Maya religion - Knowledge

711: 1383:), which concluded intervals of five 360-day years, constituted a royal ritual by itself. It appears to implicate the king as the divine lord of his own day. Inversely, at San Bartolo, the divine hero of the day 'King', Hunahpu, substitutes for the real king. Setting up a stela may additionally have involved the notion of the king as a protective 'tree of life'. Moreover, in the Classic period, the king is commonly depicted holding a cosmic serpent from whose jaws deities (often those of rain, lightning and fire) emerge; the king's raising and balancing of this serpent, accompanied by his 'conjuring' of the emerging deities, may well have been expressed and supported by ritual. 1522:: that is, a priestly science resting on the assumption of an influence exerted on earthly events by the movements of heavenly bodies and constellations. The observation of sky and horizon by present-day Mayas relates chiefly to celestial signs of seasonal change relevant to agriculture; stars connected to the hunt and specific hunting animals; and stars sending certain illnesses. With but few exceptions, the names of stars and constellations are all that have been preserved, and the influence of star lore on social and professional activities beyond agriculture and on individual destiny can no longer be traced. In this respect, other Mesoamerican groups (such as 536: 1360:), originally coined for the Hindu kingdoms of Bali, could also be used for describing the Classic Maya kingdoms; it suggests the cohesion of the state to be dependent on elaborate royal rituals through which status differences between aristocratic families could find expression. On monuments, the king sometimes assumes a dancing posture suggestive of his participation in the rituals that were staged on the large plazas where the royal stelae stood. On important occasions, the royal impersonator would be shown to the crowd while being within a shrine erected on a large palanquin (as on a wooden lintel from 2049:) who, if properly attended, will assist the farmer in his work by protecting his field, having the rain deities visit it, and thus making the maize grow. In the same area, dwarfs, and also hunchbacks, are associated with antediluvial times; they perished in the flood when their stone boats sank. The childlike dwarfs and hunchbacks of Classic iconography often accompany the king and the Tonsured Maize God. They repeatedly show aquatic features and may, in such cases, be identical to the dwarfish assistants of the deities of rain, lightning, and thunder already mentioned in Aztec sources (the 1987:' act as healers, whereas the owl messengers of the lords of the underworld wear military titles. Turning to the 'ceramic codex', one finds that animal persons are often dressing and acting like persons at court. The howler monkey, for example, is commonly depicted in the social role of a writer and sculptor, and functions as a divine patron of these arts, while other mammals act as musicians. Animals also fulfill important ritual roles. In the New Year rites of the Dresden Codex, for example, an opossum traveler introduces the patron of the incoming year. Similarly, in the 1479:. The length of this calendar coincides with the average duration of human gestation. Its basic purpose was (and still is) to provide guidance in life through a consideration of the combined aspects of the 20 named days and 13 numbers, and to indicate the days on which sacrifice at specific 'number shrines' (recalling the number deities of Classic times) might lead to the desired results. The days were commonly deified and invoked as 'Lordships'. The crucial importance of divination is suggested by the fact that the general Yucatec word for 'priest' ( 1457:, who seem to have been conceived as creator deities in their own right. In the Postclassic period, the time-unit of the katun was imagined as a divine king, as the 20 named days still are among the traditional 'day-keepers' of the Guatemalan Highlands. On a more abstract level, the world was assumed to be governed by certain fundamental numbers, first of all the numbers 13 and 20 that, multiplied, defined both the mantic day count and, on a vast scale, the amount of time elapsed before the first day (5 Imix 9 Kumk'u) of the Long Count. 3706: 1187:). In this same interval, the incoming patron deity of the year was installed and the outgoing one removed. Through annually shifting procession routes, the calendrical model of the four 'Year Bearers' (New Year days) was projected onto the four quarters of the town. Landa's detailed treatment of the New Year rites – the most important description of a pre-Hispanic Maya ritual complex to have come down to us – corresponds on essential points to the schematic depiction of these rites in the much earlier Dresden Codex. 47: 1827:

have been assigned letter names (Schellhas-Zimmermann-Taube classification). The codices demonstrate that deities were permanently being arranged and rearranged according to cultic criteria which usually are not immediately accessible to us. Moreover, Maya deities typically operate within various fields, changing attributes accordingly. With the provisos formulated above, the main deities depicted in the codices can be roughly divided into the following groups (the names given are 16th-century Yucatec):

1215: 854:, for example, specific combinations of day-names and numbers are ascribed to specialized shrines in the mountains, signalling the appropriate times for their ritual use. In the northwestern Maya highlands, the four days, or 'Day Lords', that can start a year are assigned to four mountains. In early colonial Yucatán, the thirteen Katun periods and their deities, mapped onto a landscape conceived as a 'wheel', are said to be successively 'established' in specific towns. 1755:

ancestors had an important role to play, with the difference that, among the nobility, genealogical memory and patrilineal descent were much more emphasized. Thus, the Popol Vuh lists three genealogies of upper lords descending from three ancestors and their wives. These first male ancestors – ritually defined as 'bloodletters and sacrificers' – had received their private deities in a legendary land of origins called 'The Seven Caves and Seven Canyons' (Nahua

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particularly prominent. Its importance is highlighted by the fact that Maya communities in the northwestern highlands of Guatemala have a specialized group of 'Prayermakers'. Prayers, with their hypnotizing scansion, often show a parallel (dyadic) couplet structure which has also been recognized in Classic period texts. The earliest prayers recorded in European script are in Quiché, and are embedded in the creation myths of the

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below) may also have had a purificatory function. More generally, purification is needed before entering areas inhabited by deities. In present-day Yucatán, for example, it is customary to drink standing water from a rock depression at the first opportunity upon entering the forest. The water is then spat on the ground, and thus renders the individual 'virginal', free to carry out the business of humankind in the sacred forest.

1423:). Around 1500, the incinerated remains of the (male) members of notable Yucatec families were enclosed in wooden images which, together with the 'idols', were placed on the house altar, and ritually fed on all festive occasions; alternatively, they were placed in an urn, and a temple was built over it (Landa). In the Verapaz, a statue of the dead king was placed on his burial mound, which then became a place of worship. 501:. When its pre-Hispanic antecedents are taken into account, however, traditional Maya religion has already existed for more than two and a half millennia as a recognizably distinct phenomenon. Before the advent of Christianity, it was spread over many indigenous kingdoms, all with their own local traditions. Today, it coexists and interacts with pan-Mayan syncretism, the 're-invention of tradition' by the 1683:). In Classic Maya texts, certain glyphs are read as references to the soul. Much more is known about the so-called 'co-essences', that is, animals or other natural phenomena (comets, lightning) linked with the individual (usually a male) and protecting him. In some cases (often connected to black sorcery), one can change into co-essences acting like a sort of 'werewolves' (see also 1258:) located at the corners is the theatre of shamanic curing sessions, during which "the four Bacabs" are often addressed to assist the curer in his struggle with disease-causing agents. Many of the features of shamanic curing found in the 'Ritual of the Bacabs' still characterize contemporary curing ritual. Not represented amongst these early ritual texts is black sorcery. 1445:– to conceive the mechanism of time as a sort of relay or estafette in which the 'burden' of the time-units was passed on from one divine numerical 'bearer' to the next one. The numbers were personified not by distinctive numerical deities, but by some of the principal general deities, who were thus seen to be responsible for the ongoing 'march of time'. The day-units ( 2109:', crosses, dressed as women, and especially a 'Talking Cross', played the main roles. In the Alta Verapaz, the role of saints and crosses was assumed by male mountain deities demanding the destruction of the coffee plantations and a return to the ancient ways. In each case, certain individuals were recognized as mouthpieces of the supernatural entities involved. 1763:. Already during the Classic period, ancestral deities (such as the three 'patron deities' of Palenque) and ancestral bundles (particularly prominent in Yaxchilan) are in evidence. In Chiapas at the time of the Spanish conquest, lineage ancestors were believed to have emerged from the roots of a ceiba tree; comparable beliefs still exist amongst the Tz'utujiles. 1235:) which marks a child's movement from cradling or carrying to the mother's hip. It is performed at about three months and has godparents of the ceremony. The child is offered implements appropriate to its gender, tools for boys and cloth or thread for girls. If the children grasp them, this is considered a foretelling. All children are offered pencils and paper. 902:

also, cigars) obey to stringent rules. In the same way, a drink made of exactly 415 grains of parched maize was to be offered to participants in a pre-Hispanic New Year ritual, and on another occasion, the precise number of 49 grains of maize mixed with copal (incense) was to be burnt. A well-known example of a ritual meal is the "Holy Mass of the maize farmer" (

964:'), organizations which have played a crucial role in the preservation of pre-Spanish religious traditions. The two most important male deities (Martín and Maximón) of the Tz'utujil Mayas of Santiago Atitlán, for example, have their own brotherhoods and priests. Public ritual focusing on agriculture and rain is led by the 'godfathers of the wet season' ( 1299:

shrines, and thus restore them to their supernatural Owners for regeneration. They should also respect certain hunting taboos, such as those on adultery and unnecessarily wounding the game, on penalty of supernatural sanction; for this same reason, in another month of the 16th-century Yucatec feast cycle, a rite of contrition was held by the hunters.

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earth deities. For earlier periods, such crosses and shrines can, perhaps, be thought of as being connected to the central 'cross', or world tree of the center, best exemplified by the arboreal crosses in the temple shrines of the Cross Group in Palenque. The king was the prime embodiment of the central cross or world tree.

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occasions (such as accession to the throne, severe illness of the ruler, royal burial, or drought and famine) also came to include human beings, adults as well as children. The sacrificed child may have served as a 'substitute', a concept known from curing ritual. Partaking of the sacrifice was common, but ritual

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origin of useful plants, a reworking of Catholic imagery is often noticeable. Among the best-known myths are those about the opening of the Maize Mountain by the Lightning deities, the struggle of Sun and his Elder Brethren, and the marriage of Sun and Moon. The early-colonial Quichean Twin myth, set out in the

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Postclassic and earlier kingdoms. Through the feasts, capital could be redistributed in food and drink. The continual and obligatory drinking, negatively commented on by early as well as contemporary outsiders, establishes community, not only among the human participants, but also between these and the deities.

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the so-called 'Year Bearers' in particular, that is, the four named days that can serve as new year days. Conceived as divine lords, these Year Bearers were welcomed on the mountain (one of four) which was to be their seat of power, and worshipped at each recurrence of their day in the course of the year.

1600:. The king was probably identified with the tree of the centre and is usually shown to carry the bicephalic serpent as a ceremonial bar. Besides worshipping a central maize tree, the king commonly sits or stands on a mountain containing the maize, perhaps as a guardian of the kingdom's maize supplies. 2008:

The power exercised by a deity is legitimate, and this legitimacy justifies offerings and sacrifice. Unlike the gods of disease and death, spooks (apparitions) and demons have no such legitimacy. Whereas spooks – like the specters of the dead – only frighten (and in that way, can also cause disease),

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From the multitude of deity names occurring in early-colonial sources (and especially in the medical 'Rituals of the Bacabs'), about twenty have been linked to deity figures from the three Postclassic hieroglyphic books and their correspondences in the corpus of Classic ceramic representations; these

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In the Classic period, earth and sky are visualized as horizontally extended serpents and dragons (often bicephalic, more rarely feathered) which serve as vehicles for deities and ancestors, and make these appear from their maws. Other serpents, shown as vertically rising, seem to connect the various

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Offerings serve to establish and renew relations ('contracts', 'pacts', or 'covenants') with the other world, and the choice, number, preparation, and arrangement of the offered items (such as special maize breads, maize and cacao drinks and honey liquor, flowers, incense nodules, rubber figures, and

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is surrounded by seven 'bathing places' of mountain-dwelling ancestors, with one of these sacred waterholes serving as the residence of the ancestors' 'nursemaids and laundresses'. As in the Pre-Hispanic past, an important part of ritual behavior takes place in or near such landmarks, in Yucatán also

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As ethical systems, polytheistic religions like those of the Maya are difficult to compare with the monotheistic world religions. However, the idea of 'covenants' between deities and human beings is common to both. Fulfilling the ritual requirements of the 'covenants' should ideally lead to a state

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among the Yucatec Mayas; Juan K'anil among the Jacaltecs of the northwestern highlands; Ohoroxtotil, the jaguar slayer, among the Tzotziles of Chiapas; and Kumix among the Ch'orti' Mayas. The heroes' actions can belong to a relatively recent past, and be semi-historical, or have occurred in the deep

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The specific rituals engaged in by the king are only rudimentarily known. The Postclassic Kʻicheʻ king together with his dignitaries regularly visited the temples to burn offerings and pray for the prosperity of his people, while fasting and guarding sexual abstinence. As to the Classic Period king,

