3504:, a Shanghai intellectual who reflects liberal voices, agreed in effect with the orthodox view that the New Culture Movement was the root of the Chinese Revolution but valued the outcome differently. New Culture intellectuals, said Xu, saw a conflict between nationalism and cosmopolitanism in their struggle to find a "rational patriotism", but the cosmopolitan movement of the 1920s was replaced by a "new age of nationalism". Like a "wild horse", Xu continued, "jingoism, once unbridled, could no longer be restrained, thus laying the foundations for the eventual outcomes of the history of China during the first half of the twentieth century."
3298:
1884:
2396:, the predominant written form of the language since antiquity. The restructuring of national heritage first began when Hu Shih replaced traditional Confucian learning with a more modern construction of research on traditional culture. Hu Shih proclaimed that "a dead language cannot produce a living literature." In theory, the new format allowed people with little education to read texts, articles and books. He charged that Literary Chinese was understood by only scholars and officials (ironically, the new vernacular included many foreign words and Japanese neologisms (
2556:
1872:
3311:
1860:
1896:
2147:(新青年 Xin qingnian), thus marking the beginning of what would become the New Culture Movement. In its initial stages, New Youth was only a small operation, but it would soon become much more influential than The Tiger had ever been. Some of the articles published in the New Youth that were most influential in instigating the movement include: "To Youth" ( 敬告青年 "
3433:, moved away from the advocacy journalism that characterized the 1911 revolutionary period. Much of what they reported shaped narratives and realities amongst those who were interested in what was becoming the New Culture Movement. Outside the main centers the nationalism promoted in metropolitan dailies was not as distinctive as localism and culturalism.
3498:, recently defended Confucian thought against the New Culture condemnation. He reasoned that late imperial China had not been stagnant, irrational and isolated, conditions that would justify radical revolution, but that late Qing thinkers were already taking advantage of the creative potential of Confucius.
2295:
for a replacement to go deeper than the changes of the previous generations, which brought new institutions and new political forms. Daring leaders called for a new culture, as the death of Yuan Shikai in June 1916 had opened the possibility of fundamental reform in the
Chinese political sphere anew.
3426:
Chinese newspaper journalism was modernized in the 1920s according to international standards, thanks to the influence of the New
Culture Movement. The roles of journalist and editor were professionalized and became prestigious careers. The business side gained importance and with a greater emphasis
2422:
flourished. Hu Shih was not only one of the founders of the movement but also considered the leader of the vernacular faction with his promotion of scientific methods. The "national language" has another social and political function: it facilitates intellectuals to enlighten, spread new ideas, and
2294:
military after it collapsed in 1911, attempted to establish order and unity, but he failed to protect China against Japan, and also failed in an attempt to have himself declared emperor. When he died in 1916, the collapse of the traditional order seemed complete, and there was an intensified search
3358:
of 1919 initially united the leaders but soon, there was a debate and falling out over the role of politics. Hu Shih, Cai
Yuanpei, and other liberals urged the demonstrating students to return to the classroom, but Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, frustrated with the inadequacy of cultural change, urged
2134:
contributed articles, poetry, letters, and more to The Tiger. The Tiger was known for “probing the fundamental spirit of politics”, and the writers of this magazine grappled with the question of how underlying cultural values and beliefs shape politics, which would become important during the New
3475:
Historians in the west also saw the movement as marking a break between tradition and modernity, but in recent decades, Chinese and foreign historians now commonly argue that the changes promoted by New
Culture leaders had roots going back several generations and thus were not a sharp break with
3476:
tradition, which, in any case, was quite varied, as much as an acceleration of earlier trends. Research over the last fifty years also suggests that while radical
Marxists were important in the New Culture Movement, there were many other influential leaders, including anarchists, conservatives,
3471:
wrote that the May 4th
Movement "marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism" and argued that "a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new
3443:
held numerous lectures in China. He argued that China could encounter trouble by integrating too much progressive and foreign thoughts into
Chinese society. Liberal ideals were a major component of the New Culture Movement. Democracy became a vital tool for those frustrated with the unstable
3390:
Movement. Gu also inspired his students in the study of
Chinese folk traditions which had been ignored or dismissed by Confucian scholars. Education was high on the New Culture agenda. Cai Yuanpei headed a New Education Society, and university students joined the Mass Education Movement of
2009:
magazine, where these intellectuals promoted a new society based on unconstrained individuals rather than the traditional
Confucian system. In 1917, Mr. Hu Shih put forward the famous “Eight Principle”, that is, abandon the ancient traditional writing method and use vernacular.
3353:
When Cai
Yuanpei, the principal of Beijing university, resigned on May 9, 1919, it had caused a huge uproar in the media across the country. This connected the academic discourse within the university with the political activism of the May Fourth demonstrations. The
2478:
New Culture leaders and their followers now saw China as a nation among nations, not as culturally unique. A large number of foreign doctrines became fashionable, particularly those that reinforced the cultural criticism and nation-building impulses of the movement.
2450:
campaigned for a new culture and opposed the enshrinement of Confucianism in China's constitution, and implored Chinese people to defend the nascent republicanism. He wrote articles promoting Western civilization, constitutional rule, and endorsing democracy.
3451:, music and democracy, leaving to the future the question of what organization or political power could carry them out. The anti-imperialist and populist violence of the mid-1920s soon overwhelmed New Culture intellectual inquiry and culture.
2142:
were issued, and six months later, it became evident that Yuan Shikai had the intention to restore the imperial system. In the same year, Chen Duxiu founded the Youth Magazine (青年雜誌 Qingnian zazhi), which was later retitled as
4580:
Yao Zhongqiu." The Turn of the New Culture Movement and the Process of founding the Nation: With Hu Shi at the center." Journal of China University of Political Science and Law :97–120+160. {{doi|CNKI:SUN:PZGZ.0.2009-03-014)).
3486:
Other historians further argue that Mao's communist revolution did not, as it claimed, fulfill the promise of New Culture and enlightenment but rather betrayed its spirit of independent expression and cosmopolitanism.
3159:
3370:
Li called for "fundamental solutions", but Hu criticized it as abstract, calling for "more study of questions, less study of isms." The younger followers who followed Li and Chen into organized politics included
1563:
2356:
journal, which was a leading forum for debating the causes of China's weakness, as it laid the blame on Confucian culture. Chen Duxiu called for "Mr. Confucius" to be replaced by "Mr. Science" (
2093:
In the view of the New Culture Movement, Confucian morality repressed the universal and natural experience of sexuality. They believed that sexuality was best considered in scientific terms.
