Maya (religion) - Knowledge

5331:, or illusion closely related to māyā. In this example, the illusion is a self-awareness that is, like the magical illusion, mistaken. For Nagarjuna, the self is not the organizing command center of experience, as we might think. Actually, it is just one element combined with other factors and strung together in a sequence of causally connected moments in time. As such, the self is not substantially real, but neither can it be shown to be unreal. The continuum of moments, which we mistakenly understand to be a solid, unchanging self, still performs actions and undergoes their results. "As a magician creates a magical illusion by the force of magic, and the illusion produces another illusion, in the same way the agent is a magical illusion and the action done is the illusion created by another illusion." What we experience may be an illusion, but we are living inside the illusion and bear the fruits of our actions there. We undergo the experiences of the illusion. What we do affects what we experience, so it matters. In this example, Nagarjuna uses the magician's illusion to show that the self is not as real as it thinks, yet, to the extent it is inside the illusion, real enough to warrant respecting the ways of the world. 5248:“Seeing an illusory object (māyā)”: Although what one apprehends is unreal, nothing more than an illusory sign. If one does not admit this much, then an illusory sign should be non-existent. What is an illusory sign? It is the result of illusion magic. Just as one with higher gnosis can magically create forms, likewise this illusory sign does actually have manifestation and shape. Being produced by illusion magic, it acts as the object of vision. That object which is taken as really existent is in fact ultimately non-existent. Therefore, this Sūtra states that it is non-existent, due to the illusory object there is a sign but not substantiality. Being able to beguile and deceive one, it is known as a “deceiver of the eye.” 5342:"Mind Only" text, discusses the example of the magician who makes a piece of wood appear as an elephant. The audience is looking at a piece of wood but, under the spell of magic, perceives an elephant instead. Instead of believing in the reality of the illusory elephant, we are invited to recognize that multiple factors are involved in creating that perception, including our involvement in dualistic subjectivity, causes and conditions, and the ultimate beyond duality. Recognizing how these factors combine to create what we perceive ordinarily, ultimate reality appears. Perceiving that the elephant is illusory is akin to seeing through the magical illusion, which reveals the 11594: 3935: – the principle, the cause. Maya is born, changes, evolves, dies with time, from circumstances, due to invisible principles of nature, state the Upanishads. Atman-Brahman is eternal, unchanging, invisible principle, unaffected absolute and resplendent consciousness. Maya concept in the Upanishads, states Archibald Gough, is "the indifferent aggregate of all the possibilities of emanatory or derived existences, pre-existing with Brahman", just like the possibility of a future tree pre-exists in the seed of the tree. 4438: 5431: 12900: 11273: 4393:. However, competing theistic Dvaita scholars contested Shankara's theory, and stated that Shankara did not offer a theory of the relationship between Brahman and Māyā. A later Advaita scholar Prakasatman addressed this, by explaining, "Maya and Brahman together constitute the entire universe, just like two kinds of interwoven threads create a fabric. Maya is the manifestation of the world, whereas Brahman, which supports Maya, is the cause of the world." 11284: 6271: 12910: 12889: 8682: 8669: 5136:(asāraka). For what core (sāro) could there be in a magical illusion (māyāya)? So too, monks, whatever kind of cognition there is, whether past, future, or present, internal or external, gross or subtle, inferior or superior, far or near: a monk inspects it, ponders it, and carefully investigates it, and it would appear to him to be void (rittaka), hollow (tucchaka), coreless (asāraka). For what core (sāro) could there be in cognition? 4008: 4057:. Vishnu appears as an infant floating on a fig leaf in a deluge and then swallows the sage, the sole survivor of the cosmic flood. The sage sees various worlds of the universe, gods etc. and his own hermitage in the infant's belly. Then the infant breathes out the sage, who tries to embrace the infant, but everything disappears and the sage realizes that he was in his hermitage the whole time and was given a flavor of Vishnu's 5019: 11340: 8659: 12920: 5580: 3643: 11332: 3870: 5608: 3942:, is the oldest explicit occurrence of the idea that Brahman (Supreme Soul) is the hidden reality, nature is magic, Brahman is the magician, human beings are infatuated with the magic and thus they create bondage to illusions and delusions, and for freedom and liberation one must seek true insights and correct knowledge of the principles behind the hidden magic. Gaudapada in his Karika on 5266:

a city of celestial musicians." Understanding that what we experience is less substantial than we believe is intended to serve the purpose of liberation from ignorance, fear, and clinging and the attainment of enlightenment as a Buddha completely dedicated to the welfare of all beings. The Prajñaparamita texts also state that all dharmas (phenomena) are like an illusion, not just the

4247:, for example, questions the Maya doctrine saying "It is not possible to say that the notion of the phenomenal world being real is false, for there is no evidence to contradict it". Samkhya school steadfastly retained its duality concept of Prakrti and Purusha, both real and distinct, with some texts equating Prakrti to be Maya that is "not illusion, but real", with three 4182:), questioned and debated what is Maya, and the need to understand Maya. The Vedanta and Yoga schools explained that complete realization of knowledge requires both the understanding of ignorance, doubts and errors, as well as the understanding of invisible principles, incorporeal and the eternal truths. In matters of Self-knowledge, stated Shankara in his commentary on 325: 5313:

actual relative truth, the beautiful lady appears, but the magician does not get attached. Lastly, at the ultimate level, the Buddha is not affected one way or the other by the illusion. Beyond conceptuality, the Buddha is neither attached nor non-attached. This is the middle way of Buddhism, which explicitly refutes the extremes of both eternalism and

