368:
356:
343:
335:
326:
318:
316:
293:
270:
267:
261:
257:
250:
246:
244:
235:
229:
199:and enjoyed
194:
175:
145:
142:
123:
69:
68:
64:
62:
4502:Australasia
4278:Switzerland
4174:Philippines
4130:Indonesia*
3795:Switzerland
3603:Netherlands
3534:(in Polish)
3146:www.lbks.lt
2344:(in Polish)
2294:(in Polish)
2266:(in Polish)
2240:(in Polish)
2158:(in Polish)
1822:(Riomeriai)
1774:Mstislavsky
1623:(Oginskiai)
1503:(Kęsgailos)
1497:(Goštautai)
1479:(Gedgaudai)
1396:interbellum
1271:royal court
1269:and in the
991:Chodkiewicz
975:Reichsfürst
886:Czartoryski
806:itself was
787: [
690:Chodkiewicz
482:Tyszkiewicz
478:Czartoryski
450:Lithuanians
426:agriculture
381:Belarusians
377:Lithuanians
275:, were the
112:Samogitians
104:Lithuanians
4539:Micronesia
4444:Montenegro
4392:Azerbaijan
3910:Madagascar
3765:Montenegro
3495:2007-09-06
3409:2007-09-06
3151:3 November
2856:: 113–139.
2792:Wolff 1895
2765:Frost 2015
2753:Frost 2015
2738:Frost 2015
2714:Frost 2015
2702:Frost 2015
2690:Frost 2015
2642:Wolff 1895
2630:Frost 2015
2618:Frost 2015
2606:Frost 2015
2582:Frost 2015
2567:Frost 2015
2555:Frost 2015
2543:Frost 2015
2526:Frost 2015
2514:Frost 2015
2502:Frost 2015
2490:Frost 2015
2478:Frost 2015
2461:2007-09-22
2422:2024-05-21
2398:2024-05-21
2373:2024-05-21
2348:2024-05-21
2322:2024-05-21
2298:2024-05-21
2270:2024-05-21
2244:2024-05-21
2219:2024-05-21
2162:2024-05-19
1921:References
1796:Skarzynski
1786:Sheremetev
1762:Stravinsky
1742:Dostoevsky
1706:Woroniecki
1692:Trubetskoy
1629:(Sapiegos)
1346:in towns.
1340:однодворцы
1263:Lithuanian
1248:Radziwiłłs
1212:Lithuanian
1021:Privileges
880:families:
870:Olelkovich
854:Holshansky
838:ius ducale
796:Lithuanian
771:Lithuanian
676:under the
626:Lithuanian
603:Lithuanian
598:Grand Duke
593:Lithuanian
569:Lithuanian
506:Woroniecki
205:privileges
163:castellans
76:Lithuanian
4557:Polynesia
4521:Melanesia
4510:Australia
4472:Ruthenian
4412:Lithuania
4124:Southeast
3851:by nation
3755:Lithuania
3464:cite book
3289:cite book
3249:cite book
2868:sarmatism
2456:0024-5089
2238:dzieje.pl
1881:Landsberg
1850:(Dražbos)
1814:Tyzenhaus
1752:Mikhalkov
1717:, son of
1715:Kaributas
1711:Nieswicki
1698:, son of
1687:Khovansky
1536:(Radvila)
1457:(Astikai)
1216:Ruthenian
1208:polonised
1155:in 1795.
1003:Ostrogski
995:Kęsgailos
987:Goštautai
894:Zasławski
890:Ostrogski
882:Sanguszko
878:Volhynian
816:shliakhta
800:ziemionys
757:shliakhta
717:boiarstvo
709:The term
680:in 1413.
650:Kęsgailos
638:Goštautai
632:as their
615:Gediminas
541:Mindaugas
512:families.
498:Piłsudski
486:Sanguszko
472:Radziwiłł
467:language,
410:Święciany
253:Lithuania
232:Polonized
209:dynasties
176:With the
120:Ruthenian
4595:Category
4468:Ukraine
4358:Portugal
4342:Holy See
4303:Ireland
4294:Scotland
4179:Thailand
4168:Cambodia
4156:Malaysia
4144:Javanese
4134:Balinese
4080:Nobility
4048:Mongolia
3944:Americas
3893:Ethiopia
3887:Eswatini
3860:monarchy
3849:Nobility
3775:Portugal
3723:Medieval
3484:Lituanus
3421:(2003).
3398:Lituanus
3305:(1895).
3239:(2015).
