850:
836:
41:
398:
387:
376:
365:
354:
343:
332:
321:
310:
299:
122:
221:
287:
276:
265:
254:
243:
232:
210:
199:
188:
170:
159:
95:
749:
927:
did not dare proclaim it. The imperial court began secret negotiations with republican forces to prevent an assault on the city, even asking the foreign legations to mediate between the parties. The uncertainty over the imperial court's own fate and that of
General Zhang caused negotiations to fall apart. The republican generals announced a general assault on the positions of the monarchists on the morning of July 12.
740:
898:
Over the next 48 hours, edicts were proclaimed in an attempt to bolster the restoration, to the astonishment of the general public. On July 3, Li fled the presidential palace with two of his aides and took refuge in the embassy district, first in the French legation and later in the
Japanese embassy.
926:
On the ninth day of the
Restoration, General Zhang resigned from his appointed positions, retaining only the command of his troops in the capital, which were surrounded by republican forces. The restored imperial court prepared an edict of abdication for Puyi, but fearful of Zhang's royalist forces,
910:
reinforcements. Zhang was faced with overwhelming odds; almost all of the
Northern Army was opposed to him and he was forced to withdraw after republican troops seized control of the two main railway lines to the capital. Duan Qirui ordered an aerial bombardment of the Forbidden City compound, and a
946:
President Li refused to return to his post, leaving it in Feng
Guozhang's hands. Li's departure from the republican leadership allowed Duan to take charge of the government; and on August 14, 1917, a month after the recapture of capital, China declared war on Germany as Duan had originally wished,
878:
which had been abolished on
February 12, 1912. The capital police soon submitted to the new government. General Xu later published an edict of restoration that falsified the approval of the president of the republic, Li Yuanhong. He was also supported by several other officials, including Beiyang
918:
to drop three bombs over the
Forbidden City, causing the death of a eunuch, but otherwise causing minor damage; other sources state that the Caudron aircraft was piloted by the principal of the Nanyuan Aviation School, Qin Guoyong (ē§¦åé). This was the first recorded instance of aerial bombardment
817:
The military governors left
Beijing after Duan Qirui's dismissal as Premier. They gathered in Tianjin, calling on the troops from the provinces to rebel against Li and take the capital, despite the opposition of the navy and the southern provinces. In response, on June 7, 1917, Li requested that
909:
Duan immediately took command of the republican troops stationed in nearby
Tianjin. On July 5, 1917, his troops seized the BeijingāTianjin railway 40 kilometers from the capital. On the same day, General Zhang left the capital to meet the republicans, his forces further bolstered by Manchu
788:. Many were disappointed about the Republican government's inability to solve China's problems. Finally, there were numerous reactionaries and disempowered ex-Qing officials who conspired to overthrow the Republic. As a result, pro-Qing restorationist groups, most notably the
783:
believed that they were discriminated against by China's new
Republican government, and restorationism consequently became popular among these ethnic groups. The Qing also enjoyed support among sections of the Han Chinese population as well, such as in
930:
The attack began the next day, with royalists troops entrenched on the wall of the Temple of Heaven. Shortly after the fighting began, negotiations resumed, resulting in the royalists giving up their positions. General Zhang, dismayed, fled to the
1974:
588:
2038:
958:, which Duan dominated. As the central government weakened, China fragmented further, foreshadowing the era of warlords and, in the South, increasing the popularity and strength of
628:
431:
2594:
943:
The military failure of the royalist troops left the Qing court and imperial family in a precarious position with the republican government suspicious of the Qing remnants.
551:
1872:
902:
Before taking refuge in the Japanese embassy, Li had taken certain measures, including leaving the presidential seal in the Presidential Palace, appointing Vice President
2633:
618:
459:
870:
On the morning of July 1, 1917, the royalist general Zhang Xun took advantage of the unrest and entered the capital, proclaiming the restoration of Puyi as
1967:
424:
2638:
2474:
499:
504:
792:, remained an underrepresented, but powerful factor in Chinese politics during the 1910s. Several royalist uprisings were launched, but all failed.