3912:, states Ben-Ami Scharfstein, describes Maya as "the tendency to imagine something where it does not exist, for example, atman with the body". To the Upanishads, knowledge includes empirical knowledge and spiritual knowledge, complete knowing necessarily includes understanding the hidden principles that work, the realization of the soul of things. 7965: 4257:, in 1885, commented on Kapila's Sánkhya aphorism 5.72 which he translated as, "everything except nature and soul is uneternal". According to Ballantyne, this aphorism states that the mind, ether, etc. in a state of cause (not developed into a product) are called Nature and not Intellect. He adds, that scriptural texts such as 4186:, one is faced with the question, "Who is it that is trying to know, and how does he attain Brahman?" It is absurd, states Shankara, to speak of one becoming himself; because "Thou Art That" already. Realizing and removing ignorance is a necessary step, and this can only come from understanding Maya and then looking beyond it. 3770:

unperceived. Rig Veda does not connote the word Māyā as always good or always bad, it is simply a form of technique, mental power and means. Rig Veda uses the word in two contexts, implying that there are two kinds of Māyā: divine Māyā and undivine Māyā, the former being the foundation of truth, the latter of falsehood.

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sutras. Here, the magician's illusion exemplifies how people misunderstand and misperceive reality, which is in fact empty of any essence and cannot be grasped. The Mahayana uses similar metaphors for illusion: magic, a dream, a bubble, a rainbow, lightning, the moon reflected in water, a mirage, and

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Illusion, state Naiyayikas, involves the projection into current cognition of predicated content from memory (a form of rushing to interpret, judge, conclude). This "projection illusion" is misplaced, and stereotypes something to be what it is not. The insights on theory of illusion by Nyaya scholars

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The Vedas cannot show you Brahman, you are That already. They can only help to take away the veil that hides truth from our eyes. The cessation of ignorance can only come when I know that God and I are one; in other words, identify yourself with Atman, not with human limitations. The idea that we are

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suggests the central meaning of Maya in Vedic literature is, "wisdom and power enabling its possessor, or being able itself, to create, devise, contrive, effect, or do something". Maya stands for anything that has real, material form, human or non-human, but that does not reveal the hidden principles

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Suppose, monks, that a magician (māyākāro) or a magician’s apprentice (māyākārantevāsī) would display a magical illusion (māyaṃ) at a crossroads. A man with good sight would inspect it, ponder, and carefully investigate it, and it would appear to him to be void (rittaka), hollow (tucchaka), coreless

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Māyā is a fact in that it is the appearance of phenomena. Since Brahman is the sole metaphysical truth, Māyā is true in epistemological and empirical sense; however, Māyā is not the metaphysical and spiritual truth. The spiritual truth is the truth forever, while what is empirical truth is only true

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to be stating "He should know Illusion to be Nature and him in whom is Illusion to be the great Lord and the world to be pervaded by portions of him'; since Soul and Nature are also made up of parts, they must be uneternal". However, acknowledges Ballantyne, Edward Gough translates the same verse in

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meant "wisdom and extraordinary power" in an earlier older language, but from the Vedic period onwards, the word came to mean "illusion, unreality, deception, fraud, trick, sorcery, witchcraft and magic". However, P. D. Shastri states that the Monier Williams' list is a "loose definition, misleading

5381:, there is no pre-determined object, or assembly of objects in isolation from experience that may be considered the "true" object, or objects. As a prominent contemporary teacher puts it: "In a real sense, all the visions that we see in our lifetime are like a big dream ". In this context, the term 5207:

Cognition is like a magical illusion (māyā) in the sense that it is insubstantial and cannot be grasped. Cognition is even more transient and fleeting than a magical illusion. For it gives the impression that a person comes and goes, stands and sits, with the same mind, but the mind is different in

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Vivekananda said: "When the Hindu says the world is Maya, at once people get the idea that the world is an illusion. This interpretation has some basis, as coming through the Buddhistic philosophers, because there was one section of philosophers who did not believe in the external world at all. But

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Maya in Yoga school is the manifested world and implies divine force. Yoga and Maya are two sides of the same coin, states Zimmer, because what is referred to as Maya by living beings who are enveloped by it, is Yoga for the Brahman (Universal Principle, Supreme Soul) whose yogic perfection creates

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differently, 'Let the sage know that Prakriti is Maya and that Mahesvara is the Mayin, or arch-illusionist. All this shifting world is filled with portions of him'. In continuation of the Samkhya and Upanishadic view, in the Bhagavata philosophy, Maya has been described as 'that which appears even

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means that the world is not as it seems; the world that one experiences is misleading as far as its true nature is concerned." Lynn Foulston states, "The world is both real and unreal because it exists but is 'not what it appears to be'." According to Wendy Doniger, "to say that the universe is an

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Depending on the stage of the practitioner, the magical illusion is experienced differently. In the ordinary state, we get attached to our own mental phenomena, believing they are real, like the audience at a magic show gets attached to the illusion of a beautiful lady. At the next level, called

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also puts much emphasis on illusion, describing all dharmas as being “characterized as illusory” and “vain, hollow, without core”. Likewise the Mahāvastu, a highly influential Mahāsāṃghikan text on the life of the Buddha, states that the Buddha “has shown that the aggregates are like a lightning

5358:, a further development of the Mahayana, also makes use of the magician's illusion example in yet another way. In the completion stage of Buddhist Tantra, the practitioner takes on the form of a deity in an illusory body (māyādeha), which is like the magician's illusion. It is made of wind, or 4189:

