3517:
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481:, a method of transferring bacterial colonies from one petri dish to another, which is vital to current understanding of antibiotic resistance. However, Esther Lederberg was not recognized for her vital work on this research project; her contribution was paramount to the successful implementation of the theory. Furthermore, she did not receive recognition for her discovery of the
298:, which denotes the phenomenon where scientists of higher renown will typically gain substantially more credit and status from their work than their lesser known peers. In the initial 1968 publication on the concept her role was diminished to a series of endnotes rather than a co-authorship, which Merton later acknowledged as a mistake in subsequent versions of the article.
142:, 12th century) â Italian physician, author of works which, after her death, were attributed to male authors. Hostility toward women as teachers and healers led to denial of her very existence. At first her work was credited to her husband and son, but as information got passed on, monks confused her name for that of a man. She is not mentioned in the
545:
who transitioned from female to male. He spoke of his scientific achievements having been perceived differently, depending on what sex others thought he was at the time. Prior to his transition to male, Barres' scientific achievements were ascribed to men or devalued, but after transitioning to male,
105:
the sex of professorship candidates influences the evaluation made of them. Similar cases are described by Andrea
Cerroni and Zenia Simonella in a study corroborated further by a Spanish study. On the other hand, several studies found no difference between citations and impact of publications of male
191:. Her crucial studies of mealworms revealed for the first time that an organism's sex is determined by its chromosomes rather than by environmental or other factors. Stevens greatly influenced the scientific community's transition to this new line of inquiry: chromosomal sex determination. However,
280:, had been placed before her name (which, additionally, had been placed in parentheses). She protested that she had done the essential work described in the paper, and her name was then put in first place (without parentheses). The incident is described in a 2016 documentary film,
529:
The
Spanish Association of Women Researchers and Technologists (AMIT) has created a movement called "No more Matildas" that honours Matilda Joslyn Gage. The campaign's goal is to promote the number of women in science from an early age, eliminating stereotypes.
512:, citing Hewish and Ryle for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics. Jocelyn Burnell was left out. At the time of her discovery, she was a Ph.D. student. She felt the intellectual effort had been mostly her supervisor's, but her omission from the
205:
discovered that stimuli that were paired with other vivid stimuli would be recalled more easily. She also discovered that duration of exposure led to better recall. These findings, along with her paired-associations method, would later be used by
112:
According to one U.S. study, "although overt gender discrimination generally continues to decline in
American society," "women continue to be disadvantaged with respect to the receipt of scientific awards and prizes, particularly for research."
1009:
Haslam, Nick; Ban, Lauren; Kaufmann, Leah; Loughnan, Stephen; Peters, Kim; Whelan, Jennifer; Wilson, Sam (2008). "What makes an article influential? Predicting impact in social and personality psychology".
62:), a 12th-century Italian woman physician, wrote books which, after her death, were attributed to male authors. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century cases illustrating the Matilda effect include those of
195:, a distinguished geneticist at the time, is generally credited with this discovery. Despite her extensive work in the field of genetics, Stevens' contributions to Morgan's work are often disregarded.
365:, was excluded on grounds of her sex. Whipple, however, shared the prize money with her as he felt she deserved the Nobel as well, since she was co-author of almost all of Whipple's publications.
168:. Most botanical discoveries have been attributed to Commerson alone, after whom about a hundred of species have been named. She was immortalized for the first much later with the description of
128:(6th century BCE) â early philosopher who did work in mathematics, but most of her work was overshadowed by or attributed to her husband, father, or teacher (depending on the source),
392:, which prohibited Jews from holding government-related positions, including in research. Initially, her Austrian citizenship shielded her from persecution, but she fled Germany after
1907:
1273:
388:). Meitner was not recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee, partly due to her gender and partly due to her persecuted Jewish identity in Nazi Germany. She was affected by the
238:, for which the two men received a 1962 Nobel Prize, her work was not properly credited (though Watson described the crucial importance of her contribution, in his 1968 book
1645:
for her persistent and successful exploration of the weak interaction which helped establish the precise form and the non conservation of parity for this new natural force.
