37:
359:". However, Cresswell took a managerial role in regulating the new flood of litigation. He showed great sensitivity in dealing with genuine grievances but upheld the sanctity of marriage and was capable of being severe when necessary. However, he was also instrumental in moving the legal view of divorce from that based on a sacrament to that based on contract. He worked with colossal speed and energy, deciding over one thousand cases in six years, only one of which was reversed on appeal. He achieved some public fame and huge respect, popularly being held as representing the five million married women of Britain.
316:, but maintained the principle that "since a wife's adultery caused injury to the husband, it entitled him to claim compensation from the adulterer", implying that the wife was the property of the husband – not least because wives could not claim compensation from adulterous husbands. Compensation was no longer, however, paid to the cuckold, but to the court, and damages were not to be punitive or exemplary but purely to compensate a husband's
323:
The Act did not treat women's and men's grounds for divorce equally (largely on the grounds that women's adultery was more serious because it introduced doubt as to the paternity of possible heirs). Thus a husband could petition for divorce on the sole grounds that his wife had committed adultery,
304:
The Act allowed legal separation by either husband or wife on grounds of adultery, cruelty, or desertion. However, were the petitioner an accessory to or condoned the adultery, a divorce could not be obtained. Section 57 of the Act also enabled the parties to remarry after divorce as though the
3109:
354:
In the first year of operation of the Act, there were three hundred divorce petitions, as against three in the previous year and there were fears of chaos. Campbell sat in some of the earliest hearings but was afraid that he had created a
281:, a campaigner for women's rights, supported the bill by writing a political pamphlet and lobbying her contacts in Parliament. Palmerston eventually steered the bill through Parliament, despite Gladstone's attempted
3304:
386:
held that the Act was part of the local law of the four western provinces of Canada, having been received by those provinces under the doctrine of the reception of
English statute law. In 1930, the
1402:
351:, Cresswell was a bachelor with a reputation for impatience and a short temper. However, he succeeded superbly in establishing the authority, dignity and efficiency of the new regime.
370:(1873–1875). It also catalysed the unification of the legal profession. By the abolition of any remaining important role for canon lawyers, it ultimately led to the demise of the
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as its first judge-in-ordinary with bipartisan support. Cresswell was not an obvious appointment. A mercantile lawyer who had been somewhat diffident as a junior judge in the
293:
The Act abolished
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction regarding matrimonial matters, and for the first time made secular divorces possible (by court order). The Act created a new
324:
whereas a wife could only hope for a divorce based on adultery combined with other offences such as incest, cruelty, bigamy, desertion, etc. (or based on cruelty alone).
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The Act also required that a suit by a husband for adultery name the adulterer as a co-respondent, whereas this was not required in a suit by a wife.
3162:
1911:
3299:
3234:
3190:
3137:
222:
3248:
3309:
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1603:
206:, either at great cost. The latter entailed sometimes lengthy debates about a couple's intimate marital relationship in public in the
3178:
941:
803:
383:
294:
59:
3278:
237:
3185:
145:
569:
382:
The
Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 also had impact in some of Britain's overseas possessions. In a series of decisions, the
301:
both to common law barristers and civil law advocates, removing the advocates' previous monopoly in divorce proceedings.
3132:
1931:
570:
Laws on
Adultery: Comparing the Historical Development of South African Common-law Principles with those in English Law
446:, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the
226:
861:
827:
779:
760:
741:
546:
521:
233:
3329:
121:
41:
348:
3157:
539:
The case of the married woman : Caroline Norton : a 19th century heroine who wanted justice for women
3261:
3215:
934:
3314:
419:
414:
1017:
710:
631:
598:
3256:
950:
692:
394:. The Act formed the basis for divorce law in those provinces until the Parliament passed a uniform
177:
1619:
964:
245:
207:
185:
844:
927:
447:
309:
267:
140:
and widening the availability of divorce beyond those who could afford to bring proceedings for
3074:
1478:
362:
The Act was also an important enabling step in unifying and rationalising the legal system of
3094:
1903:
460:
443:
313:
49:
3100:
3085:
969:
396:
387:
129:
8:
3169:
1505:
679:
663:
647:
371:
344:
214:
189:
838:
297:
and gave it jurisdiction to hear and decide civil actions for divorce. Further, it gave
3080:
908:
715:
697:
343:
Such a court would require sensitive but firm supervision and
Palmerston appointed Sir
320:(marital services) of his wife and damages to his reputation, honour, and family life.
