756:. Instead of being a head hunter, however, God A' is a demonic apparition repeatedly shown in the illusionistic act of self-decapitation. He is presented with very pale flesh similar to a corpse. Over his eyes are black bands. Like all deities in the underworld, he wears the "aq'ab'al" which is the sign of underworld darkness and divination. The god is shown wearing a large headdress with a femur bone going through the center of it. In most images, he is shown holding either a stave, pipe, or orb. Like most deities in the Maya religion, he wears jewelry around the neck, wrist, and ankles. He wears a gown or cloth that covers his pelvis area in the front and his backside. His iconography shows considerable overlap with that of an anthropomorphic way (labeled
679:
around "molo" sign that putrid smells of death. Over his head is a floating object shaped like an "S" probably an insect carrying a torch. On his forehead like other deities of the underworld he wears an "aqabal" also known as an emblem of "darkness." His head in Maya culture was used to represent the number 10, the lower jawbone meant the numeral ten that was inscribed within all other head variants of the numbers thirteen to nineteen. He was often pictured as dancing and holding a smoking cigarette. On his neck is a death collar which consists of embodied eyes hanging by their nerve cords. The black spots on his body represent the decay of the flesh. Since he is a rotting corpse in some images he is shown with a bloated stomach.
1182:
35:
594:
688:
bed of glowing embers that possibly represented the fires of the
Underworld. Temple priests would get in costumes of God A' and performed rites of bloodletting and human sacrifice. Those who impersonated this deity would dance out the steps of ritual sacrifice, putting terror in the soul of ritual participants and the spectators who witnessed these sacred events.
687:
Both God A and God A' figure prominently in the New Year rites depicted in the
Dresden Codex. God A' probably corresponds to the death god Uacmitun Ahau in Landa's description of the New year rites. He presides over a year of great mortality. To ward off evil during this year, men would walk over a
812:
means "to end;" (iii) a variable element in glyph C of the Lunar Series, registering one to six completed lunations, probably for the prediction of lunar eclipses. Apparently connected to this, God A can be depicted with the attribute of a crescent that seems to mark him as a lunar patron deity. A
678:
During the
Classic period, his abdomen is sometimes replaced with out-pouring swirls of blood or rotting matter. He is usually accompanied by spiders, centipedes, scorpions, a vulture, an owl, and a bat. He is pictured with jewelry usually on his wrists and ankles. On his lower extremity, he has
652:(i) The creation of the underworld by the upper god, involving the upper god's death at the hands of Kisin, his resurrection, and Kisin's confinement to the underworld; in his anger, Kisin sometimes kicks the pillars of the earth, thus causing earthquakes;
669:(iv) The description of the destiny of the souls in the underworld, where Kisin (a) burns the souls of evildoers, (b) transforms the souls of certain evildoers into his "domestic animals," (c) hunts for the spider monkey doubles of men destined to die.
715:
stucco wall, the severed head is that of an enemy king. The death god's deer hunt has two sides. On the one hand, this deer hunt may metaphorically refer to a hunt for human victims. On the other hand, there also seems to be a connection with certain
751:
The other codical death god is God A' ("A prime"), corresponding to Landa's Uac Mitun Ahau, and characterized by a black stripe over the eyes and a "darkness" infix in the forehead. Just like death god A, he figures among the
Classic
513:
in particular manifesting himself as a head hunter and a deer hunter. Ah Puch was banished after he broke his promise with the Maya king and was sent to the storm that would bring him to earth forever.
760:) and of a demonic flying insect sometimes carrying a torch (possibly a blowfly, firefly, or wasp). In spite of the above, it has been suggested that the hieroglyphic name of God A' should be read as
624:), where a pair of Death Gods, Hun-Came ("One-Death") and Vucub-Came ("Seven-Death"), rule over a series of disease-bringing deities. They defeat the Death Gods and put restrictions on their cult.
473:
of the Upper God in the creation of the world and of the human body and soul. This death god inhabits an
Underworld that is also the world of the dead. As a ruler over the world of the dead (
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has two leading death gods, but these two are really one: Both are called "Death," but while one is known as "One Death," the other is called "Seven Death." They were vanquished by the
417:
692:
445:, Ah Cimih, Ah Cizin, Hun Ahau, Kimi, or Yum Kimil) known by a variety of names, are two basic types of death gods who are respectively represented by the 16th-century
569:, though often mentioned in books about the Mayas, does not appear to be an authentic Maya name for the death god. (An Ah Puch is mentioned in the opening of the
736:, God A is present at the jaguar transformation of a man (possibly a hero) who is usually shown as a baby, and who seems to disappear into the underworld.--
466:
743:
are paired off with death gods A. This may relate to the fact that in Yucatán, one of the four Bacabs was called "White Death" (Zaccimi).
