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56:
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strike or took to the streets to strike crudely to express their dissatisfaction with the government. Later, some advanced students in
Shanghai and Guangzhou joined the protest movement, gradually forming a wave of mass student strikes across China. Until June, the Beijing government carried out the "June 3" arrests, arresting nearly 1,000 students one after another, but this did not suppress the patriotic student movement but angered the Chinese public and increasing revolutionary sentiment. Shanghai workers went on strike, and businessmen went on strike to support students' patriotic movement across the country. The Chinese working class entered the political arena through the May Fourth Movement.
3349:. Under the "national character" school, advocates promoted the traditional family system, the primary target of the May Fourth Movement. In this school, reformers viewed Westerners as shells without morals. Finally, the modern relevance of Confucianism was centered on the notion that Confucian values were better than Western ones. In response to western culture's primary concentration on rational analysis, China's neo-traditionalists argued that this was misguided, especially in the practical, changing milieu of the world. Most importantly, these three neo-traditionalist thoughts did not consider the individual, which was the main theme of the May Fourth Movement.
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1392:. Even after 1919, these educated "new youths" still defined their role with a traditional model in which the educated elite took responsibility for both cultural and political affairs. They opposed traditional culture but looked abroad for cosmopolitan inspiration in the name of nationalism and were an overwhelmingly urban movement that espoused populism in an overwhelmingly rural country. Many political and social leaders of the next five decades emerged at this time, including those of the
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The growing scale of the national strike and the increasing number of its participants led to a paralysis of the country's economic life and posed a serious threat to the government in
Beijing. The working class took the place of the students to stand up and resist. The support for this movement throughout the country reflected the enthusiasm for nationalism and national rejuvenation, which was also the foundation for the development and expansion of the May Fourth Movement.
3129:, the May Fourth Movement greatly influenced the cultural field. The slogans of "democracy" and "science" advocated in the New Culture Movement were designed to attack the old culture and promote the new culture. This purpose can be summed up in a sentence from David Wang: "It was the turning point in China's search for literary modernity." As historian Wang Gungwu notes, the May Fourth Movement became subsequently identified as the predecessor and inspiration for the later
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new social forces in that period, a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie. Around the time of the May Fourth
Movement, hundreds of thousands of students courageously took their place in the van. In these respects the May Fourth Movement went a step beyond the Revolution of 1911.
1706:
in Paris refused to sign the
Versailles Treaty: the May Fourth Movement won an initial victory which was primarily symbolic, since Japan for the moment retained control of the Shandong Peninsula and the islands in the Pacific. Even the partial success of the movement exhibited the ability of China's social classes across the country to successfully collaborate given proper motivation and leadership.
3230:
argued that
Confucian family structures hindered China's development. Stating that "Women's liberation had to be achieved to save China from disarray and humiliation." Many supported the movement as they believed that women's emancipation was essential for a modern China. They saw it as intertwined with nationalism and new democratic values driven by the anti-imperialist movement.
1419:
previously dominant ideology, Confucianism, had a profound influence on social and political relations. These ideals promoted ethical and moral principles in governance, and emphasized the importance of wise rule for the good of society. Following the demise of the Qing dynasty, these principles started to depart from political practices. After the death of
President
3266:, as a Confucian and a nationalist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. As an anti-imperialist, he was skeptical of Western culture. He criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting the morals of youth. When the Nationalist party came to power under Chiang's rule, it carried out the opposite agenda. The
3345:"national essence" school sought to discover aspects of traditional culture that could potentially serve the national development of China. Such traditional aspects consisted of various philosophical and religious practices that emerged parallel with Confucianism. Most particularly, China imported Buddhism during antiquity from
3229:
Women in the May Fourth
Movement were often restricted to indoor speeches and debates, lacking the same freedom of movement as their male counterparts. Although most activists and protesters were male, male intellectuals believed women's liberation was essential for a stronger and unified China. They
1692:
Newspapers, magazines, citizen societies, and chambers of commerce offered support for the students. Merchants threatened to withhold tax payments if China's government remained obstinate. In
Shanghai, a general strike of merchants and workers nearly devastated the entire Chinese economy. On June 12,
2180:. From their perspective, the movement destroyed the positive elements of Chinese tradition and placed a heavy emphasis on direct political actions and radical attitudes, characteristics associated with the emerging Chinese Communist Party (CCP). On the other hand, two of the CCP's founding members,
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that had been accused of being collaborators with the
Japanese. Nevertheless, students continued to express their protest against the content of the Versailles Peace Treaty by organizing rallies and other events at that time, and organized the National Student Union. Finally, Chinese representatives
1666:
With the emergence of working-class support, the May Fourth
Movement developed to a new stage. The center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai, and the working class replaced students as the main force of the movement. The Shanghai working class staged a strike of an unprecedented scale.
1662:
On May 4, 1919, a group of Chinese students began protesting the contents of the Paris Peace Conference. Under the pressure, the Chinese delegation refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The original participants of the May Fourth Movement were students in Paris and Beijing. They joined forces to
3255:
Although the movement was highly influential, many of the intellectuals at the time opposed the anti-traditional message and many political figures ignored it. "this limited May Fourth individualist enlightenment did not lead the individual against the collective of the nation-state, as full-scale,
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would develop and promote the rapid development of China's national economy. However, they were not successful in doing so, as the strike in Shanghai that occurred later in June caused the Chinese economy to experience a lot of damage, and the Chinese economy at that point was hopeless. One of the
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in response to the events in Beijing. By the evening, meetings and special committees were held at various campuses in Shanghai, and telegrams were sent to the Beijing government in the name of the 33 representatives of different campuses in Shanghai to express their protest.Over the next few days,
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On May 5, students in Beijing as a whole went on strike and in the larger cities across China, students, patriotic merchants, and workers joined protests. The demonstrators skillfully appealed to the newspapers and sent representatives to carry the word across the country. On the morning of May 6,
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The May Fourth Movement twenty years ago marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. The cultural reform movement which grew out of the May Fourth Movement was only one of the manifestations of this revolution. With the growth and development of
1502:
In early 1915, Japan's submission of the twenty-one demands were revealed to the Chinese public, causing an increase in political tension and frustration towards Japan. In light of these revelations, the Chinese press became very critical towards Japan, and Chinese citizens' views of Japan soured.