1279:
2483:, which had been influential since the late nineteenth century, was especially shaping for Lu Xun, among many others, and was supplemented by almost every "ism" of the world. Cai Yuanpei,
1919:
2167:
3225:
3340:
1086:
3459:
Orthodox historians viewed the New Culture Movement as a revolutionary break with feudal thought and social practice and the seedbed of revolutionary leaders who created the
3483:
The re-evaluation, while it does not challenge the high evaluation of the thinkers and writers of the period, does not accept their self-image as cultural revolutionaries.
3086:
2786:
5309:
2204:, who served as chancellor. These founders include Chen Duxiu who served as the Dean of the School of Arts and Letters in addition to being founder of the New Youth,
3164:
3230:
1947:
sociopolitical movement in China during the 1910s and 1920s. Participants criticized many aspects of traditional Chinese society, in favor of new formulations of
2430:'s 1922 visit to China. He personally translated her speech delivered at Beijing National University which stressed the importance of birth control. Periodicals
5177:, Vol. 12, pt. 1: Republican China, 1912–1949, pp. 406–504. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Overview of intellectual and cultural history.
3169:
3124:
2126:
that, while being short-lived, running only between May of 1914 – October of 1915, was one of the most influential political journals in China of the time.
4951:(Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefied, 2008). Essays on new aspects of the movement, including an Introduction which reviews recent re-thinking.
4822:
Paul A. Cohen, Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 85–86.
2703:
1951:
informed by modern ideals of mass political participation. Arising out of disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure of the
3333:
3418:, participated in the New Culture Movement. These figures played a major role in the restructuring of the Kuomintang along Soviet lines in 1922–1924.
3276:
3142:
2708:
2555:
2118:
of the summer of 1913 forced many intellectuals into exile, some fleeing to Tokyo, while others sought refuge in Shanghai. In Tokyo in May of 1914,
4940:
3281:
2466:, and he was also a friend of Chen Duxiu. Cai Yuanpei was involved in the New Culture Movement, as well as other similar movements such as the
454:
3378:
Other students heeded Hu Shih's call to return to their studies. The new approaches shaped scholarship for the next generation. The historian
3326:
1926:
1309:
5032:
Furth, Charlotte (1983). "Intellectual change: from the Reform movement to the May Fourth movement, 1895–1920". In Fairbank, John K. (ed.).
3589:
1121:
3207:
682:
4882:
2495:. They argued that Chinese society had to undergo radical social change before political change would be meaningful. The pragmatism of
2263:(一日 yi ri), published 1917 in an overseas student quarterly (《留美学生季报》 liumei xuesheng jibao). This was a year before the publication of
2248:
wenxue gailiang chuyi) with the guideline: "Do not imitate the ancients." On April 18, 1918, he published the followed landmark article
3061:
1167:
5304:
2200:, with its flourishing publishing sector. The founders of the New Culture Movement clustered in Peking University, where they joined
1415:
1400:
1364:
4717:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University : Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1985).
2640:
1339:
5157:(Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1967). Intellectual biography of key leader and co-founder of Chinese Communist Party.
3258:
4646:"From Academic Nitpicking to a 'New Culture Movement': How Newspapers Turned Academic Debates into the Center of 'May Fourth.'"
2630:
1359:
279:
5313:, 17 (March 2009) – selection of opinions and views on the May Fourth and New Culture Movements from the 1920s to the present.
2319:) publishing their first works. For example, Lu Xun's essays and short fiction created a sensation with their condemnation of
5366:
5231:
5192:
5123:
5105:
5080:
5041:
5022:
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2535:
2115:
1701:
49:
4866:
2718:
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1888:
1658:
1344:
1333:
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New Culture intellectuals advocated and debated a wide range of cosmopolitan solutions that included science, technology,
3197:
2279:(second was not published until 1921), which has often been incorrectly credited as the first vernacular Chinese fiction.
5326:
5167:(Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). Traces the fate of New Culture ideals through the rest of the century.
3771:"March 1 and May 4, 1919 in Korea, China and Japan: Toward an international History of East Asian Independence Movements"
3019:
2919:
2723:
2668:
687:
81:
3444:
condition of China whereas science became a crucial instrument to discard the "darkness of ignorance and superstition".
251:
4736:
3202:
447:
69:
5061:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Early chapters describe the role of popular education in the New Culture.
4811:
4924:
1952:
1284:
5371:
5361:
3009:
2585:
2576:
2076:
The re-examination of Confucian texts and ancient classics using modern textual and critical methods, known as the
1218:
697:
677:
3271:
1568:
1420:
1387:
1195:
702:
328:
54:
4467:
Schwartz, Benjamin I (1983). "Themes in Intellectual History: May Fourth and After". In John K. Fairbank (ed.).
4985:
4865:"Neither Renaissance nor Enlightenment: a historian's reflections on the May Fourth movement," Ying-shi Yü, in
2874:
2123:
1774:
1496:
1447:
1321:
479:
341:
2163:
where they became acquainted with the other individuals who made up the community of the New Culture Movement.
5140:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979). Early critique of the New Culture Movement as "iconoclastic."
3464:
2567:
1516:
1475:
1369:
1250:
493:
440:
220:
2130:, as well as other intellectuals who would later become a part of the New Culture Movement in China such as
5346:
4751:
Timothy B. Weston, "Minding the Newspaper Business: The Theory and Practice of Journalism in 1920s China,"
3187:
2999:
2781:
2543:
2030:
1912:
1830:
1470:
1136:
1106:
672:
578:
5351:
4619:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Council on East Asian Studies Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1983).
3615:
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2761:
2423:
create new cultures. In Hu Shi's view, this is also the premise for the formation of modern state order.
1750:
1548:
1430:
1200:
1063:
1023:
551:
302:
235:
93:
5356:
5147:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Describes the global influences on Chinese youth.
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3235:
2389:
2324:
2269:
2227:
1501:
1425:
1299:
1116:
604:
335:
230:
3519:
3387:
2303:
The literary output of this time was substantial, with many writers who later became famous (such as
2077:
1328:
1245:
269:
203:
180:
2418:
and other vernacular fiction as the basis for the national language. Literary societies such as the
3240:
3004:
2981:
2951:
2801:
2796:
2414:
1876:
1767:
1728:
1578:
1553:
1465:
1314:
1126:
1111:
734:
717:
5145:
The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism
4604:
The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism
5336:
5331:
3581:
3460:
3364:
2889:
2851:
2751:
2713:
1820:
1723:
1708:
1382:
1274:
1268:
729:
692:
624:
225:
59:
5036:. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge, Ma: Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–405.
4645:
3724:"Wholeness and individuality: Revisiting the New Culture Movement, as symbolized by May Fourth"
2756:
2602:
2380:). These two were regarded as the two symbols of the New Culture Movement and also its legacy.