280:
2313:
2053:
613:
417:
2458:
2429:
2048:
1504:
2130:
950:
Li's withdrawal strengthened military cliques in northern China and left the already fractured central government in the hands of the Feng
1669:
2011:
2118:
2103:
849:
1805:
718:, to the throne. The restoration lasted just less than two weeks, from July 1, 1917, to July 12, 1917, and was quickly reversed by
441:
2841:
2180:
479:
2872:
2113:
1435:
1236:
1052:
1026:
603:
561:
2342:
2093:
2006:
1730:
45:
Republican troops fighting to retake the Forbidden City on July 12, 1917, after Zhang Xunās attempted imperial restoration
1915:
1745:
608:
2558:
1927:
1800:
1624:
906:
as Acting President, and restoring Duan Qirui as Premier, in an attempt to enlist them in the defense of the republic.
835:
541:
2847:
2688:
2563:
1920:
1497:
1472:
1416:
1393:
1281:
1260:
884:
719:
214:
126:
40:
2918:
2658:
800:
822:
mediate the situation. General Zhang demanded that parliament be dissolved, which Li considered unconstitutional.
2775:
2018:
1705:
1591:
1231:
Xu Youchun. People's Republic of China Zeng Dictionary (revised edition). Hebei People's Publishing House. 2007.
963:
2359:
2225:
1993:
1740:
1679:
1649:
1639:
679:
484:
2793:
2568:
2424:
2108:
2098:
2083:
2078:
1910:
1860:
1840:
1780:
1614:
671:
2903:
2552:
2330:
2197:
2063:
1957:
1567:
1557:
1490:
593:
1464:
Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861ā1928
935:. Once General Zhang had fled, the royalist troops called for a ceasefire, which was immediately granted.
2469:
2452:
1962:
1937:
1900:
1810:
1770:
1522:
920:
636:
2852:
2298:
469:
1208:
722:
troops. Despite the uprising's popular name ("Manchu Restoration"), almost all putschists were ethnic
2862:
2581:
2510:
2303:
1835:
1760:
1629:
1547:
623:
369:
583:
2783:
2603:
2337:
2308:
2058:
932:
2379:
1845:
1830:
1664:
1562:
915:
814:
and declare war on Germany led to political unrest in the capital Beijing in the spring of 1917.
546:
2908:
2760:
2648:
2529:
2354:
1572:
511:
1016:
2913:
2834:
2693:
2653:
2320:
2282:
2170:
2150:
2068:
1867:
1850:
1715:
1684:
1619:
1446:
975:
807:
578:
568:
516:
914:
aircraft, piloted by Pan Shizhong (ę½äøåæ ) with bombardier Du Yuyuan (ęč£ęŗ) was dispatched from
2765:
2732:
2698:
2643:
2523:
2505:
2215:
2145:
1952:
1735:
409:
8:
2818:
2668:
2608:
2540:
2220:
2073:
2028:
1775:
1654:
1634:
1542:
489:
2703:
2414:
2409:
2235:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2155:
1825:
1644:
1405:
785:
573:
521:
397:
386:
375:
364:
353:
342:
331:
320:
309:
298:
121:
2713:
2708:
2683:
2628:
2623:
2546:
2494:
2399:
2230:
2135:
2033:
1932:
1895:
1820:
1750:
1720:
1674:
1468:
1450:
1431:
1412:
1389:
1277:
1256:
1232:
1048:
1022:
699:
531:
464:
2867:
2750:
2673:
2613:
2419:
2140:
2001:
1947:
1790:
1755:
1659:
1584:
1552:
871:
856:
659:
556:
526:
2882:
2828:
2678:
2663:
2487:
1942:
1905:
1855:
1815:
1765:
1710:
1579:
1462:
1383:
1084:
1068:
1042:
772:
536:
132:
2745:
2618:
2384:
2347:
1795:
1785:
1725:
911:
880:
789:
358:
203:
108:
2897:
2857:
2823:
2788:
2404:
2394:
2210:
1601:
903:
875:
776:
494:
314:
1428:
Peking Politics 1918ā1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism
2877:
2574:
2516:
2205:
2187:
2043:
1513:
955:
951:
711:
474:
402:
391:
347:
336:
247:
220:
142:
137:
99:
2813:
2534:
2255:
2250:
959:
811:
796:
723:
447:
303:
192:
32:
2481:
2325:
2275:
2245:
2088:
1407:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
892:
888:
803:
325:
269:
236:
225:
1482:
2270:
2260:
860:
819:
758:
703:
163:
2755:
2500:
2447:
2389:
2265:
2240:
1137:
1135:
380:
2740:
780:
707:
179:
66:
1467:. Seattle, WA; London, England: University of Washington Press.