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had disintegrated in 1911, marking the end of thousands of years of imperial rule in China, and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested nominally with the people. With imperialist China coming to an end, the direction of Chinese political life was full of uncertainties. The
3049:
For many years, the orthodox view in the People's Republic of China was that after the demonstrations of 1919 and their subsequent suppression, the discussion of possible policy changes became more and more politically realistic. Influential leaders such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao shifted to the
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Although the May Fourth Movement did find partial success in removing traditional Chinese culture, there were still proponents who steadfastly argued that China's traditions and values should be the fundamental foundations of the nation. From these opponents of Western civilization derived three
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Chinese Muslims ignored the May Fourth movement by continuing to teach Classical Chinese and literature with the Qur'an and Arabic along with officially mandated contemporary subjects at the "Normal Islamic School of Wanxian". Ha Decheng did a Classical Chinese translation of the Quran. Arabic,
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The twenty-one demands were a set of proposals presented by the Ōkuma Shigenobu government to the Yuan Shikai administration in hopes of expanding Japanese affairs in China. The demands consisted of a variety of economic, territorial and power-hungry provisions. An important component of these
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schools of thought: national essence, national character, and modern relevance of Confucianism. Each school of thought denounced the western values of individualism, materialism and utilitarianism as inadequate avenues for the development of China. Each school held to specific objectives. The
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The domination of Confucian ideologies shaped gender inequalities in Chinese culture, labeling and treating women as second-class citizens. The May Fourth Movement played a crucial role in women's emancipation in China, representing a social and cultural shift toward societal transformation.
1688:
On June 3, police in Beijing arrested a large number of students. To express their disapproval to it, businessmen and workers in Shanghai joined the strike. The center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai. Chancellors from thirteen universities arranged for the release of student
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said, "it was the turning point in China's search for literary modernity", along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911. The challenge to traditional Chinese values, however, was also met with strong opposition, especially from the
1646:. Demonstrators insisted on the resignation of three Chinese officials they accused of being collaborators with the Japanese. After burning the residences of these officials and beating some of their servants, student protesters were arrested, jailed, and severely beaten.
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in China during the May Fourth period. In its broader sense, the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the
3194:
More ordinary people also began to try to get in touch with new cultures and learn from foreign cultures. Joseph Chen said: "This intellectual ferment had already had an effect in altering the outlook of China's new youth." After the May Fourth Movement, the
1455:
Leaders of the New Culture Movement believed that traditional Confucian values were responsible for the political weakness of the nation. Chinese nationalists called for a rejection of traditional values and the adoption of Western ideals of "Mr. Science"
3270:
promoted Confucianism, and the Kuomintang purged China's education system of western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Textbooks, exams, degrees, and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.
3108:, were seen as Western-centric and hypocritical. Many Chinese intellectuals believed that the United States had done little to convince the other nations to adhere to the Fourteen Points and observed that the United States had declined to join the
1499:
demands were in regards to Chinese territory. These included intentions for expanding Japanese interests in southern Manchuria, eastern Mongolia, in addition to the confirmation of Japan's seizure of German ports in China's Shandong province.
2188:, were leaders of the movement. The CCP viewed it more favorably, although remaining suspicious of the early phase which emphasized the role of enlightened intellectuals, not revolution.} Li and Chen were the most influential promoters of
3079:
Paul French argues that the only victor of the Treaty of Versailles in China was communism, as rising public anger led directly to the formation of the CCP. The Treaty also led to Japan pursuing its conquests with greater boldness, which
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the movement grew in size. Students in Shanghai began striking at the end of May. During this time, disagreements arose within the protesters about the intensity of the protests, but the protests as a whole were seen to be intensifying.
3274:
Some conservative philosophers and intellectuals opposed any change, but many more accepted or welcomed the challenge from the West but wanted to base new systems on Chinese values, not imported ones. These figures included
1639:. They shouted such slogans as "struggle for the sovereignty externally, get rid of the national traitors at home", "Give Qingdao back to us!", "do away with the Twenty-One Demands", and "don't sign the Versailles Treaty".
3116:
in Russia in 1917, Marxism began to take hold in Chinese intellectual thought, particularly among those already on the Left. Chinese intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao began serious study of Marxist doctrine.
2855:
3095:
Western-style liberal democracy had previously had a degree of traction among Chinese intellectuals. Still, after Versailles, which was viewed as a betrayal of China's interests, it lost much of its attractiveness.
1427:
more concerned with political power and rival regional armies. The government in Beijing focused on suppressing internal dissent and could do little to counter foreign influence and control. Chinese Premier
1689:
prisoners, and Cai Yuanpei, the principal of Peking University resigned in protest.Although at this point the event was defined as a multi-class protest action, overall it was still a student-led movement.
3152:, eventually replacing it in formal works. Intellectuals were driven toward expressing themselves using the spoken tongue under the slogan "my hand writes what my mouth speaks" (
3156:), although the change was gradual: Hu had already argued for the use of the modern vernacular language in literature in his 1917 essay "Preliminary discussion on literary reform".
2921:
3242:. Many elements of society and joined students to publicize the boycott of Japanese products. The wave of a boycotts led to hopes that when Japanese products were suppressed,
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The twenty-one demands ultimately added fuel to the rising tensions between the two countries, playing an important role in triggering the impending May Fourth Movement.
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in 1918 enraged the Chinese public when it was leaked to the press, and sparked a student protest movement that laid the groundwork for the May Fourth Movement. The
1381:, a shift towards political mobilization away from cultural activities, and a move towards a populist base, away from traditional intellectual and political elites.
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Protestors voiced their anger at the Allied betrayal of China, denounced the government's spineless inability to protect Chinese interests, and called for a
2219:
The legacy of the May Fourth Movement is embraced both by the CCP and its critics, who express different understandings of the movement and its importance.
1414:, "The atmosphere and political mood that emerged around 1919 are at the center of a set of ideas that has shaped China's momentous twentieth century." The
2399:
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added, "Nationalism which was, of course, a dominant passion of the May Fourth experience was not so much a separate ideology as a common disposition."
1550:
The Western allies dominated the meeting at Versailles, and paid little heed to Chinese demands. The European delegations, led by French Prime Minister
3029:
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main reasons for the weaken Chinese economy, was shop owners were not willing to open their shops during the strike, despite the use of police force.
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On the morning of May 4, 1919, student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Beijing and drafted five resolutions:
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has said: "Critically-minded intellectuals were accused of eroding national self-confidence, or more simply, of not being Chinese enough."
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was attractive to Chinese intellectuals, but their failure to follow through was seen as a betrayal. This failure of diplomacy at the
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developed a literature with modern humanistic spirit, taking women as the subject of experience, thinking, aesthetics, and speech.
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Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2020). "Assessing Li Dazhao's Role in the New Cultural Movement". In Li, Xiaobing; Fang, Qiang (eds.).
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3140:, referred to this era as the "Chinese Renaissance", because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation. In
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Furth, Charlotte (1976). "Culture and Politics in Modern Chinese Conservatism". In Furth, Charlotte; Alitto, Guy (eds.).
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3144:, the May Fourth Movement is regarded as the watershed after which the modern Chinese literature began and the use of
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vernacular Chinese, Classical Chinese and the Qur'an were taught in Ningxia Islamic schools funded by Muslim General
3315:. Li Changzhi believed that the May Fourth Movement copied foreign culture and lost the essence of its own culture. (
3070:
claimed that the May Fourth Movement was a stage leading toward the fulfillment of the Chinese Communist Revolution:
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81:
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The May Fourth Movement focused on opposing Confucian culture and promoting a new culture. As a continuation of the
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Lee, Haiyan, "Tears that Crumbled the Great Wall: The Archaeology of Feeling in the May Fourth Folklore Movement."