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and genealogical knowledge. Around 1500, the Yucatec priesthood was hierarchically organized, from the high priest living at the court down to the priests in the towns, and the priestly books were distributed along these lines. The role model for the high priest is likely to have been the upper god

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The forms of sacrifice might take vary considerably. In contemporary sacrificial rites, there is an overall emphasis on the sprinkling of blood, especially that of turkeys. In the pre-Hispanic past, sacrifice usually consisted of animals such as deer, dog, quail, turkey, and fish, but on exceptional

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Influencing the weather is the main purpose of the rain-making rituals – sometimes of a secretive character – that are found all over the Maya area and also of such rituals as 'Imprisoning the winds' and 'Sealing the frost' just before the sowing season. The officiating priests of the rain-making

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The Maya calendar, connected to networks of sacrificial shrines, is fundamental for ritual life. The rites of the 260-day cycle are treated below ('Sciences of Destiny'). Among the highland Maya, the calendrical rites of the community as a whole relate to the succession of the 365-day years, and to

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In recent times, feasts are usually organized by religious brotherhoods, with the greatest expenses being for the higher charges. Similarly, in the pre-Hispanic kingdom of Maní, some religious feasts seem to have been sponsored by wealthy and preeminent men, perhaps reflecting a general practice in

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Knowledge of the earlier Maya priesthood is almost entirely based on what their Spanish missionary colleagues have to say about them (Landa for Yucatán, Las Casas and others for the Guatemalan Highlands). The upper echelon of the priesthood was a repository of learning, also in the field of history

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In the ancient Maya cities, all sorts of offertory items including sacrificial implements were also stored and buried in deposits (caches) below architectural features such as floors, stelae, and altars; in these cases, the intention may often have been a dedication to a specific religious purpose,

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Animal persons (usually mammals and birds, but including insects) appear to enjoy a relative autonomy which is lacking in the case of the animal 'co-essences'. Perhaps representing the transformed human beings of a former creation, they mirror human society in playing varying social roles. In the

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transcends the sphere of agriculture to embrace basic aspects of civilized life in general (such as writing). Deities have all sorts of social functions, related to such human activities as agriculture, midwifery, trade, and warfare. Moreover, they can be the patrons of large kin-based, ethnic or

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points, or as a circle without such fixed points. The square earth is sometimes imagined as a maize field, the circular earth as a turtle floating on the waters. Each direction has its own tree, bird, deity, color, and aspect, in the highlands also its own mountain. Vertically, the sky is divided

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The mantic calendar has proven to be particularly resistant to the onslaughts of time. Nowadays, a 'daykeeper', or divinatory priest, may stand in front of a fire, and pray in Maya to entities such as the 260 days; the cardinal directions; the ancestors of those present; important Mayan towns and

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Both in recent times and in the Classic period, more complex rituals would include music and dance, processions, and theatrical play. Nowadays, the performance of important dances and dance dramas (not always religious ones) often takes place on the feast of the patron saint of the village and on

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Little is known with certainty concerning the Classic Maya priesthood. Iconographically, there can be no serious doubt but that the aged, ascetic figures depicted as writing and reading books, aspersing and inaugurating dignitaries and kings, and overseeing human sacrifice, represent professional

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Purificatory measures such as fasting, sexual abstention, bathing, and (especially in the pre-Hispanic past) confession generally precede major ritual events. In 16th-century Yucatán, purification (exorcism of evil spirits) often represented a ritual's initial phase. The bloodletting-rituals (see

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There is considerable diversity in recent religious narrative, which embraces stereotypical, moralizing stories about encounters with mountain spirits and supernatural 'Owners', as well as myths concerning heroes and deities. Particularly in tales concerned with the creation of the earth and the

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The claims on territory by social groups of varying dimensions were expressed in rituals such as those for the waterholes, ancestral lands, and the boundaries of the entire community. The focus of these rituals were often crosses, or rather, 'cross shrines', and prayers were directed at rain and

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The traditional Maya have their own religious functionaries, often hierarchically organized, and charged with the duties of praying and sacrificing on behalf of lineages, local groups, or the entire community. In many places, they operate within the Catholic brotherhoods (or 'cofradías') and the

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appears to have been exceedingly rare. A characteristic feature of ancient Mayan ritual (though not exclusive to the Mayas) were the "bloodletting" sessions held by high officials and members of the royal families, during which the earlobes, tongues, and foreskins were cut with razor-sharp small

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Like other Mesoamerican populations, Maya societies since the Spanish conquest have known a series of religious 'revitalization' movements, of a more or less violent character, and in response to intolerable exploitation by non-Maya outsiders. These movements usually followed the appearances of

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The traditional Maya live in the continual presence of the '(grand)fathers and (grand)mothers', the usually anonymous, bilateral ancestors, who, in the highlands, are often conceived of as inhabiting specific mountains, where they expect the offerings of their descendants. In the past, too, the

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In the pre-Hispanic past, important divinatory dates relating to the prospects of the entire kingdom were sometimes given a mythological pedigree. At Palenque, for example, the auspicious day 9 Ik', chosen for the enthronement of one of its kings, is also stated to have witnessed, in a distant,

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The principal focus of the agricultural rites is the sowing and harvesting of the maize. Particularly the rituals of the Yucatec and Ch'orti' Mayas have been described in great detail. For eastern Yucatán, a whole taxonomy of ritual sequences has been established, including variable rituals for

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Through pilgrimages, which create networks connecting places regionally as well as over larger distances, Maya religion transcends the limits of the local community. Nowadays, pilgrimages often involve reciprocal visits of the village saints (as represented by their statues), but also visits to

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Notwithstanding the progress in hieroglyphic decipherment, the most important sources for Classic mythology are still scenes painted on pottery (the so-called 'ceramic codex') and monumental iconography. The two principal narratives recognized thus far are about demigods close to humanity (the

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of Dresden, Madrid and Paris) plus the Maya-Toltec Grolier Codex, all dating from the Postclassic period (after 900 AD); the 'ceramic codex' (the corpus of pottery scenes and texts) and mural paintings; the inscriptions in stone from the Classic (200–900 AD) and Late Preclassic (200 BC-200 AD)

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has various animals seated in between deities, most of them clothed as human beings, a pattern repeated in the mixed arrays of deities and animal persons seated before the throne in certain Classic cylinder vase scenes. Adding to their social and ritual roles, animals have also been argued to

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In one of the 16th-century Yucatec month feasts, hunters danced with arrows and deer skulls painted blue. The focus on animal skulls is significant, since even today, traditional Maya hunters have the duty to preserve the skulls and bones of their booty, deposit these periodically in hunting

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The most important source on traditional Maya religion is the Mayas themselves: the incumbents of positions within the religious hierarchy, diviners, and tellers of tales. More generally, all those persons who shared their knowledge with outsiders in the past, as well as anthropologists and

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In Maya folk religion, the members of the Catholic Trinity, the Virgin Mary, a number of saints, the archangels and the devil have usually merged with traditional deities, patron deities, and ancestral heroes. Angels, for example, generally represent rain deities. The complex figure of the

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Maya prayer almost invariably accompanies acts of offering and sacrifice. It often takes the form of long litanies, in which the names of personified days, saints, angels (rain and lightning deities), features of the landscape connected with historical or mythical events, and mountains are

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The traditional Mayas believe in the existence, within each individual, of various souls, usually described in quasi-material terms (such as 'shadow', 'breath', 'blood', and 'bone'). The loss of one or more souls results in specific diseases (generically called 'soul-loss', 'fright', or

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Apart from writing, the fundamental priestly sciences were arithmetics and calendrics. Within the social group of the priests at court, it had by Classical times become customary to deify the numbers as well as the basic day-unit, and – particularly in the south-eastern kingdoms of

2072:, has not been transmitted, although fragments are recognizable in recent narrative; the name of one of its heroes, Xbalanque, was around the turn of the 20th century still known in the Alta Verapaz. Early creation mythology is found in the Popol Vuh and in some of the Books of 1206:

The 18 months had festivals, dedicated to specific deities, which were largely celebrated by occupational groups (in particular hunters and fishermen, bee-keepers, cacao planters, curers, and warriors). It is not known if and to what extent this festival cycle of the kingdom of

1735:' has more specifically been interpreted as a reference to an aquatic and solar paradise. To judge by the marine faunal remains found in Classic tombs and by the accompanying aquatic imagery, this sea paradise may have been the Maya variant of the rain god's paradise ( 818:, the 'custom' or habitual religious practice, in contradistinction to orthodox Roman Catholic ritual. To a large extent, Maya religion is indeed a complex of ritual practices; and it is, therefore, fitting that the indigenous Yucatec village priest is simply called 1775:, Hunahpu and Xbalanque. In the Classic period, the adventures of these two heroes – only partly coinciding with those of the Popol Vuh – were known all over the Mayan area. Specific ancestral heroes occur among various traditional Maya groups, such as the dwarfish 1243:

Contemporary healing rituals focus on the retrieval and reincorporation of the lost souls or soul particles imprisoned somewhere by specific deities or ancestors. The procedures can include the sacrifice of fowl treated as the patient's 'substitute' (Tzotzil

1823:- who may be either place-specific, or instances of a general deity - tend to have an intimate relationship with the associated community and its representative (in Classic inscriptions usually the king), by whom they are bathed, dressed, and fed. 1604:

spheres, perhaps to transport the subterranean or terrestrial waters to the sky. Dragons combine features of serpent, crocodile, and deer, and may show 'star' signs; they have been variously identified as the nocturnal sky and as the Milky Way.

1932:), seems to be absent. Entirely missing from the codices, but important in Classic iconography are, amongst others, an ocean deity characterized by a shark tooth set in the mouth (who is also the 'God I' of the Palenque Triad) and some of the 1352:) referred to as 'bishop', so that, in virtue of his office, the king appears to have had a leading role in major public rituals. In the Classic period, the rituals of kingship were the most important rituals of the Maya court. The term ' 972:) in Yucatán. In the private realm, nearly everywhere diviners ('seers', 'daykeepers') are active, together with curers. The performance of many of the indigenous priests, but especially of the curers, shows features also associated with 1395:

consisted of nucleated royal burial temples and is even referred to as a 'necropolis'. In Classic-period royal courts, tombs are generally found integrated in the residences of the nobility. Apart from the ancestral remains themselves,

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stela C), seemingly incoherent, and hard to interpret. They include an obscure conclave of seven deities in the underworld (among whom the deity Bolonyokte') and a concept of 'three stones' usually taken to refer to a cosmic hearth.

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book of Chumayel, the underworld is often assumed to have consisted of nine layers. However, the Popol Vuh does not know such a ninefold division, and Classic period references to layers of the underworld have not been identified.

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daykeepers use puns to help remember and inform the meanings of the days. Divinatory techniques include the throwing and counting of seeds, crystals, and beans, and in the past also – apart from the count – gazing in a magical

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seems to allude. The Quichean Popol Vuh does not mention the collapse of the sky and the establishment of the five trees, but focuses instead on a succession of previous mankinds, the last of which was destroyed by a flood.

873:; other pilgrims visited local shrines, such as those of Ix Chel and other goddesses on the islands off Yucatán's east coast. Eight centuries earlier, noblemen from sundry Classic kingdoms went on pilgrimage to the caves of 1267:

rituals are sometimes believed to ascend into the clouds and there to act like rain deities themselves. Influencing the weather can also mean deflecting the rain clouds from neighboring areas, and thus imply black sorcery.

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celebrations – the king wears the heads of important deities and forces of nature for a headdress or a mask, while carrying a sceptre in the form of the lightning deity. The heads are frequently those of the rain deity

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archaeological sites; lakes, caves, or volcanoes; and deities taken from published editions of the Popol Vuh. People also come to these daykeepers to know about baby names, wedding dates and other special occasions.

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cycle. Aside from calendrical learning, however, priests had multiple tasks, running from performing life crisis rituals to managing the monthly feast cycle, and held special offices, such as that of oracle

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farther-removed sanctuaries, as exemplified by the Q'eqchi' pilgrimages to their thirteen sacred mountains. Around 1500, Chichen Itza used to attract pilgrims from all the surrounding kingdoms to its large

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in ancient Quiché) can by no means be reduced to a mere personification of natural phenomena. The life-cycle of the maize, for instance, lies at the heart of Maya belief, but the role of the principal

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also show that royal ancestors were sometimes approached during bloodletting rituals and then appeared to their descendants, emerging from the mouth of a terrestrial serpent (which has been nicknamed '

2015:'Female Ensnarer'). Spooks of the Tzotziles include such figures as the 'charcoal-cruncher', the 'one who drops his own flesh', and 'white-bundle'. The boundary between spooks like these and the 2009:

demons are devourers; in practice, however, the borderline can be thin. One of the best-known spooks is an attractive woman maddening the men who give in to her lures (known in Yucatec as the

1332:) was connected to the cult of a puma war god, and included a five-day residence of the war leader in the temple, "where they burned incense to him as to an idol." In Classic war rituals, the 1534:, and concerns lunar and solar eclipses and the varying aspects of Venus in the course of its cycles; animals and deities symbolize the social groups negatively affected by Venus during its 1924:('Feathered Serpent'), tutelary deity of the Toltec invaders and of the Maya kings deriving their legitimacy from them, is nearly absent from the hieroglyphic codices. Although the Classic 3507:

Tedlock, Dennis (trans.) (1996). Popol Vuh: the Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster.