1132:
258:
748:
2464:
2023:
1206:
1047:. History of Chinese Communist Party Publishing House. 1992.
291:
439:
2634:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2123:
1073:. Institute of History of National Taiwan University. 1984.
762:
739:
715:
174:
775:, many people in China wished for its restoration. Ethnic
1147:
841:
Republican troops scaling the wall of the Forbidden City.
1120:
1098:
1096:
998:
996:
16:
Royalist attempt to restore the Qing dynasty, July 1917
1108:
1014:
1411:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1093:
993:
2639:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1388:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1021:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 322ā.
855:Monarchist supporters and spectators gather at the
1404:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1291:
1289:
2895:
874:at 4 am with a small entourage and reviving the
710:and briefly reinstalled the last emperor of the
2039:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1347:
1330:
1313:
1301:
1286:
1188:
1176:
761:(left) tried to restore the last Qing emperor
2459:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2430:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1498:
863:'s attempted restoration of the Qing dynasty.
425:
1381:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1126:
1008:
1505:
1491:
432:
418:
39:
2119:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
765:(right) to the Chinese throne in Beijing.
1968:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1402:
1159:
1141:
1114:
1089:. Henan People's Publishing House. 1984.
2575:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1512:
1015:Shin'ichi Yamamuro (February 8, 2006).
2896:
1460:
1425:
1247:
1245:
1207:Sergei Leonidovich Tikhvinsky (1983).
1170:
1102:
1002:
2873:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2114:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1486:
1445:
1364:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1295:
1253:Republic of China Official Chronology
1194:
1182:
919:deployed by the early-republican era
413:
2094:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1276:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
795:The confrontation between President
2842:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1452:The fight for the republic in China
1274:Manchuria Under Japanese Domination
1242:
13:
2559:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1928:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1921:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1801:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1625:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1213:. Progress Publishers. p. 735
619:German and Austro-Hungarian Peking
14:
2930:
2848:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2689:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2564:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1716:DograāTibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1044:Modern Chinese History Dictionary
1018:Manchuria Under Japanese Dominion
698:), was an attempt to restore the
100:Restored Qing Imperial Government
2659:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1975:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1731:Red Turban Rebellion (1854ā1856)
848:
834:
747:
738:
396:
385:
374:
363:
352:
341:
330:
319:
308:
297:
285:
274:
263:
252:
241:
230:
219:
208:
197:
186:
168:
157:
120:
93:
1706:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1592:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1266:
1255:. Zhonghua Book Company. 1995.
1225:
1200:
629:German Resistance in New Guinea
2360:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1650:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1430:. Center for Chinese Studies.
1403:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1990).
1077:
1061:
1035:
825:
771:Although the Qing dynasty was
695:
691:
683:
675:
1:
2794:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2569:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2425:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2109:Provincial military commander
2099:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2084:Imperial Household Department
1911:Preparative Constitutionalism
1615:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1461:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
981:
729:
2553:Researches on Manchu Origins
1958:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1568:Transition from Ming to Qing
1558:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
986:
947:without opposition from Li.
938:
7:
2453:Changzhou School of Thought
1963:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1938:Railway Protection Movement
1916:1909 Parliamentary election
1901:British expedition to Tibet
1811:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1771:Self-Strengthening Movement
1746:NepalāTibet War (1855ā1856)
1385:Bandits in Republican China
1272:Yamamuro, Shinichi (2005),
969:
883:, former Qing war minister
694:; traditional Chinese:
10:
2935:
2853:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1741:Miao Rebellion (1854ā1873)
1680:Miao Rebellion (1795ā1806)
1670:Battle of Ngį»c Hį»i-Äį»ng Äa
1640:Miao Rebellion (1735ā1736)
1382:Billingsley, Phil (1988).