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During the movement, anger against Japan erupted because the Paris peace Treaty gave it the right to occupy the
3202:
Instead of the formerly euphemistic language for sex, May Fourth reformers used the broader, more explicit term
3191:(not published until 1921), which has often been incorrectly credited as the first vernacular Chinese fiction.
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2045:
1546:
Return to China of the territory and rights of Shandong, which Japan had taken from Germany during World War I.
1349:
political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. Students gathered in front of
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and anti-traditional views and programs have shaped China's politics and culture through to the present day.
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3869:
Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2022). "Li Dazhao and the Chinese Embracement of Communism". In Shiping, Hua (ed.).
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left and became founders of the CCP in 1921, while other intellectuals became more sympathetic. Originally
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During the May Fourth Movement, the group of intellectuals with communist ideas grew steadily, such as
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in 1917. Although that year, 140,000 Chinese laborers were sent to the Western Front as a part of the
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the general strike ended because under intense public pressure, the Beijing government dismissed
1393:
1388:(1915–1921) that sought to replace traditional Confucian values and was itself a continuation of
1211:
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Wang, Q. Edward. "The Chinese Historiography of the May Fourth Movement, 1990s to the Present,"
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made similar turns to the left as the 1920s saw China become increasingly turbulent. In 1939,
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2001:
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38:
1554:, were primarily interested in punishing Germany. Although the American delegation promoted
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Wang, Q. Edward. "The May Fourth Movement: A centennial anniversary—Editor's introduction"
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To hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Peking Normal University students detained by the government during the May Fourth Movement
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3790:. Vol. 2. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal: Royal Collins. p. 7.
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to Japan. The representatives of the Chinese government put forth the following requests:
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Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication
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Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, as
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2208:, Chen Duxiu, and others, who gradually appreciated Marxism's power. This promoted the
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To draw and increase awareness of China's precarious position to the masses in China.
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3112:. As a result, they turned away from the Western liberal democratic model. With the
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To oppose the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former German concessions.
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The May Fourth demonstrations marked a turning point in a broader anti-traditional
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in 1914. The demonstrations sparked nation-wide protests and spurred an upsurge in
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had predicted in 1919 would lead to the outbreak of war between China and Japan.
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687:
521:
4572:
Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History
5440:
3996:
3952:
A Century of Student Movements in China: The Mountain Movers, 1919–2019
3551:
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895-1980
3328:
3300:
3280:
3259:
3067:
2605:
2259:
2205:
2185:
2177:
2120:
2070:
1869:
1429:
779:
568:
4717:
4494:
Hayford, Charles (2009). "May Fourth Movement". In Pong, David (ed.).
60:
Approximately 3,000 students from 13 Beijing universities gathered in
5400:
5395:
4469:
Hockx, Michel (2017). "The Big Misnomer: 'May Forth Literature'". In
3308:
3059:
2181:
2090:
2075:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1841:
1702:
1694:
1636:
1350:
309:
3988:
3486:[On the scrapping of the Sino-Japanese military agreements]
4574:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 177–179.
3105:
3091:
A rally on the 21st anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia
3055:
1530:
1529:
ratified in April 1919 awarded rights to the German territories in
1366:
330:
234:
3403:
3137:
2189:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2080:
1835:
1635:
and other schools marched from many points to gather in front of
1444:
of 1917, continued defeats by foreign powers and the presence of
922:
773:
767:
4393:
The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China
4294:
Dudoignon, Stephane A.; Hisao, Komatsu; Yasushi, Kosugi (2006).
3601:
Strangers on the Western Front: Chinese workers in the Great War
3528:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 53–77, 76–78.
3209:
In honor of the May Fourth Movement, May 4 is now celebrated as
1537:
Abolition of all privileges of foreign powers in China, such as
4839:
4644:"Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present"
3176:
2095:
2065:
1570:
and Clemenceau. American advocacy of self-determination at the
4505:
Remembering May Fourth: The Movement and its Centennial Legacy
4688:
Chen, Joseph T. (1970). "The May Fourth Movement Redefined".
3769:
3767:
3574:
Fairbank, John King; Twitchett, Denis Crispin, eds. (1999) .
2212:
of Marxism and provided a basis for the birth of the CCP and
373:
4552:
A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World
4035:
4033:
3334:
4522:
Chiang, Yung-chen. "Hu Shi and the May Fourth Legacy". In
4498:. Vol. II. Detroit, MI: Scribner's. pp. 565–569.
4145:
4143:
3764:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3603:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 1–9.
349:
335:
321:
4126:"Women's Movement and Change of Women's Status in China"
4030:
1658:
Female students participate in May Fourth demonstrations
4140:
4045:
3931:
3720:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 10.
3690:
3507:
3505:
3788:
An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China
3463:
3461:
3459:
3430:
3428:
1452:
among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders.
5679:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
4336:
4320:
4293:
4018:
3887:
3444:
3256:
modern Western individualism would potentially do.".
1578:
created what became known as the "Shandong Problem".
297:
283:
267:
253:
239:
225:
4206:
From the May Fourth Movement to Communist Revolution
4103:"Daughters of the May Fourth, Orphans of Revolution"
3754:
3752:
3502:
3356:
1139:
1061:
941:
874:
804:
678:
4346:
4012:
The Chinese Renaissance: The Haskell Lectures, 1933
3456:
1620:
To promote the creation of a Beijing student union.
1595:
Tsinghua University students burning Japanese goods
4503:Lin, Carlos Yu-Kai; Mair, Victor H., eds. (2020).
4223:
4057:
3739:
3737:
1627:On the afternoon of May 4, over 4,000 students of
4209:. State University of New York Press. p. 8.
3749:
3573:
2405:Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International
1517:China had entered World War I on the side of the
5783:
3906:Mao, Zedong (1952) . "The May Fourth Movement".
1617:To recommend a large-scale gathering in Beijing.
3734:
4242:Draguhn, Werner; Goodman, David S. G. (2002).
4241:
3642:Guoqi, Xu (2016). "China and Japan at Paris".
2255:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
5792:Protests in the Republic of China (1912–1949)
5492:
4823:
3646:. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–184.
3526:Voices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun
3409:List of political movements named after dates
3030:
2222:
2152:
1322:
187:
173:
5506:
4763:(2019), Vol. 52 Issue 3/4, pp. 183–187.