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describing the collapse of the sky, the subsequent flood, and the re-establishment of the world and its five world trees upon the cycle's conclusion and resumption. The lightning deity (

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E. Wyllys Andrews, Alfredo Barrera Vásquez, and Ramón Arzápalo Marín, Balankanche, throne of the tiger priest. New Orleans: Tulane University, Middle American Research Institute, 1970.

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The king not only took a leading part in ritual, but ritual is likely to have focused on his office as well. The erection of stelae showing the king and dedicated to the day 'King' (

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into thirteen layers, and Classic period deities are sometimes linked to one of the thirteen skies. By analogy with the 'Nine-God' mentioned together with the 'Thirteen-God' in the

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Abigail E. Adams and James E. Brady, 'Ethnographic Notes on Maya Q'eqchi' Cave Rites: Implications for Archaeological Interpretation', in James E. Brady and Keith M. Prufer eds.,

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were viewed as divine lords in their own right and worshipped accordingly. The katuns had specific divine patrons (as mentioned in the Chilam Balam books) and their own priests.

1133:). Hieroglyphic expressions of the concept of impersonation involve many other deities as well. In some cases, impersonation may relate to the individual's identity with, or 3109:

Beliaev, Dmitri, and Albert Davletshin, '"It was then that that which had been clay turned into a man": Reconstructing Maya Anthropogonic Myth.' Axis Mundi 9-1 (2014): 2–12.

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past, and be primeval; but in principle, the heroes can be addressed in prayer, and receive some form of worship. Sometimes, they have merged with specific military saints.

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Life cycle rituals (or rites of passage) demarcate the various stages of life. Landa details one of these rituals, destined for making young boys and girls marriageable (

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Within the three hieroglyphic codices, the group of male deities is highly differentiated, but the female functions seem largely to have been concentrated in the young

1966:), like the 'Mountain-Valley' deities (or mountain spirits) of the highlands. More generally, the living Earth and its male personification is often called 'World' ( 1336:

were prominent, particularly the jaguar deity associated with fire (and patron of the number Seven), whose face commonly adorns the king's war shield. The Palenque

1328:; preceding a campaign, rituals were held for him during thirty days, so that he might imbue the weapons with his power. The Yucatec ritual for the war chief ( 3126:

Braakhuis, Edwin, and Kerry Hull, 'Pluvial Aspects of the Mesoamerican Culture Hero: The "Kumix Angel" of the Ch'orti' Mayas and Other Rain-Bringing Heroes'.

1411:

The monthly feast cycle of the Postclassic kingdom of Maní included a commemorative festival for an ancestral hero viewed as the founder of Yucatec kingship,

1588:') that serves as a means of communication between the various spheres. In Palenque, the tree of life is a maize tree, just as the central world tree in the 1104:, with women sometimes being cast in erotic roles. Often, impersonation meant ritual representation on a state level, particularly as depicted on stelae and 1100:(were-animals). Ritual humor (a vehicle for social criticism) could be part of these events, involving such actors as opossums, spider monkeys, and the aged 3607: 1320:) and the use of black magic by sorcerers. In the pre-Hispanic period, war rituals focused on the war leaders and the weapons. The jaguar-spotted War Twin 1348:

The early Spanish writers have little to say about the king's (or, as the case might be, queen's) ritual duties. Nonetheless, one finds the Yucatec king (

1094:

The theatrical impersonation of deities and animals, a general Mesoamerican practice, also characterized pre-Hispanic Mayan performances and included the

1121:) and of an aquatic serpent. On the other hand, the reigning queen, or queen consort, usually represents the principal maize goddess, that is, a female 830:

The Maya landscape is a ritual topography, with landmarks such as mountains, wells and caves being assigned to specific ancestors and deities (see also

5850: 1546:. In the Classic period, references to specific stars are not rare; in dynastic texts, a star glyph with rain symbols seems to signal a decisive war (" 1368:

he appears at times (often period-ending dates) to be scattering blood, incense or, perhaps, maize. At other times, the king, represented by the hero

3374:

Julie Nehammer Knub, S. Thun, and Chr. Helmke, 'The Divine Rite of Kings: An Analysis of Classic Maya Impersonation Statements'. On www.academia.edu.

1636:), and the earth crocodile (Itzam Cab Ain) all have a role to play in this cosmic drama, to which a much earlier, hieroglyphic text from Palenque's 8336: 1771:

Within the group of the ancestors, a special category is constituted by the heroes, best known through the sixteenth-century Quichean epic of the

8185: 1171:

The calendrical rites include the five-day marginal period at the end of the year. In 16th-century Yucatán, a straw puppet called 'grandfather' (

1129:) while holding the four associated Year Bearer days in their hands or carrying a throne; they may also substitute for the principal rain deity ( 9242: 2097:

supernatural beings. In Chiapas (early 18th and late 19th century), the ensuing cults focused on female saints such as the Virgin Mary in the

1074:

and the 'May Cross'). For the late Postclassic period, Landa mentions specific dances executed during either the New Year rituals (e.g., the

992:, first priest and inventor of the art of writing. The most general word for priest, including the Yucatec high priest, appears to have been 2031:. In order to terrorize their enemies, kings would at times assume the shapes of spooks and demons. Bush spirits (such as the 'Wild Man' or 9427: 9194: 6547: 2237:

Accession: see Piedras Negras stela 11; illness and burial: Las Casas, in Miles 1957: 750, 773; drought: Landa, in Tozzer 1941: 54, 180–181

741: 3143:

Linda A. Brown, 'Planting the Bones: Hunting Ceremonialism at Contemporary and Nineteenth-Century Shrines in the Guatemalan Highlands',

8230: 8157: 5375: 4476: 3299:

Chonbilal Ch'ulelal – Alma Vendida. Elementos fundamentales de la cosmología y religión mesoamericanas en una oración en maya-tzotzil.

8035: 4454: 4106: 3602: 2127: 1789: 132: 8481: 8321: 8195: 8180: 1211:

was shared by the other Yucatec kingdoms, and if it was also valid for the earlier Mayan kingdoms, both in Yucatán and elsewhere.

1029:) had their own high priests. At all levels, access to late Postclassic priesthood seems to have been restricted to the nobility. 3789: 1819:, Hacavitz, Avilix); and probably also by the Palenque Triad (G I, II, and III) and its Classic Period analogues elsewhere. Such 1731:, Berlin pot) are shown sprouting from the earth like fruit trees which, together, constitute a blissful orchard. The so-called ' 436: 1962:. The deities governing the wild vegetation, the game animals, and the fishes are often referred to as 'Owners' or 'Masters' ( 8341: 2754: 1010: 9437: 9417: 8806: 5845: 1936:

associated with warfare. In the framework of the Classic period, the omnipresent lightning deity is usually referred to as

1660:

appears to have been involved. References to 4 Ahau 8 Cumku events are few in number (the most important one occurring on

8924: 8205: 7806: 1033:

priests and high priests at court. Certain hieroglyphic titles of noblemen have been interpreted as priestly ones (e.g.,

1153:(ca. 1566). However, major ritual domains, such as those of agriculture and kingship, are hardly touched upon by Landa. 9432: 9134: 8864: 8746: 8200: 6785: 4739: 1530:) have fared better. The far more sophisticated pre-Hispanic Mayan astrology is mainly found in the Early Post-Classic 799:

for the Highland Mayas, but also lexicons such as the early-colonial Motul (Yucatec) and Coto (Kaqchikel) dictionaries

758:

What is known of pre-Hispanic Maya religion stems from heterogeneous sources (the primary ones being of Maya origin):

9184: 8010: 5260: 3512: 2734: 9237: 6795: 3779: 3653: 1645: 649: 497:. As is the case with many other contemporary Mesoamerican religions, it results from centuries of symbiosis with 9199: 9094: 8220: 8215: 8171: 7801: 6645: 5904: 4894: 4356: 4346: 3915: 3150:

Robert S. Carlson, and Martin Prechtel, 'The Flowering of the Dead: An Interpretation of Highland Maya Culture'.

1491: 1145:

The only extensive treatment of Maya ritual by a near-contemporary concerns Yucatán, particularly the kingdom of

892: 734: 96: 4371: 2019:

of the Classic period is not always entirely clear. The principal demon of the Tzotzil area is the 'Black-man' (

996:'calendrical priest'. Some priests were ordinary diviners, while others had specialized knowledge of the kingly 9054: 8879: 8152: 7171: 7112: 6999: 6878: 6810: 5238: 4876: 4795: 3634: 1705:

of the Verapaz, Xbalanque was to accompany the dead king, which suggests a descent into the underworld (called

7291: 7166: 3693: 681: 9204: 8619: 8356: 8020: 7869: 7791: 7213: 6255: 5808: 4447: 3683: 691: 2471:

e.g., Girard 1949: 819–832; Redfield 1934: 138–143; Vogt 1969: 386, 473; Christenson 2001: 98, 209, 164, 211

1652:

eras, is thought to have been the focus of specific acts of creation. Through the figures of two so-called '

9262: 9064: 6277: 5027: 4381: 4331: 3673: 2088:), and have to be reconstructed from scenes in which often, narrative and ritual concerns are intertwined. 1715:

Twin myth. The Yucatec Maya had a double concept of the afterlife: Evildoers descended into an underworld (

1653: 672: 7301: 3688: 1502:); in the Late-Classic period, pictures of such birds were used as logograms for the larger time periods. 696: 9442: 9272: 8984: 8979: 8751: 7274: 7235: 6790: 6704: 6272: 4644: 3678: 3451:

Andrea J. Stone, 'Spiritual Journeys, Secular Guises: Rock Art and Elite Pilgrimage at Naj Tunich Cave'.

2118:

of harmony. The archaic practice of human sacrifice should first of all be viewed within this framework.

1811:

localized segments of society, as shown by the four deities presiding over the four wards of the town of

1728: 1693:, and carried distinct hieroglyphic names. Among them were spook-like creatures, but also violent stars. 1567:

Horizontally, the earth is conceived in various ways: as a square with its four directional or, perhaps,

1337: 805:

Anthropological reports published since the late 19th century, used in combination with the sources above

686: 67: 7306: 7296: 1776: 1184: 9422: 8050: 7995: 7691: 6431: 5948: 4639: 4581: 4336: 4095: 3784: 3740: 3556:

Gabrielle Vail, 'Pre-Hispanic Maya Religion. Conceptions of divinity in the Postclassic Maya codices'.

1340:, dedicated to war, shows in its sanctuary the emblem of such a shield, held up by two crossed spears. 727: 615: 517: 410: 6029: 3608:

Maya Religion and Gods: Relevance and Relatedness in the Animic Cosmos by Eleanor Harrison-Buck (2015)

910:

ritual was entirely focused on the 'feeding' of the deities, as represented by their incense burners.

9297: 9086: 8944: 8396: 7284: 7063: 6694: 6324: 5889: 5021: 4773: 4610: 4565: 4351: 4011: 3910: 3893: 3883: 2098: 1057:

Feasts would include dramatic performances and the impersonation of deities, especially by the king.

886: 575: 390: 92: 7402: 3364:. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Supplement to Vol. 6. University of Texas Press, Austin 2000. 1868:

gods guarding natural resources, such as the Owner of the deer and god of the hunt, the Sip (God Y);

1701:

In the pre-Spanish past, there may never have existed a unified concept of the afterlife. Among the

1400:

left by the ancestors were also an object of veneration. Reliefs from the Classic-period kingdom of

8801: 8761: 8716: 8506: 8496: 8301: 8055: 7880: 7816: 7786: 7676: 7441: 7350: 7318: 7279: 7191: 6098: 5355: 5291: 4761: 4746: 4440: 4316: 3294:, pp. 59–75. The Robert Louis Stevenson School, Pre-Columbian Art Research, Pebble Beach 1974. 5798: 46: 9252: 9189: 9139: 9099: 9044: 8679: 8674: 8564: 8511: 8401: 8331: 8127: 7938: 7853: 7058: 7036: 6835: 6657: 6182: 5840: 5767: 5451: 4822: 4622: 4531: 3811: 3222:

Elemente und Struktur agrarischer Zeremonien und deren Bedeutung für die Mayabauern Ost-Yukatans.