2329:
2275:
1808:
1755:
1689:
1180:
978:
3359:
more radical political action. They used their roles as Peking University faculty to organize
3383:
3114:
2419:
2333:
showed typical Chinese people as weak and self-deceiving. Along with this musicians such as
2068:
2049:
1825:
1815:
1745:
1733:
1696:
1228:
297:
88:
2438:
published Hu's translation, which contributed to the public debate regarding birth control.
5170:
4909:. Berkeley: University of California Press. Biography of a conservative New Culture figure.
4702:
Ku Chieh-Kang and China's New History; Nationalism and the Quest for Alternative Traditions
4471:. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 406–451.
3524:
2405:
1607:
1131:
629:
208:
5184:
The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919
4854:
The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919
8:
3534:
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3355:
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2014:
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948:
739:
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634:
587:
108:
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4956:
4764:
4529:
4521:
4413:
4375:
4327:
4319:
4272:
4225:
4217:
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4123:
4115:
4068:
4060:
4013:
4005:
3958:
3950:
3903:
3895:
3751:
3699:
3266:
3055:
2856:
2693:
2635:
2492:
2463:
2160:
2139:
2064:
1803:
1684:
1651:
1101:
1091:
215:
155:
126:
103:
64:
4606:(Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), Ch 5 "China's Place Among Nations"
5283:
5271:
5227:
5188:
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The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical Antitraditionalism in the May Fourth Era
5119:
5101:
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Jin, Ha (2017). "Zhou Yucai writes 'A Madman's Diary' under the Pen Name Lu Xin". In
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5018:
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4920:
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4533:
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4405:
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4311:
4276:
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4174:
4162:
4127:
4107:
4072:
4052:
4017:
3997:
3962:
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3907:
3887:
3848:
3838:
3755:
3743:
3703:
3691:
3652:
3513:
3119:
3071:
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2824:
2806:
2189:
1864:
1798:
1718:
1583:
1149:
639:
246:
145:
98:
5052:
Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance; Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution, 1917–1937
4689:
Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance: Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution, 1917–1937
4674:
Patrick Fuliang Shan, “Assessing Li Dazhao’s Role in the New Cultural Movement,” in
4346:
The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai; the Making of a Social Movement in Modern China
2327:" directly implied that China's traditional culture was mentally cannibalistic, and
5263:
5251:
4657:
4505:
4303:
4256:
4201:
4154:
4099:
4044:
3989:
3934:
3879:
3835:
Reproductive realities in modern China : birth control and abortion, 1911–2021
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3683:
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289:
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150:
5267:
3739:
5341:
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5182:
5150:
5095:
5070:
5054:(Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1970). Careful study of central figure.
5012:
4914:
3770:
3610:
3109:
3014:
2961:
2879:
2791:
2607:
2427:
2250:
Constructive Literary Revolution – A Literature of National Speech
2107:
1948:
1792:
1644:
724:
43:
5226:. Harvard, Ma: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 248–253.
5100:. Harvard, Ma: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 254–259.
5075:. Harvard, Ma: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 265–270.
5017:. Harvard, Ma: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 242–247.
4661:
3671:
5133:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987). Biography and literary analysis.
4509:
4307:
4205:
4103:
4048:
3993:
3938:
3883:
3687:
3437:
2899:
2083:
2073:
The view that China is a nation among nations, not a uniquely Confucian culture
2026:
1839:
1205:
847:
712:
707:
654:
274:
198:
3852:
5320:
5275:
4517:
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4371:
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4268:
4213:
4166:
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4056:
4001:
3946:
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3747:
3695:
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also lectured widely to warm crowds. Lu Xun was associated with the ideas of
2504:
2213:
2119:
1984:
1944:
1762:
1523:
1410:
1349:
1048:
1043:
1038:
923:
787:
426:
401:
4142:
3399:
which promoted literacy as a foundation for wider political participation.
3302:
2401:
2400:), which made it difficult for many to read). Scholars, such as Y.R. Chao (
2320:
2291:
2256:
2000:
1964:
1573:
1558:
1511:
1096:
1003:
973:
907:
812:
777:
523:
406:
5126:. Study of student culture and institutions during the New Culture period.
4260:
4158:
2511:. Dewey arrived in China in 1919, and spent the following year lecturing.
5160:
5003:. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Asia Center: 2001. Revisionist study.
4836:
4715:
Going to the People: Chinese Intellectuals and Folk Literature, 1918–1937
3396:
2728:
2612:
2508:
2459:
2426:
Hu was among the influential New Culture Movement reformers who welcomed
2409:
2397:
2352:
2334:
2287:
2236:
baihuawen) in literature before and especially in his essay published by
2201:
2111:
2060:
2034:
1988:
1976:
1960:
1665:
1636:
1629:
1304:
1053:
1018:
993:
968:
958:
953:
938:
913:
782:
649:
609:
421:
321:
74:
5244:
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895–1980.
4798:
Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History
4783:
Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History
4729:
An Introductory Study on China's Cultural Transformation in Recent Times
4417:
4397:
4379:
4359:
3427:
on advertising and commercial news, the main papers in Shanghai such as
2037:), transforming what had been a cultural movement into a political one.
4907:
The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-Ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity
4902:
4676:
A Century of Student Movements in China: The Mountain Movers, 1919–2019
4494:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
4292:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
4190:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
4088:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
4033:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
3978:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
3923:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
3868:"The Formation and Positioning of the New Culture Community, 1913–1917"
3488:
3477:
3468:
3379:
3372:
2909:
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2484:
2217:
2127:
1956:
1738:
1154:
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988:
983:
933:
918:
897:
887:
882:
857:
827:
797:
792:
416:
366:
165:
4525:
4493:
4323:
4291:
4244:
4221:
4189:
4119:
4087:
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4032:
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3977:
3954:
3922:
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5246:
Includes many New Culture leaders and their experience of revolution.
5065:
Hockx, Michel (2017). "The Big Misnomer: 'May Forth Literature'". In
4916:
Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 through the Twentieth Century
4800:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 179.
4785:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 170.
3647:
3630:
3529:
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3411:
3407:
3392:
2520:
2516:
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2447:
2212:
who was a leading figure in the literary revolution, the philosopher
2205:
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2005:
1968:
1859:
1405:
1033:
1028:
928:
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386:
371:
175:
170:
160:
137:
4833:
Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm : In Search of Chinese Modernity
3386:
he studied at Columbia University to classical Chinese texts in the
4919:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
3501:
3429:
2316:
2197:
1992:
1185:
1013:
1008:
998:
963:
902:
872:
802:
767:
537:
4883:“Historical Memories of May Fourth: Patriotism, but of what kind?”