4603:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3676:"A brief history of the May Fourth Movement"
1410:In the words of Oxford University historian
4641:
4273:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3701:
3250:
104:Treaty of Versailles goes unsigned by China
37:"Wusi" redirects here. For other uses, see
5577:Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
5499:
5485:
5267:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
4830:
4816:
4080:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
3037:
3023:
2159:
2145:
1423:in 1916, China became a fragmented nation
1329:
1315:
4773:Wang, Q. Edward. “May Fourth Movement,”
4530:
4179:
4075:
3937:
3786:Huang, Yibing (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.).
3652:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658190.003.0007
2262:and leading revolutionaries proclaim the
1718:A monument to the May Fourth Movement in
5699:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
5542:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
4596:
4130:Journal of International Women's Studies
3954:. Lanham, MD: Lexington. pp. 3–22.
3713:
3434:
3335:Neotraditionalism versus Western thought
3086:
1713:
1653:
1598:
1590:
4569:
4536:
4523:
4502:
4493:
4410:
4149:
4136:(1): 30–40 – via Virtual Commons.
3773:
3450:
14:
5784:
5664:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
5253:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
4801:China in war and revolution, 1895–1949
4794:China in war and revolution, 1895–1949
4738:
4733:Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique
4624:A New Literary History of Modern China
4545:
4521:
4476:A New Literary History of Modern China
4113:(6) – via Asian History Commons.
3974:
3922:
3893:
3717:Reflections on the May Fourth Movement
3553:. New York: Viking. pp. 117–123.
3548:
3479:
3467:
3319:, 1942). This is consistent with what
2214:socialism with Chinese characteristics
351:
299:
5719:Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
5480:
4811:
4468:
4337:Dudoignon, Hisao & Yasushi (2006)
4321:Dudoignon, Hisao & Yasushi (2006)
4268:
4100:
4039:
3838:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
3835:
3785:
3641:
2904:Suppression of counterrevolutionaries
1487:
1434:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement
4687:
4617:
4389:
4368:
4352:
4229:
4202:
4063:
4051:
4024:
3949:
3868:
3810:
3758:
3576:Republican China, 1912–1949 (Part 1)
3511:
3171:) in an overseas student quarterly (
1925:Simplification of Chinese characters
1543:Cancelling of the Twenty-One Demands
4803:(Routledge, 2005) pp. 149–169.
4796:(Routledge, 2005) pp. 133–143.
4439:
3905:
3743:
3523:
3175:)—a year before the publication of
2420:Peasant Movement Training Institute
2365:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
1786:Eastward spread of Western learning
1680:students from Shanghai gathered at
1506:
24:
5729:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
5674:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
4951:Constitutional Protection Movement
4782:Widmer, Ellen, and David Wang ed.
4680:
4161:
4123:
4009:
3598:
3136:Participants at the time, such as
2899:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
2821:Revolutionary Committee of the KMT
2250:
1774:Constitutional Protection Movement
25:
5863:
5704:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
5684:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
4076:Rodriguez, Sarah Mellors (2023).
1944:Translation of foreign literature
1930:Romanization of Chinese languages
1369:that had been surrendered by the
5239:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
5099:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
4850:
4838:
4642:Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. (2005).
3389:History of the Republic of China
3373:
3359:
3197:Chinese modern female literature
3005:
2992:
2273:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
410:
136:
54:
27:1919 political movement in China
5170:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
4287:
4262:
4235:
4196:
4155:
4117:
4094:
4069:
4003:
3968:
3943:
3916:
3899:
3862:
3829:
3804:
3779:
3707:
3668:
3635:
3617:
2400:Founding of the Communist Party
1935:Writing with vernacular Chinese
1709:
1649:
374:
350:
336:
322:
5547:German Revolution of 1918–1919
4361:
4014:. University of Chicago Press.
3909:Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung
3873:. Routledge. pp. 94–110.
3714:Schwartz, Benjamin I. (1973).
3592:
3567:
3542:
3517:
3473:
1947:Sorting out national heritages
1586:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1269:Science and technology history
298:
284:
268:
254:
240:
226:
188:
174:
101:Pro-Japanese officials removed
13:
1:
5468:Republic of China (1912–1949)
4917:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
4442:Journal of Contemporary China
3414:
2839:Forming the People's Republic
2706:Yan'an Rectification Campaign
1399:
639:
598:
574:
551:
527:
468:
5847:Chinese Communist Revolution
5582:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
5001:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
4739:Spence, Jonathan D. (1991).
4496:Encyclopedia of Modern China
4396:. Harvard University Press.
3549:Spence, Jonathan D. (1981).
3419:
2978:100th Anniversary of the CCP
2792:Urban support for Communists
2783:Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan
2195:Chinese Communist Revolution
1674:
1644:boycott of Japanese products
7:
5659:Soviet Republic of Naissaar
5316:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
5051:Washington Naval Conference
4770:, 44#2 (May 2019), 138–149.
4742:The Search for Modern China
4555:. Oxford University Press.
3352:
3233:
3220:
3120:
2856:Central People's Government
2673:Hundred Regiments Offensive
2007:League of Left-Wing Writers
1798:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
1720:Dongcheng District, Beijing
1581:
1345:was a Chinese cultural and
113:Spread of communist thought
10:
5868:
5378:National Pacification Army
5243:Northeast Flag Replacement
5149:Zhongshan Warship Incident
4846:and warlordism during the
4761:Chinese Studies in History
4660:10.1215/07402775-2005-3006
4627:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
4570:Schoppa, R. Keith (2019).
4479:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
4300:. Routledge. p. 251.
4248:. Psychology. p. 39.
3927:. Penguin. pp. 74–78.
3163:published the short story
3146:written vernacular Chinese
3104:, despite being rooted in
2264:People's Republic of China
2223:Birth of Chinese communism
1940:National Language Movement
1510:
1491:
1403:
36:
29:
5758:
5742:
5709:Hungarian Soviet Republic
5694:Soviet Republic of Saxony
5689:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
5651:
5605:
5514:
5465:
5341:
5331:
5321:
5307:
5293:
5281:
5258:
5248:
5226:
5216:
5206:
5196:
5186:
5176:
5154:
5144:
5130:
5116:
5094:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
5088:
5078:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5041:1st National CPC Congress
5036:
5031:Spirit Soldier rebellions
5026:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4926:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4859:
4702:10.1017/S0026749X00010982
4637:– via Google Books.
4613:– via Google Books.
4565:– via Google Books.
4489:– via Google Books.
4454:10.1080/10670569708724266
4425:10.1017/S0305741022001242
4406:– via Google Books.
4390:Chow, Tse-tsung (2013) .
4310:– via Google Books.
4258:– via Google Books.
4219:– via Google Books.
4181:10.1017/S0026749X22000609
3840:. Routledge. p. 24.
3730:– via Google Books.