711:). In connection with these apparitions, he tends to be depicted either as a headhunter or as deer hunter (see figure). On the grandiose
632:
According to one of the earliest sources on Maya religion (Francisco Hernández 1545), Eopuco (i.e., Ah Pukuh) mistreated and killed the
461:, Hunhau and Uacmitun Ahau correspond to the Gods A and A' ("A prime"). In recent narratives, particularly in the oral tradition of the
1582:
120:
790:). In the Classic period, the head of the skeletal God A serves as (i) the hieroglyph for the day Kimi, "Death," corresponding to
1265:
424:
813:
vignette of God A (or perhaps his female counterpart) illustrates the lunar eclipse tables of the
Dresden Codex (see figure).
1918:
707:
With varying hieroglyphic names and attributes, God A figures in processions and random arrays of were-animals and spooks (
1050:
Popol Vuh: the
Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Revised Edition
720:
shaped like deer but with the tail of a spider monkey. On the famous peccary skull from Copan, for example, such a deer
1075:
1057:
894:
The
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Maya: Cizin Mayan God. Encyclopedia Britannica (Nov. 14, 2019). Available at:
655:(ii) A failed attempt at the creation of human beings in emulation of the upper god, leading to the creation of the "
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1129:
1832:
1822:
1391:
84:
1847:
1110:
1169:
1023:
951:
Vincent James
Stanzione. Angelika Bauer. Mayan Gods And Goddesses pg. 34-35. LITOPRINT, Guatemala City (2003).
924:
Vincent James
Stanzione. Angelika Bauer. Mayan Gods And Goddesses pg. 34-35. LITOPRINT, Guatemala City (2003).
1159:
906:
Vincent James Stanzione. Angelika Bauer. Mayan Gods And Goddesses pg 32-33. LITOPRINT, Guatemala City (2003).
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1070:. Civilization of the American Indian Series, No. 99. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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is the name of the death god among the Lacandons as well as the early colonial Choles,
222:
60:
766:, a name otherwise only known as that of a 16th-century deity of alcoholic beverages.
1665:
1196:
1119:
1071:
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666:(iii) The descent of the ancestor Nuxiʼ into the underworld to woo Kisin's daughter;
1867:
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1223:
302:
134:
1181:
533:
uses another name and calls the lord of the Underworld and "prince of the devils"
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plays a prominent role in Lacandon mythology, chiefly in the following tales:
1912:
1877:
1872:
1505:
1425:
1376:
1334:
1314:
1299:
1235:
1096:
1035:
Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture
696:
26:
1757:
1695:
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1500:
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1349:
1339:
1319:
503:
The two principal death gods count among the many were-animals and spooks (
317:
187:
157:
147:
553:, means 'to end' and 'to lay on its back (mouth up)'. Other names include
1732:
1650:
1526:
1329:
1282:
895:
458:
267:
232:
106:
1465:
1304:
1250:
1028:
Continuity and Change: Maya Religious Practices in Temporal Perspective
775:
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327:
262:
227:
1645:
282:
1615:
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in Chiapas. The name Hun Ahau ("One Lord") appears frequently in the
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1008:
Michael D. Coe, 'Death and the Ancient Maya', in E.P. Benson ed.,
1772:
1737:
1630:
1201:
796:
786:) to be liberated during the concluding twenty days of the year (
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620:
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479:
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152:
111:
40:
1455:
739:
Apart from these contexts, on a Copan bench, the earth-carrying
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of Chumayel in passing as a ruler of the North, and one of the
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appears to be welcoming the death god returning from a hunt.
708:
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deities Hunhau and Uacmitun Ahau mentioned by Spanish Bishop
442:
342:
322:
257:
212:
192:
182:
167:
1005:. Editorial: Academia de Geografia e Historia de Guatemala.)
1435:
1408:
529:
being a root with meanings like "flatulence" and "stench."
1003:
Cuentos y mitología de los lacandones. Tradición oral maya
885:
Boremanse 1986: (i)39-44; (ii)30-38; (iii)78-96; (iv)73-77
537:, a name that, recurring in early Yucatec dictionaries as
769:
691:
1047:
1019:. The Maya Vase Book Vol. 4, New York 1994: Justin Kerr.
1083:
Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. A Translation
1024:
Akan – the God of Drinking, Disease, and Death
960:
Grube 2004: 59-63; cf. Stone and Zender 2011: 38–39
794:in Quiché, also the name of the paired rulers of
465:, there is only one death god (called "Kisin" in
1910:
1010:Death and the Afterlife in Pre-Columbian America
483:), the principal death god corresponds to the
1104:
727:
418:
509:) inhabiting the Underworld, with the God A
774:A text from the early colonial songbook of
1111:
1097:
999:Contes et mythologie des Indiens Lacandons
804:; (ii) the hieroglyph for the number ten (
425:
411:
746:
702:
695:God A in the lunar eclipse tables of the
565:, but is never specified as a death god.