3119:

H.E.M. Braakhuis, 'Artificers of the Days. Functions of the Howler Monkey Gods among the Mayas'.

1373: 896: 850:), but also by the projection of calendrical models onto the landscape. In contemporary Quichean 77: 2035:) belong to the frightening denizens of uninhabited areas, without, however, being apparitions. 968:) among the Ch'orti's – in a particularly rich and complex system – and by the village priests ( 919:

knives and stingray spines; the blood fell on paper strips that were possibly burnt afterwards.

9119: 9014: 8974: 8954: 8811: 8786: 8691: 8664: 8614: 8584: 8574: 8491: 8456: 8441: 8426: 8381: 8316: 7990: 7921: 7826: 7821: 7562: 7485: 7247: 7129: 7053: 6850: 6840: 6699: 6667: 6605: 6576: 6093: 6088: 5785: 5745: 5530: 4871: 4866: 4846: 4842: 1392: 1071: 422: 4081: 1082:'dance of the war chiefs'). The god most often shown dancing during the Classic period is the 9360: 9305: 9222: 9174: 9149: 8949: 8771: 8766: 8634: 8624: 8446: 8122: 8065: 7885: 7831: 7252: 7230: 7149: 7090: 6756: 6195: 6056: 5218: 4817: 4729: 4306: 4214: 3888: 3801: 3752: 3668: 3387: 1527: 1191: 1105: 814:

Traditional Maya religion, though also representing a belief system, is often referred to as

663: 494: 6076: 6024: 4341: 9350: 9340: 9325: 9232: 9159: 9129: 9104: 9069: 9029: 9024: 8999: 8869: 8791: 8741: 8721: 8711: 8599: 8546: 8521: 8371: 8366: 8346: 8311: 8296: 8240: 8015: 7948: 7916: 7796: 7731: 7597: 7475: 7328: 7208: 7107: 7019: 6987: 6982: 6830: 6562: 5857: 5441: 5201: 4812: 4756: 4707: 4692: 4545: 4184: 4074: 4036: 3769: 3735: 1946: 1554:

testify to the great interest the colonial Maya had for the astrology of their conquerors.

1486: 1250: 1173: 778: 400: 151: 5054: 4366: 4326: 3479:

Karl Taube, 'Ritual Humor in Classic Maya Religion'. In William F. Hanks and Don S. Rice,

2023:), a kidnapper and rapist. An ancient Mesoamerican bird demon, which the Popol Vuh calls 1687:). The Classic Maya grandees had a whole array of such soul companions, which were called 846:

Ritual was governed not only by the geographical lay-out of shrines and temples (see also

822:("practitioner"). Among the main concepts relating to Maya ritual are the following ones. 762:

Primary sources from pre-Hispanic times: the three surviving Maya hieroglyphic books (the

8: 9355: 9330: 9310: 9287: 9214: 9164: 9144: 9059: 9049: 9004: 8964: 8919: 8914: 8904: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8874: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8816: 8726: 8701: 8579: 8569: 8531: 8501: 8486: 8471: 8461: 8451: 8416: 8411: 8361: 8306: 8281: 8225: 8082: 8070: 7958: 7953: 7943: 7811: 7612: 7525: 7470: 7446: 7333: 7218: 7176: 6971: 6820: 6448: 6240: 6125: 5921: 5723: 5608: 5536: 5426: 5347: 5174: 4827: 4651: 4497: 4286: 4043: 3984: 3927: 1617: 1286:

An important sanctuary for Terminal Classic rain and maize rituals was the large cave of

1109: 344: 3563:

Erik Velásquez García, 'The Maya Flood Myth and the Decapitation of the Cosmic Caiman'.

1955: 1376:), or he is officiating in front of such a tree (Cross temple sanctuaries of Palenque). 791:

Secondary sources, chiefly Spanish treatises from the colonial period, such as those of

535: 405: 9335: 9315: 9282: 9179: 9169: 9114: 9109: 9039: 9019: 9009: 8994: 8989: 8969: 8939: 8934: 8909: 8899: 8831: 8796: 8781: 8686: 8659: 8649: 8609: 8594: 8589: 8541: 8536: 8476: 8431: 8391: 8286: 8273: 8060: 7985: 7858: 7681: 7355: 7313: 7154: 7122: 7097: 7024: 7004: 6825: 6773: 6761: 6739: 6331: 6289: 6162: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5818: 5602: 5578: 4957: 4881: 4629: 4575: 4321: 4149: 4088: 3920: 3848: 3627: 3399: 3178:

Michael D. Coe, 'Supernatural Patrons of Maya Scribes and Artists', in N. Hammond ed.,

2436: 2102: 1991:, a turkey person alternates with deities in offering the head of the lightning deity ( 1929: 1454: 1177:) was set up and venerated, only to be discarded at the end of the marginal period, or 1146: 1122: 1083: 715: 234: 72: 6443: 6002: 5630: 5360: 9392: 9386: 9320: 9277: 9267: 9257: 9247: 9154: 9074: 9034: 8959: 8929: 8821: 8776: 8756: 8731: 8706: 8669: 8654: 8629: 8604: 8516: 8466: 8421: 8406: 8386: 8376: 8351: 8291: 8235: 8000: 7776: 7372: 7343: 7267: 7262: 7223: 7161: 7117: 7102: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7014: 6749: 6635: 6401: 6371: 6351: 6172: 5977: 5958: 5953: 5899: 5862: 5583: 5498: 5421: 5319: 5309: 5277: 5265: 5233: 5210: 5192: 5088: 4943: 4851: 4837: 4800: 4788: 4617: 4536: 4488: 4189: 3720: 3643: 3508: 2750: 2730: 1843: 915: 847: 585: 525: 502: 498: 299: 209: 6855: 6453: 6113: 5867: 4361: 3591:. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary. 3318:

Bruce Love, 'Yucatec Sacred Breads Through Time'. In William F. Hanks and Don Rice,

3164:

Michael D. Coe, 'A Model of Ancient Maya Community Structure in the Maya Lowlands',

1254:. In these texts, the world with its four trees and four carriers of earth and sky ( 9345: 9227: 9124: 8736: 8696: 8644: 8639: 8556: 8526: 8436: 8326: 8190: 8142: 8137: 7701: 7666: 7639: 7397: 7382: 7257: 7181: 7031: 7009: 6917: 6778: 6557: 6520: 6376: 6361: 6309: 6103: 6083: 6051: 6046: 6017: 6012: 5936: 5926: 5755: 5719: 5711: 5682: 5595: 5515: 5510: 5473: 5463: 5389: 5327: 5169: 5006: 4856: 4514: 4391: 4164: 3747: 3539: 3391: 3133: 1933: 1333: 1125:. Young men, perhaps princes, can impersonate the four deities carrying the earth ( 605: 314: 146: 6994: 3705: 3096:

Guatemala: Piedra Santa 2021. Published with support of the Gerda Henkel Stiftung.

1208: 979: 9396: 8025: 8005: 7495: 7387: 7377: 7046: 6714: 6505: 6485: 6416: 6381: 6314: 6034: 6007: 5982: 5931: 5909: 5702: 5645: 5416: 4933: 4734: 4660: 4600: 4555: 4524: 4416: 4271: 4144: 4129: 3939: 3905: 3796: 3730: 3663: 3410: 2725: 1772: 1732: 1720: 1535: 1369: 1321: 954: 907: 863: 831: 658: 555: 229: 141: 113: 87: 82: 24: 4067: 3493:

Karl Taube, 'The Birth Vase: Natal Imagery in Ancient Maya Myth and Ritual', in

3355:

An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya

3159:

Art and Society in a Highland Maya Community: The Altarpiece of Santiago Atitlán

8147: 8040: 7980: 7696: 7671: 7456: 7360: 7242: 7186: 7139: 6552: 6500: 6396: 6366: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6319: 6215: 6135: 6118: 6071: 6061: 5105: 4768: 4751: 4570: 4550: 4519: 4411: 4179: 3833: 3378:

Orellana, Sandra L. (Spring 1981). "Idols and Idolatry in Highland Guatemala".

2137: 2132: 2085: 2062: 1862: 1820: 1807: 1702: 1657: 1405: 1316:

In Maya narrative, warfare includes the warriors' transformation into animals (

1150: 906:) celebrated at an improvised altar for the Yucatec rain deities. Particularly 792: 590: 570: 319: 289: 33: 6108: 5370: 4421: 2748:

Balancing the World: Contemporary Maya "ajq’ijab" in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala

1510:

mythical past, the enthronement of some of the patron deities of the kingdom.

9411: 8075: 7629: 7510: 6902: 6897: 6845: 6682: 6620: 6515: 6406: 6304: 6235: 6167: 6157: 6130: 5963: 5941: 5879: 5775: 5738: 5657: 5565: 5016: 4967: 4672: 4401: 4396: 4029: 3949: 3858: 3838: 3823: 3759: 3620: 3290:

David Joralemon, 'Ritual Blood Sacrifice Among the Ancient Maya: Part I', in

1996: 1760: 1531: 1470: 1397: 1353: 1162: 630: 610: 595: 6744: 3553:. Archaeological Institute of America. The Macmillan Company, New York 1907. 1727:, went to a sort of paradise. The ancestors of Maya kings (Palenque tomb of 8210: 8112: 7973: 7661: 7656: 7634: 7624: 7505: 6937: 6872: 6815: 6800: 6766: 6391: 6299: 5337: 5228: 5223: 5074: 5044: 4918: 4886: 4634: 4605: 4592: 4281: 4219: 4209: 4204: 4024: 4018: 3873: 3863: 3843: 3570: 3441: 3104:

Patron Gods and Patron Lords: The Semiotics of Classic Maya Community Cults

2073: 2024: 1928:

are among the codical deities, their associate, the Classic Maize Hero (or

1854: 1629: 1621: 1589: 1573: 1551: 1449:) were often depicted as the patrons of the priestly scribes and diviners ( 1420: 1325: 1290:

near Chichén Itzá, with its numerous Tlaloc censers and miniature metates.

961: 851: 784: 770:

Primary sources from the early-colonial (16th-century) period, such as the

763: 640: 635: 550: 545: 482: 458: 329: 199: 169: 159: 20: 6438: 5125: 1248:). The main collection of ancient Yucatec curing rituals is the so-called 1214: 8132: 8107: 7931: 7899: 7890: 7836: 7766: 7751: 7644: 7535: 7196: 7144: 6932: 6650: 6630: 6470: 6411: 6149: 6145: 5968: 5488: 5436: 5406: 5243: 5097: 4989: 4913: 4778: 4714: 4665: 4256: 4174: 4050: 3853: 3806: 1988: 1839: 1756: 1625: 1593: 1539: 1466: 1287: 1195: 600: 560: 279: 244: 118: 7451: 7392: 6495: 5916: 5750: 5299: 3989: 3087:

In the Maw of the Earth Monster. Studies of Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use

2043:

According to Yucatec belief, the indigenous priests can create goblins (

2027:, severed the limbs of his victims, and was already known in Preclassic 1857:), the aged deities of the underground, terrestrial water, and thunder ( 1372:, is sacrificing his own blood in front of directional trees (murals of 8098: 8093: 7968: 7963: 7926: 7904: 7761: 7741: 7736: 7577: 7567: 7530: 7134: 6912: 6860: 6600: 6245: 6225: 5803: 5728: 5667: 5431: 5411: 5332: 4984: 4952: 4923: 4702: 4697: 4682: 3828: 3774: 3264:

Verbal Art and Performance in Ch'orti' and in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing

2081: 1959: 1937: 1925: 1905: 874: 835: 625: 620: 349: 339: 274: 239: 6942: 5823: 4169: 3403: 1951: 490: 294: 8045: 7841: 7756: 7746: 7617: 7572: 7557: 7490: 7338: 6805: 6727: 6687: 6677: 6640: 6615: 6595: 6490: 6356: 6210: 6200: 5972: 5830: 5640: 5625: 5590: 5573: 5555: 5468: 5248: 5164: 5143: 5138: 5115: 5110: 5069: 5064: 5001: 4938: 4861: 4832: 4783: 4724: 4677: 4139: 4060: 3764: 3269:

Kerry Hull, 'The Grand Ch'orti' Epic: The Story of the Kumix Angel'.