3676:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2166:
5001:
The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China’s May Fourth Project
4871:
The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project
4841:
A Bitter Revolution : China's Struggle with the Modern World
3495:
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2185:
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2018:
1996:
1980:
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852:
822:
772:
411:
396:
381:
376:
131:
5252:"An Analysis of Anti-Traditionalism in the New Culture Movement"
4958:
The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China
2446:
While serving as an editor for various newspapers and journals,
2056:'s saying "Speak in the language of the time in which you live")
2412:. Hu Shih was among the scholars who used the textual study of
2312:
2264:
2184:
Two major centres of literature and intellectual activity were
1972:
1844:
892:
842:
837:
391:
361:
4992:
Revisionist study showing the influence of anarchist programs.
4949:
Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm: In Search of Chinese Modernity
4245:"The Making of The New Culture Movement: A Discursive History"
4143:"The Making of The New Culture Movement: A Discursive History"
5173:. "Themes in Intellectual History: May Fourth and After." In
2033:(the meeting setting the terms of peace at the conclusion of
867:
817:
5216:
Song, Mingwei (2017). "Inventing Youth in Modern China". In
4835:(Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefied, 2008) and
3564:
3562:
16:
Early 20th-century revolt against traditional Chinese values
5165:
A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World
4873:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001).
3807:
3805:
2255:
The first vernacular Chinese fiction was the female author
2021:
aligned with the movement protested the transfer of German
5007:
Egan, Susan Chan (2017). "Hu Shi and His Experiments". In
4553:
1955:
to address China's problems, it featured scholars such as
4913:
Bary, Wm. Theodore de; Lufrano, Richard, compl. (2000) .
4767:, "Newspapers and Nationalism in Rural China 1890–1929,"
4550:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), pp 53–78 .
4429:
4427:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3559:
4678:, Rowman Littlefield and Lexington Books, 2020, pp. 3–22
3802:
3635:
International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity
3547:
3414:
as well as Communist members of the Kuomintang such as
4424:
3785:
1999:, many classically educated, who led a revolt against
2523:, Mao Dun, and many other intellectuals of the time.
556:
542:
528:
4691:(Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 254.
5131:
Voices from the Iron House : A Study of Lu Xun
4391:
4389:
2159:"). In 1917, Chen Duxiu and Zhang Shizhao moved to
2013:The New Culture Movement was the progenitor of the
4843:(Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
4622:
4704:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).
3454:
3382:, for instance, pioneered the application of the
2709:Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International
2089:An orientation to the future rather than the past
5318:
5187:. Berkeley, Ca: University of California Press.
4386:
3421:
4885:, Xu Jilin (translated by Duncan M. Campbell),
4856:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
3402:Many of the leaders of the Kuomintang, such as
5116:Behind the Gate: Inventing Students in Beijing
4395:
4357:
2559:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
2003:. The movement was launched by the writers of
5155:Li Ta-Chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism
5118:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
4869:, Oldřich Král, Graham Martin Sanders, eds.,
4548:Voices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun
4449:(University of British Columbia Press, 2018,
3837:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3334:
2462:was a Chinese philosopher, the Chancellor of
2231:
1920:
498:
484:
448:
5294:(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
4980:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4939:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2526:
4912:
4726:
4559:
4396:Videlier, Philippe; Julian, Robert (1989).
4358:Videlier, Philippe; Julian, Robert (1989).
5059:To the People: James Yen and Village China
4571:Chow, May Fourth Movement, pp. 46, 59, 277
3582:"Before and After the May Fourth Movement"
3363:study groups and the first meeting of the
3341:
3327:
2499:became popular, often through the work of
2155:"), and "Our Final Realization" (吾人最後之覺悟 "
1927:
1913:
1388:Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance
1168:Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council
455:
441:
4961:. Harvard, Ma: Harvard University Press.
3832:
3646:
2566:and leading revolutionaries proclaim the
2252:(建设的文学革命论 jianshe de wenxue geming lun).
2242:Preliminary Discussion on Literary Reform
1416:Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West
1122:Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre
5180:
4466:
2165:
5292:Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture
5249:
4789:
4643:
3773:. The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
3721:
3568:
2282:
1340:Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions
5319:
5223:A New Literary History of Modern China
5097:A New Literary History of Modern China
5072:A New Literary History of Modern China
5014:A New Literary History of Modern China
4975:
4628:
4491:
4289:
4187:
4085:
4030:
3975:
3920:
3865:
3669:
1360:Revolutionary Communist Party of China
5305:"The May Fourth Spirit, Now and Then"
5064:
5031:
4639:
4637:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3768:
3553:
3208:Suppression of counterrevolutionaries
2388:Another outcome was the promotion of
2226:had argued for the use of the modern
1889:People's Republic of China portal
5215:
5006:
4954:
3796:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3574:
2473:
1345:Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party
1334:Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association
1280:Labor Party of the Republic of China
221:Simplification of Chinese characters
5089:
4978:Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution
4795:
4780:
4593:, Albany: SUNY Press, 2024, 81–104.
4433:
4398:"Revolt in China: Chen's New Youth"
4360:"Revolt in China: Chen's New Youth"
4242:
4140:
3672:"The New-Culture Movement in China"
3670:Hummel, Arthur W. (November 1930).
3631:"The Chinese Path to Modernisation"
3628:
2724:Peasant Movement Training Institute
2669:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
2337:joined the movement through music.
688:2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests
82:Eastward spread of Western learning
13:
5203:Li Dazhao: China's First Communist
5034:Republican China 1912–1949, Part 1
4810:"The May Fourth Movement" (1939),
4634:
4591:Li Dazhao: China's First Communism
4469:Republican China 1912–1949, Part 1
3817:
3619:, W. W. Norton, 1999, pp. 290–313.
3592:from the original on June 29, 2020
3203:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
3125:Revolutionary Committee of the KMT
2554:
2404:), began the study of the various
2040:
70:Constitutional Protection Movement
14:
5383:
5298:
3833:Rodriguez, Sarah Mellors (2023).
3710:
240:Translation of foreign literature
226:Romanization of Chinese languages
4995:Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena;
3769:Nishi, Masayuki (October 2007).
3722:Zhitian, Luo (October 2, 2019).
3309:
3296:
2577:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
2519:, which were also propagated by
2340:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1702:Criticism of neoauthoritarianism
1442:(groups of pro-Chinese identity)
1310:Democratic Self-Government Party
1240:(groups of pro-Chinese identity)
1219:New Democratic Macau Association
678:1970s Hong Kong student protests
5250:Weiping, Chen (April 3, 2017).
4896:
4876:
4859:
4846:
4825:
4816:
4804:
4774:
4758:
4745:
4720:
4707:
4694:
4681:
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4439:
4351:
4338:
4283:
4236:
4181:
4134:
4079:
4024:
3969:
3914:
3859:
2704:Founding of the Communist Party
2122:founded the political magazine
1569:Hong Kong Democratic Foundation
1421:Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power
1196:Proletariat Political Institute
703:2022 COVID-19 protests in China
231:Writing with vernacular Chinese
4999:; Graham Martin Sanders, eds.