2914:Lituanus
2443:Lituanus
1910:Szlachta
1888:See also
1860:Moriconi
1769:Bulgakov
1757:Stolypin
1725:Volynsky
1719:Algirdas
1700:Algirdas
1677:Golitsyn
1551:Siručiai
1528:Purickas
1414:Heraldry
1344:citizens
1253:szlachta
1192:szlachta
1107:In 1506
1076:In 1447
1056:veldamai
1007:Zbaraski
850:Giedrojć
846:Borowski
804:Szlachta
784:zemianin
766:szlachta
736:szlachta
654:magnates
642:Radvilos
494:Giedroyć
308:peasants
283:and the
225:magnates
217:szlachta
190:magnates
167:voivodes
151:szlachta
70:Szlachta
4576:Hawai‘i
4493:Oceania
4477:Galicia
4454:Romania
4439:Hungary
4434:Germany
4429:Georgia
4424:Bohemia
4419:Croatia
4397:Austria
4387:Armenia
4382:Albania
4312:Ireland
4289:England
4260:Kingdom
4256:France
4251:Belgium
4223:Iceland
4218:Finland
4212:Denmark
4185:Vietnam
4139:Chinese
4108:Princes
4086:Yangban
4052:Japan*
4022:Lebanon
3963:Mexico
3925:Morocco
3915:Somalia
3898:Nigeria
3880:Mamluks
3805:Galicia
3800:Ukraine
3780:Romania
3745:Ireland
3740:Iceland
3711:Ancient
3707:Greece
3703:Germany
3698:Georgia
3681:Finland
3671:Croatia
3661:Bohemia
3651:Armenia
3646:Albania
3598:Denmark
3593:Belgium
2367:Plejada
1737:Tolstoy
1682:Kurakin
1519:(Pacas)
1461:Balnyte
1336:Russian
1280:in the
1244:magnate
1166:hearths
1124:serfdom
1083:serfdom
1059:became
1036:Jogaila
965:Potent
960:sejmiks
942:In the
932:didikai
909:dominus
905:barones
862:kunigas
858:Świrski
779:nobiles
722:bajorai
646:Astikai
557:kunigas
553:kunigai
549:bajoras
545:bajorai
530:History
490:Sapieha
422:Suwałki
414:Vilnius
404:In the
67:or the
4464:Serbia
4459:Russia
4449:Poland
4317:Norman
4307:Gaelic
4265:Empire
4234:Sweden
4228:Norway
4198:Europe
4162:Brunei
4104:India
4076:Korea
4064:Daimyō
4027:Turkey
3995:Brazil
3958:Canada
3903:Rulers
3868:Africa
3790:Serbia
3785:Russia
3770:Poland
3716:Attica
3691:Empire
3686:France
3666:Bosnia
3618:Sweden
3608:Norway
3452:
3429:
3384:
3336:
3328:]
3225:
3101:
3076:
2998:
2965:
2454:
2189:
2131:
2101:
2056:
2026:
1992:
1962:: 144.
1941:
1848:Dražba
1836:Lieven
1826:Pahlen
1808:Plater
1779:Belsky
1729:Bobrok
1220:Polish
1102:Trakai
1011:Polish
983:książę
979:Polish
971:German
913:domini
874:Belsky
775:šlėkta
761:Polish
759:(from
727:putnie
609:), or
561:German
502:Puzyna
436:" or "
418:Trakai
312:Polish
279:, the
277:church
146:boyars
125:boyars
84:Polish
4570:Tonga
4363:Spain
4353:Malta
4348:Italy
4335:South
4205:North
4149:Malay
4098:South
4070:Meiji
4043:China
3988:South
3951:North
3875:Egypt
3760:Malta
3750:Italy
3613:Spain
3444:[
3330:(PDF)
3324:[
3279:[
3266:[
2450:(3).
1870:Carpi
1820:Römer
1744:(via
1727:(via
1713:(via
1694:(via
1662:(via
1601:Gulka
1228:Latin
1061:serfs
956:сoймь
952:сеймь
926:ponai
911:(pl.
903:(pl.
829:knyaz
791:]
712:boyar
630:names
622:stems
581:Latin
565:kunig
510:Romer
339:Poles
323:Latin
281:manor
114:from
106:from
92:elite
4529:Fiji
4244:West
4057:Kuge
4036:East
4015:West
4008:Asia
3979:Cuba
3470:link
3450:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3295:link
3255:link
3223:ISBN
3153:2017
3099:ISBN
3074:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2854:XVII
2452:ISSN
2187:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1214:and
1139:The
1051:Sejm
901:baro
892:and
668:and
611:king
577:duke
524:side
508:and
432:", "
420:and
379:and
357:The
285:city
165:and
136:and
98:and
63:The
3491:(3)
3405:(3)
2959:241
1296:In
1017:).
929:or
921:пан
907:),
585:dux
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