3244:China's national industry
3172:
3168:
3153:
1974:Doubting Antiquity School
1908:East-west cultural debate
1759:Coronation of Yuan Shikai
1471:
1432:'s signing of the secret
1365:to retain territories in
1143:
1065:
945:
878:
808:
682:
385:
367:
360:
343:
329:
315:
308:
291:
277:
261:
247:
233:
219:
212:
207:
203:
195:
181:
167:
163:
158:
124:
119:
88:
76:
68:
53:
48:
5837:Revolutions of 1917–1923
5807:Aftermath of World War I
5714:Bavarian Soviet Republic
5552:1919 Egyptian revolution
5508:Revolutions of 1917–1923
5221:Muslim conflict in Gansu
5191:Shanghai Commune of 1927
5181:Nanking incident of 1927
5061:First Zhili–Fengtian War
4726:Journal of Asian Studies
4369:Chen, Joseph T. (1971).
3524:Lee, Leo Ou-fan (1987).
3482:
3480:Sugano, Tadashi (1986).
3251:Criticism and resistance
2861:Writing the Constitution
2758:People's Liberation Army
2701:Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region
2678:New Fourth Army Incident
2648:Second Sino-Japanese War
2616:Anti-Japanese resistance
1357:'s weak response to the
169:Traditional Chinese
30:Not to be confused with
5852:Chinese language reform
5623:1919 Southampton mutiny
5557:Greater Poland Uprising
5139:Canton–Hong Kong strike
4921:National Protection War
4768:Twentieth Century China
4597:Schwarcz, Vera (1986).
4203:Chen, Xiaoming (2008).
3846:10.4324/9781003350064-3
3629:Encyclopædia Britannica
3492:Nara Journal of History
3399:1976 Tiananmen incident
2968:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
2937:Intervention in Vietnam
2922:Sino-Soviet Cooperation
2801:China Democratic League
2586:Chinese Soviet Republic
2458:Canton–Hong Kong strike
1764:National Protection War
1470:) and "Mr. Democracy" (
1394:Chinese Communist Party
183:Simplified Chinese
5812:Progressivism in China
5724:Slovak Soviet Republic
5628:Seattle General Strike
5125:May Thirtieth Movement
4981:Paris Peace Conference
4101:Lopez, Hector (2016).
3644:Asia and the Great War
3295:and Lu Xun's brother,
3188:The True Story of Ah Q
3092:
3077:
2453:May Thirtieth Movement
2299:Century of Humiliation
2256:
1722:
1659:
1604:
1596:
1576:Paris Peace Conference
1440:in Korea in 1919, the
1361:decision to allow the
5822:China–Japan relations
5669:Odesa Soviet Republic
5021:Guangdong–Guangxi War
4971:Siberian intervention
4775:Oxford Bibliographies
4735:14.2 (2006): 449–466.
4580:10.4324/9781315182025
4537:Lin & Mair (2020)
4524:Lin & Mair (2020)
4107:History in the Making
3923:French, Paul (2016).
3811:Chan, Adrian (2003).
3148:gained currency over
3090:
3072:
2932:Intervention in Korea
2811:Jiaochangkou incident
2254:
2002:Crescent Moon Society
1793:Scientific Revolution
1717:
1657:
1602:
1594:
1425:dominated by warlords
1404:Further information:
1134:(mainland, 1912–1949)
5613:French Army Mutinies
5276:Sino-Soviet conflict
4931:Death of Yuan Shikai
4690:Modern Asian Studies
4648:World Policy Journal
4168:Modern Asian Studies
3127:New Culture movement
3012:Communism portal
2894:First five-year plan
2687:Communist base areas
2448:1922 seamen's strike
2355:New Culture Movement
1913:Total Westernization
1729:New Culture Movement
1669:Benjamin I. Schwartz
1527:Treaty of Versailles
1446:spheres of influence
1386:New Culture Movement
1359:Treaty of Versailles
108:New Culture Movement
5638:May Fourth Movement
5235:Huanggutun incident
5165:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
5160:Northern Expedition
4990:May Fourth Movement
4728:64.1 (2005): 35–65.
4666:on November 5, 2013
4619:Wang, David Der-wei
4526:, pp. 113–136.
4471:Wang, David Der-wei
4413:The China Quarterly
4054:, pp. 254–259.
4042:, pp. 265–270.
3776:, pp. 177–179.
3678:. Peking University
3625:"Shandong question"
3131:Cultural Revolution
2927:Annexation of Tibet
2763:Operation Beleaguer
2639:Second United Front
2468:Northern Expedition
2410:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
2360:May Fourth Movement
2266:on October 1, 1949.
2033:The Critical Review
1813:May Fourth Movement
1629:Yenching University
1539:extraterritoriality
1523:Chinese Labor Corps
1450:Chinese nationalism
1379:Chinese nationalism
1343:May Fourth Movement
337:Ng5 sei3 wan6 dung6
159:May Fourth Movement
49:May Fourth Movement
18:May Fourth movement
5817:Communism in China
5797:History of Beijing
5633:March 1st Movement
5592:September Uprising
5522:Russian Revolution
5287:Central Plains War
5121:Yunnan–Guangxi War
5072:First United Front
4941:Manchu Restoration
4907:Twenty-One Demands
4887:Bai Lang Rebellion
4539:, pp. 53–135.
4124:Li, Yuhui (2000).
3702:Wasserstrom (2005)
3599:Xu, Guoqi (2011).
3394:History of Beijing
3240:Shandong Peninsula
3142:Chinese literature
3114:October Revolution
3093:
2963:Mao Zedong Thought
2752:Millet plus rifles
2571:AB League Incident
2529:Aftermath of purge
2503:Break with the KMT
2390:First United Front
2257:
2173:David Der-wei Wang
2019:Major publications
1968:Schools of thought
1808:Russian Revolution
1788:
1769:Manchu Restoration
1750:
1723:
1660:
1605:
1597:
1568:David Lloyd George
1564:self-determination
1562:and the ideals of
1552:Georges Clemenceau
1494:Twenty-One Demands
1488:Twenty-One Demands
1442:Russian Revolution
1438:March 1st Movement
1355:Chinese government
1149:
959:Five Dynasties and
951:
886:Southern dynasties
814:
713:Chu–Han Contention
705:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
323:Ńgh-sei wahn-duhng
5832:Conflicts in 1919
5779:
5778:
5532:Finnish Civil War
5527:Russian Civil War
5474:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5351:
5350:
5302:Qinghai–Tibet War
5201:Shanghai massacre
5135:Anti-Fengtian War
5108:
5107:
4897:Second Revolution
4752:978-0-393-30780-1
4634:978-0-674-97887-4
4610:978-0-520-06837-7
4589:978-1-315-18202-5
4514:978-9-004-42488-3
4486:978-0-674-97887-4
4403:978-0-674-28340-4
4382:978-9-004-02567-7
4307:978-1-134-20597-4
4280:978-0-674-53423-0
4216:978-0-791-47986-5
4162:Wu, Rong (2023).
4087:978-1-009-02733-5
4027:, pp. 15–16.
4010:Hu, Shih (1934).