1374:
806:about whether to join the
2863:Names of the Qing dynasty
2806:
2774:
2731:
2724:
2593:
2511:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2438:
2370:
2291:
2196:
1992:
1883:
1841:Dungan Revolt (1895ā1896)
1836:Gongche Shangshu movement
1781:Dungan Revolt (1862ā1877)
1693:
1630:Chinese Rites controversy
1600:
1530:
1521:
887:, civil affairs minister
690:(simplified Chinese:
663:
614:Austro-Hungarian Tientsin
455:
443:Asian and Pacific theatre
150:
85:
49:
38:
30:
25:
2784:Great Qing Treasure Note
2604:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2314:Administrative divisions
2131:Administrative divisions
2059:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1144:, p. 273 (note 87).
57:1ā12 July 1917 (12 days)
2919:Restorations (politics)
2380:Chengde Mountain Resort
2181:Three Eastern Provinces
1831:First Sino-Japanese War
1806:Northern Chinese Famine
1665:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1563:Qing invasion of Joseon
1426:Nathan, Andrew (1998).
1210:Modern History of China
637:HinduāGerman Conspiracy
2761:Great Qing Copper Coin
2649:Convention of Tientsin
2582:Annotated Bibliography
2530:Qing official headwear
1573:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1455:. Dodd, Mead & Co.
151:Commanders and leaders
2835:Draft History of Qing
2694:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2475:performance criticism
2079:Imperial Commissioner
2069:Great Qing Legal Code
1868:Eight-Nation Alliance
1851:Third plague pandemic
1761:PuntiāHakka Clan Wars
1685:White Lotus Rebellion
976:Monarchy of the North
668:Zhang Xun Restoration
112:(limited involvement)
2766:Great Qing Gold Coin
2699:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2644:Convention of Peking
2524:Pentaglot Dictionary
2506:Literary inquisition
2216:Ever Victorious Army
2049:Deliberative Council
1953:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1906:1905 Batang uprising
1846:Hundred Days' Reform
1736:Small Swords Society
706:, whose army seized
688:Xuantong Restoration
2904:Rebellions in China
2819:Anti-Qing sentiment
2669:Treaty of the Bogue
2609:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2541:Complete Tang Poems
2221:Green Standard Army
2104:Provincial governor
2074:Imperial Clan Court
2054:Diplomatic missions
2029:Consultative Bureau
1776:Tongzhi Restoration
1655:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1635:Ten Great Campaigns
1543:Jurchen unification
680:traditional Chinese
2704:Treaty of Tientsin
2415:Western Qing tombs
2410:Eastern Qing tombs
2236:Peking Field Force
1980:Manchu Restoration
1873:Declaration of war
1826:Jindandao incident
1645:Lhasa riot of 1750
1154:Billingsley (1988)
1127:Billingsley (1988)
1086:Literary Knowledge
859:in Beijing during
786:Northeastern China
773:overthrown in 1912
672:simplified Chinese
656:Dingsi Restoration
652:Manchu Restoration
26:Manchu Restoration
2891:
2890:
2802:
2801:
2714:Treaty of Whampoa
2709:Treaty of Wanghia
2684:Treaty of Nanking
2654:LiāLobanov Treaty
2629:Chefoo Convention
2624:Burlingame Treaty
2495:Kangxi Dictionary
2400:Old Summer Palace
2231:Firearm Battalion
2034:Cup of Solid Gold
1988:
1987:
1933:Manchurian plague
1896:Late Qing reforms
1887:(1901–1912)
1821:Sikkim expedition
1751:Panthay Rebellion
1721:Taiping Rebellion
1697:(1801–1900)
1675:Sino-Nepalese War
1620:DzungarāQing Wars
1606:(1683–1799)
1534:(1616–1683)
1437:978-0-89264-131-4
1237:978-7-202-03014-1
1054:978-7-80023-476-7
1028:978-0-8122-3912-6
933:legations quarter
921:Chinese Air Force
757:Royalist warlord
666:), also known as
645:
644:
408:
407:
127:Republic of China
81:
80:
2926:
2868:New Qing History
2751:Qianlong Tongbao
2729:
2728:
2674:Treaty of Canton
2614:Unequal treaties
2420:Fuling Mausoleum
2019:Advisory Council
1948:Wuchang Uprising
1888:
1791:Tianjin Massacre
1756:Second Opium War
1698:
1660:Sino-Burmese War
1607:
1585:Battle of Penghu
1553:Seven Grievances
1535:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1456:
1441:
1422:
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1074:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1000:
964:rival government
872:Emperor of China
857:Temple of Heaven
852:
838:
751:
742:
700:Chinese monarchy
697:
693:
685:
677:
665:
450:
444:
434:
427:
420:
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96:
51:
50:
43:
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22:
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2923:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2883:Willow Palisade
2829:Chuang Guandong
2798:
2770:
2720:
2679:Treaty of Kulja
2664:Treaty of Aigun
2597:
2589:
2488:History of Ming
2440:
2434:
2372:
2366:
2292:Special regions