272:, which ran contrary to previous neurological dogma. When her seminal 1964 paper was about to be published, she discovered that the names of her two secondary co-authors,
333:, but histories of ENIAC have typically not addressed these contributions, and have at times focused on hardware accomplishments rather than software accomplishments.
389:
1080:
Lincoln, Anne E.; Pincus, Stephanie; Koster, Janet
Bandows; Leboy, Phoebe S. (2012). "The Matilda effect in science: Awards and prizes in the US, 1990s and 2000s".
1863:
933:
220:(1896â1957) â Nobel-laureate biochemist, worked for years as her husband's assistant, despite having equal qualification as him for a professorial position.
1939:
1949:
170:
109:
Swiss researchers have indicated that mass media asks male scientists more often to contribute on shows than they do their female fellow scientists.
1325:
Diamond, Marian C.; Krech, David; Rosenzweig, Mark R. (1964). "The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex".
3062:
767:
2817:
443:
2523:
1944:
1277:
874:
89:, whereby an eminent scientist often gets more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is shared or similar.
3551:
154:(1740â1807) â French botanist, first woman to have completed a circumnavigation of the globe. Partner and collaborator of the botanist
785:
van den Brink, Marieke; Benschop, Yvonne (2011). "Gender practices in the construction of academic excellence: Sheep with five legs".
1922:
982:
Baldi, Stephane (1998). "Normative versus social constructivist
Processes in the allocation of citations: A Network-Analytic Model".
3576:
2468:
1934:
3039:
3356:
2827:
2640:
462:
450:. The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 was awarded to the male physicists and Wu was omitted. She was the first to receive the
346:
3454:
3424:
3471:
3429:
3179:
3014:
2586:
565:
1735:
2182:
1917:
1912:
1772:
875:
JimĂ©nez-Rodrigo, MarĂa Luisa; MartĂnez-Morante, Emilia; GarcĂa-Calvente, MarĂa del Mar; Ălvarez-Dardet, Carlos (2008).
710:
542:
265:
144:
37:
whose work is attributed to their male colleagues. This phenomenon was first described by suffragist and abolitionist
1736:"Male scientist writes of life as female scientist: Biologist who underwent sex change describes biases against women"
3571:
3444:
2461:
2034:
1982:
1532:
2335:
407:
for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the
2906:
2478:
1887:
1819:
1045:
von Roten, Fabienne
Crettaz (2011). "Gender differences in scientists' public outreach and engagement activities".
830:
Andrea
Cerroni; Zenia Simonella (2012). "Ethos and symbolic violence among women of science: An empirical study".
1959:
1882:
250:(1925â2022) â now recognized for her important role in the discovery of the chromosomal abnormality that causes
3346:
3024:
2985:
2921:
2782:
2263:
1964:
277:
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1897:
585:
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2884:
2483:
1954:
486:
188:
98:
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1712:
1682:
1468:
1405:
1079:
3199:
2832:
2498:
2342:
768:"Women scientists were written out of history. It's Margaret Rossiter's lifelong mission to fix that"
1462:"The Matthew effect in science, II: Cumulative advantage and the symbolism of intellectual property"
3566:
3466:
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3399:
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2110:
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2009:
1847:
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1391:"The Matthew effect in science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered"
501:
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3164:
3154:
3109:
2958:
2911:
2869:
2528:
2488:
2204:
2167:
934:"The Consequences of Predicting Scientific Impact in Psychology Using Journal Impact Factors"
711:"Nettie Stevens discovered XY sex chromosomes. She didn't get credit because she had two X's"
560:
451:
354:
43:
41:(1826â1898) in her essay, "Woman as Inventor" (first published as a tract in 1870 and in the
207:
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305:(dedicated 1946) â several women made substantial contributions to the project, including
8:
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59:
34:
2406:
1643:(Press release). Wolf Prize Laureate in Physics 1978. Wolf Fund. 9 December 2018.