3961:978-1-793-60916-8
3880:978-1-000-42224-5
3855:978-1-032-39508-1
3822:978-0-826-47307-3
3797:978-1-487-80391-9
3727:978-1-684-17175-0
3661:978-0-199-65819-0
3610:978-0-674-04999-4
3585:978-0-521-23541-9
3560:978-0-670-29247-9
3535:978-0-253-36263-6
3514:, pp. 18–20.
3381:Literature portal
3268:New Life Movement
3182:Diary of a Madman
3110:League of Nations
3047:
3046:
2945:
2944:
2913:Foreign relations
2866:1954 Constitution
2829:
2828:
2816:Yu Zisan Incident
2768:Liaoshen campaign
2742:Military conflict
2734:Resumed Civil War
2724:
2723:
2668:East River Column
2663:Eighth Route Army
2629:
2628:
2543:Little Long March
2511:
2510:
2373:
2372:
2241:Chinese Communist
2169:
2168:
1956:Education reforms
1951:Feminist movement
1850:Anti-Confucianism
1844:
1803:French Revolution
1784:
1754:Second Revolution
1745:
1633:Peking University
1572:League of Nations
1448:further inflamed
1390:late Qing reforms
1375:Siege of Tsingtao
1339:
1338:
1296:Transport history
1222:Education history
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1175:Republic of China
1157:People's Republic
1130:Republic of China
1109:
1108:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
938:
937:
871:
870:
866:
865:
802:
801:
635:Spring and Autumn
498:Liao civilization
389:
388:
381:
380:
317:Yale Romanization
214:Standard Mandarin
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:Republic of China
82:Republic of China
32:June 4th movement
16:(Redirected from
5859:
5842:Tiananmen Square
5771:World revolution
5643:1923 Kraków riot
5597:Hamburg Uprising
5537:Aster Revolution
5501:
5494:
5487:
5478:
5477:
5452:
5449:Communist Party
5444:
5298:Sino-Tibetan War
5211:July 15 Incident
5114:
5113:
5083:Lincheng Outrage
4985:Shandong Problem
4961:Golok rebellions
4880:
4879:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4842:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4809:
4808:
4756:
4745:. W. W. Norton.
4721:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4662:. Archived from
4638:
4614:
4593:
4566:
4540:
4527:
4518:
4499:
4490:
4465:
4436:
4407:
4386:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4334:
4328:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4174:(4): 1355–1386.
4159:
4153:
4152:, pp. 1–18.
4147:
4138:
4137:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3947:
3941:
3938:Chiu-Duke (2020)
3935:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3871:Chinese Ideology
3866:
3860:
3859:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3432:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3213:in China and as
3174:
3170:
3155:
3150:Literary Chinese
3039:
3032:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2999:China portal
2997:
2996:
2995:
2889:New Marriage Law
2844:
2843:
2778:Pingjin campaign
2773:Huaihai campaign
2739:
2738:
2716:Women's movement
2644:
2643:
2611:Zunyi Conference
2601:Chinese Red Army
2526:
2525:
2498:Shanghai Commune
2493:Nanjing Incident
2478:Wuhan Government
2439:Labor organizing
2386:
2385:
2287:
2286:
2244:
2227:
2226:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2040:A Madman's Diary
1994:New Confucianism
1989:Creation Society
1855:Social Darwinism
1840:
1725:
1724:
1682:Fudan University
1513:Shandong Problem
1507:Shandong Problem
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1347:anti-imperialist
1331:
1324:
1317:
1259:Military history
1217:Economic history
1205:Related articles
1182:
1164:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1001:
991:
979:
966:
948:
947:
943:
942:
927:
917:
904:
891:
876:
875:
859:
854:Sixteen Kingdoms
837:
827:
811:
810:
806:
805:
795:
761:
748:
738:
728:
727:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
718:
706:
693:
680:
679:
658:
650:
648:
644:
641:
631:
621:
609:
607:
603:
600:
585:
583:
579:
576:
562:
560:
556:
553:
538:
536:
532:
529:
479:
477:
473:
470:
414:
404:History of China
391:
390:
377:
376:
356:
355:
354:
339:
338:
325:
324:
304:
303:
302:
287:
286:
273:
272:
271:
257:
256:
243:
242:
229:
228:
205:
204:
191:
190:
177:
176:
156:
155:
142:
140:
139:
126:
125:
62:Tiananmen Square
58:
46:
45:
21:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5766:World communism
5754:
5750:First Red Scare
5738:
5647:
5601:
5510:
5505:
5475:
5470:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5442:
5352:
5312:Kumul Rebellion
5274:
5265:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5167:
5163:
5137:
5123:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5011:Zhili–Anhui War
4987:
4983:
4919:
4855:
4836:
4806:
4753:
4683:
4681:Further reading
4678:
4669:
4667:
4635:
4611:
4590:
4563:
4533:Jianfeng ernian
4515:
4487:
4404:
4383:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4335:
4331:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4141:
4122:
4118:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4008:
4004:
3989:10.2307/2757067
3977:Pacific Affairs
3973:
3969:
3962:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3813:Chinese Marxism
3809:
3805:
3798:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3640:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3503:
3494:(in Japanese).
3487:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3435:Schwarcz (1986)
3433:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3337:
3264:Chiang Kai-shek
3253:
3236:
3223:
3123:
3102:Fourteen Points
3043:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2908:
2870:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2806:Shen Chong case
2787:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2682:
2658:New Fourth Army
2641:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2580:
2576:Futian incident
2562:Internal Purges
2557:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2488:Hankou incident
2462:
2434:
2415:Left Kuomintang
2383:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2341:
2313:
2304:1911 Revolution
2284:
2267:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2165:
2136:
2135:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2020:
2012:
2011:
1998:Research Clique
1969:
1961:
1960:
1920:Democratization
1898:
1890:
1889:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1748:1911 Revolution
1743:
1735:
1712:
1699:Zhang Zongxiang
1677:
1652:
1589:
1584:
1560:Fourteen Points
1515:
1509:
1496:
1490:
1408:
1402:
1363:Empire of Japan
1353:to protest the
1335:
1306:
1305:
1301:Women's history
1207:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1004:
999:
989:
977:
969:
964:
960:
940:
939:
934:
925:
915:
907:
902:
894:
889:
885:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
849:
846:
840:
835:
825:
803:
798:
793:
785:
759:
751:
746:
736:
726:
716:
704:
696:
691:
676:
675:
664:
663:
656:
646:
642:
637:
629:
619:
605:
601:
596:
588:
581:
577:
572:
559: 1046 BCE
558:
554:
549:
541:
535: 1600 BCE
534:
530:
525:
516:
515:
504:
503:
476: 2000 BCE
475:
471:
466:
458:
447:
446:
285:Wǔ-sìh yùn-dòng
279:Tongyong Pinyin
270:Wu-ssu yün-tung
269:
255:Wuusyh yunndonq
249:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
196:Literal meaning
146:
137:
135:
131:
84:
64:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5734:Labin Republic
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5446:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:War in Ningxia
5343:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5271:Beijing Revolt
5263:Chiang-Gui War
5260:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5231:Jinan incident
5228:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4848:Nanjing decade
4835:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4780:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4639:
4633:
4621:, ed. (2017).