The need to understand Maya is like the metaphorical need for road. Only when the country to be reached is distant, states Shankara, that a road must be pointed out. It is a meaningless contradiction to assert, "I am right now in my village, but I need a road to reach my village." It is the

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The above Maya-bheda hymn discerns, using symbolic language, a contrast between mind influenced by light (sun) and magic (illusion of Asura). The hymn is a call to discern one's enemies, perceive artifice, and distinguish, using one's mind, between that which is perceived and that which is

5144:(Net of Illusion) deals especially with the theme of Maya. This sutra only survives in Tibetan translation and compares the five aggregates with further metaphors for illusion, including: an echo, a reflection in a mirror, a mirage, sense pleasures in a dream and a madman wandering naked. 3819:, chief queen) and how she willingly gave the knowledge of food, plants, agriculture, husbandry, water, prayer, knowledge, strength, inspiration, concealment, charm, virtue, vice to gods, demons, men and living creatures, despite all of them making her life miserable. In hymns of 8.10.22, 3713:. These words have various meanings, with interpretations that are contested, and some are names of deities that do not appear in texts of 1st millennium BCE and later. The use of word Māyā in Rig Veda, in the later era context of "magic, illusion, power", occurs in many hymns. One titled 5563:

When he wishes that which is good for him, he should get rid of the four faults — Krodha, Māna, Māyā and Lobha — which increase evil. Anger and pride when not suppressed, and deceit and greed when arising: all these four black passions water the roots of re-birth.

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Even the illusory nature of apparent phenomena is itself an illusion. Ultimately, the yogi passes beyond a conception of things either existing or not existing, and beyond a conception of either samsara or nirvana. Only then is the yogi abiding in the ultimate reality.

4365:). Each school's perspective on Maya influences its understanding of the nature of reality and the path to liberation. Unlike the Vishishtadvaita and Advaita schools, the Dvaita school does not attribute the difference between God, souls, and the universe, to maya. 5286:

This gnosis shows him all beings as like an illusion, Resembling a great crowd of people, conjured up at the crossroads, By a magician, who then cuts off many thousands of heads; He knows this whole living world as a magical creation, and yet remains without fear.

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illusion (māyā) is not to say that it is unreal; it is to say, instead, that it is not what it seems to be, that it is something constantly being made. Māyā not only deceives people about the things they think they know; more basically, it limits their knowledge."

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Those who teach Dharma, and those who listen when it is being taught; Those who have won the fruition of a Worthy One, a Solitary Buddha, or a World Savior; And the nirvāṇa obtained by the wise and learned— All is born of illusion—so has the Tathāgata declared. -

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The early works of Samkhya, the rationalist school of Hinduism, do not identify or directly mention the Maya doctrine. The discussion of Maya theory, calling it into question, appears after the theory gains ground in Vedanta school of Hinduism.

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for now. Since Māyā is the perceived material world, it is true in perception context, but is "untrue" in spiritual context of Brahman. Māyā is not false, it only clouds the inner Self and principles that are real. True Reality includes both

4385:(absolute, spiritual reality). Māyā is the empirical reality that entangles consciousness. Māyā has the power to create a bondage to the empirical world, preventing the unveiling of the true, unitary Self – the Cosmic Spirit also known as 4219:

Just as when the dirt is removed, the real substance is made manifest; just as when the darkness of the night is dispelled, the objects that were shrouded by the darkness are clearly seen, when ignorance is dispelled, truth is realized.

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confusion, ignorance and illusions that need to be repealed. It is only when the knower sees nothing else but his Self that he can be fearless and permanent. Vivekananda explains the need to understand Maya as follows (abridged),

3931: – the Ultimate Principle, Consciousness. Maya is perceived reality, one that does not reveal the hidden principles, the true reality. Maya is unconscious, Atman is conscious. Maya is the literal, Brahman is the figurative 5158:

Complexes have no inner might, are empty in themselves; Rather like the stem of the plantain tree, when one reflects on them, Like an illusion (māyopama) which deludes the mind (citta), Like an empty fist with which a child is

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and implicit knowledge that creates it. An illustrative example of this in Rig Veda VII.104.24 and Atharva Veda VIII.4.24 where Indra is invoked against the Maya of sorcerers appearing in the illusory form – like a

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Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika Prajna Nama, J.W. DeJong, Christian Lindtner (eds.) quoted in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction, Jan Westerhoff, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009. p. 163

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Like the story of the rope mistaken for a snake, the mystery has now been explained to me. Like the many bracelets, which I mistakenly thought were gold; now, I do not say what I said then. (Sri Guru Granth Sahib

5119:). Because of excessive attachment to our material gain and the respect we receive, and activated by wanting to deceive others, pretension is pretending to exhibit or claiming to have a good quality that we lack. 253:

or "to think", implying the role of imagination in the creation of the world. In early Vedic usage, the term implies, states Mahony, "the wondrous and mysterious power to turn an idea into a physical reality".

4285:(creative principle of matter/nature) or Purusa, only confusion or lack of comprehension or lack of cognitive effort, according to Nyaya scholars. To them, illusion has a cause, that rules of reason and proper 5308:

According to Ven. Dr. Huifeng, what this means is that Bodhisattvas see through all conceptualizations and conceptions, for they are deceptive and illusory, and sever or cut off all these cognitive creations.