2287:
2226:Imperial Guards
2192:
1984:
1943:1911 Revolution
1889:
1886:
1879:
1856:Boxer Rebellion
1816:Sino-French War
1766:Amur Annexation
1711:First Opium War
1699:
1696:
1689:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1580:Great Clearance
1536:
1533:
1517:
1511:
1481:
1475:
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1419:
1396:
1377:
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1371:
1363:
1348:
1340:
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1314:
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1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1142:Crossley (1990)
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1115:Crossley (1990)
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1067:
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1041:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1001:
994:
989:
984:
972:
941:
916:Nanyuan Airbase
891:, and diplomat
868:
867:
866:
865:
864:
853:
844:
843:
842:
839:
828:
769:
768:
767:
766:
754:
753:
752:
744:
743:
732:
648:
647:
646:
641:
604:German Tientsin
569:New South Wales
505:Pacific Islands
451:
442:
440:
438:
395:
394:
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
350:
340:
339:
329:
328:
318:
317:
307:
306:
296:
286:
284:
283:
275:
273:
272:
264:
262:
261:
253:
251:
250:
242:
240:
239:
231:
229:
228:
218:
217:
209:
207:
206:
198:
196:
195:
187:
185:
184:
169:
167:
166:
158:
156:
133:Fengtian clique
119:
111:
94:
92:
69:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Kangxi Tongbao
2743:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Boxer Protocol
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Forbidden City
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:General of Ili
2345:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2331:List of ambans
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Margary Affair
1793:
1788:
1786:Mudan incident
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Nian Rebellion
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1443:
1436:
1423:
1417:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1346:
1329:
1312:
1300:
1285:
1265:
1241:
1224:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1119:
1117:, p. 203.
1107:
1105:, p. 235.
1092:
1076:
1060:
1053:
1034:
1027:
1007:
1005:, p. 243.
991:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
971:
968:
940:
937:
912:Caudron Type D
881:Jiang Chaozong
854:
847:
846:
845:
840:
833:
832:
831:
830:
829:
827:
824:
790:Royalist Party
756:
755:
746:
745:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
731:
728:
643:
642:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
437:
436:
429:
422:
414:
406:
405:
359:Zhang Shaozeng
294:
204:Jiang Chaozong
153:
152:
148:
147:
146:
145:
140:
135:
116:
115:
114:
109:Royalist Party
106:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:1917 in China
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Manchu people
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Canton System
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Hubu Guanpiao
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:Society &
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Summer Palace
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Mukden Palace
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:Palaces &
2369:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Eight Banners
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Grand Council
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1884:20th century
1882:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1694:19th century
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1476:
1474:9780295997483
1470:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:Weale, Putnam
1444:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1418:9780691055831
1414:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1395:9780804714068
1391:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1367:, p. 368
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1344:, p. 367
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1327:, p. 366
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1310:, p. 364
1309:
1304:
1298:, p. 360
1297:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1282:0-8122-3912-1
1279:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1261:7-101-01320-1
1258:
1254:
1251:Liushou Lin.
1248:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1217:September 24,
1212:
1211:
1203:
1197:, p. 356
1196:
1191:
1185:, p. 355
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1156:, p. 57.
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1129:, p. 56.