317:
298:
274:
263:
230:
3123:
1389:
984:
857:
823:
775:
756:
737:
542:
517:
363:
165:
117:
97:
3271:
3226:
3207:
900:
271:
256:
252:
248:
218:
217:
to create a civil court to regulate divorce and to allow it to proceed by ordinary
113:
64:
810:
3266:
883:
409:
367:
278:
157:
3096:
241:
240:
came to power in 1855, the bill was relaunched. The bill was introduced in the
192:, adding to the obscurity of the proceedings. Divorce allowing remarriage was
54:
An Act to amend the Law relating to
Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England.
3293:
798:
356:
203:
87:
3305:
Acts of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
974:
439:
262:
The bill proved controversial, raising particular opposition from future
3148:
282:
270:, who saw it as an usurpation of the authority of the Church, and from
173:
912:
229:
but had made no progress. The procedure had largely been designed by
199:
169:
161:
141:
137:
904:
194:
133:
891:
Woodhouse, M. K. (1959). "The
Marriage and Divorce Bill of 1857".
650:, AC 573 (30 July 1908) (on appeal from British Columbia)
919:
391:
181:
125:
305:
marriage had been dissolved by the death of one of the spouses.
198:
restricted to the very wealthy, as it demanded either a complex
132:
to the civil courts, establishing a model of marriage based on
666:, A.C. 956 (3 July 1919) (on appeal from Manitoba)
156:
Before the Act, divorce was governed by the ecclesiastical
682:, A.C. 956 (3 July 1919) (on appeal from Alberta)
541:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 192–194.
731:
755:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. Ch.5–6.
3224:
807:, Oxford University Press, accessed 12 August 2007
736:. London: Sweet & Maxwell. pp. 382–398.
613:
611:
128:, moving litigation from the jurisdiction of the
3291:
890:
144:or to promote a private Bill. It was one of the
753:Family Law in the Twentieth Century: A History
750:
608:
1938:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
935:
851:
366:, a process that was largely effected by the
3320:George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
3138:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
843:. London: Stevens and Sons Limited. p.
817:
576:, 19.2 (February 2013), 185-211 (pp. 208-9).
390:extended its application to the province of
330:
3174:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
788:
769:
511:
335:The Act came into force on 1 January 1858.
3325:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
3198:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
942:
928:
168:. As such, it was not administered by the
507:
505:
503:
1936:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
473:
471:
469:
804:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
791:Thirty Five Years in the Divorce Courts
599:Adultery, Law, and the State: A History
384:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
338:
295:Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
3300:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1857
3292:
874:(1990), the standard scholarly history
536:
500:
493:
491:
489:
487:
3186:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
923:
732:Cornish, W. & Clarke, G. (1989).
530:
466:
3257:United Kingdom statutory instruments
799:Cresswell, Sir Cresswell (1793–1863)
734:Law and Society in England 1750–1950
564:
562:
560:
558:
146:Matrimonial Causes Acts 1857 to 1878
856:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
840:Selected cases, statutes and orders
484:
13:
949:
872:Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987
774:. Anthem Press. pp. 124–126.
516:. London: Macmillan. p. 184.
400:in 1968 which applied nationwide.
377:
14:
3341:
3310:Divorce law in the United Kingdom
893:American Journal of Legal History
555:
438:The citation of this Act by this
877:Swabey & Tristram (1858–65)
605:, 38.1 (1986), 195-238 (p. 167).