4731:. Springer. pp. 344–346.
3762:
3663:
3629:Hon, Tze-ki (March 28, 2014).
3622:
3604:
3455:Evaluations and changing views
2454:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2357:
1840:Republic of China independence
1775:Three Principles of the People
683:1989 Tiananmen Square protests
557:
543:
529:
499:
485:
243:Sorting out national heritages
1:
5268:10.1080/02529203.2017.1302243
4867:Milena Doleželová-Velingerová
4831:Introduction, Kai-wing Chow,
4650:Frontiers of History in China
3740:10.1080/00094633.2019.1654802
3540:
3422:Journalism and public opinion
3143:Forming the People's Republic
3010:Yan'an Rectification Campaign
2345:
2298:
2106:Following the failure of the
2101:
2017:. On 4 May 1919, students in
1476:Union of Chinese Nationalists
1251:Non-Partisan Solidarity Union
5367:Chinese Communist Revolution
4812:Selected Works of Mao Zedong
3282:100th Anniversary of the CCP
3096:Urban support for Communists
3087:Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan
2493:Chinese variety of anarchism
2441:
2290:, who inherited part of the
1877:Republic of China portal
1471:New Democracy Party of China
1401:Democratic Progressive Party
1365:Revolutionary Marxist League
698:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
7:
5205:, Albany: SUNY Press, 2024.
4662:10.3868/s020-003-014-0037-2
4644:Forster, Elisabeth (2014).
4492:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
4290:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
4188:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
4086:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
4031:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
3976:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
3921:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
3866:Weston, Timothy B. (1998).
3616:The Search for Modern China
3507:
3160:Central People's Government
2977:Hundred Regiments Offensive
1549:Alliance for True Democracy
1431:Victoria Social Association
1201:Tsuen Wan Community Network
303:League of Left-Wing Writers
94:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
10:
5388:
5327:Chinese literary movements
5210:Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal
5175:Cambridge History of China
4510:10.1177/009770049802400302
4447:Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal
4308:10.1177/009770049802400302
4206:10.1177/009770049802400302
4104:10.1177/009770049802400302
4049:10.1177/009770049802400302
3994:10.1177/009770049802400302
3939:10.1177/009770049802400302
3884:10.1177/009770049802400302
3728:Chinese Studies in History
3688:10.1177/000271623015200108
3465:People's Republic of China
2568:People's Republic of China
2390:written vernacular Chinese
2383:
2228:written vernacular Chinese
2096:
1438:Republic of China (Taiwan)
1426:Tuen Mun Community Network
1236:Republic of China (Taiwan)
1117:League of Social Democrats
605:Civil and political rights
236:National Language Movement
4955:Chow, Tse-tsung (2013) .
3520:East-West Cultural Debate
3463:and went on to found the
3356:May Fourth Demonstrations
2527:Development and aftermath
2371:
2232:
2078:Doubting Antiquity School
2029:rather than China at the
1524:Localist camp (Hong Kong)
1329:Hong Kong Affairs Society
1294:Hong Kong (pro-democracy)
1081:Hong Kong (pro-democracy)
568:
550:
536:
522:
515:
510:
506:
492:
478:
474:
469:
270:Doubting Antiquity School
204:East-west cultural debate
55:Coronation of Yuan Shikai
5310:China Heritage Quarterly
5256:Social Sciences in China
4887:China Heritage Quarterly
4771:(2000) 166#1 pp 181–205
4617:China and Charles Darwin
4344:Chen, Joseph T. (1971).
3165:Writing the Constitution
3062:People's Liberation Army
3005:Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region
2982:New Fourth Army Incident
2952:Second Sino-Japanese War
2920:Anti-Japanese resistance
2415:Dream of the Red Chamber
2023:rights over Jiaozhou Bay
1729:Local ethnic nationalism
1579:Reform Club of Hong Kong
1554:Civil Human Rights Front
1466:Democracy Party of China
735:Hundred Flowers Campaign
718:Hong Kong 1 July marches
577:This article is part of
480:Traditional Chinese
5372:Chinese language reform
5362:History of Confucianism
5208:Shan, Patrick Fuliang.
5201:Shan, Patrick Fuliang,
5181:Schwarcz, Vera (1986).
4753:Twentieth-Century China
4700:Laurence A. Schneider,
4560:Bary & Lufrano 2000
4249:Twentieth-Century China
4147:Twentieth-Century China
3588:. Columbia University.
3472:national bourgeoisie."
3461:Chinese Communist Party
3365:Chinese Communist Party
3272:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
3241:Intervention in Vietnam
3226:Sino-Soviet Cooperation
3105:China Democratic League
2890:Chinese Soviet Republic
2762:Canton–Hong Kong strike
2408:using tools of foreign
2370:) and "Mr. Democracy" (
2350:Chen Duxiu founded the
2240:in January 1917 titled
2179:
2045:The movement promoted:
1821:Progressivism in Taiwan
1799:Critics of Confucianism
1724:Liberalism in Hong Kong
1383:123 Democratic Alliance
1275:Democratic Party (1912)
1269:China Democratic League
730:Chinese economic reform
693:2014 Hong Kong protests
625:Equality before the law
494:Simplified Chinese
60:National Protection War
4589:Patrick Fuliang Shan,
4445:Patrick Fuliang Shan,
2757:May Thirtieth Movement
2603:Century of Humiliation
2560:
2330:The True Story of Ah Q
2276:The True Story of Ah Q
2273:on April 2, 1918, and
2176:
2157:wuren zuihou zhi juewu
2031:Paris Peace Conference
1246:Chinese People's Party
1181:Deliberation Tsuen Wan
5057:Hayford, Charles W.,
4976:Dirlik, Arif (1991).
4261:10.1353/tcc.2017.0007
4159:10.1353/tcc.2017.0007
3236:Intervention in Korea
3115:Jiaochangkou incident
2558:
2420:Crescent Moon Society
2169:
2050:Vernacular literature
1865:Liberalism portal
1826:Taiwanese nationalism
1816:Human rights in China
1793:Conservatism in China
1746:Localism in Hong Kong
1697:Anti-authoritarianism
1448:China Democracy Party
1229:New Macau Association
558:Shin Wenhuah Yunndonq
298:Crescent Moon Society
89:Scientific Revolution
5050:Grieder, Jerome B.,
4755:(2006) 31#2 pp 4–31.
4727:Yunzhi Geng (2014).
4243:Kuo, Ya-pei (2017).
4141:Kuo, Ya-pei (2017).