226:(1920â1958) â now recognized as an important contributor to the 1953 discovery of
3561:
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2963:
2822:
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in weak interactions and suggested a possible experiment to verify it. In 1957,
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876:
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86:
63:
1023:
282:
My Love Affair with the Brain: The Life and
Science of Dr. Marian Diamond
3545:
2700:
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2044:
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2049:
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1239:
1208:
named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany"
1101:
960:
910:
687:
482:
377:
151:
67:
1542:
1429:
1338:
1276:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. 19 May 2013. Archived from
2152:
2061:
1597:
Wu, C. S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R.W.; Hoppes, D.D.; Hudson, R.P. (1957).
1490:
1159:
Rossiter, Margaret W. (1993). "The
Matthew / Matilda effect in science".
513:
509:
435:
338:
314:
273:
102:
1564:
Sime, Ruth Lewin (2012). "Marietta Blau in the history of cosmic rays".
2802:
2560:
1541:. On elementary particles in physics (reprint ed.). Archived from
995:
852:
807:
735:
Rossiter, Margaret W. (1993). "The
Matthew Matilda Effect in Science".
609:
Rossiter, Margaret W. (1993). "The Matthew/Matilda effect in science".
590:
538:
447:
217:
129:
1583:
1306:. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University
1180:
901:
752:
2797:
2396:
393:
373:
489:
that created a foundation for future genetic and bacterial research.
2842:
2635:
2503:
2251:
1781:
380:
had worked with Hahn and had laid the theoretical foundations for
2014:
135:
21:
497:
16:
Bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists
1368:
1531:
Marshak, R.E.; Wiesner, E.; Settle, F. Jr. (14 April 2013) .
829:
337:
Examples of men scientists favored over women scientists for
302:
58:
Rossiter provides several examples of this effect. Trotula (
1750:
1044:
516:
was criticized by several prominent astronomers, including
408:
290:(born 1937) â Zuckerman supplied core data for her husband
1201:
162:
disguised as a man. They collected the first specimens of
931:
442:
performed the necessary experiment in collaboration with
390:
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
227:
1599:"Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay"
1274:"6 Women scientists who were snubbed due to sexism"
97:
In 2012, Marieke van den Brink and Yvonne Benschop from
1324:
1713:""No more Matildas", the new AMIT awareness campaign"
1596:
1268:
1266:
1264:
784:
1864:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
1530:
33:
is a bias against acknowledging the achievements of
1683:"Esther Lederberg, pioneer in genetics, dies at 83"
254:, a discovery previously attributed exclusively to
121:Examples of women subjected to the Matilda effect:
1261:
877:"Through gender parity in scientific publications"
546:his achievements were credited to him and lauded.
3543:
473:. Microbiologists Joshua Lederberg and his wife
1257:. Glenview, IL: Harper Collins. pp. 37â46.
981:
524:
446:and showed the parity violation in the case of
881:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
739:. Vol. 23, no. 2. pp. 325â341.
444:National Institute of Standards and Technology
268:, experimentally discovered the phenomenon of
1766:
1385:
230:structure. At the time of the discovery by
214:, without any credit being given to Calkins.
419:had nominated her for the prize along with
2524:African-American women's suffrage movement
1773:
1759:
1624:
1229:
1219:
900:
851:
806:
669:
477:, along with Beadle and Tatum, developed
2469:Discrimination against transgender women
1733:
1570:. Vol. 65, no. 10. p. 8.
1457:
1158:
734:
608:
51:was coined in 1993 by science historian
20:
1202:Tepe, E.; Ridley, G.; Bohs, L. (2012).
774:. Vol. 50, no. 6. p. 48.
765:
708:
652:Flegal, Katherine M. (21 August 2022).
496:(born 1943) discovered the first radio
85:The Matilda effect was compared to the
3544:
651:
394:Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938
2818:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
2089:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
1754:
1488:
1252:
1142:"Biographies of Women Mathematicians"
941:Perspectives on Psychological Science
645:
463:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
347:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
106:authors and those of female authors.