2106: 2069: 1917: 1913: 1898: 1887: 1865:(God E), and a related young deity of foodstuffs and flowers (God H); 1712: 1648:(4 Ahau 8 Cumku), following upon the completion of thirteen previous 1637: 1519: 1401: 1113: 973: 942: 796: 772: 580: 462: 395: 264: 219: 5520: 5049: 3974: 3612: 23:. For the meaning of Maya in the religious traditions of India, see 7848: 7592: 7582: 7437: 6927: 6907: 6734: 6610: 6465: 6039: 5793: 5733: 5652: 5560: 5547: 5525: 5505: 5483: 5478: 5458: 5398: 5365: 5304: 5148: 5133: 5011: 4972: 4928: 4719: 4656: 4560: 4463: 4406: 4266: 4251: 4234: 4229: 3818: 3395: 2050: 1921: 1872: 1737: 1661: 1597: 1568: 1547: 1523: 1499: 1442: 1416: 1412: 1134: 1026: 1022: 486: 470: 369: 284: 214: 189: 184: 3969: 3575:

Tortillas for the Gods. A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals

3171:

Michael D. Coe, 'Death and the Ancient Maya', in E.P. Benson ed.,

8117: 7721: 7686: 7607: 7520: 7461: 7365: 7068: 6922: 6672: 6625: 6510: 6386: 6205: 5672: 5635: 5446: 4996: 4962: 4805: 4506: 4296: 4261: 4154: 3725: 2705:

Braakhuis 1987; Inomata 2001; Beliaev & Davletshin 2014: 5, 8

1980: 1832: 1707: 1495: 1475: 1070:

certain set occasions dictated by the Catholic calendar (such as

989: 478: 474: 374: 254: 249: 164: 123: 52: 3979: 3584:. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1969. 3276:

Takeshi Inomata, 'The Power and Ideology of Artistic Creation'.

8030: 7909: 7894: 7713: 7602: 7587: 7545: 7323: 7201: 6475: 6230: 6220: 5874: 5835: 5677: 5285: 5255: 4979: 4246: 4194: 4159: 3964: 3469:. San Francisco: The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute 2005. 3458:

David Stuart, 'New Year Records in Classic Maya Inscriptions'.

2011: 1880: 1858: 1812: 1719:) to be tormented there (a view still held by the 20th-century 1716: 1684: 1633: 1543: 1357: 1255: 1126: 1018: 870: 840: 466: 364: 359: 324: 309: 304: 259: 174: 6421: 1849:

gods of the weather and the crops, particularly the rain god (

1696: 1279:'dinner of the maize field'), and imploring the rain deities ( 7726: 7500: 7480: 7465: 7041: 6867: 6662: 6525: 6480: 6460: 5662: 5059: 4905: 4687: 4291: 4276: 4224: 4134: 4124: 4119: 3994: 2028: 2016: 1992: 1984: 1894: 1876: 1850: 1816: 1724: 1689: 1585: 1438: 1361: 1317: 1179: 1130: 1118: 1101: 1096: 1014: 354: 334: 269: 224: 204: 194: 179: 825: 7651: 7540: 5493: 4432: 3959: 3932: 3446:

Die Tierbilder der mexikanischen und der Maya-Handschriften

3362:

Theology and History in the Study of Mesoamerican Religions

3255:

Kerry Hull, 'Cosmological and Ritual Language in Ch'orti'.

2105:, whereas in eastern Yucatán during the late 19th-century ' 2045: 1612:

Within the framework of the post-Classic cycle of thirteen

1596:

serpent hovers around it, which some believe to embody the

3266:. Dissertation (online), University of Texas, Austin 2003. 1483:) referred more specifically to the counting of the days. 7550: 7515: 6190: 5569: 3241:

Nikolai Grube and Werner Nahm, 'A Census of Xibalba', in

1190:

Like the Year Bearers, the thirteen twenty-year periods (

1052: 3582:

Zinacantan: A Maya Community in the Highlands of Chiapas

3350:. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1957. 877:

and had their visits recorded on the sanctuary's walls.

508: 3544:

Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. A Translation

3306:

Santa Eulalia. The Religion of a Cuchumatán Indian Town

3283:

Takeshi Inomata, 'Plazas, Performers, and Spectators'.

1231:'second birth'). The Yucatec Maya continue the ritual ( 4475: 3250:

Perils of the Soul. The World View of a Tzotzil Indian

2696:

Miles 1957:749, quoting Fuentes y Guzmán and Las Casas

19:

This article is about the traditional religion of the

3301:

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 1995.

3017:

Redfield and Villa Rojas 1934: 116; Gabriel 2000: 247

1078:'dance of Xibalba') or the monthly feasts (e.g., the 983:

Contemporary Maya priest in a healing ritual at Tikal

3536:. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1972. 3313:

To be like Gods. Dance in Ancient Maya Civilization.

3238:. Chino Valley (Arizona): Continuum Foundation 1995. 1871:

occupational gods, particularly those of merchants (

1794:

The ancient Maya concept of 'deity', or 'divinity' (

1060: 802:

Archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic studies

3551:

A Comparative Study of the Mayas and the Lacandones

3377: 2003: 1218:

Jéets méek' ritual as practiced nowadays in Yucatan

755:historians who studied them and continue to do so. 3504:. University of New Mexico Pres, Albuquerque 1992. 1723:), while others, such as those led by the goddess 3417:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1934. 1979:Popol Vuh, for example, grandfather 'Great White 1879:), black sorcerers (god L), midwives (goddess O, 505:, and Christianity in its various denominations. 9409: 3483:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989. 3322:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989. 3308:. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1947. 3173:Death and the Afterlife in Pre-Columbian America 1518:What is often called Maya 'astronomy' is really 1607: 1108:panels. On the royal stelae – that is, at five- 1005:), astrologer, and sacrificer of human beings ( 923:rather than an offering to a divine recipient. 493:states of Mexico is part of the wider frame of 1920:(the 'Red Woman'). The Postclassic Maya deity 1711:'place of fright') like that described in the 4448: 3628: 1632:), the divine carriers of sky and earth (the 1580:In the world's centre is a tree of life (the 735: 430: 3529:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1970. 3522:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1960. 3467:The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque 3438:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1968. 3431:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1965. 3424:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1967. 3121:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 1744: 1644:For the Classic Mayas, the base date of the 1431: 1271:protecting an area against evil influences ( 3577:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1976. 3327:The Paris Codex: Handbook for a Maya Priest 2900:Thompson 1960: 71, quoting Nuñez de la Vega 1886:a young goddess of eroticism and marriage ( 1697:Afterlife: Underworld, paradise and the sea 880: 4455: 4441: 3635: 3621: 3436:The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel 3161:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001. 3123:143-1 (1987): 25–53. (On www.academia.edu) 1261: 742: 728: 437: 423: 3343:. University of Texas Press, Austin 1999. 3329:. University of Texas Press, Austin 1994. 3206:David Freidel, Linda Schele, Joy Parker, 3203:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2009. 3140:. University of Texas Press, Austin 1981. 3116:. University of Texas Press, Austin 1972. 3089:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2005. 2345:Stuart 2005: 31–32, 123, 176; Zender 2004 2128:List of Maya gods and supernatural beings 2091: 1790:List of Maya gods and supernatural beings 1562: 1498:), and reading the signs given by birds ( 960:so-called civil-religious hierarchy (or ' 826:Ritual topography and calendrical mapping 809: 6970: 3292:Primera Mesa Redonda de Palenque Part II 3182:, pp. 327–347. Academic Press 1977. 1673: 1213: 978: 8262: 3497:Vol. 4, New York 1994. Kerr Associates. 3434:Scholes, France V., and Ralph L. Roys, 3315:University of Texas Press, Austin 2009. 3245:Vol. 4, New York 1994. Kerr Associates. 1815:; the Popol Vuh Triad of lineage gods ( 9410: 3252:. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe. 3187:Rubelpec: Cuentos y leyendas de Senahú 2918:Redfield and Villa Rojas 1934: 335–337 2828:Freidel, Schele and Parker 1993: 78ff. 1759:), and on their disappearance, left a 1426: 1201: 1053:Dramatic performance and impersonation 8261: 7419: 6969: 4474: 4436: 3642: 3616: 3231:. Guatemala: Editorial Cultura. 1949. 2873:Coe 1975:91, quoting Fuentes y Guzmán 2660:Freidel, Schele, Parker 1993: 137–138 2579:cf. Freidel, Schele, Parker 1993: 261 2417:Avendaño, in Tozzer 1941: 29 note 156 2327:Tozzer 1941: 26n136, quoting Avendaño 2038: 1846:, and the patrons of the Venus cycle; 782:, and (at least in part) the various 509:Sources of traditional Mayan religion 3603:Maya Religion by David Stuart (2005) 3546:. Peabody Museum, Cambridge MA 1941. 3422:The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel 3166:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3106:. University of Colorado Press 2016. 2228:Tozzer 1907: 84–93, 102–105, 105–150 1838:sky gods, particularly the sun god ( 1542:contains what some consider to be a 9428:Mesoamerican mythology and religion 1391:During the Classic period, Tikal's 1386: 13: 8231:Religions and spiritual traditions 4477:Religious groups and denominations 3589:A Study of Classic Maya Priesthood 3490:. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington 1992. 3334:Chronicle of Maya Kings and Queens 3332:Martin, Simon, and Nikolai Grube, 3175:. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington 1975. 3138:The Indian Christ, The Indian King 2945:Hull 2009; Braakhuis and Hull 2014 2855:see Freidel and Schele 1993:59–107 1415:(a name corresponding to Quichean 16:Beliefs of the ancient Maya people 14: 9454: 3596: 3534:A Commentary on the Dresden Codex 3488:The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatán 3357:. Thames and Hudson, London 1993. 3229:Los Chortis ante el problema maya 3224:Acta Mesoamericana Bd. 11 (2000). 3194:Kunst und Religion der Mayavölker 3180:Social Process in Maya Prehistory 1973: 1620:'), some of the Yucatec Books of 1140: 1061:Feasting and dramatic performance 9391: 9382: 9381: 9195:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8337:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3704: 3348:The Sixteenth-Century Pokom-Maya 3210:. William Morrow, New York 1993. 3201:Death and the Classic Maya Kings 3189:. Guatemala: Pineda Ibarra 1965. 2004:Spooks, demons, and bush spirits 1916:(the 'White Woman') and the old 1089: 709: 534: 45: 7802:Evolutionary origin of religion 3476:. Harmony Books, New York 2011. 3213:Francisco de Fuentes y Guzmán, 3196:. Berlin: Julius Springer 1926. 3078: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2740: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2498:e.g., Christenson 2001: 70, 209 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 1983:' and grandmother 'Great White 1883:), hunters with snares (Tabay); 1741:) in Central Mexican religion. 926: 893:Human sacrifice in Maya culture 8153:Separation of church and state 6811:Polytheistic reconstructionism 3481:Word and Image in Maya Culture 3320:Word and Image in Maya Culture 3217:. 2 vols. Madrid: Atlas. 1969. 2882:Fitzsimmons 2009: 68–71, 90–92 2597:Fuentes y Guzmán I 1969: 76–77 2222: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 1324:counted as a war deity in the 1137:into, a phenomenon of nature. 1013:, the most important deities ( 1: 5809:Traditional Sabahan religions 3448:. Gesammelte Abhandlungen IV. 3371:. Signal Books, Carrboro N.C. 2143: 1460: 1222: 1041:'master of fire'). The king ( 948: 857: 834:). Thus, the Tzotzil town of 4462: 3353:Mary Miller and Karl Taube, 2963:Scholes and Roys 1968: 56–57 2746:Daniel Croles Fitjar (1988) 2354:see Dozer 1941:140, 164, 166 2183:Adams and Brady 2005:301–327 2056: 1749: 1608:World endings and beginnings 1557: 1513: 1302: 1045:or 'holy lord'), too, acted 1011:K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj 673:Spanish conquest of the Maya 7: 9438:Religion in Central America 9418:Maya mythology and religion 8011:National religiosity levels 7236:Nauruan Indigenous religion 6791:Hellenism (modern religion) 3114:The Black-man of Zinacantan 3044:Reifler Bricker 1981: 53–69 2936:Guiteras 1961: 182–183, 262 2121: 1958:is another example of such 1831:The principal creator god ( 1668: 1465:Like all other cultures of 1343: 1156: 1149:, and was written by friar 10: 9459: 7420: 4357:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 3502:Time and the Highland Maya 3369:El Kanil, Man of Lightning 3094:Los mayas nunca se fueron. 2726:Time and the Highland Maya 2282:Christenson 2001: 157, 178 2060: 1787: 1783: 1469:, the Maya used a 260-day 1453:) themselves, that is, as 1311: 1160: 952: 890: 884: 861: 839:around karstic sinkholes ( 795:for the Lowland Mayas and 18: 9433:Religion in North America 9377: 9296: 9213: 9085: 8830: 8555: 8272: 8268: 8257: 8166: 8091: 7867: 7775: 7712: 7430: 7426: 7415: 6978: 6965: 6890: 6713: 6695:Transcendental Meditation 6588: 6575: 6540: 6288: 6265: 6254: 6181: 6144: 5888: 5784: 5766: 5710: 5701: 5618: 5546: 5397: 5388: 5346: 5318: 5276: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5157: 5124: 5096: 5087: 5037: 4904: 4591: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4470: 4380: 4305: 4105: 4012:Annals of the Cakchiquels 4003: 3948: 3872: 3713: 3702: 3652: 3527:Maya History and Religion 3520:Maya Hieroglyphic Writing 3455:36-2 (April 2014): 49–64. 3413:and Alfonso Villa Rojas, 3336:. Thames&Hudson 2000. 3248:Calixta Guiteras Holmes, 3185:Mario de la Cruz Torres, 3053:Reifler Bricker 1981: 108 2909:Carlson and Prechtel 1991 2678:Martin and Grube 2000: 43 2309:Landa, in Tozzer 1941: 27 2112: 2099:Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712 2000:represent lineage names. 1766: 1745:Powers of the Other World 1550:"). Some of the Books of 1538:as the Morning Star. The 1473:, usually referred to as 1432:Numerology and calendrics 1238: 1037:, possibly 'worshipper', 935: 887:Sacrifice in Maya culture 391:Annals of the Cakchiquels 8322:Central African Republic 5356:Vietnamese folk religion 4747:Charismatic Christianity 3415:Chan Kom. A Maya Village 3145:Latin American Antiquity 3134:Victoria Reifler Bricker 2990:Coe 1977; Braakhuis 1987 2954:e.g., Vogt 1976: 159–161 2801:cf. Milbrath 1999: 37–41 1656:', the mythology of the 1086:, a patron of feasting. 881:Offerings and sacrifices 516:This article is part of 8216:New religious movements 7854:Theories about religion 7807:Evolutionary psychology 6836:Modern Finnish paganism 4823:Independent Catholicism 4372:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ 4332:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat 3199:Fitzsimmons, James L., 3062:Dieseldorff 1926: 17–18 2723:Barbara Tedlock (1992) 1995:) to the new king. The 1293: 1262:Weather and agriculture 897:Maya dedication rituals 8865:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6851:Erzyan native religion 6700:Unitarian Universalism 6089:Native American Church 4867:Oneness Pentecostalism 3259:, 2000, www.famsi.org. 3157:Allen J. Christenson, 3035:Thompson 1970: 330–373 3026:Thompson 1970: 340–341 2837:e.g., Roys 1967:99–101 2390:Nehammer, Thun, Helmke 2092:Religious mobilization 1853:), the lightning god ( 1563:Earth, sky, underworld 1219: 984: 810:Fundamentals of ritual 716:Mesoamerica portal 9185:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8482:São Tomé and Príncipe 8342:Republic of the Congo 6548:Aboriginal Australian 5219:Chinese folk religion 4347:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ 4337:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 4096:Título de Totonicapán 3669:Classic Maya collapse 3388:Duke University Press 3341:Star Gods of the Maya 2891:cf. Thompson 1970:301 2846:Velásquez García 2006 2783:Cruz Torres 1965: 356 2633:Tedlock 1996: 192–193 2570:LaFarge 1947: 126–127 2255:Joralemon 1974: 59–75 2210:Thompson 1970:112–113 1788:Further information: 1674:Soul and 'co-essence' 1217: 982: 966:padrinos del invierno 664:Classic Maya collapse 495:Mesoamerican religion 411:Título de Totonicapán 8807:United Arab Emirates 7598:Religious experience 6972:Historical religions 5376:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 4708:Schwenkfelder Church 4352:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I 4075:Ritual of the Bacabs 3736:Twin-pyramid complex 3429:Ritual of the Bacabs 3285:Current Anthropology 3278:Current Anthropology 3257:FAMSI Grantee Report 3147:16-2(2005): 131–146. 3130:109 (2014): 449–466. 3071:Monaghan 2000: 38–39 2774:Tedlock1992: 187–190 2765:Stuart 2011: 248–249 2714:Stuart 2011: 229–251 2687:Tedlock 1996:174–175 2669:Stuart 2011: 266–267 2651:Stuart 2011: 256–262 2642:Stuart 2011: 264–265 2606:Tozzer 1941: 164–165 2534:Tozzer 1941: 155–156 2426:Tozzer 1941: 153–166 2399:Tedlock 1992: 99–104 2318:Tozzer 1941: 146n707 2291:Girard 1949: 783–813 1251:Ritual of the Bacabs 779:Ritual of the Bacabs 401:Ritual of the Bacabs 9200:Trinidad and Tobago 9095:Antigua and Barbuda 8263:Religion by country 7324:Cult of Magna Mater 5846:Philippine Dayawism 5427:Nimbarka Sampradaya 5175:Chinese Manichaeism 4847:Jehovah's Witnesses 4652:Proto-Protestantism 4317:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil 4287:Xmucane and Xpiacoc 4082:Songs of Dzitbalché 3558:Ancient Mesoamerica 3273:20 (2009): 131–140. 3215:Recordación Florida 3154:26-1 (1991): 22–42. 3092:Akkeren, Ruud van, 2864:Grube and Nahm 1994 2810:Love 1994: 89, 93ff 2525:Andrews et al. 1970 2372:Taube 1989: 351–382 2363:Looper 2009:132–142 2336:Orellana 1981: 163. 2246:Taube 1994: 669–671 2165:Tedlock 1992: 76–85 1427:Sciences of destiny 1202:Occupational groups 345:Xmucane and Xpiacoc 9443:Religion in Mexico 9135:Dominican Republic 8181:Abrahamic prophets 7275:Proto-Indo-Iranian 5819:Aliran Kepercayaan 5022:Non-denominational 4944:Modernist Salafism 4630:Oriental Orthodoxy 4342:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II 4150:Howler monkey gods 3560:11(2000): 123–147. 3549:Alfred M. Tozzer, 3495:The Maya Vase Book 3360:John D. Monaghan, 3271:Acta Mesoamericana 3236:People of the Chan 3220:Marianne Gabriel, 3192:E.P. Dieseldorff, 3112:Sarah C. Blaffer, 2615:Thompson 1970: 167 2480:Girard 1995: 40–41 2300:Tedlock 1992:46–53 2201:Love 1989: 336–350 2174:Roys 1967: 132–134 2103:Saint Rose of Lima 2084:and the principal 2039:Goblins and dwarfs 1940:('Powerful One'). 