7121:, a mother; (...) a measurer in Nirukta XI, (...) a maker, former, creator, arranger, preparer (Ved.); a knower, one who infers correctly or has true knowledge; (...) the maker (of the child in the womb, 3995:, Sarvasara Upanishad defines as all what is not Atman. Maya has no beginning, but has an end. Maya, declares Sarvasara, is anything that can be studied and subjected to proof and disproof, anything with 4361:

In Dvaita Vedanta, Maya is considered the power or energy of God. While Advaita considers the world to be a manifestation of Maya and thus illusory, Dvaita sees the world as real and a creation of God (

6372:. Maya enables these five vices and makes a person think the physical world is "real," whereas, the goal of Sikhism is to rid the self of them. Consider the following example: In the moonless night, a 4304:

the Maya. Maya is neither illusion nor denial of perceived reality to the Yoga scholars, rather Yoga is a means to perfect the "creative discipline of mind" and "body-mind force" to transform Maya.

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who have also attained the illusory body. The illusory body has the markings and signs of a Buddha. There is an impure and a pure illusory body, depending on the stage of the yogi's practice.

5171:"For that which we cannot see, feel, smell, touch, or understand, we do not believe. For this, we are merely fools walking on the grounds of great potential with no comprehension of what is." 6927:

is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root mā (...) Whitney says the primary meaning of √mā is 'to measure'. L Thomas O'Neil agrees in his helpful exposition of the ways and contexts in which

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Maya is a prominent and commonly referred to concept in Vedanta philosophies. It is a complex concept in Vedanta philosophy, and its interpretation varies among different Vedanta schools.

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The realism-driven Nyaya school of Hinduism denied that either the world (Prakrti) or the soul (Purusa) are an illusion. Naiyayikas developed theories of illusion, typically using the term

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has been translated as 'illusion,' but then it does not concern normal illusion. Here 'illusion' does not mean that the world is not real and simply a figment of the human imagination.

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the Maya of the Vedanta, in its last developed form, is neither Idealism nor Realism, nor is it a theory. It is a simple statement of facts – what we are and what we see around us."

7700: 7696: 3880: – redrawn in this sketch – demonstrates the Hindu concept of Maya, states Jeffrey Brodd. The impression of water-world the sketch gives, in reality is not what it seems. 114:

connotes a "magic show, an illusion where things appear to be present but are not what they seem"; the principle which shows "attributeless Absolute" as having "attributes".

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when there is no object like silver in a shell and which does not appear in the atman'; with maya described as the power that creates, maintains and destroys the universe.

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The Emptiness of Emptiness: An Introduction to Early Indian Madhyamika. C.W. Huntingdon, Jr. with Geshe Namgyal Wangchen, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1989,

8371: 4130:; with other attributed names are such as Mal, Tirumal, Perumal and Mayavan. In the Tamil classics, Durga is referred to by the feminine form of the word, viz., 7008:

Bangala Bhasar Abhidhaan (Dictionary of the Bengali Language) Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt Ltd. 32A, APC Road, Kolakata – 700009, Volume 2, p.1757 (ed. 1994)

4405:(spiritual), the Māyā and the Brahman. The goal of spiritual enlightenment, state Advaitins, is to realize Brahman, realize the fearless, resplendent Oneness. 5147:

These texts give the impression that māyā refers to the insubstantial and essence-less nature of things as well as their deceptive, false and vain character.

4279:, and stated that illusion is simply flawed cognition, incomplete cognition or the absence of cognition. There is no deception in the reality of Prakrti or 9423: 7109:

Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged, Oxford University Press, page 764 (Article on "मा"), Quote: 4.

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Ballantyne, James Robert (1885), The Sánkhya Aphorisms of Kapila, pp. 373-374 with footnote 6, Trubner's Oriental Series, Reprinted by Routledge (2000),

5559:(greed). The ancient Jain texts recommend that one must subdue these four faults, as they are source of bondage, attachment and non-spiritual passions. 10338: 8813: 3809:

Maya is also referred to as Dirghajihvi, hostile to gods and sacrifices. The hymns in Book 8, Chapter 10 of Atharvaveda describe the primordial woman

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Maya, to Shaiva Siddhanta sub-school of Hinduism, states Hilko Schomerus, is reality and truly existent, and one that exists to "provide Souls with

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Sri Aurobindo (1917, Reprinted 1998), The Secret of the Veda, Volume 15, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, page 399, also see pages 225, 76, 89, 97, 512

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Wilhelm Halbfass (1992), On Being and What There Is: Classical Vaisesika and the History of Indian Ontology, State University of New York Press,

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generalization", and not accurate in interpreting ancient Vedic and medieval era Sanskrit texts; instead, he suggests a more accurate meaning of

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Highest Yoga Tantra: An Introduction to the Esoteric Buddhism of Tibet, Daniel Cozort, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY 1986, pgs. 94-95.

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denotes not only visual perceptions, but appearances perceived through all senses, including sounds, smells, tastes and tactile sensations.

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was always a monopoly of the central Solar God; and was also associated with the early solar prototype of Vishnu in the early Aditya phase.

8783: 5199:“one of the most radical discourses on the empty nature of conditioned phenomena.” Bodhi also cites the Pali commentary on this sutra, the 3717:(मायाभेद:, Discerning Illusion) includes hymns 10.177.1 through 10.177.3, as the battle unfolds between the good and the evil, as follows, 5077: 183: 7232:

Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant, State University of New York Press,

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bound is only an illusion . Freedom is inseparable from the nature of the Atman. This is ever pure, ever perfect, ever unchangeable.