4615:
4609:
4594:
4588:
4567:
4561:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4528:
4513:
4500:
4491:
4485:
4466:
4437:
4408:
4402:
4387:
4381:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4355:, p. 173.
4345:
4329:
4313:
4306:
4286:
4279:
4261:
4254:
4234:
4222:
4215:
4195:
4154:
4150:Frazier (2023)
4139:
4116:
4093:
4086:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4029:
4017:
4002:
3983:(4): 674–690.
3967:
3960:
3942:
3930:
3915:
3898:
3896:, p. 114.
3886:
3879:
3861:
3854:
3828:
3821:
3803:
3796:
3778:
3774:Schoppa (2019)
3763:
3748:
3733:
3726:
3706:
3689:
3667:
3660:
3634:
3616:
3609:
3591:
3584:
3566:
3559:
3541:
3534:
3516:
3501:
3472:
3455:
3453:, p. 569.
3451:Hayford (2009)
3443:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3370:
3354:
3351:
3342:neotraditional
3336:
3333:
3252:
3249:
3235:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3122:
3119:
3098:Woodrow Wilson
3082:Wellington Koo
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3016:
3015:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2621:Xi'an Incident
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Jiangxi Soviet
2592:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:Autumn Harvest
2545:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2221:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:Notable people
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Xueheng School
1976:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1903:Westernization
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1708:
1676:
1673:
1651:
1648:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1556:Woodrow Wilson
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1519:Triple Entente
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1401:
1398:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Jewish history
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1163:(1949–present)
1152:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1002:
992:
981:
980:
968:
967:
954:
952:
946:
936:
935:
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
906:
905:
893:
892:
879:
869:
868:
864:
863:
861:
860:
850:
847:
843:
841:
839:
838:
828:
817:
815:
809:
800:
799:
797:
796:
784:
783:
763:
762:
756:Three Kingdoms
750:
749:
739:
729:
719:
708:
707:
695:
694:
683:
677:
671:
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
654:Warring States
651:
647: 476 BCE
622:
620:(1046–771 BCE)
611:
610:
606: 256 BCE
587:
586:
564:
563:
540:
539:
517:
511:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
481:
480:
457:
456:
448:
442:
441:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
432:Historiography
429:
424:
416:
415:
407:
406:
400:
399:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:Ngó-sì ūn-tūng
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
347:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
319:
313:
312:
310:Yue: Cantonese
306:
305:
295:
289:
288:
281:
275:
274:
265:
259:
258:
251:
245:
244:
241:ㄨˇ ㄙˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
237:
231:
230:
223:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:Transcriptions
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
185:
179:
178:
171:
165:
164:
161:
160:
152:
151:
148:
147:
134:
132:
129:
122:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
111:
105:
102:
99:
94:Government of
90:
86:
85:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5864:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:1919 in China
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Ruhr uprising
5565:
5563:
5562:Biennio Rosso
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5469:
5464:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4828:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4562:0-192-80341-7
4558:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:(14): 79–99.
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4255:0-700-71630-0
4251:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4232:, p. 13.
4231:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4066:, p. 16.
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3940:, p. 58.
3939:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3894:Chiang (2020)
3890:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3815:. Continuum.
3814:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3483:日中軍事協定の廃棄について
3476:
3470:, p. 12.
3469:
3468:Mitter (2004)
3464:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3371:
3368:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3321:Vera Schwarcz
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:Zhang Binglin
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:Liang Shuming
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:figures like
3057:
3053:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Yan'an Soviet
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2430:28 Bolsheviks
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:Early history
2379:
2378:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:Qian Xuantong
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Qian Xuantong
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:Aftermath of
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:Sài xiānsheng
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:German Empire
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Naval history
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:Music history
1245:
1243:
1242:Media history
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Legal history
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1181:1949–present)
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
996:Southern Song
993:
988:
987:
986:Northern Song
983:
982:
976:
975:
971:
970:
963:
962:
956:
955:
953:
950:
949:
944:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
914:
913:
909:
908:
901:
900:
896:
895:
888:
887:
881:
880:
877:
856:
855:
851:
848:
845:
844:
842:
834:
833:
829:
824:
823:
819:
818:
816:
813:
812:
807:
792:
791:
787:
786:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
765:
764:
758:
757:
753:
752:
745:
744:
740:
735:
734:
730:
725:
724:
720:
717:(206–202 BCE)
715:
714:
710:
709:
703:
702:
698:
697:
692:(221–207 BCE)
690:
689:
685:
684:
681:
674:
668:
667:
657:(475–221 BCE)
655:
652:
636:
633:
632:
630:(771–256 BCE)
628:
627:
623:
618:
617:
613:
612:
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5587:March Action
5572:Iraqi Revolt
5285:
5168:
5158:
5103:Beijing Coup
5092:
5070:
4989:
4988:
4800:
4793:
4783:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4741:
4732:
4725:
4696:(1): 63–81.
4693:
4689:
4670:November 18,
4668:. Retrieved
4664:the original
4654:(2): 59–65.
4651:
4647:
4623:
4599:
4571:
4551:
4547:Mitter, Rana
4532:
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4040:Hockx (2017)
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3864:
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3806:
3787:
3781:
3761:, p. 2.
3716:
3709:
3680:. Retrieved
3670:
3643:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3600:
3594:
3575:
3569:
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3544:
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3367:China portal
3338:
3325:
3313:Yu Ying-shih
3273:
3258:
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3237:
3228:
3224:
3215:Literary Day
3208:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3164:
3161:Chen Hengzhe
3158:
3135:
3124:
3094:
3078:
3073:
3048:
2989:
2973:National Day
2711:Yan'an Forum
2483:Hunan Report
2359:
2218:
2210:sinicization
2199:
2170:
2111:Shen Congwen
2046:
2038:
2031:
2024:
1885:New humanism
1812:
1783:
1710:Significance
1691:
1687:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1650:Participants
1641:
1626:
1606:
1549:
1516:
1501:
1497:
1482:iconoclastic
1477:Dé xiānsheng
1475:
1465:
1454:
1416:Qing dynasty
1409:
1383:
1342:
1340:
1237:LGBT history
1173:
1155:
1128:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1039:
1026:
1013:
994:
984:
972:
961:Ten Kingdoms
957:
910:
897:
884:Northern and
882:
852:
830:
820:
788:
778:
772:
766:
760:(220–280 CE)
754:
741:
731:
721:
711:
699:
686:
626:Eastern Zhou
624:
616:Western Zhou
614:
591:
567:
544:
520:
496:
490:
484:
461:
451:
362:Southern Min
227:Wǔsì yùndòng
221:Hanyu Pinyin
199:5-4 Movement
96:Qian Nengxun
43:
5827:Warlord Era
5652:Territories
5441:Kuomintang
5426:New Guangxi
5421:Old Guangxi
5336:Two-Liu war
5326:Han–Liu War
4844:Warlord Era
4362:Works cited
4353:Chow (2013)
4230:Chen (1971)
4064:Wang (2017)
4052:Wang (2017)
4025:Wang (2017)
3759:Wang (2017)
3512:Chen (1971)
3437:, pp.