1930:Tonsured Maize God 1455:Howler Monkey Gods 1220: 1123:Tonsured Maize God 1084:Tonsured Maize God 985: 235:Howler monkey gods 133:Deities and beings 78:Dedication rituals 9423:Maya civilization 9405: 9404: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9368: 8357:Equatorial Guinea 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 7792:Cognitive science 7411: 7410: 7344:Mysteries of Isis 7118:Frankish paganism 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6705:White Brotherhood 6571: 6570: 6536: 6535: 5880:Sundanese Wiwitan 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5422:Brahma Sampradaya 5384: 5383: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5165:Assianism/Uatsdin 5083: 5082: 4852:British Israelism 4838:Nontrinitarianism 4801:Plymouth Brethren 4796:Nondenominational 4730:Congregationalism 4618:Eastern Orthodoxy 4566:Reconstructionist 4430: 4429: 4367:Yuknoom Chʼeen II 4327:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II 3645:Maya civilization 3532:J.E.S. Thompson, 3525:J.E.S. Thompson, 3518:J.E.S. Thompson, 3500:Barbara Tedlock, 3474:The Order of Days 3304:Olivier LaFarge, 2819:Thompson 1960: 71 2755:978-3-653-98074-5 2561:Vogt 1976: 97–115 2489:LaFarge 1947: 125 2453:e.g., Köhler 1995 1338:Temple of the Sun 1275:), thanksgiving ( 848:Maya architecture 752: 751: 527:Maya civilization 503:Pan-Maya movement 499:Roman Catholicism 447: 446: 210:Chirakan-Ixmucane 9450: 9395: 9385: 9384: 9263:Papua New Guinea 9238:Marshall Islands 9065:Northern Ireland 8270: 8269: 8259: 8258: 8143:Secular theology 8138:Secular humanism 7428: 7427: 7417: 7416: 7292:Ancestral Pueblo 6967: 6966: 6586: 6585: 6263: 6262: 5708: 5707: 5464:Shaiva Siddhanta 5395: 5394: 5328:Korean shamanism 5207: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5094: 5093: 5007:Mahdawi movement 4877:Swedenborgianism 4857:Christadelphians 4503: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4472: 4471: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4392:Lady Eveningstar 4384: 4309: 4109: 3952: 3876: 3708: 3674:Spanish conquest 3656: 3646: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3565:The PARI Journal 3540:Alfred M. Tozzer 3462:5-2 (2004): 1–6. 3460:The PARI Journal 3407: 3367:Victor Montejo, 3339:Susan Milbrath, 3311:Matthew Looper, 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2744: 2738: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2552:Tozzer 1941: 162 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2462:Vogt 1976: 91–94 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 1956:Santiago Atitlan 1950:('Grandfather') 1934:Maya jaguar gods 1616:(the so-called ' 1387:Ancestor worship 1334:Maya jaguar gods 1246:k'exolil-helolil 744: 737: 730: 714: 713: 712: 538: 528: 513: 512: 449:The traditional 439: 432: 425: 49: 30: 29: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9365: 9292: 9273:Solomon Islands 9209: 9081: 8985:North Macedonia 8826: 8551: 8264: 8245: 8206:Mass gatherings 8174: 8169: 8162: 8101: 8096: 8087: 8026:Religiocentrism 8006:National church 7874: 7871: 7863: 7778: 7771: 7708: 7630:Bodies of water 7422: 7407: 7192:Jamaican Maroon 6974: 6949: 6886: 6716: 6709: 6580: 6578: 6567: 6532: 6506:Trinidad Orisha 6291: 6284: 6257: 6250: 6177: 6140: 5891: 5884: 5780: 5762: 5689: 5663:Srilankan Vedda 5614: 5542: 5417:Sri Vaishnavism 5380: 5342: 5314: 5272: 5179: 5153: 5120: 5079: 5033: 4958:Twelver Shi'ism 4900: 4762:Neo-charismatic 4735:Presbyterianism 4587: 4479: 4466: 4461: 4431: 4426: 4417:Wak Chanil Ajaw 4382: 4376: 4307: 4301: 4107: 4101: 3999: 3950: 3944: 3916:Human sacrifice 3874: 3868: 3731:Triadic pyramid 3709: 3700: 3664:Preclassic Maya 3654: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3599: 3594: 3427:Ralph L. Roys, 3420:Ralph L. Roys, 3411:Robert Redfield 3297:Ulrich Köhler, 3243:Maya Vase Books 3234:Rafael Girard, 3227:Rafael Girard, 3102:Baron, Joanne, 3081: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2745: 2741: 2737:pp. 46—86 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2441:www.calkini.net 2435: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219:Tozzer 1941:141 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2124: 2115: 2094: 2065: 2059: 2041: 2006: 1976: 1792: 1786: 1773:Maya hero twins 1769: 1752: 1747: 1733:Flower Mountain 1699: 1676: 1671: 1610: 1565: 1560: 1536:heliacal rising 1516: 1463: 1434: 1429: 1393:North Acropolis 1389: 1364:'s Temple IV). 1346: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1264: 1241: 1225: 1204: 1165: 1159: 1143: 1092: 1063: 1055: 957: 955:Maya priesthood 951: 938: 929: 899: 889: 883: 866: 864:Maya pilgrimage 860: 832:Maya cave sites 828: 812: 748: 710: 708: 701: 659:Preclassic Maya 526: 511: 443: 156: 55: 36: 28: 25:Maya (religion) 17: 12: 11: 5: 9456: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9389: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9302: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9219: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9091: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9055:United Kingdom 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8836: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8148:Secularization 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8128:Deconstruction 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7981:Fundamentalism 7978: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7459: 7457:Call to prayer 7454: 7449: 7444: 7442:Disaffiliation 7434: 7432: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7140:Greco-Buddhism 7137: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6721: 6719: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6501:Tambor de Mina 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6278:Guanche church 6269: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6183:Tibeto-Burmese 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6099:Nuu-chah-nulth 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6008:Muscogee Creek 6005: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5875:Sumbese Marapu 5872: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5796: 5794:Batak Parmalim 5790: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5716: 5714: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5106:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 5102: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843:Bible Students 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4813:Restorationism 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4769:Evangelicalism 4766: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4481: 4480: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4362:Yoʼnal Ahk III 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3928:Social classes 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3790:Maritime trade 3787: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3597:External links 3595: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3580:Evon Z. Vogt, 3578: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3472:David Stuart, 3470: 3465:David Stuart, 3463: 3456: 3449: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3408: 3396:10.2307/481116 3375: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2792:Hull 2000: 2–3 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2739: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2138:Olmec religion 2135: 2133:Aztec religion 2130: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2093: 2090: 2086:Maya maize god 2063:Maya mythology 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2040: 2037: 2005: 2002: 1975: 1974:Animal persons 1972: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1891: 1884: 1869: 1866: 1863:Maya maize god 1847: 1836: 1821:patron deities 1808:Maya maize god 1802:in Ch'ol, and 1785: 1782: 1768: 1765: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1698: 1695: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1658:Maya maize god 1609: 1606: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1515: 1512: 1462: 1459: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1406:Vision Serpent 1398:sacred bundles 1388: 1385: 1345: 1342: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1263: 1260: 1240: 1237: 1224: 1221: 1203: 1200: 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1151:Diego de Landa 1142: 1141:Ritual domains 1139: 1135:transformation 1091: 1088: 1072:Corpus Christi 1062: 1059: 1054: 1051: 953:Main article: 950: 947: 937: 934: 928: 925: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 862:Main article: 859: 856: 827: 824: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 800: 789: 768: 750: 749: 747: 746: 739: 732: 724: 721: 720: 719: 718: 703: 702: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 676: 675: 669: 668: 667: 666: 661: 653: 652: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 540: 539: 531: 530: 522: 521: 510: 507: 457:of the extant 455:Mayan religion 445: 444: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 416: 415: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 385: 384: 380: 379: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 320:Vision Serpent 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 155: 154: 149: 144: 136: 135: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 108: 107: 103: 102: 101: 100: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 62: 61: 57: 56: 51:Maize god and 50: 42: 41: 34:Maya mythology 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9455: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9388: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9298:South America 9295: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9205:United States 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9087:North America 9084: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8945:Liechtenstein 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8397:Guinea-Bissau 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8256: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8221:Organizations 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8051:Vegetarianism 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7996:Homosexuality 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7817:Neurotheology 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Folk religion 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7334:Imperial cult 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Discordianism 6901: 6899: 6898:Anthroposophy 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846:Mari religion 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6683:Neo-Theosophy 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:New Acropolis 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6574: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266:North African 6264: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:Kwakwakaʼwakw 6028: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5768:Austroasiatic 5765: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5739:Vattisen Yaly 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Kirat Mundhum 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Milah Abraham 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4673:Protestantism 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Lady of Tikal 4400: 4398: 4397:Lady of Itzan 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4322:Haʼ Kʼin Xook 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4089:Título Cʼoyoi 4086: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3921:Death rituals 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3587:Marc Zender, 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3567:VII-1 (2006). 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3513:0-671-45241-X 3510: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3287:47 (5), 2006. 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2735:9780826313584 2732: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2437:"El Jetz-Mek" 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2156:Vogt 1976: 63 2153: 2149: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2001: 1998: 1997:Dresden Codex 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954:venerated in 1953: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1761:sacred bundle 1758: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:Dresden Codex 1529: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:theatre state 1351: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1164: 1163:Maya calendar 1154: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1090:Impersonation 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1058: 1050: 1049:as a priest. 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 956: 946: 944: 933: 924: 920: 917: 911: 909: 905: 898: 894: 888: 878: 876: 872: 865: 855: 853: 849: 844: 842: 837: 833: 823: 821: 817: 804: 801: 798: 794: 790: 787: 786: 781: 780: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 760: 759: 756: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 725: 723: 722: 717: 707: 706: 705: 704: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 678: 677: 674: 671: 670: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 655: 654: 651: 648: 647: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 537: 533: 532: 529: 524: 523: 519: 515: 514: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 420: 418: 417: 412: 409: 407: 406:Título C'oyoi 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 386: 382: 381: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 134: 131: 130: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 105: 104: 98: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 73:Death rituals 71: 69: 66: 65: 64: 63: 59: 58: 54: 48: 44: 43: 40: 35: 32: 31: 26: 22: 8802:Turkmenistan 8762:Saudi Arabia 8507:South Africa 8497:Sierra Leone 8302:Burkina Faso 8211:Names of God 8158:Unaffiliated 8113:Antireligion 7974:Universalism 7922:Assimilation 7787:Anthropology 7662:Supernatural 7657:Spirituality 7625:Sacred space 7613:Purification 7486:Denomination 7440: / 7248:Paleo-Balkan 7214:Mesopotamian 7054:Cook Islands 7025:Old Prussian 6938:UFO religion 6877: 6873:Zalmoxianism 6801:Neoshamanism 6658:Spiritualism 6541:Other ethnic 6430: 6256:Traditional 6216:Bongthingism 6114:Acoma Pueblo 6066: 6057:Mesoamerican 5786:Austronesian 5607: 5603:Neo-Buddhism 5535: 5531:Neo-Hinduism 5452:Swaminarayan 5290: 5239:Salvationist 5224:Confucianism 5075:Samaritanism 5045:Ali-Illahism 5026: 4893: 4887:Unitarianism 4828:Old Catholic 4635:Nestorianism 4593:Christianity 4580: 4546:Conservative 4282:Vucub Caquix 4241: 4210:Ah-Muzen-Cab 4201:Post-Classic 4190:Moon goddess 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4068:Rabinal Achí 4066: 4059: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4019:Chilam Balam 4017: 4010: 3900: 3721:Architecture 3588: 3581: 3574: 3571:Evon Z. Vogt 