690:
673:
636:, who was resurrected three days later.
592:
545:, is not to be confused with Hun-Ahau;
1911:
992:El libro de los cantares de Dzitbalche
978:e.g., research.mayavase.com: Kerr 5166
896:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cizin
770:Calendrical and astrological functions
1118:
1092:
517:
1085:. Peabody Museum, Cambridge MA 1941.
1030:(Acta Mesoamericana Vol. 14, 2004).
808:), perhaps because the verbal stem
13:
1044:. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington 1992.
1012:. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington 1975.
618:descend to the "Place of Fright" (
14:
1945:
1048:Tedlock, Dennis (trans.) (1996).
1042:The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatán
659:" animals of certain kin groups (
557:, "Lord of Death" in Yucatán and
1180:
1052:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1033:Stone, Andrea, and Marc Zender,
33:
1015:Nikolai Grube and Werner Nahm,
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972:
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936:
927:
918:
909:
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888:
879:
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861:
852:
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1:
828:
732:Together with the Rain Deity
1026:', in Graña Behrens et al.,
1001:. L'Harmattan, Paris 1986. (
942:Grube and Nahm 1994: 707–709
933:Grube and Nahm 1994: 705-707
588:
453:. Hunhau is the lord of the
7:
1919:Maya mythology and religion
816:
639:
601:as a hunter, Classic period
10:
1950:
1833:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
876:Tozzer 1941: 207 note 1154
782:) to be opened and Kisin (
728:Jaguar baby transformation
627:
605:
1856:
1781:
1581:
1488:Annals of the Cakchiquels
1479:
1424:
1348:
1189:
1178:
1128:
1068:Maya History and Religion
1037:. Thames and Hudson 2011.
990:Alfredo Barrera Vázquez,
840:Tozzer 1941: 132 note 617
682:
379:Annals of the Cakchiquels
969:Barrera Vazquez 1965: 34
1848:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
1808:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
778:states the Underworld (
644:The skeletal death god
747:Classic Period: God A'
703:Man Hunt and Deer hunt
699:
602:
1823:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
1813:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1572:Título de Totonicapán
1145:Classic Maya collapse
1066:J. Eric S. Thompson,
694:
674:Classic Period: God A
596:
585:is called Ahal Puh.)
399:Título de Totonicapán
1828:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
1551:Ritual of the Bacabs
1212:Twin-pyramid complex
994:. INAH, Mexico 1965.
915:Tozzer 1941: 147-149
572:Book of Chilam Balam
563:Ritual of the Bacabs
389:Ritual of the Bacabs
1793:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
1763:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1558:Songs of Dzitbalché
1078:. OCLC 177832. 1970
1017:A Census of Xibalba
858:Cordemex Dictionary
469:), who acts as the
333:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1818:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
1626:Howler monkey gods
1081:Alfred M. Tozzer,
997:Didier Boremanse,
867:Thompson 1970: 303
700:
603:
579:attendants in the
518:Post-Classic names
223:Howler monkey gods
121:Deities and beings
66:Dedication rituals
1906:
1905:
1843:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
1803:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
1121:Maya civilization
435:
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198:Chirakan-Ixmucane
1941:
1868:Lady Eveningstar
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1207:Triadic pyramid
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22:Maya mythology
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1599:
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1565:Título Cʼoyoi
1562:
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1423:
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1398:
1397:Death rituals
1395:
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1095:
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1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:0-8061-0884-3
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:0-671-45241-X
1055:
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1032:
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1025:
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975:
966:
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948:
939:
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921:
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864:
855:
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837:
833:
824:
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723:
719:
714:
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697:Dresden Codex
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394:Título C'oyoi
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86:
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69:
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61:Death rituals
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
47:
46:
42:
36:
32:
31:
28:
23:
20:
19:
16:
1924:Maya deities
1758:Vucub Caquix
1717:
1686:Ah-Muzen-Cab
1677:Post-Classic
1666:Moon goddess
1605:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1544:Rabinal Achí
1542:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1495:Chilam Balam
1493:
1486:
1197:Architecture
1082:
1067:
1049:
1041:
1040:Karl Taube,
1034:
1027:
1016:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
985:Bibliography
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
890:
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872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
809:
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801:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
762:
761:
757:
750:
738:
731:
721:
717:
706:
686:
677:
660:
643:
631:
619:
611:
609:
580:
570:
566:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
522:
521:
510:
504:
502:
491:
478:
474:
438:
436:
318:Vucub Caquix
288:Moon goddess
158:Ah-Muzen-Cab
129:
56:Bloodletting
15:
1898:Yohl Ikʼnal
1733:Hun Hunahpu
1651:Kinich Ahau
1641:Jaguar gods
485:Aztec deity
268:Kinich Ahau
233:Hun Hunahpu
135:Jaguar gods
107:Middleworld
1929:Death gods
1913:Categories
1748:Qʼuqʼumatz
1621:Hero Twins
1606:Death gods
1480:Literature
1416:Households
1382:Priesthood
829:References
788:Uayah-yaab
776:Dzitbalche
616:Hero Twins
559:(Ah) Pukuh
498:Hero Twins
455:Underworld
338:Xmulzencab
328:Xbaquiyalo
303:Q'uq'umatz
228:Huay Chivo
218:Hero Twins
130:Death gods
102:Cave sites
76:Priesthood
71:Pilgrimage
1888:Sak Kʼukʼ
1718:Popol Vuh
1656:Maize god
1616:Goddess I
1537:Popol Vuh
1387:Sacrifice
1370:Midwifery
1360:Childhood
1310:Mythology
1273:Languages
1160:Guatemala
802:Popol Vuh
612:Popol Vuh
589:Mythology
582:Popol Vuh
555:Yum Kimil
493:Popol Vuh
384:Popol Vuh
278:Maize god
253:Ixpiyacoc
208:Goddess I
81:Sacrifice
48:Practices
1883:Lady Xoc
1743:Jacawitz
1728:Camazotz
1711:Yum Kaax
1706:Kukulkan
1466:Tzolkʼin
1427:Calendar
1377:Religion
1335:Textiles
1315:Numerals
1300:Medicine
1295:Mayanist
1236:Ceramics
1229:Graffiti
817:See also
758:Mokochih
640:Lacandon
471:antipode
467:Lacandon
358:Yum Kaax
273:Kukulkan
203:Ek Chuaj
178:Camazotz
173:Cabaguil
27:religion
1773:Zipacna
1738:Huracan
1646:Kʼawiil
1631:Itzamna
1592:Classic
1584:Deities
1514:Grolier
1507:Dresden
1501:Codices
1351:Society
1340:Warfare
1278:Classic
1256:Economy
1246:Cuisine
1217:Revival
1202:E-Group
1170:Yucatán
1155:Chiapas
1131:History
800:in the
797:Xibalba
780:Miitnal
657:totemic
628:Yucatec
621:Xibalba
610:In the
606:Kʼicheʼ
577:Xibalba
567:Ah Puch
480:Xibalba
447:Yucatec
443:Ah Puch
363:Zipacna
283:Maximón
263:K'awiil
243:Itzamna
238:Huracan
153:Ah Peku
112:Xibalba
41:Itzamna
1859:Queens
1723:Awilix
1671:Yopaat
1636:Ixchel
1521:Madrid
1451:Kʼatun
1441:Baktun
1330:Stelae
1320:People
1283:Script
1241:Cities
1190:Topics
1074:
1056:
741:Bacabs
713:Tonina
683:Ritual
614:, the
597:God A
543:Cumhau
539:Humhau
535:Hunhau
490:. The
475:Metnal
441:(also
353:Yopaat
348:Xtabay
313:Voltan
298:Tzacol
293:Nagual
248:Ixchel
163:Awilix
94:Places
85:Humans
1784:Kings
1768:Xquic
1753:Tohil
1701:Ixtab
1611:God L
1601:Chaac
1596:Bacab
1528:Paris
1471:Winal
1446:Haabʼ
1365:Women
1325:Sites
1305:Music
1261:Trade
1251:Dance
1165:Petén
806:lajun
792:Kame'
784:Cizin
754:wayob
734:Chaac
718:wayob
709:wayob
646:Kisin
634:Bacab
549:, or
531:Landa
523:Kisin
506:wayob
371:Texts
343:Xquic
323:Wayob
258:Ixtab
213:God L
193:Cizin
183:Chaac
168:Bacab
1696:Chin
1691:Akna
1681:Acat
1456:Kʼin
1436:Ajaw
1409:Ajaw
1288:List
1072:ISBN
1054:ISBN
810:laj-
763:Akan
661:onen
541:and
437:The
188:Chin
148:Acat
140:Mams
25:and
1661:Mam
1461:Tun
1224:Art
722:way
599:way
551:haw
547:hau
527:kis
511:way
477:or
1915::
663:);
500:.
457:.
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
1062:.
426:e
419:t
412:v
87:)
83:(
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