1563:
1327:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
932:Hegarty, Peter; Walton, Zoe (2012).
541:(1954â2017) was a neurobiologist at
454:in 1978 in recognition for her work.
361:. They felt their female co-worker,
1148:. Decatur, GA: Agnes Scott College.
415:did pioneering work in this field.
13:
1734:Vedantam, Shankar (12 July 2006).
1300:"Nettie Maria Stevens (1861â1912)"
671:10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-103411
543:Stanford University Medical School
426:In 1956, two American physicists,
266:University of California, Berkeley
145:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
14:
3588:
3552:Sociology of scientific knowledge
664:(1): annurevânutrâ062220-103411.
500:. For this discovery, in 1974 a
434:, predicted the violation of the
3525:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3063:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2479:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
187:(1861â1912) â discoverer of the
3577:Women in science and technology
1727:
1705:
1675:
1650:
1633:
1590:
1557:
1524:
1482:
1451:
1379:
1361:
1318:
1292:
1246:
1195:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1073:
1038:
1002:
975:
766:Dominus, Susan (October 2019).
158:, she joined the expedition of
1533:"Discovery of nuclear fission"
925:
868:
823:
778:
759:
728:
709:Resnick, Brian (7 July 2016).
702:
602:
504:was awarded to her supervisor
1:
654:"A female career in research"
596:
566:Logology (science of science)
264:(1926â2017) â working at the
160:Louis-Antoine de Bougainville
3425:Suffragists and suffragettes
1780:
984:American Sociological Review
586:Timeline of women in science
7:
1491:"When computers were women"
1489:Light, Jennifer S. (1999).
1422:10.1126/science.159.3810.56
1128:History of Scientific Women
549:
189:XY sex-determination system
116:
99:Radboud University Nijmegen
92:
10:
3593:
1469:University of Pennsylvania
1406:University of Pennsylvania
1173:10.1177/030631293023002004
832:Social Science Information
658:Annual Review of Nutrition
623:10.1177/030631293023002004
617:(2). London, UK: 325â341.
485:or for her studies on the
3497:
3437:
3376:
3369:
3048:
2753:
2499:Female genital mutilation
2442:
2375:
2272:
1992:
1981:
1908:Majority-Muslim countries
1873:
1840:
1797:
1788:
1161:Social Studies of Science
1082:Social Studies of Science
1024:10.1007/s11192-007-1892-8
737:Social Studies of Science
611:Social Studies of Science
423:, but both were excluded.
294:'s famous concept of the
3572:Sociological terminology
3472:Women's studies journals
3430:Women's rights activists
1984:Movements and ideologies
1662:www.esthermlederberg.com
1626:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413
1221:10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101
1094:10.1177/0306312711435830
1059:10.1177/1075547010378658
953:10.1177/1745691611429356
893:10.1136/jech.2008.074294
844:10.1177/0539018412437102
799:10.1177/1350508411414293
533:
370:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
363:Frieda Robscheit-Robbins
3015:International relations
376:as the sole recipient.
3445:Conservative feminisms
2743:Women in the workforce
2711:Violence against women
2686:Sexual objectification
2646:Opposition to feminism
1848:Bicycling and feminism
1510:10.1353/tech.1999.0128
1498:Technology and Culture
502:Nobel Prize in Physics
405:Nobel Prize in Physics
26:
3485:Women in peacekeeping
3025:Revisionist mythology
2462:Children's literature
1339:10.1002/cne.901230110
1047:Science Communication
561:History of technology
452:Wolf Prize in Physics
384:(she coined the term
355:George Richards Minot
44:North American Review
24:
2927:Pathways perspective
2772:Gender mainstreaming
2691:Substantive equality
2671:Reproductive justice
2621:Matriarchal religion
2474:Diversity (politics)
1467:. Garfield Library.
1400:. Garfield Library.