308:It also altered the handling of
122:Parliament of the United Kingdom
42:Parliament of the United Kingdom
35:
3158:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
725:
703:
693:The Divorce Act (Ontario), 1930
685:
669:
653:
637:
623:
16:1857 British divorce reform law
3262:Scottish statutory instruments
591:
579:
453:
432:
124:. The Act reformed the law on
1:
3279:Church of England instruments
958:Pre-parliamentary legislation
899:(3). Temple University: 273.
463:, section 2(1) and Schedule 2
425:
251:and the usually conservative
151:
989:the Kingdom of Great Britain
811:UK public library membership
312:: it abolished the crime of
7:
879:Probate and Divorce Reports
836:
629:(2001) "Doctors' Commons",
617:
585:
420:Matrimonial Causes Act 1937
415:Matrimonial Causes Act 1864
403:
110:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
25:Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
10:
3346:
793:. London: T Werner Laurie.
288:
21:United Kingdom legislation
3247:
3206:
3146:
3122:
1930:
1901:
1617:Acts of Parliament of the
1616:
1596:
995:
983:
957:
331:Implementation and impact
96:
86:
81:
71:
58:
48:
34:
29:
1934:of the United Kingdom of
1620:Kingdom of Great Britain
965:List of English statutes
822:. Taylor & Francis.
537:Fraser, Antonia (2021).
246:Archbishop of Canterbury
73:Territorial extent
3330:William Ewart Gladstone
1403:Interregnum (1642–1660)
837:Nelson, Horace (1889).
797:Getzler, J. S. (2004) "
751:Cretney, S. M. (2005).
632:Encyclopædia Britannica
448:Interpretation Act 1978
310:adultery in English law
268:William Ewart Gladstone
1597:Parliament of Scotland
852:Squibb, G. D. (1977).
680:[1919] UKPC 59
664:[1919] UKPC 58
648:[1908] UKPC 53
597:Jeremy D. Weinstein, '
442:was authorised by the
3249:Secondary legislation
1904:Parliament of Ireland
996:Parliament of England
818:Horstman, A. (1985).
461:Short Titles Act 1896
444:Short Titles Act 1896
349:Court of Common Pleas
314:criminal conversation
221:had been proposed by
172:who practised in the
130:ecclesiastical courts
3170:Acts of Senedd Cymru
3101:European Communities
970:Charter of Liberties
789:Fenn, H. E. (1910).
770:Diamond, M. (2003).
603:Hastings Law Journal
574:Fundamina (Pretoria)
512:Jenkins, R. (1995).
388:Parliament of Canada
339:In England and Wales
3075:Halsbury's Statutes
987:of states preceding
985:Acts of parliaments
772:Victorian sensation
568:Marita Carnelley, '
345:Cresswell Cresswell
176:courts but by the "
26:
3315:August 1857 events
3081:Legislation.gov.uk
1932:Acts of Parliament
318:loss of consortium
299:rights of audience
275:Samuel Wilberforce
231:Lord Chief Justice
24:
3287:
3286:
3272:Acts of Adjournal
3243:
3242:
3235:1972–2009/2015–16
3208:Orders in Council
3124:Church of England
3118:
3117:
1612:
1611:
1479:Habeas Corpus Act
1390:Petition of Right
870:Stone, Lawrence.
820:Victorian divorce
809:(subscription or
364:England and Wales
244:and supported by
166:Church of England
114:20 & 21 Vict.
106:
105:
77:England and Wales
65:20 & 21 Vict.