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William Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press,

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doctrine and is a Buddhist in his views. But, though he was opposed to Shankara, it was only so far as Shankara had introduced the

7096:, page 30, Quote: "This material power is thereby readily linked to maternal creativity, a link made evident in the Sanskrit noun 5377:

is considered literally unreal, in that objects which make-up perceived reality are known as objects within one's mind, and that,

11158: 10610: 7371:, History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pages 243-273; Gonda's interpretation of Maya in Vedic texts is on page 248 8440:

The Yoga Tradition:Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice, Georg Feuerstein, Hohm Press, Prescott, AZ, 1998, pg. 164.

5477:(false belief that is limited to one's own scriptures that one can defend, but refusing to study and analyze other scriptures); 4311:(योगमाया) by the theistic sub-schools of Hinduism. It occurs in various mythologies of the Puranas; for example, Shiva uses his 2550: 1136: 10813: 8793: 8150: 12949: 11321: 8617: 8298: 8282: 8024: 7578: 6958: 6392:

In the darkness of māyā, I mistook the rope for the snake, but that is over, and now I dwell in the eternal home of the Lord.

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doctrine, and only so far as he thought the world had sprung forth not as a real modification of Brahman, but only through

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Cambridge University Press Archive, 1955, page 1. "He speaks in very strong terms against the commentator who holds the

5463:, with Maya a source of wrong information while Mithyatva an individual's attitude to knowledge, with relational overlap. 3991:

as illusion and calls it one of three kinds of substances, along with Sat (Be-ness, True) and Asat (not-Be-ness, False).

11153: 7594: 7291: 6380:. We know that the rope alone is real, not the snake. However, the failure to perceive the rope gives rise to the false 11050: 10600: 8695: 8507: 8490: 8470: 8456:

JL Jaini (Editor: FW Thomas), Outlines of Jainism, Jain Literature Society, Cambridge University Press Archive, page 94

8137: 7950: 7926: 7909: 7889: 7872: 7810: 7774: 7680: 7517: 7497: 7480: 7458: 7441: 7402: 7385: 7335: 7237: 7139: 7093: 7076: 7059: 7042: 7025: 6920: 6910: 6752: 6728: 6352:: ਮਾਇਆ) is not as the effects are unreal. Sikhism believes that people are trapped in the world because of five vices: 5049: 4495: 4452: 3673: 11985: 8539:

Harmless souls: karmic bondage and religious change in early Jainism with special reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda

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Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction, Jan Westerhoff, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009. p. 164

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teachings. In this context, it is defined as pretending to exhibit or claiming to have a good quality that one lacks.

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is considered real and is integral to the creative process of the universe within the framework of Vishishtadvaita.

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Bina Gupta (1995), Perceiving in Advaita Vedānta: Epistemological Analysis and Interpretation, Motilal Banarsidass,

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In Sangam period Tamil literature as well as the later hymns of the Tamil Alvars, Krishna and Narayana are found as

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clothing the quarters of the heaven and the intermediate spaces. He constantly revolves in the midst of the worlds.

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Stephen H Phillips (2012), Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School, Routledge,

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also connotes that which "is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal" (in opposition to an unchanging

17: 12923: 12634: 11165: 10818: 10620: 10511: 10456: 9029: 8408:: the Doctrine of the Buddha and the Supreme Vehicle of Tibetan Buddhism. Part 1 - Buddhism: a Dzogchen Outlook 7830: 7663: 7620: 7288: 6623: 410: 12763: 11135: 10833: 10516: 8808: 8641: 7789:

Nakamura, Hajime (1990). A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, p.335-336. Motilal Banarsidass Publications.

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Donald Braue (2006), Maya in Radhakrishnan's Thought: Six Meanings other than Illusion, Motilal Banarsidass,

6294: 5103:) by being overly attached to wealth and honor. Its function is to provide a basis for a perverse life-style. 4978: 4673: 3999:. In the human search for Self-knowledge, Maya is that which obscures, confuses and distracts an individual. 1883: 177: 7088:

Tracy Pintchman (1994), The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press,

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Tracy Pintchman (1994), The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press,

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For the Mahayana Buddhist, the self is māyā like a magic show and so are objects in the world. Vasubandhu's

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Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera. The Magic of the Mind (PDF), Buddhist Publication Society, 1974, OCLC 2999880

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Archibald Edward Gough (2001), The Philosophy of the Upanishads and Ancient Indian Metaphysics, Routledge,

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One sutra in the Āgama collection known as "Mahāsūtras" of the (Mūla)Sarvāstivādin tradition entitled the

3900:(Soul, Self), and the latter as Māyā. The Upanishads refer to the knowledge of Atman as "true knowledge" ( 982: 12827: 10409: 10318: 9788: 9433: 8946: 8841: 8260:

Thinley Norbe Rinpoche in The Dzogchen Primer, Marcia Binder Schmidt ed. Shambala, Boston, 2002, pg. 217

8244:

Thinley Norbe Rinpoche in The Dzogchen Primer, Marcia Binder Schmidt ed. Shambala, Boston, 2002, pg. 215

6860: 6180: 3609: 3500: 2110: 206: 33: 9953: 7695:

Adi Shankara (Translator: S Vireswarananda), Commentary on Brahma-sutras, Advaita Ashrama, pages 30-37,

7125:); a mother (...) mother earth (Rigveda V.42.16); (...) epithet of Lakshmi, (...) epithet of Durga (...) 5095:

What is deceit? It is a display of what is not a real quality and is associated with both passion-lust (

4035:

is sleep which envelopes the world when he awakes to destroy evil. Vishnu, like Indra, is the master of

12854: 12346: 11923: 11379: 11352: 11258: 10738: 10214: 9700: 8823: 8656: 5527:(false belief that all living beings are devoid of consciousness and cannot discern right from wrong), 3628: 3299: 3203: 2150: 1819: 1504: 816: 10148: 5191:'Māyā' is the name of the mother of the Buddha as well as a metaphor for the consciousness aggregate ( 3828:

She rose. The Asuras saw her. They called her. Their cry was, "Come, O Māyā, come thou hither" !!