1253:Hagen, Joel (1996).
1124:"Crotone, Theano of"
772:Smithsonian Magazine
576:Sociology of science
80:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
53:Margaret W. Rossiter
47:in 1883). The term
3510:Feminism portal
3390:Ecofeminist authors
3240:Trinidad and Tobago
3180:Republic of Ireland
3040:Composition studies
2721:Women's empowerment
2676:Sex workers' rights
2601:Feminist capitalism
2581:Internalized sexism
2514:Feminism in culture
2397:Kurdish (Jineology)
1741:The Washington Post
1691:Stanford University
1617:1957PhRv..105.1413W
1576:2012PhT....65j...8S
1414:1968Sci...159...56M
1373:lunaproductions.com
492:In the late 1960s,
199:Mary Whiton Calkins
156:Philibert Commerson
101:showed that in the
39:Matilda Joslyn Gage
2885:Literary criticism
2762:Complementarianism
2484:Effects on society
2452:Complementarianism
2264:Women's liberation
1693:. 29 November 2006
1369:"Luna Productions"
1204:"A new species of
556:History of science
525:"No more Matildas"
487:F fertility factor
203:Harvard University
193:Thomas Hunt Morgan
27:
3539:
3538:
3493:
3492:
2902:Political ecology
2808:Ăcriture fĂ©minine
2706:Triple oppression
2696:Toxic masculinity
2681:Sexual harassment
2541:Feminist stripper
2519:Feminist movement
2438:
2437:
2376:Ethnic and racial
1977:
1976:
1744:. Washington, DC.
1658:"CensorshipIndex"
1641:"Chien-Shiung Wu"
1584:10.1063/PT.3.1728
417:Erwin Schrödinger
359:William P. Murphy
288:Harriet Zuckerman
224:Rosalind Franklin
126:Theano of Crotone
76:Rosalind Franklin
3584:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3374:
3373:
3357:History of women
2833:Political theory
2733:
2726:Women-only space
2611:Likeability trap
2576:Invisible labour
2494:Female education
1990:
1989:
1985:
1945:African-American
1875:Women's suffrage
1866:
1853:Feminist history
1795:
1794:
1775:
1768:
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1668:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1611:(4): 1413â1415.
1594:
1588:
1587:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:on 14 April 2013
1528:
1522:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1395:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
973:
972:
938:
929:
923:
922:
904:
872:
866:
865:
855:
827:
821:
820:
810:
782:
776:
775:
763:
757:
756:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
706:
700:
699:
673:
649:
643:
642:
606:
581:Women in science
475:Esther Lederberg
459:Joshua Lederberg
421:Hertha Wambacher
270:brain plasticity
241:The Double Helix
179:
171:Solanum baretiae
140:Trota of Salerno
60:Trota of Salerno
35:women scientists
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3567:1993 neologisms
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3504:
3502:
3489:
3433:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3272:Northern Cyprus
3044:
3035:Science fiction
2828:Oedipus complex
2788:Women's studies
2749:
2748:
2747:
2731:
2641:Oedipus complex
2631:Men in feminism
2596:Language reform
2571:Ideal womanhood
2551:Gender equality
2546:Formal equality
2509:Feminationalism
2434:
2402:Native American
2371:
2370:
2369:
2268:
2178:Post-structural
1983:
1973:
1869:
1862:
1858:Women's history
1836:
1784:
1779:
1749:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1715:. 25 March 2021
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1604:Physical Review
1595:
1591:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1529:
1525:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1200:
1196:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1078:
1074:
1043:
1039:
1007:
1003:
980:
976:
936:
930:
926:
873:
869:
828:
824:
783:
779:
764:
760:
733:
729:
719:
717:
707:
703:
650:
646:
607:
603:
599:
552:
536:
527:
479:replica plating
440:Chien-Shiung Wu
386:nuclear fission
382:nuclear fission
349:was awarded to
331:Ruth Lichterman
307:Adele Goldstine
301:Programmers of
278:Mark Rosenzweig
212:E. B. Titchener
173:
119:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:SCUM Manifesto
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3347:United Kingdom
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Existentialism
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Existentialism
2973:
2972:
2971:
2969:Justice ethics
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Gender studies
2764:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:Women's rights
2735:
2732:Women's health
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Male privilege
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2585:International
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1923:United Kingdom
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1726:
1704:
1674:
1649:
1632:
1589:
1556:
1523:
1504:(3): 455â483.