3525:Total Westernization
3316:Communism portal
3198:First five-year plan
2991:Communist base areas
2752:1922 seamen's strike
2659:New Culture Movement
2406:Varieties of Chinese
2283:Death of Yuan Shikai
2216:, and the historian
1941:New Culture Movement
1901:Hong Kong portal
1608:Hong Kong Free Press
1508:Pro-Kuomintang camp
1395:Hong Kong (localist)
1175:Hong Kong (localist)
1144:Hong Kong (centrist)
1132:Professional Commons
745:New Culture Movement
630:Freedom of the press
470:New Culture Movement
209:Total Westernization
25:New Culture Movement
5347:Liberalism in China
5241:Spence, Jonathan D.
5218:Wang, David Der-wei
5092:Wang, David Der-wei
5067:Wang, David Der-wei
5009:Wang, David Der-wei
4687:Jerome B. Grieder,
4615:James Reeve Pusey,
4436:, pp. 254–259.
3814:, pp. 265–270.
3799:, pp. 242–247.
3571:, pp. 175–187.
3556:, pp. 322–405.
3535:May Fourth Movement
3491:, a student of the
3441:Rabindranath Tagore
3231:Annexation of Tibet
3067:Operation Beleaguer
2943:Second United Front
2772:Northern Expedition
2714:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
2664:May Fourth Movement
2570:on October 1, 1949.
2468:May Fourth Movement
2432:The Ladies' Journal
2194:Tsinghua University
2151:"), "1916" (一九一六年 "
2063:family in favor of
2015:May Fourth Movement
1493:Pro-democracy camp
1377:Hong Kong (pro-ROC)
1355:Power for Democracy
1191:Land Justice League
1162:Hong Kong (pro-ROC)
740:May Fourth Movement
673:Democracy movements
645:Popular sovereignty
635:Freedom of religion
589:Liberalism in China
544:ㄒㄧㄣ ㄨㄣˊㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄣˋㄉㄨㄙˋ
329:The Critical Review
109:May Fourth Movement
5352:Communism in China
5212:, UBC Press, 2018.
5171:Schwartz, Benjamin
5151:Maurice J. Meisner
4889:, 17 (March 2009).
4796:Schoppa, R.Keith.
4781:Schoppa, R.Keith.
4769:Past & Present
4765:Henrietta Harrison
3586:Asia For Educators
3388:Doubting Antiquity
3267:Mao Zedong Thought
3056:Millet plus rifles
2875:AB League Incident
2833:Aftermath of purge
2807:Break with the KMT
2694:First United Front
2561:
2464:Beijing University
2436:The Women's Review
2177:
2161:Beijing University
2140:Twenty-One Demands
2135:Culture Movement.
2069:women's liberation
2065:individual freedom
1804:Democracy in China
1679:Related ideologies
1652:Free China Journal
1263:Historical parties
1102:Community Alliance
1092:April Fifth Action
530:Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng
315:Major publications
264:Schools of thought
104:Russian Revolution
84:
65:Manchu Restoration
46:
5357:Anti-Confucianism
5233:978-0-674-97887-4
5194:978-0-520-06837-7
5124:978-0-231-15238-9
5107:978-0-674-97887-4
5082:978-0-674-97887-4
5043:978-0-521-23541-9
5024:978-0-674-97887-4
4968:978-0-674-28340-4
4935:cite encyclopedia
4478:978-0-521-23541-9
4455:978-0-7748-3778-1
3844:978-1-009-02733-5
3514:New Life Movement
3351:
3350:
3249:
3248:
3217:Foreign relations
3170:1954 Constitution
3133:
3132:
3120:Yu Zisan Incident
3072:Liaoshen campaign
3046:Military conflict
3038:Resumed Civil War
3028:
3027:
2972:East River Column
2967:Eighth Route Army
2933:
2932:
2847:Little Long March
2815:
2814:
2677:
2676:
2545:Chinese Communist
2474:Foreign influence
2325:Diary of a Madman
2270:Diary of a Madman
2190:Peking University
2116:second revolution
2114:’s ending of the
1953:Republic of China
1937:
1936:
1751:Autonomy Movement
1584:Tiananmen Mothers
1150:Path of Democracy
640:Freedom of speech
572:
571:
564:
563:
517:Standard Mandarin
465:
464:
252:Education reforms
247:Feminist movement
146:Anti-Confucianism
140:
99:French Revolution
80:
50:Second Revolution
41:
5379:
5287:
5237:
5198:
5129:Leo Ou-fan Lee,
5111:
5086:
5047:
5028:
4991:
4972:
4947:Chow, Kai-wing,
4944:
4938:
4930:
4890:
4880:
4874:
4863:
4857:
4852:Schwarcz, Vera.
4850:
4844:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4772:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4724:
4718:
4713:Chang-tai Hung,
4711:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4665:
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4632:
4626:
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4594:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4546:Leo Ou-fan Lee,
4544:
4538:
4537:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4464:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4355:
4349:
4348:. Leiden: Brill.
4342:
4336:
4335:
4287:
4281:
4280:
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4233:
4185:
4179:
4178:
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4132:
4131:
4083:
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4022:
4021:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3830:
3815:
3809:
3800:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3734:(3–4): 188–208.
3719:
3708:
3707:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3648:10.18352/hcm.470
3626:
3620:
3611:Spence, Jonathan
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3480:, and liberals.
3436:In 1924, Indian
3343:
3336:
3329:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3303:China portal
3301:
3300:
3299:
3193:New Marriage Law
3148:
3147:
3082:Pingjin campaign
3077:Huaihai campaign
3043:
3042:
3020:Women's movement
2948:
2947:
2915:Zunyi Conference
2905:Chinese Red Army
2830:
2829:
2802:Shanghai Commune
2797:Nanjing Incident
2782:Wuhan Government
2743:Labor organizing
2690:
2689:
2591:
2590:
2548:
2531:
2530:
2513:Bertrand Russell
2481:Social Darwinism
2394:Literary Chinese
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2235:
2234:
2220:, among others.
2149:jinggao qingnian
1929:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
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1863:
1862:
1615:Yanhuang Chunqiu
1370:United Democrats
1325:
1288:
1137:Socialist Action
1107:Democratic Party
620:Environmentalism
615:Economic freedom
590:
574:
573:
560:
559:
546:
545:
532:
531:
508:
507:
502:
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487:
467:
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336:A Madman's Diary
290:New Confucianism
285:Creation Society
151:Social Darwinism
136:
21:
20:
5387:
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5381:
5380:
5378:
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5316:
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5290:Zarrow, Peter.