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1103:Rhoads (2000)
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1004:
1003:Rhoads (2000)
999:
997:
992:
977:
974:
973:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
936:
934:
928:
924:
922:
917:
913:
907:
905:
904:Feng Guozhang
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
876:Qing monarchy
873:
862:
858:
851:
837:
823:
821:
815:
813:
809:
808:Allied Powers
805:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
764:
760:
750:
741:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
689:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
653:
640:
639:
638:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
449:
445:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
416:
415:
412:
404:
399:
393:
388:
382:
377:
371:
370:Wang Chengbin
366:
360:
355:
349:
344:
338:
333:
327:
322:
316:
315:Feng Guozhang
311:
305:
300:
295:
293:
282:
271:
260:
249:
238:
227:
222:
216:
205:
194:
182:
181:
176:
165:
155:
154:
149:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
117:
110:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
90:
89:
84:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2914:Qing dynasty
2878:Treaty ports
2840:
2833:
2807:Other topics
2580:
2573:
2551:
2539:
2522:
2517:Peiwen Yunfu
2515:
2493:
2486:
2457:
2206:Beiyang Army
2188:Zongli Yamen
2044:Da-Qing Bank
1979:
1861:Red Lanterns
1514:Qing dynasty
1463:
1451:
1427:
1406:
1384:
1303:
1273:
1268:
1252:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1209:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1173:, p. 91
1149:
1122:
1110:
1085:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1043:
1037:
1017:
1010:
956:Anhui clique
949:
945:
942:
929:
925:
908:
901:
897:
885:Wang Shizhen
869:
816:
794:
770:
712:Qing dynasty
687:
667:
655:
651:
649:
634:
633:
598:
594:Central Asia
584:MƔs a Tierra
403:Lu Jianzhang
392:Zhang Zuolin
348:Song Zheyuan
337:Feng Yuxiang
281:Shen ZengjiƩ
248:Liang Dunyan
215:Wang Shizhen
178:
143:Zhili clique
138:Anhui clique
118:
91:
86:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
2814:Aisin Gioro
2776:Paper money
2535:Qing poetry
2256:Wuwei Corps
2251:Shuishiying
2012:Family tree
1457:(490 pages)
1442:(320 pages)
1171:Nathan 1998
960:Sun Yat-sen
826:Restoration
812:World War I
797:Li Yuanhong
702:by General
448:World War I
304:Li Yuanhong
193:Kang Youwei
105:Dingwu Army
77:ROC victory
33:Warlord Era
2898:Categories
2482:Four Wangs
2373:mausoleums
2326:Golden Urn
2299:Inner Asia
2276:Xiang Army
2246:Hushenying
2171:Liangguang
2151:Liangjiang
2089:Lifan Yuan
1994:Government
1365:Weale 1917
1342:Weale 1917
1325:Weale 1917
1308:Weale 1917
1296:Weale 1917
1195:Weale 1917
1183:Weale 1917
982:References
893:Xie Jieshi
889:Zhu Jiabao
804:Duan Qirui
730:Background
720:Republican
635:See also:
542:North-West
480:New Guinea
326:Duan Qirui
270:Tang Yulin
237:Xie Jieshi
226:Zhu Jiabao
2304:Manchuria
2271:Huai Army
2261:Yong Ying
2146:Shaan-Gan
1602:High Qing
1548:Later Jin
1070:Shih Yuan
987:Citations
939:Aftermath
861:Zhang Xun
820:Zhang Xun
759:Zhang Xun
704:Zhang Xun
579:Singapore
490:Bita Paka
164:Zhang Xun
2756:Hongqian
2725:Currency
2595:Treaties
2501:Kaozheng
2448:Booi Aha
2390:Hetu Ala
2343:Timeline
2338:Xinjiang
2309:Mongolia
2266:Chu Army
2241:New Army
2198:Military
2136:Viceroys
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970:See also
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818:General
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2470:Economy
2441:culture
2176:Yun-Gui
2166:Min-Zhe
2161:Sichuan
2156:Huguang
2002:Emperor
1523:History
1375:Sources
801:Premier
781:Mongols
777:Manchus
708:Beijing
660:Chinese
599:Beijing
562:Mahsuds
557:Mohmand
532:Coronel
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2024:Amban
952:Zhili
589:Korea
547:Tochi
537:Cocos
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470:Samoa
292:Puwei
2283:Navy
2124:Ejen
2007:List
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