1481:
1450:
1378:
1360:
1317:
1304:embryo.asu.edu
1291:
1280:on 8 June 2013
1260:
1245:
1194:
1167:(2): 325â341.
1151:
1146:agnesscott.edu
1133:
1115:
1088:(2): 307â320.
1072:
1037:
1018:(1): 169â185.
1012:Scientometrics
1001:
990:(6): 829â846.
974:
924:
887:(6): 474â475.
867:
838:(2): 165â182.
822:
793:(4): 507â524.
777:
758:
727:
701:
644:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:Matthew effect
568:
563:
558:
551:
548:
535:
532:
526:
523:
522:
521:
490:
455:
432:Chen Ning Yang
424:
397:
366:
351:George Whipple
335:
334:
323:Marlyn Wescoff
315:Betty Jennings
299:
296:Matthew effect
285:
262:Marian Diamond
259:
256:JĂ©rĂŽme Lejeune
248:Marthe Gautier
245:
221:
215:
201:(1863â1930) â
196:
185:Nettie Stevens
182:
149:
133:
118:
115:
94:
91:
87:Matthew effect
64:Nettie Stevens
49:Matilda effect
31:Matilda effect
25:Matilda effect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:United States
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:Latin America
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Technoscience
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Art criticism
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Men's studies
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Transmisogyny
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Purplewashing
2659:
2657:
2656:Protofeminism
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Honor killing
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Transnational
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Individualist
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Anti-abortion
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:United States
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1687:Stanford News
1684:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:Physics Today
1560:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
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1336:
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1255:Doing Biology
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506:Antony Hewish
503:
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468:
467:George Beadle
464:
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437:
433:
429:
428:Tsung-Dao Lee
425:
422:
418:
414:
413:Marietta Blau
410:
406:
403:received the
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:was given to
371:
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345:In 1934, the
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252:Down syndrome
249:
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243:
242:
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233:
232:Francis Crick
229:
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213:
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165:Bougainvillea
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81:
77:
73:
72:Marietta Blau
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
3501:
3476:
3420:Rhetoricians
3410:Philosophers
3302:Saudi Arabia
3098:South Africa
2959:Epistemology
2912:Anthropology
2907:Architecture
2870:Legal theory
2777:Gynocentrism
2716:War on women
2651:Pro-feminism
2606:Gender-blind
2556:Gender quota
2529:Art movement
2326:Dianic Wicca
2205:Sex-positive
2168:Postcolonial
2035:Conservative
2015:Anti-fascist
1739:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1689:(obituary).
1686:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1644:
1635:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1565:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1538:Science Week
1536:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1459:Merton, R.K.
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1401:
1397:
1387:Merton, R.K.
1381:
1372:
1363:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1254:
1248:
1214:(8): 37â47.
1211:
1205:
1197:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1053:(1): 52â75.
1050:
1046:
1040:
1015:
1011:
1004:
987:
983:
977:
947:(1): 72â78.
944:
940:
927:
884:
880:
870:
835:
831:
825:
790:
787:Organization
786:
780:
771:
761:
736:
730:
718:. Retrieved
714:
704:
661:
657:
647:
614:
610:
604:
537:
528:
494:Jocelyn Bell
483:lambda phage
471:Edward Tatum
411:(pi-meson).