5234:
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4597:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4465:
4461:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4425:
4394:
4387:
4356:
4352:
4343:
4339:
4288:
4284:
4241:
4237:
4186:
4182:
4139:
4135:
4084:
4080:
4029:
4025:
3974:
3970:
3919:
3915:
3864:
3860:
3845:
3831:
3818:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3720:
3711:
3668:
3664:
3627:
3623:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3510:
3457:
3424:
3347:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3212:
3174:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3110:Shen Chong case
3091:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3024:
2986:
2962:New Fourth Army
2945:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2884:
2880:Futian incident
2866:Internal Purges
2861:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2792:Hankou incident
2766:
2738:
2719:Left Kuomintang
2687:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2645:
2617:
2608:1911 Revolution
2588:
2571:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2476:
2457:
2444:
2428:Margaret Sanger
2386:
2348:
2343:
2301:
2285:
2259:'s short story
2182:
2153:yijiuyiliu nian
2108:1911 revolution
2104:
2099:
2082:Democratic and
2043:
2041:Major positions
1949:Chinese culture
1933:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1645:Endeavor Weekly
1620:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1435:
1392:
1374:
1320:
1291:
1282:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1238:
1233:
1210:
1172:
1159:
1141:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1049:Zhang (Weiying)
1044:Zhang (Qianfan)
1039:Zhang (Dongsun)
758:
750:
749:
725:1911 Revolution
668:
660:
659:
600:
588:
552:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
461:
432:
431:
357:
349:
348:
316:
308:
307:
294:Research Clique
265:
257:
256:
216:Democratization
194:
186:
185:
122:
114:
113:
44:1911 Revolution
39:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5337:1920s in China
5334:
5332:1910s in China
5329:
5315:
5314:
5300:
5299:External links
5297:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5262:(2): 175–187.
5247:
5238:
5232:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5193:
5178:
5168:
5158:
5148:
5143:Manela, Erez.
5141:
5134:
5127:
5114:Lanza, Fabio,
5112:
5106:
5087:
5081:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5042:
5029:
5023:
5004:
4993:
4986:
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4892:
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4875:
4858:
4845:
4824:
4815:
4803:
4788:
4773:
4757:
4744:
4738:978-3662445907
4737:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4633:
4621:
4608:
4595:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4562:, p. 362.
4552:
4539:
4484:
4477:
4459:
4438:
4423:
4385:
4350:
4337:
4282:
4235:
4180:
4133:
4078:
4023:
3968:
3913:
3878:(3): 256–257.
3858:
3843:
3816:
3801:
3784:
3761:
3709:
3662:
3641:(3): 211–228.
3621:
3603:
3573:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3456:
3453:
3438:Nobel Laureate
3423:
3420:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3290:
3289:
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2955:
2954:
2946:
2941:
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2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2925:Xi'an Incident
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Jiangxi Soviet
2896:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2852:Autumn Harvest
2849:
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2838:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2823:
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2819:
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2812:
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2643:
2638:
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2627:
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2605:
2599:
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2573:
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2562:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2525:
2475:
2472:
2456:
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2443:
2440:
2385:
2382:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2281:
2208:as librarian,
2181:
2178:
2175:Magazine Cover
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2059:An end to the
2057:
2042:
2039:
2027:Imperial Japan
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1852:
1851:
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1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1787:Related topics
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Anti-communism
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
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1611:
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1587:
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1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1517:mainland China
1514:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:Banned parties
1459:
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1454:
1451:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
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1357:
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1326:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Citizens Party
1290:
1289:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1206:Youngspiration
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
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1171:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
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1089:
1078:
1076:Extant parties
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
974:Wang (Ruoshui)
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
900:
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890:
885:
880:
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870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Chang (Carsun)
775:
770:
765:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
721:
720:
715:
713:Democracy Wall
710:
708:Beijing Spring
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
655:Social justice
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
598:
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594:
593:
583:
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570:
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562:
561:
554:
548:
547:
540:
534:
533:
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513:
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511:Transcriptions
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482:
476:
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463:
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460:
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429:
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419:
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409:
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399:
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364:
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356:Notable people
355:
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325:
317:
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275:Xueheng School
272:
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258:
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244:
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223:
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206:
199:Westernization
195:
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78:
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72:
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62:
57:
52:
40:
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33:
32:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5384:
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5360:
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5338:
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5333:
5330:
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5325:
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5312:
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5306:
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5293:
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5229:
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5172:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5136:Yusheng Lin,
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
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5073:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5056:
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5049:
5045:
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5035:
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5026:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4928:
4926:0-231-11271-8
4922:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4855:
4849:
4842:
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4834:
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4777:
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4734:
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4723:
4716:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4638:
4630:
4629:Dirlik (1991)
4625:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4602:Erez Manela,
4599:
4592:
4586:
4577:
4568:
4561:
4556:
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4527:
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4309:
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3991:
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3862:
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3813:
3808:
3806:
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3625:
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3607:
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3565:
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3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:New Confucian
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3449:individualism
3445:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:Liao Zhongkai
3400:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3344:
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3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3306:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
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3270:
3268:
3265:
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3260:
3255:
3254:
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3237:
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3227:
3224:
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3220:
3216:
3215:
3209:
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3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
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3182:
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3168:
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3100:
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3080:
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3008:
3006:
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3001:
3000:Yan'an Soviet
2998:
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2734:28 Bolsheviks
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2712:
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2707:
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2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:Early history
2683:
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2670:
2667:
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2662:
2660:
2657:
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2649:
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2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:Chiang Monlin
2502:
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2399:
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2369:
2367:sài xiānsheng
2355:
2354:
2341:Major figures
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2289:
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2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:Liang Shuming
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:Zhang Shizhao
2117:
2113:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:Qian Xuantong
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1880:
1878:
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1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
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1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:Progressivism
1761:
1757:
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1748:
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1660:
1659:Next Magazine
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1543:Organisations
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1414:
1412:
1411:Neo Democrats
1409:
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1350:Meeting Point
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1020:
1019:Xu (Zhangrun)
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Wu (Jinglian)
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
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920:
917:
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914:Liu (Junning)
912:
909:
906:
904:
901:
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894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
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811:
809:
806:
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791:
789:
786:
784:
783:Chang (P. C.)
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
754:
753:
746:
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483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
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451:
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439:
438:
436:
435:
428:
427:Qian Xuantong
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Qian Xuantong
400:
398:
395:
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365:
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139:
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118:
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107:
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83:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
45:
42:Aftermath of
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
5308:
5291:
5259:
5255:
5243:
5222:
5209:
5202:
5183:
5174:
5164:
5154:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5115:
5096:
5071:
5058:
5051:
5033:
5013:
5000:
4997:Oldřich Král
4977:
4957:
4948:
4915:
4906:
4897:Bibliography
4886:
4878:
4870:
4861:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4818:
4806:
4797:
4791:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4728:
4722:
4714:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4653:
4649:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4501:
4498:Modern China
4497:
4487:
4468:
4462:
4446:
4441:
4401:
4363:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4299:
4296:Modern China
4295:
4285:
4255:(1): 52–71.
4252:
4248:
4238:
4197:
4194:Modern China
4193:
4183:
4153:(1): 52–71.