2145: 12874: 11800: 11314: 11148: 10961: 10951: 10823: 9806: 9386: 9147: 9122: 7571:

The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana

7453:

Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1986), Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities, University of Chicago Press,

5882: 4798: 4134:; wherein she is endowed with unlimited creative energy and the great powers of Vishnu, and is hence 3605: 3251: 2369: 2105: 393: 378: 11453: 9172: 7675:

Hilko Schomerus (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass,

4608: 4105:, which is the root of the word Maya(m). He says that the entire creation is a blurred flow between 1046: 12668: 12326: 12250: 11956: 11738: 11713: 11253: 10605: 10419: 10397: 10390: 10293: 9826: 9446: 9262: 9207: 8828: 8634: 6287: 6190: 6123: 5262: 4803: 4753: 4263: 4258: 3909: 3877: 3161: 3154: 3133: 2842: 2732: 2704: 2434: 1324: 1111: 11488: 8345: 7853:

Vyas, Ramnarayan.(1974). The Synthetic Philosophy of the Bhāgavata, p.101. Meharchand Lachhmandas.

1086: 1002: 12504: 12364: 12035: 11575: 11518: 11190: 11170: 10501: 10481: 10238: 9968: 9212: 8502:

Robert Williams (1998), Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras, Motilal Banarsidass,

8485:

Robert Williams (1998), Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras, Motilal Banarsidass,

8465:

Robert Williams (1998), Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras, Motilal Banarsidass,

6128: 6048: 5999: 5964: 5950: 5409: 4963: 3376: 2589: 2494: 2419: 1600: 1522: 415: 383: 142: 12399: 7274:

Desai, Gandabhai Girijashanker (1967). Thinking with the Yajurveda, p.16. Asia Publishing House.

5445:(right belief). Maya is one of three causes of failure to reach right belief. The other two are 1562: 12847: 12800: 12010: 11733: 11200: 11040: 10708: 10678: 10451: 10402: 10243: 10191: 10186: 9948: 9769: 9666: 9418: 9413: 9162: 7634: 6215: 5485:(false belief resulting from pre-conceptions with a lack of discernment and refusal to do so); 5042: 4778: 4763: 4743: 4668: 4663: 4578: 4485: 4349:, and its nature and role within the philosophy differ significantly from the concept of Maya. 3939: 3666: 3575: 3505: 3341: 2970: 2739: 2399: 1300: 977: 11299: 9530: 8197:

Is “Illusion” a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor.

7419: 7283:

Agrawala, Prithvi Kumar (1984). Goddessess in Ancient India, p.121-123. Abhinav Publications,

5392:

give different explanations of the mechanism producing the illusion usually called "reality".

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The wise behold with their mind in their heart the Sun, made manifest by the illusion of the

3615: 3593: 3483: 3348: 2921: 2529: 2409: 1812: 1798: 966: 121: 41: 12331: 9821: 6348:

are real but the effects they generate are unreal. māyā is as the events are real yet māyā (

5515:(false belief that all gods, gurus and scriptures are alike, without critical examination), 5489:(state of hesitation or uncertainty between various conflicting, inconsistent beliefs); and 4251:

in different proportions whose changing state of equilibrium defines the perceived reality.

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Pratima Bowes, "Mysticism in the Upanishads and Shankara's Vedanta" in Karel Werner, ed.,

7557:

The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Puraṇas

7258:

Williams, George M., (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology, p.214. Oxford University Press.

6784: 6708:

The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Puraṇas

6540: 6384:

of the snake. Once the darkness is removed, the rope alone remains; the snake disappears.

5208:

each of these activities. Cognition deceives the multitude like a magical illusion (māyā).

8: 12892: 12859: 12738: 12629: 12564: 12414: 12273: 12153: 12025: 11853: 11790: 11743: 11035: 10914: 10748: 10723: 10713: 10673: 10650: 10533: 10506: 10466: 10385: 10375: 10303: 10230: 9661: 9518: 9299: 9277: 9229: 9049: 8849: 8705: 8685: 7982: 6768: 6485: 6255: 6205: 6195: 5637: 5003: 4958: 4896: 4836: 4773: 4718: 4713: 4468: 4457: 4254: 3633: 3526: 3362: 2893: 2755: 2499: 2389: 2374: 2280: 2220: 2185: 2085: 1665: 1577: 1196: 855: 466: 368: 339: 171: 11542: 11402: 9009: 8936: 7769:

S Venkatesananda (1985), The Concise Yoga Vasistha, State University of New York Press,

5523:(false belief that true is false, false is true, everything is relative or acceptable), 3897: 1766: 956: 12959: 12694: 12653: 11945: 11758: 11703: 11098: 11003: 10845: 10808: 10803: 10733: 10683: 10630: 10625: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10476: 10461: 10446: 10441: 10380: 10360: 10323: 10248: 10053: 9754: 9678: 9556: 9498: 9339: 9239: 9167: 9142: 8788: 8718: 8599: 7534:

KN Aiyar (Translator, 1914), Sarvasara Upanishad, in Thirty Minor Upanishads, page 17,

6830: 6658: 6560: 5959: 5926: 5632: 5627: 5511:(uncertainty, doubt whether a course is right or wrong, unsettled belief, skepticism), 5063: 4988: 4968: 4908: 4903: 4791: 4693: 4686: 4613: 4603: 4510: 3943: 3555: 3541: 3260: 2785: 2681: 2509: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2080: 1846: 1717: 1329: 1215: 257:

Franklin Southworth states the word's origin is uncertain, and other possible roots of

11918: 11893: 10897: 5531:(false belief that violence and anger can tarnish or damage thoughts, divine, guru or 5466: 3753:

I beheld the protector, never descending, going by his paths to the east and the west;

12909: 12903: 12783: 12773: 12639: 12574: 11967: 11908: 11763: 11753: 11276: 11238: 10934: 10919: 10882: 10867: 10640: 10556: 10471: 10308: 10273: 10258: 9985: 9975: 9656: 9503: 9488: 9359: 9282: 9202: 9137: 9069: 8956: 8713: 8613: 8542: 8520: 8503: 8486: 8466: 8441: 8424: 8397: 8352: 8330: 8313: 8294: 8278: 8261: 8245: 8133: 8116: 8020: 7946: 7930: 7922: 7905: 7885: 7868: 7826: 7806: 7790: 7770: 7676: 7659: 7616: 7574: 7535: 7513: 7493: 7476: 7454: 7437: 7398: 7381: 7331: 7284: 7259: 7233: 7159: 7135: 7089: 7072: 7055: 7038: 7021: 6954: 6916: 6906: 6837: 6748: 6724: 6665: 6619: 6545: 6476:, or remembering one's true death). The depths of these two concepts and the core of 6423: 6250: 6058: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5543: 5035: 4933: 4918: 4723: 4598: 4541: 4505: 4490: 4421: 4204: 3850:

The contextual meaning of Maya in Atharva Veda is "power of creation", not illusion.

3806: 3659: 3565: 3534: 3490: 3147: 3098: 3033: 2792: 2778: 2524: 2449: 2270: 2230: 2225: 2215: 2055: 1751: 1685: 1280: 1017: 308: 101: 32:

This article is about a concept in Indian religions. For the figure in Buddhism, see

12374: 11424: 10220: 9014: 8914: 6480:

comes from sangat (congregation): by joining the congregation of true saints one is

5493:(innate, default false beliefs that a person has not thought through on one's own). 2130: 1537: 824: 12964: 12644: 12554: 12445: 12045: 12040: 12005: 11980: 11866: 11823: 11510: 11370: 10924: 10877: 10872: 10728: 10693: 10668: 10663: 10414: 10370: 10283: 9958: 9614: 9607: 9391: 9381: 9267: 8931: 8803: 6944: 6488:

of materialism, as described in the following extracts from the Guru Granth Sahib:

6461: 6419: 6225: 6152: 5994: 5799: 5769: 5692: 5591: 5481:(false belief that equal respect must be shown to all gods, teachers, scriptures); 5389: 5164: 4998: 4943: 4873: 4863: 4728: 4316: 4045: 3441: 3403: 3383: 3334: 3283: 3182: 2977: 2963: 2914: 2857: 2404: 2060: 1979: 1730: 1650: 1275: 701: 555: 452: 280: 163: 57: 11828: 10003: 7397:

J Brodd, World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, 3rd Edition, Saint Mary's Press,

7134:

Mary Boyce (1996), A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period, Brill Academic,

6496:

In attachment to māyā, they have forgotten the Father, the Cherisher of the World.

4389:. The theory of māyā was developed by the ninth-century Advaita Hindu philosopher 3965:

Then it is all mere Maya, with which the Brahman (Supreme Soul) deceives himself.

3959:

As when the rope is distinctly perceived, and the erroneous imagination withdrawn,

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Only the rope remains, without a second, so when distinctly perceived, the Atman.

3896:(the temporary, changing material world, nature). The former manifests itself as 3751:

sages cherish it in the place of sacrifice, brilliant, heavenly, ruling the mind.

3749:

The Sun bears the word in his mind; the Gandharva has spoken it within the wombs;

3647: 3570: 3518: 3327: 3231: 3175: 3112: 2928: 2829: 2725: 2474: 2454: 2325: 2200: 2180: 2100: 1791: 1777: 1675: 1655: 1618: 1210: 1205: 811: 775: 720: 715: 542: 234: 186:, responsible for deceit or concealment about the illusionary nature of things. 141:, "appearance", is "the powerful force that creates the cosmic illusion that the 132: 11493: 10033: 9187: 9177: 7727: 5547:(faulty passion, a trigger for actions) in Jain philosophy. The other three are 4588: 4343:

Vishishtadvaita Vedanta does have a concept that resembles Maya, referred to as

4307:

The concept of Yoga as power to create Maya has been adopted as a compound word

1339: 1091: 792: 12748: 12684: 12527: 11871: 11748: 11718: 11553: 11243: 10946: 10796: 10578: 10158: 10138: 10058: 9747: 9737: 9671: 9508: 8994: 8857: 8578: 6327: 6072: 5764: 5759: 5734: 5682: 5622: 5320: 4883: 4813: 4768: 4626: 3747:

The sages look into the solar orb, the ordainers desire the region of his rays.