401:Cecil Powell
385:
378:Lise Meitner
368:In 1944 the
339:Nobel Prizes
336:
319:Betty Snyder
292:R. K. Merton
281:
239:
236:James Watson
208:G. E. MĂŒller
169:
163:
152:Jeanne Baret
143:
120:
111:
108:
96:
84:
68:Lise Meitner
57:
48:
42:
30:
28:
18:
3460:Comic books
3385:Art critics
3307:South Korea
3287:Philippines
3267:New Zealand
3262:Netherlands
2993:Pornography
2981:Metaphysics
2922:Criminology
2917:Archaeology
2890:Film theory
2591:Women's Day
2336:Ecofeminist
2195:Reactionary
2143:Materialist
1918:Switzerland
1913:New Zealand
1832:Fourth-wave
1815:Second-wave
1443:24 November
1333:: 111â119.
853:10281/30675
808:2066/111625
514:Nobel Prize
510:Martin Ryle
311:Kay McNulty
274:David Krech
174: [
103:Netherlands
3546:Categories
3450:Literature
3395:Economists
3115:Bangladesh
3049:By country
2998:Psychology
2954:Empiricism
2949:Aesthetics
2944:Philosophy
2803:Patriarchy
2783:Matriarchy
2587:Girl's Day
2561:Girl power
2534:In hip hop
2457:Literature
2392:Indigenous
2331:Reclaiming
2227:Standpoint
2200:Separatism
2173:Postmodern
2067:Vegetarian
2057:Difference
2000:Analytical
1827:Third-wave
1810:First-wave
1697:10 October
1667:10 October
1549:10 October
902:10045/8447
597:References
591:Cryptogyny
539:Ben Barres
518:Fred Hoyle
448:beta decay
436:parity law
327:Fran Bilas
218:Gerty Cori
130:Pythagoras
3205:Argentina
3165:Indonesia
3155:Hong Kong
3110:Australia
3010:Seriality
2934:Geography
2860:Sociology
2813:Economics
2798:Kyriarchy
2294:Christian
2274:Religious
2215:Socialist
2005:Anarchist
1950:States of
1888:Australia
1518:108407884
1408:: 56â63.
1310:4 October
1284:4 October
1212:PhytoKeys
1189:145225097
1067:220675370
817:140512614
745:0306-3127
696:247866328
680:0199-9885
639:145225097
631:0306-3127
461:shared a
457:In 1958,
399:In 1950,
374:Otto Hahn
3557:Feminism
3521:Category
3455:American
3327:Thailand
3282:Pakistan
3252:Malaysia
3235:Paraguay
3225:Honduras
3073:Ethiopia
2939:Pedagogy
2865:Rhetoric
2855:Sexology
2848:Womanist
2843:Thealogy
2838:Theology
2636:Misogyny
2504:Femicide
2489:Equality
2443:Concepts
2358:Orthodox
2321:Neopagan
2309:Womanist
2289:Buddhist
2257:Africana
2252:Womanism
2148:Maternal
2138:Lipstick
2104:Activism
2074:Equality
2040:Cultural
2025:Carceral
1960:Virginia
1940:Timeline
1883:Timeline
1820:timeline
1805:Timeline
1782:Feminism
1404:(3810).
1389:(1968).
1355:30997263
1347:14199261
1240:22287929
1110:24673577
1102:22849001
969:25605006
961:26168426
919:12399729
911:18477742
688:35363538
550:See also
181:in 2012.