4150:
4146:
4136:
4095:
4092:Modern China
4091:
4081:
4040:
4037:Modern China
4036:
4026:
3985:
3982:Modern China
3981:
3971:
3930:
3927:Modern China
3926:
3916:
3875:
3872:Modern China
3871:
3861:
3834:
3775:. Retrieved
3764:
3731:
3727:
3682:(1): 55–62.
3679:
3675:
3665:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3569:Weiping 2017
3549:
3500:
3485:
3482:
3474:
3458:
3446:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3401:
3377:
3369:
3352:
3293:
3277:National Day
3015:Yan'an Forum
2787:Hunan Report
2658:
2491:developed a
2477:
2458:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2413:
2402:Zhao Yuanren
2387:
2377:dé xiānsheng
2375:
2365:
2351:
2349:
2328:
2302:
2292:Qing dynasty
2286:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2257:Chen Hengzhe
2254:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2183:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2105:
2092:
2044:
2012:
2004:
2001:Confucianism
1965:Chen Hengzhe
1940:
1938:
1831:Independence
1768:Confucianism
1756:Independence
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1574:Next Digital
1559:Group of 190
1441:
1437:
1436:
1394:
1393:
1376:
1375:
1322:The Frontier
1315:The Frontier
1293:
1292:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1212:
1211:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1143:
1142:
1127:People Power
1112:Labour Party
1097:Civic Act-up
1080:
1079:
989:Wu (Chi-wai)
919:Liu (Xiaobo)
898:Li (Shenzhi)
858:Hu (Yaobang)
744:
586:
524:Hanyu Pinyin
407:Shen Congwen
342:
334:
327:
320:
181:New humanism
79:
24:
18:
5161:Rana Mitter
4903:Alitto, Guy
4837:Rana Mitter
3397:Tao Xingzhi
3384:New History
3188:Land Reform
2729:Canton Coup
2631:Nationalism
2613:Warlord Era
2509:Tao Xingzhi
2460:Cai Yuanpei
2455:Cai Yuanpei
2410:linguistics
2398:Wasei-kango
2335:Yin Zizhong
2288:Yuan Shikai
2202:Cai Yuanpei
2112:Yuan Shikai
2084:egalitarian
2061:patriarchal
2035:World War I
1989:Liu Bannong
1977:Zhou Zuoren
1961:Cai Yuanpei
1945:progressive
1666:Sharp Daily
1637:China Times
1630:Apple Daily
1305:Civic Party
1283: [
979:Wang (Yang)
833:Ho (Albert)
650:Rule of law
610:Due process
422:Kang Youwei
322:La Jeunesse
75:Warlord Era
5321:Categories
4987:0520072979
4504:(3): 277.
4404:(84): 70.
4402:Salmagundi
4366:(84): 69.
4364:Salmagundi
4302:(3): 279.
4200:(3): 273.
4098:(3): 267.
4043:(3): 265.
3988:(3): 263.
3933:(3): 260.
3853:1366057905
3812:Hockx 2017
3554:Furth 1983
3541:References
3489:Yu Yingshi
3478:Christians
3469:Mao Zedong
3380:Gu Jiegang
3373:Mao Zedong
3151:Government
2910:Long March
2564:Mao Zedong
2547:Revolution
2497:John Dewey
2485:Li Shizeng
2346:Chen Duxiu
2323:culture. "
2299:Literature
2218:Gu Jiegang
2188:, home to
2128:Chen Duxiu
2102:Background
1957:Chen Duxiu
1795:(opposing)
1739:Indigenism
1714:Federalism
1155:Third Side
1014:Xu (Youyu)
1009:Xu (Jilin)
999:Wu (K. C.)
949:Qin (1953)
944:Qin (1091)
903:Li (Yinhe)
599:Principles
417:Zhu Ziqing
367:Chen Duxiu
280:Communists
166:Liberalism
121:Ideologies
38:Background
5284:151585204
5276:0252-9203
4534:144291028
4518:0097-7004
4410:0036-3529
4372:0036-3529
4332:144291028
4316:0097-7004
4277:159813419
4269:1940-5065
4230:144291028
4214:0097-7004
4175:159813419
4167:1940-5065
4128:144291028
4112:0097-7004
4073:144291028
4057:0097-7004
4018:144291028
4002:0097-7004
3963:144291028
3947:0097-7004
3908:144291028
3892:0097-7004
3797:Egan 2017
3756:211429408
3748:0009-4633
3704:145281041
3696:0002-7162
3657:2666-6529
3530:New Youth
3467:in 1949.
3416:Li Dazhao
3412:Dai Jitao
3408:Hu Hanmin
3393:James Yen
2857:Guangzhou
2825:Civil War
2650:Movements
2636:Anarchism
2521:Li Shicen
2517:Nietzsche
2489:Wu Zhihui
2448:Li Dazhao
2442:Li Dazhao
2353:New Youth
2321:Confucian
2238:New Youth
2206:Li Dazhao
2172:New Youth
2145:New Youth
2138:In 1915,
2132:Li Dazhao
2124:The Tiger
2006:New Youth
1969:Li Dazhao
1809:Hong Kong
1734:Hong Kong
1690:Hong Kong
1685:Anarchism
1512:Hong Kong
1497:Hong Kong
1488:Alliances
1406:Demosisto
1064:Zimmerman
853:Hu (Shih)
823:Gu (Zhun)
387:Li Dazhao
372:Guo Moruo
343:The Tiger
176:Communism
171:Socialism
161:Modernism
156:Anarchism
138:Scientism
127:Democracy
4905:(1979).
4434:Jin 2017
4418:40548089
4380:40548089
3777:July 14,
3596:July 17,
3590:Archived
3508:See also
3502:Xu Jilin
2842:Nanchang
2536:a series
2534:Part of
2317:Bing Xin
2198:Shanghai
1993:Bing Xin
1719:Feminism
1564:HKASPDMC
1224:New Hope
1186:HK First
893:Li (Rui)
843:Ho (Kai)
838:Ho (Cyd)
579:a series
538:Bopomofo
193:Practice
5220:(ed.).
5094:(ed.).
5069:(ed.).
5011:(ed.).
3496:Qian Mu
3430:Shenbao
3361:Marxist
3179:Reforms
2641:Marxism
2594:Context
2586:Origins
2501:Hu Shih
2384:Hu Shih
2309:Lao She
2305:Mao Dun
2261:One Day
2224:Hu Shih
2210:Hu Shih
2186:Beijing
2097:History
2054:Hu Shih
2019:Beijing
1997:Hu Shih
1981:He Dong
1640:(early)
1601:Current
1529:ALLinHK
1336:(early)
1271:(early)
910:(early)
818:Gu (Su)
667:History
412:Yu Dafu
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