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The concept of Maya appears in numerous Upanishads. The verses 4.9 to 4.10 of

1162: 942: 873: 388: 12938: 12864: 12768: 12547: 12321: 12059: 11950: 11861: 11795: 11013: 10862: 10171: 10073: 9931: 9732: 9710: 9646: 9317: 9112: 9107: 8999: 8668: 8423:. Edited and introduced by Michael Katz, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY, 8132:

Arvind Sharma (2007), Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass,

8005:, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Jul., 1914), pages 431-451 7071:

Franklin Southworth (2012), Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Routledge,

6338: 6035: 6025: 5844: 5829: 5804: 5779: 5667: 5607: 5151: 4708: 4703: 4643: 4324: 4212: 4111: 3224: 3189: 3126: 3072: 3065: 3026: 3019: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2907: 2851: 2469: 2414: 2394: 2384: 2364: 2335: 2245: 2035: 2030: 2020: 1969: 1891: 1805: 1638: 1587: 1486: 1421: 1260: 1027: 481: 37: 9471: 9461: 8833: 7358:, Tijdschrift voor Philosophie, 14de Jaarg., Nr. 1 (MAART 1952), pages 3-62; 6616:

A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

5979: 4848: 4653: 3963:

When he as Pranas (living beings), as all the diverse objects appears to us,

3957:

As snake, as a streak of water, so is the Soul (Atman) erroneously imagined.

2205: 1964: 1172: 1167: 12419: 12384: 12281: 11898: 11103: 11088: 11058: 11008: 10998: 10840: 10635: 10128: 9963: 9841: 9629: 9624: 9451: 9322: 9197: 8658: 8351:

Edited and introduced by Michael Katz, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY,

7754: 7732: 7656:

Encyclopedia of Indian Iconography: Hinduism — Buddhism — Jainism

7512:

Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,

7492:

Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

7424: 7414: 6576: 6439: 6065: 5937: 5932: 5916: 5824: 5739: 5687: 5672: 5076:

term translated as "pretense" or "deceit" that is identified as one of the

4748: 4633: 4551: 4437: 4390: 4200: 4074: 4069: 3873: 3196: 3105: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2984: 2642: 2464: 2300: 2295: 2255: 2165: 2155: 2125: 2095: 2025: 1929: 1851: 1582: 1547: 1471: 1446: 1375: 1225: 1076: 868: 863: 762: 749: 744: 167:, mistakenly identifying with the body-mind complex and its entanglements. 9886: 9871: 9831: 9528: 9192: 8768: 8042:

An understanding of Maya: The philosophies of Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva

7934: 7302: 5917: 5908: 5899: 1400: 12726: 12559: 12487: 12477: 12389: 12379: 12354: 11995: 11990: 11881: 11675: 11659: 11602: 11537: 11473: 11073: 10902: 10043: 10028: 9811: 9619: 9547: 9327: 9157: 9059: 8906: 8778: 6427: 6407: 6030: 5989: 5907: 5869: 5859: 5839: 5834: 5819: 5814: 5784: 5774: 5749: 5343: 5271: 5127:

contain some references to illusion, the most well known of which is the

4818: 4345: 4171: 4170:

The various schools of Hinduism, particularly those based on naturalism (

3893: 3842: 3267: 2991: 2884: 2814: 2627: 2581: 2542: 2444: 2285: 2275: 2140: 2004: 1994: 1863: 1858: 1761: 1660: 1552: 1542: 1512: 1481: 1390: 1157: 971: 894: 886: 688: 457: 190: 11063: 9523: 7962: 7539: 7348: 5519:(false belief derived purely from habits or default, no self-analysis), 5220:

which features the image of a magical illusion as its central metaphor.

12624: 12592: 12537: 12394: 12103: 11940: 11913: 11695: 11468: 11018: 10976: 10852: 10658: 10583: 10197: 10181: 10143: 10123: 10018: 9993: 9901: 9836: 9816: 9562: 9493: 9364: 9247: 9217: 9152: 9102: 8760: 8750: 8723: 8120: 8115:

Esther Abraham Solomon (1969), Avidyā: A Problem of Truth and Reality,

8058: 7995: 7361: 6565: 6473: 6381: 6200: 6175: 6118: 6099: 6079: 6020: 5898: 5864: 5854: 5849: 5809: 5677: 5662: 5657: 5648: 5324: 5233: 5081: 4823: 4583: 4480: 4091: 4050: 3885: 3313: 3274: 3238: 3119: 3058: 2665: 2657: 2568: 2345: 2120: 2070: 1924: 1914: 1680: 1628: 1557: 1466: 1395: 1385: 1380: 1152: 927: 904: 899: 628: 428: 146: 81: 10038: 9034: 8068:, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Jul., 1998), pages 387-405 5430: 128:), and therefore "conceals the true character of spiritual reality". 12743: 12532: 12482: 12455: 12404: 12369: 12359: 12311: 12210: 12178: 12123: 12020: 11975: 11649: 10993: 10966: 10133: 10008: 9720: 9636: 9513: 9403: 9376: 9369: 9332: 9289: 9252: 9019: 8984: 8951: 8926: 8881: 8519:

P Jaini (1998), The Jaina Path of Purification, Motilal Banarsidass.

7213:

Bringing the Gods to Mind:Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice

7184:

Bringing the Gods to Mind:Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice

6889: 6555: 6481: 6457: 6345: 6331: 5892: 5496: 5188: 4868: 4843: 4225: 4083: 3971: 3955:

As a rope, not perceived distinctly in dark, is erroneously imagined,

3851: 3830:

Her cow was Virochana Prahradi. Her milking vessel was a pan of iron.

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