3564: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3486:Karl Taube, 3480: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3442:Eduard Seler 3435: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3383: 3380:Ethnohistory 3379: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3346:S.W. Miles, 3340: 3333: 3326: 3325:Bruce Love, 3319: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3262:Kerry Hull, 3256: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3103: 3093: 3086: 3079:Bibliography 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3008:Blaffer 1972 3004: 2999:Akkeren 2021 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2927:Montejo 1984 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2747: 2742: 2729:(UNM Press) 2724: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2624:Inomata 2006 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2516:Gabriel 2000 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2116: 2095: 2078: 2074:Chilam Balam 2066: 2044: 2042: 2032: 2025:Vucub Caquix 2020: 2010: 2007: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1945: 1942: 1911: 1904:the deified 1893:death gods ( 1855:Bolon Dzacab 1844:moon goddess 1825: 1803: 1799: 1798:in Yucatec, 1795: 1793: 1770: 1753: 1736: 1706: 1703:Pokoman Maya 1700: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1654:Paddler Gods 1649: 1643: 1630:Bolon Dzacab 1622:Chilam Balam 1613: 1611: 1602: 1592:; a curving 1590:Borgia Codex 1581: 1579: 1574:Chilam Balam 1566: 1552:Chilam Balam 1526:and Oaxacan 1517: 1508: 1504: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1464: 1450: 1446: 1435: 1421:Quetzalcoatl 1410: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1366: 1350:halach uinic 1349: 1347: 1329: 1326:Alta Verapaz 1315: 1306: 1297: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1205: 1189: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1144: 1095: 1093: 1079: 1076:Xibalba okot 1075: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 986: 969: 965: 962:cargo system 958: 939: 930: 927:Purification 921: 912: 904:misa milpera 903: 900: 867: 852:Momostenango 845: 829: 819: 815: 813: 785:Chilam Balam 783: 777: 771: 764:Maya codices 757: 753: 586:Architecture 565: 483:Quintana Roo 459:Maya peoples 454: 450: 448: 330:Vucub Caquix 300:Moon goddess 170:Ah-Muzen-Cab 68:Bloodletting 38: 21:Maya peoples 9253:New Zealand 9190:Saint Lucia 9140:El Salvador 9045:Switzerland 8980:Netherlands 8752:Philippines 8680:South Korea 8675:North Korea 8565:Afghanistan 8512:South Sudan 8402:Ivory Coast 8186:Deification 8133:Objectivism 8108:Agnosticism 8066:Persecution 8056:Video games 8021:Populations 7932:Proselytism 7900:Monasticism 7891:Clericalism 7881:Agriculture 7872:and society 7837:Soteriology 7797:Comparative 7767:Transtheism 7752:Panentheism 7536:Monasticism 7329:Gallo-Roman 7231:Micronesian 7197:Manichaeism 7145:Hermeticism 7113:Continental 7108:Anglo-Saxon 6988:Paleolithic 6983:Prehistoric 6933:Scientology 6796:Italo-Roman 6651:Radha Soami 6631:New Thought 6471:Espiritismo 6412:Waaqeffanna 6352:Fon and Ewe 6290:Sub-Saharan 6173:Satsana Phi 5969:Ghost Dance 5927:Californian 5905:Anishinaabe 5836:Karo Pemena 5815:Indonesian 5489:Lingayatism 5437:Mahanubhava 5407:Vaishnavism 5338:Jeungsanism 5261:Folk Taoism 5244:Xiantiandao 5098:Zoroastrian 4757:Charismatic 4752:Pentecostal 4715:Anglicanism 4666:Waldensians 4601:Catholicism 4422:Yohl Ikʼnal 4257:Hun Hunahpu 4175:Kinich Ahau 4165:Jaguar gods 3390:: 157–177. 3208:Maya Cosmos 2507:Girard 1995 2381:Stuart 2005 2264:Köhler 1995 1989:Paris Codex 1840:Kinich Ahau 1757:Chicomoztoc 1626:deluge myth 1618:Short Count 1540:Paris Codex 1467:Mesoamerica 1374:San Bartolo 1288:Balankanche 1229:caput sihil 1196:Short Count 1080:holkan okot 1043:k'uhul ajaw 1039:yajaw k'ahk 916:cannibalism 280:Kinich Ahau 245:Hun Hunahpu 147:Jaguar gods 119:Middleworld 9412:Categories 9243:Micronesia 9120:Costa Rica 9015:San Marino 8975:Montenegro 8955:Luxembourg 8812:Uzbekistan 8787:Tajikistan 8692:Kyrgyzstan 8665:Kazakhstan 8615:East Timor 8585:Bangladesh 8575:Azerbaijan 8492:Seychelles 8457:Mozambique 8442:Mauritania 8427:Madagascar 8317:Cape Verde 8099:irreligion 8094:Secularism 8001:Minorities 7969:Toleration 7964:Syncretism 7949:Fanaticism 7939:Disability 7927:Missionary 7917:Conversion 7905:Ordination 7827:Psychology 7822:Philosophy 7762:Polytheism 7742:Monotheism 7737:Henotheism 7578:Orthopraxy 7568:Ordination 7531:Meditation 7526:Indigenous 7491:Entheogens 7476:Conversion 7302:Pueblo III 7219:Babylonian 7209:Melanesian 7135:Gnosticism 7020:Lithuanian 6913:Fourth Way 6767:Circassian 6745:Dievturība 6668:Tensegrity 6601:Falun Gong 6246:Sanamahism 6226:Donyi-Polo 5858:Polynesian 5804:Kaharingan 5729:Burkhanism 5668:Ravidassia 5646:Śvetāmbara 5432:Pushtimarg 5412:Krishnaism 5348:Vietnamese 5333:Cheondoism 5266:Yao Taoism 5202:East Asian 4968:Isma'ilism 4924:Maturidism 4703:Mennonites 4698:Hutterites 4683:Anabaptism 4576:Humanistic 4272:Qʼuqʼumatz 4145:Hero Twins 4130:Death gods 4004:Literature 3940:Households 3906:Priesthood 3168:21 (1965). 2972:Baron 2016 2543:Brown 2005 2192:Stone 2014 2144:References 2082:Hero Twins 1960:syncretism 1926:Hero Twins 1906:Hero Twins 1813:Itzamkanac 1646:Long Count 1638:Temple XIX 1624:present a 1594:bicephalic 1461:Divination 1419:and Aztec 1281:ch'a cháak 1223:Life cycle 1047:ex officio 1009:). In the 949:Priesthood 891:See also: 875:Naj Tunich 858:Pilgrimage 836:Zinacantan 473:, and the 469:, western 350:Xmulzencab 340:Xbaquiyalo 315:Q'uq'umatz 240:Huay Chivo 230:Hero Twins 142:Death gods 114:Cave sites 88:Priesthood 83:Pilgrimage 9361:Venezuela 9306:Argentina 9223:Australia 9175:Nicaragua 9150:Guatemala 8950:Lithuania 8772:Sri Lanka 8767:Singapore 8747:Palestine 8635:Indonesia 8625:Hong Kong 8447:Mauritius 8168:Overviews 8123:Criticism 8071:Terrorism 8046:Theocracy 7991:Happiness 7959:Pluralism 7944:Education 7870:Religion 7842:Salvation 7832:Sociology 7777:Religious 7757:Pantheism 7747:Nontheism 7640:Mountains 7618:Sacrifice 7573:Orthodoxy 7563:Mythology 7558:Mysticism 7447:Behaviour 7356:Canaanite 7339:Mithraism 7307:Pueblo IV 7297:Pueblo II 7202:Mazdakism 7177:Hungarian 7150:Mysteries 7059:Dravidian 6841:Hungarian 6757:Caucasian 6728:Godianism 6688:Agni Yoga 6678:Theosophy 6641:Rastafari 6616:Modekngei 6596:Brahmoism 6589:Syncretic 6581:movements 6579:religious 6491:Quimbanda 6439:Candomblé 6432:Diasporic 6211:Bathouism 6201:Benzhuism 6126:Tsimshian 6077:Purépecha 5998:Longhouse 5973:Sun Dance 5922:Blackfoot 5841:Malaysian 5831:Kapitayan 5641:Digambara 5626:Ayyavazhi 5591:Vajrayana 5556:Theravada 5469:Ganapatya 5442:Ramanandi 5371:Hoahaoism 5249:Yiguandao 5144:Yarsanism 5139:Shabakism 5126:Yazdânism 5116:Zurvanism 5111:Mazdaznan 5070:Rastafari 5065:Mandaeism 4939:Wahhabism 4919:Ash'arism 4882:Tolstoyan 4872:Spiritual 4862:Mormonism 4833:Judaizers 4806:Quakerism 4784:Methodist 4774:Irvingism 4725:Calvinism 4678:Adventism 4661:Moravians 4498:Abrahamic 4412:Sak Kʼukʼ 4242:Popol Vuh 4180:Maize god 4140:Goddess I 4061:Popol Vuh 3911:Sacrifice 3894:Midwifery 3884:Childhood 3834:Mythology 3797:Languages 3684:Guatemala 3280:42, 2001. 3128:Anthropos 2981:Vail 2000 2273:Hull 2003 2107:Caste War 2070:Popol Vuh 2057:Mythology 2051:Tlaloqueh 1918:goddess O 1914:goddess I 1888:Goddess I 1750:Ancestors 1721:Lacandons 1713:Popol Vuh 1558:Cosmology 1520:astrology 1514:Astrology 1402:Yaxchilan 1322:Xbalanque 1303:Territory 1277:uhanlikol 1194:) of the 1185:Cogolludo 1106:ball game 1035:ajk'uhuun 974:shamanism 943:Popol Vuh 816:costumbre 797:Las Casas 773:Popol Vuh 692:Guatemala 591:Astronomy 576:Sacrifice 571:Mythology 556:Languages 463:Guatemala 396:Popol Vuh 290:Maize god 265:Ixpiyacoc 220:Goddess I 93:Sacrifice 60:Practices 9387:Category 9351:Suriname 9341:Paraguay 9326:Colombia 9233:Kiribati 9160:Honduras 9130:Dominica 9105:Barbados 9070:Scotland 9030:Slovenia 9025:Slovakia 9000:Portugal 8870:Bulgaria 8792:Thailand 8742:Pakistan 8722:Mongolia 8717:Maldives 8712:Malaysia 8600:Cambodia 8547:Zimbabwe 8522:Tanzania 8372:Ethiopia 8367:Eswatini 8347:Djibouti 8312:Cameroon 8297:Botswana 8241:Timeline 8236:Scholars 8196:Founders 8061:Violence 8016:Politics 7886:Business 7849:Theology 7593:Prophecy 7583:Paganism 7471:Covenant 7438:Apostasy 7373:Scythian 7314:Rapa Nui 7268:Thracian 7263:Illyrian 7253:Albanian 7224:Sumerian 7167:Harappan 7103:Germanic 7098:Georgian 7091:Selk'nam 7076:Etruscan 7064:Egyptian 7042:Druidism 7005:Armenian 6928:Satanism 6908:Eckankar 6831:Estonian 6816:Romanian 6806:Ossetian 6786:Germanic 6735:Armenian 6724:African 6717:paganism 6646:Sant Mat 6636:Rajneesh 6611:Meivazhi 6606:Japanese 6563:Siberian 6496:Santería 6466:Convince 6332:Bushongo 6236:Kiratism 6163:Hmongism 6040:Wocekiye 6025:Jivaroan 5993:Iroquois 5988:Ho-Chunk 5949:Cherokee 5892:American 5863:Hawaiian 5776:Sarnaism 5746:Tungusic 5734:Tengrism 5724:Mongolic 5653:Sarnaism 5584:Nichiren 5561:Mahayana 5548:Buddhism 5526:Sant Mat 5516:Sauraism 5511:Smartism 5506:Shaktism 5499:Balinese 5484:Kaumaram 5479:Kapalika 5474:Kashmiri 5459:Shaivism 5399:Hinduism 5366:Caodaism 5310:Ryukyuan 5305:Tenrikyo 5300:Shugendō 5278:Japanese 5149:Yazidism 5134:Ishikism 5012:Quranism 4985:Khawarij 4934:Salafism 4929:Atharism 4818:Esoteric 4789:Holiness 4779:Lutheran 4740:Reformed 4720:Baptists 4693:Brethren 4657:Hussites 4645:Assyrian 4561:Haymanot 4515:Orthodox 4464:Religion 4407:Lady Xoc 4267:Jacawitz 4252:Camazotz 4235:Yum Kaax 4230:Kukulkan 3990:Tzolkʼin 3951:Calendar 3901:Religion 3859:Textiles 3839:Numerals 3824:Medicine 3819:Mayanist 3760:Ceramics 3753:Graffiti 2408:Coe 1965 2122:See also 1922:Kukulcan 1873:Ek Chuah 1738:Tlalocan 1669:Humanity 1662:Quirigua 1598:ecliptic 1569:solstice 1548:star war 1528:Chontals 1524:Totonacs 1500:auguries 1471:calendar 1443:Quirigua 1417:Gucumatz 1413:Kukulcan 1344:Kingship 1233:Hetz mek 1157:Calendar 1027:Gukumatz 1023:Jacawitz 908:Lacandon 631:Medicine 611:Textiles 596:Calendar 566:Religion 518:a series 487:Campeche 471:Honduras 370:Yum Kaax 285:Kukulkan 215:Ek Chuaj 190:Camazotz 185:Cabaguil 39:religion 9356:Uruguay 9331:Ecuador 9311:Bolivia 9288:Vanuatu 9215:Oceania 9165:Jamaica 9145:Grenada 9100:Bahamas 9060:England 9050:Ukraine 9005:Romania 8965:Moldova 8925:Ireland 8920:Iceland 8915:Hungary 8905:Germany 8895:Finland 8890:Estonia 8885:Denmark 8880:Czechia 8875:Croatia 8860:Belgium 8855:Belarus 8850:Austria 8845:Andorra 8840:Albania 8817:Vietnam 8727:Myanmar 8702:Lebanon 8620:Georgia 8580:Bahrain 8570:Armenia 8532:Tunisia 8502:Somalia 8487:Senegal 8472:Nigeria 8462:Namibia 8452:Morocco 8417:Liberia 8412:Lesotho 8362:Eritrea 8332:Comoros 8307:Burundi 8282:Algeria 8226:Outline 8191:Deities 8118:Atheism 8036:Science 7954:Freedom 7812:History 7779:studies 7732:Dualism 7722:Animism 7687:Worship 7667:Symbols 7608:Liturgy 7521:Goddess 7481:Deities 7462:Laicism 7452:Beliefs 7431:Aspects 7403:Zapotec 7398:Vainakh 7366:Yahwism 7351:Semitic 7280:Iranian 7182:Hurrian 7172:Hittite 7162:Guanche 7155:Orphism 7086:Fuegian 7081:Finnish 7069:Atenism 7015:Latvian 7000:Arabian 6943:Raëlism 6923:Jediism 6918:Goddess 6891:De novo 6779:Druidry 6673:Thelema 6626:New Age 6511:Umbanda 6402:Tumbuka 6387:Odinala 6372:Lugbara 6292:African 6258:African 6206:Bimoism 6196:Burmese 6052:Mapuche 6018:Wyandot 5978:Guarani 5959:Choctaw 5954:Chilote 5900:Abenaki 5851:Tagalog 5824:Kejawèn 5673:Sikhism 5636:Jainism 5596:Tibetan 5579:Amidism 5447:Warkari 5361:Đạo Mẫu 5211:Chinese 5193:Eastern 5170:Roshani 5089:Iranian 4997:Alevism 4990:Ibadism 4963:Zaydism 4640:Ancient 4611:Eastern 4571:Renewal 4556:Karaite 4537:Zionist 4525:Hasidic 4507:Judaism 4489:Western 4297:Zipacna 4262:Huracan 4170:Kʼawiil 4155:Itzamna 4116:Classic 4108:Deities 4038:Grolier 4031:Dresden 4025:Codices 3875:Society 3864:Warfare 3802:Classic 3780:Economy 3770:Cuisine 3741:Revival 3726:E-Group 3694:Yucatán 3679:Chiapas 3655:History 3453:Mexicon 2588:Montejo 2033:Salvaje 2021:h?ik'al 1981:Peccary 1952:Maximón 1938:K'awiil 1861:), the 1842:), the 1833:Itzamna 1804:qabuvil 1784:Deities 1708:xibalba 1496:scrying 1487:K'iche' 1481:ah k'in 1476:tzolkin 1451:ah k'in 1370:Hunahpu 1312:Warfare 994:ah k'in 990:Itzamna 841:cenotes 767:periods 687:Chiapas 682:Yucatán 650:History 641:Warfare 636:Cuisine 561:Writing 551:Society 491:Yucatán 479:Chiapas 475:Tabasco 375:Zipacna 295:Maximón 275:K'awiil 255:Itzamna 250:Huracan 165:Ah Peku 124:Xibalba 53:Itzamna 9397:Portal 9336:Guyana 9316:Brazil 9283:Tuvalu 9180:Panama 9170:Mexico 9115:Canada 9110:Belize 9040:Sweden 9020:Serbia 9010:Russia 8995:Poland 8990:Norway 8970:Monaco 8940:Latvia 8935:Kosovo 8910:Greece 8900:France 8832:Europe 8797:Turkey 8782:Taiwan 8687:Kuwait 8660:Jordan 8650:Israel 8610:Cyprus 8595:Brunei 8590:Bhutan 8542:Zambia 8537:Uganda 8477:Rwanda 8432:Malawi 8392:Guinea 8382:Gambia 8287:Angola 8274:Africa 8083:Wealth 8031:Schism 7986:Growth 7910:Priest 7895:Clergy 7714:Theism 7697:Nature 7692:Astral 7635:Groves 7603:Ritual 7588:Prayer 7546:Novice 7496:Ethnic 7421:Topics 7393:Urartu 7388:Tongan 7383:Somali 7378:Slavic 7258:Dacian 7037:Celtic 7032:Basque 7010:Baltic 6861:Udmurt 6826:Uralic 6821:Slavic 6774:Celtic 6762:Abkhaz 6750:Romuva 6740:Baltic 6715:Modern 6558:Papuan 6521:Voodoo 6476:Kumina 6417:Yoruba 6407:Urhobo 6377:Maasai 6362:Lotuko 6310:Baluba 6300:Akamba 6273:Berber 6231:Heraka 6221:Dongba 6109:Pueblo 6104:Pawnee 6094:Navajo 6084:Muisca 6047:Lenape 6035:Lakota 6013:Seneca 6003:Mohawk 5937:Ohlone 5917:Apache 5910:Ojibwe 5890:Native 5756:Manchu 5751:Evenki 5712:Altaic 5703:Ethnic 5678:Khalsa 5631:Kalash 5521:Śrauta 5390:Indian 5320:Korean 5286:Shinto 5256:Taoism 5229:Luoism 5055:Baháʼí 5050:Bábism 5002:Ahmadi 4980:Sufism 4973:Alawis 4623:Church 4551:Reform 4532:Modern 4520:Haredi 4383:Queens 4247:Awilix 4195:Yopaat 4160:Ixchel 4045:Madrid 3975:Kʼatun 3965:Baktun 3854:Stelae 3844:People 3807:Script 3765:Cities 3714:Topics 3511: 3404:481116 3402: 2753: 2733: 2113:Ethics 2046:aluxob 2012:xtabay 1964:Dueños 1901:); and 1899:God A' 1881:Ixchel 1859:Bacabs 1767:Heroes 1717:metnal 1685:nagual 1650:baktun 1634:Bacabs 1614:katuns 1582:yaxche 1544:zodiac 1492:mirror 1358:Geertz 1256:Bacabs 1239:Health 1192:katuns 1127:Bacabs 1114:k'atun 1102:Bacabs 1019:Awilix 1003:chilan 970:jmenob 936:Prayer 871:cenote 776:, the 601:Stelae 581:Cities 546:People 520:on the 467:Belize 365:Yopaat 360:Xtabay 325:Voltan 310:Tzacol 305:Nagual 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