30:Act of Parliament
3337:
3267:Acts of Sederunt
3227:Northern Ireland
3222:
3221:
3095:relating to the
3092:
3091:
993:
992:
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
916:
867:
854:Doctors' Commons
848:
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436:
372:Doctors' Commons
272:Bishop of Oxford
257:Bishop of Exeter
253:Henry Phillpotts
249:John Bird Sumner
219:civil litigation
208:House of Commons
190:Doctors' Commons
184:" who practised
74:
39:
38:
27:
23:
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3336:
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3283:
3239:
3220:
3202:
3147:Legislation of
3142:
3114:
3090:
3070:
2942:
2439:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1897:
1618:
1608:
1592:
988:
979:
953:
948:
884:English Reports
864:
830:
808:
782:
763:
744:
728:
723:
722:
718:1967-68, c. 24
708:
704:
690:
686:
674:
670:
660:Walker v Walker
658:
654:
642:
638:
628:
624:
616:
609:
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592:
584:
580:
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556:
549:
535:
531:
524:
510:
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496:
485:
476:
467:
458:
454:
437:
433:
428:
410:Caroline Norton
406:
380:
378:Overseas impact
368:Judicature Acts
341:
333:
291:
279:Caroline Norton
238:Lord Palmerston
158:Court of Arches
154:
72:
44:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3097:European Union
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1020:
1019:Temp. incert.
1016:
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906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
886:
885:
881:, vols. 1–4,
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
863:0-19-825339-7
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
841:
835:
831:
829:0-7099-3765-2
825:
821:
816:
812:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
781:1-84331-150-X
777:
773:
768:
764:
762:0-19-928091-6
758:
754:
749:
745:
743:0-421-31150-9
739:
735:
730:
729:
717:
713:
712:
706:
699:
695:
694:
688:
681:
677:
676:Board v Board
672:
665:
661:
656:
649:
645:
644:Watts v Watts
640:
634:
633:
626:
620:, p. 114
619:
614:
612:
604:
600:
594:
588:, p. 112
587:
582:
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571:
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563:
561:
559:
550:
548:9781474610926
544:
540:
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523:0-333-66209-1
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264:Liberal Party
260:
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247:
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239:
235:
234:Lord Campbell
232:
228:
224:
223:Lord Aberdeen
220:
216:
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209:
205:
202:process or a
201:
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66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
33:
28:
19:
3216:1994 to date
3151:institutions
3110:1972 to date
3086:Short titles
3073:
1902:Acts of the
1401:
1018:
896:
892:
882:
878:
871:
853:
839:
819:
802:
790:
771:
752:
733:
726:Bibliography
709:
705:
700:1930, c. 14
691:
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655:
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602:
593:
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538:
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455:
434:
395:
381:
361:
357:Frankenstein
353:
342:
334:
326:
322:
307:
303:
292:
261:
212:
204:private bill
193:
155:
136:rather than
109:
107:
98:Commencement
88:Royal assent
18:
975:Magna Carta
711:Divorce Act
440:short title
397:Divorce Act
3294:Categories
3099:(formerly
426:References
283:filibuster
174:common law
170:barristers
152:Background
50:Long title
1922:1751–1800
1917:1701–1750
1713:1760–1764
1708:1755–1759
1703:1750–1754
1698:1745–1749
1693:1740–1744
1688:1735–1739
1683:1730–1734
1678:1725–1729
1673:1720–1724
1668:1715–1719
1045:1422–1460
1040:1413–1421
1035:1399–1411
1030:1377–1397
1025:1327–1376
1013:1308–1325
1008:1275–1307
1003:1225–1267
887:, vol.164
813:required)
514:Gladstone
227:coalition
200:annulment
186:civil law
178:advocates
162:canon law
142:annulment
138:sacrament
3149:devolved
3126:measures
404:See also
195:de facto
182:proctors
160:and the
134:contract
60:Citation
1912:to 1700
1604:to 1707
481:104–105
392:Ontario
289:The Act
266:leader
236:. When
180:" and "
164:of the
126:divorce
120:of the
913:843999
911:
860:
826:
778:
759:
740:
618:Nelson
586:Nelson
545:
520:
909:JSTOR
678:
662:
646:
188:from
82:Dates
67:c. 85
3225:for
3191:List
3179:List
3172:and
3163:List
3133:List
3066:2024
3061:2023
3056:2022
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