3317:Ta Kung Pao
3297:Zhou Zuoren
3289:Xiong Shili
3285:Tao Xisheng
3217:in Taiwan.
3064:Zhu Qianzhi
3052:voluntarist
2884:Land Reform
2425:Canton Coup
2327:Nationalism
2309:Warlord Era
2202:Chen Tanqiu
2126:Kang Youwei
2026:La Jeunesse
1779:Warlord Era
1587:May 4, 1919
1421:Yuan Shikai
1412:Rana Mitter
1406:Warlord Era
1284:Discoveries
1279:Cartography
1274:Archaeology
1212:Art history
1101:(1644–1912)
1088:(1368–1644)
1075:(1271–1368)
1045:(1115–1234)
1032:(1038–1227)
1028:Western Xia
1000:(1127–1279)
832:Eastern Jin
822:Western Jin
747:(25–220 CE)
743:Eastern Han
723:Western Han
602: 1046
582: 1046
578: 1250
555: 1600
531: 2070
472: 8500
453:Paleolithic
444:Prehistoric
89:Resulted in
72:May 4, 1919
5786:Categories
5384:Zhili Army
4339:, p.
4323:, p.
3744:Hao (1997)
3415:References
3329:Ma Fuxiang
3301:Lin Yutang
3281:Liu Shipei
3260:Kuomintang
3068:Mao Zedong
2847:Government
2606:Long March
2260:Mao Zedong
2243:Revolution
2206:Zhou Enlai
2186:Chen Duxiu
2178:Kuomintang
2121:Zhu Ziqing
2071:Chen Duxiu
1984:Communists
1870:Liberalism
1825:Ideologies
1742:Background
1430:Duan Qirui
1400:Background
1373:after the
1289:Inventions
1019:(916–1125)
990:(960–1127)
978:(960–1279)
645: – c.
643: 770
604: – c.
580: – c.
569:Late Shang
557: – c.
533: – c.
474: – c.
263:Wade–Giles
130:Protesters
5743:Reactions
5431:Guangdong
5396:Guominjun
5308:1931–1935
5294:1930–1932
5249:1928–1929
5217:1927–1930
5155:1926–1928
5131:1925–1926
5067:1923–1927
5047:1921–1922
5027:1920–1926
5017:1920–1921
4997:1919–1921
4967:1918–1920
4957:1917–1929
4947:1917–1922
4913:1915–1916
4883:1911–1914
4868:1925–1934
4865:1915–1924
4710:0026-749X
4507:. Brill.
4462:1067-0564
4433:0305-7410
4375:. Brill.
4190:0026-749X
3498:(12): 34.
3420:Citations
3309:Xu Fuguan
3305:Ch'ien Mu
3211:Youth Day
3159:In 1917,
3060:Li Shicen
2553:Guangzhou
2521:Civil War
2346:Movements
2332:Anarchism
2182:Li Dazhao
2091:Li Dazhao
2076:Guo Moruo
2047:The Tiger
1880:Communism
1875:Socialism
1865:Modernism
1860:Anarchism
1842:Scientism
1831:Democracy
1703:Lu Zongyu
1695:Cao Rulin
1675:Expansion
1637:Tiananmen
1351:Tiananmen
965:(907–979)
926:(690–705)
916:(618–907)
903:(581–618)
890:(420–589)
858:(304–439)
836:(317–420)
826:(266–316)
794:(266–420)
737:(9–23 CE)
463:Neolithic
427:Dynasties
5618:Red Week
5606:Protests
5406:Xinjiang
5374:Fengtian
4872:Factions
4549:(2004).
4419:: 1–18.
3353:See also
3234:Economic
3221:Feminist
3121:Cultural
3106:moralism
3056:nihilist
2538:Nanchang
2232:a series
2230:Part of
1897:Practice
1582:Protests
1531:Shandong
1367:Shandong
1252:Timeline
1179:(Taiwan,
1159:of China
673:Imperial
422:Timeline
396:a series
394:Part of
331:Jyutping
235:Bopomofo
98:weakened
77:Location
5759:Related
5515:Revolts
5436:Guizhou
5416:Sichuan
5359:Beiyang
5269:(incl.
4786:(1993)
4473:(ed.).
3997:2757067
3682:May 29,
3631:. 1998.
3404:Qiu Jin
3262:leader
3165:One Day
3138:Hu Shih
2875:Reforms
2337:Marxism
2290:Context
2282:Origins
2190:Marxism
2116:Yu Dafu
2101:Mao Dun
2086:Lao She
2081:Hu Shih
1836:Science
1396:(CCP).
923:Wu Zhou
513:Ancient
492:Yangtze
120:Parties
5411:Yunnan
5391:Shanxi
4788:online
4778:online
4749:
4718:311753
4716:
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3177:Lu Xun
3173:留美学生季报
2955:Legacy
2234:on the
2096:Lu Xun
2066:Ba Jin
1525:, the
1121:Modern
777:, and
495:, and
486:Yellow
398:on the
369:Tâi-lô
141:
110:splits
5451:(CCP)
5443:(KMT)
5369:Zhili
5364:Anhui
4714:JSTOR
3993:JSTOR
3488:(PDF)
3347:India
3154:我手寫我口
2318:Ideas
546:Shang
5342:1934
5332:1932
5322:1932
5282:1930
5259:1929
5227:1928
5207:1927
5197:1927
5187:1927
5177:1927
5145:1926
5117:1925
5089:1924
5079:1923
5057:1922
5037:1921
5007:1920
4977:1919
4937:1917
4927:1916
4903:1915
4893:1913
4747:ISBN
4706:ISSN
4672:2008
4629:ISBN
4605:ISBN
4584:ISBN
4557:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4481:ISBN
4458:ISSN
4429:ISSN
4398:ISBN
4377:ISBN
4302:ISBN
4275:ISBN
4250:ISBN
4211:ISBN
4186:ISSN
4082:ISBN
3956:ISBN
3875:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3817:ISBN
3792:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3684:2024
3656:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3439:9–11
3204:xing
3185:and
3062:and
2184:and
1701:and
1341:The
1097:Qing
1084:Ming
1071:Yuan
1015:Liao
974:Song
912:Tang
593:Zhou
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189:五四运动
175:五四運動
69:Date
39:WUSI
4698:doi
4656:doi
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1462:赛先生
1458:賽先生
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