117:Examples
93:Research
3467:Parties
3342:Ukraine
3337:Vietnam
3247:Lebanon
3145:Germany
3135:Finland
3130:Denmark
3105:Albania
3093:Senegal
3088:Nigeria
3003:Therapy
2986:Science
2897:Biology
2419:Mizrahi
2387:Chicana
2348:Islamic
2284:Atheist
2220:Marxist
2190:Radical
2126:Liberal
2121:Lesbian
2099:Hip hop
2079:Eugenic
2020:Atheist
1993:General
1965:Wyoming
1798:General
1790:History
1719:27 June
1613:Bibcode
1572:Bibcode
1438:3526819
1430:5634379
1410:Bibcode
1398:Science
1231:3254248
1206:Solanum
1032:5648498
996:2657504
862:7176626
508:and to
136:Trotula
3562:Sexism
3481:(1967)
3405:Muslim
3400:Jewish
3378:People
3332:Turkey
3322:Taiwan
3312:Sweden
3297:Russia
3292:Poland
3277:Norway
3230:Mexico
3210:Brazil
3185:Israel
3150:Greece
3140:France
3120:Canada
3058:Africa
2964:Ethics
2823:Method
2755:Theory
2666:Racism
2426:Romani
2414:Jewish
2353:Jewish
2299:Mormon
2247:Victim
2210:Social
2183:French
2131:Equity
2094:Global
2030:Choice
1903:Kuwait
1893:Canada
1841:Social
1516:
1436:
1428:
1353:
1345:
1238:
1228:
1187:
1181:285482
1179:
1108:
1100:
1065:
1030:
994:
967:
959:
917:
909:
860:
815:
753:285482
751:
743:
720:7 July
694:
686:
678:
637:
629:
498:pulsar
357:, and
329:, and
78:, and
3531:Index
3438:Other
3415:Poets
3370:Lists
3317:Syria
3257:Nepal
3220:Haiti
3215:Chile
3195:Japan
3190:Italy
3160:India
3125:China
3078:Ghana
3068:Egypt
2626:Media
2431:White
2382:Black
2343:Hindu
2314:Asian
2237:Trans
2232:State
2163:Post-
2116:Labor
2045:Cyber
1928:Wales
1898:Japan
1514:S2CID
1494:(PDF)
1474:4 May
1465:(PDF)
1434:S2CID
1394:(PDF)
1351:S2CID
1185:S2CID
1177:JSTOR
1106:S2CID
1063:S2CID
1028:S2CID
992:JSTOR
965:S2CID
937:(PDF)
915:S2CID
858:S2CID
813:S2CID
749:JSTOR
692:S2CID
635:S2CID
534:Other
465:with
303:ENIAC
178:]
3175:Iraq
3170:Iran
3083:Mali
2589:and
2407:SĂĄmi
2365:Sikh
2153:Neo-
1955:Utah
1721:2022
1699:2015
1669:2015
1551:2015
1476:2019
1445:2022
1426:PMID
1343:PMID
1312:2015
1286:2015
1236:PMID
1098:PMID
957:PMID
907:PMID
741:ISSN
722:2016
684:PMID
676:ISSN
627:ISSN
469:and
430:and
409:pion
276:and
234:and
210:and
29:The
2875:Art
2304:New
2158:New
2084:Fat
2062:Eco
2050:HCI
1621:doi
1609:105
1580:doi
1506:doi
1418:doi
1402:159
1335:doi
1331:123
1226:PMC
1216:doi
1169:doi
1090:doi
1055:doi
1020:doi
949:doi
897:hdl
889:doi
848:hdl
840:doi
803:hdl
795:doi
715:Vox
666:doi
619:doi
228:DNA
3548::
1738:.
1685:.
1660:.
1619:.
1607:.
1601:.
1578:.
1535:.
1512:.
1502:40
1500:.
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1432:.
1424:.
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1371:.
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1341:.
1329:.
1302:.
1263:^
1234:.
1224:.
1210:.
1183:.
1175:.
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1163:.
1144:.
1126:.
1104:.
1096:.
1086:42
1084:.
1061:.
1051:33
1049:.
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1016:76
1014:.
988:63
986:.
963:.
955:.
943:.
939:.
913:.
905:.
895:.
885:62
883:.
879:.
856:.
846:.
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834:.
811:.
801:.
791:19
789:.
770:.
747:.
713:.
690:.
682:.
674:.
662:42
660:.
656:.
633:.
625:.
615:23
613:.
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317:,
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1420::
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1375:.
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1242:.
1218::
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1092::
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1057::
1034:.
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998:.
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899::
891::
864:.
850::
842::
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805::
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755:.
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138:(
132:.
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