Women in science - Knowledge

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management jobs. Social networks are based on the cultural beliefs such as schemas and stereotypes. According to social psychology studies, top management jobs are more likely to have incumbent schemas that favor "an achievement-oriented aggressiveness and emotional toughness that is distinctly male in character". Gender stereotypes of feminine style set by men assume women to be conforming and submissive to male culture creating a sense of unqualified women for top management jobs. However, when the women try to prove their competence and power, they often faced obstacles. They are likely to be seen as dislikable and untrustworthy even when they excel at "masculine" tasks. In addition, women's achievements are likely to be dismissed or discredited. These "untrustworthy, dislikable women" could have very well been denied achievement from the fear men held of a woman overtaking his management position. Social networks and gender stereotypes produce many injustices that women have to experience in their workplace, as well as, the various obstacles they encounter when trying to advance in male-dominated and top management jobs. Women in professions like science, technology, and other related industries are likely to encounter these gendered barriers in their careers. Based on the meritocratic explanations of gender inequality, "as long as the people accept the mechanisms that produce unequal outcomes", all the outcomes will be legitimated in the society. When women try to deny the stereotypes and the discriminations by becoming "competent, integrated, well-liked", the society is more likely to look at these impressions as selfishness or "being a whiner". However, there have been positive attempts to reduce gender discrimination in the public domain. For example, in the United States, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 provides opportunities for women to achieve to a wide range of education programs and activities by prohibiting sex discrimination. The law states "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Although, even with laws prohibiting gender discrimination, society and social institutions continue to minimize women's competencies and accomplishments, especially, in the workforce by dismissing or discrediting their achievements as stated above.

5847:(PNAS) reported a gender bias among science faculty. Faculty were asked to review a resume from a hypothetical student and report how likely they would be to hire or mentor that student, as well as what they would offer as starting salary. Two resumes were distributed randomly to the faculty, only differing in the names at the top of the resume (John or Jennifer). The male student was rated as significantly more competent, more likely to be hired, and more likely to be mentored. The median starting salary offered to the male student was greater than $ 3,000 over the starting salary offered to the female student. Both male and female faculty exhibited this gender bias. This study suggests bias may partly explain the persistent deficit in the number of women at the highest levels of scientific fields. Another study reported that men are favored in some domains, such as biology tenure rates, but that the majority of domains were gender-fair; the authors interpreted this to suggest that the under-representation of women in the professorial ranks was not solely caused by sexist hiring, promotion, and remuneration. In April 2015 Williams and Ceci published a set of five national experiments showing that hypothetical female applicants were favored by faculty for assistant professorships over identically qualified men by a ratio of 2 to 1. 5636:

education's importance than someone that does not. A parent can also be an influence in the sense that they want their children to follow in their footsteps and pursue a similar occupation, especially in women, it's been found that the mother's line of work tends to correlate with their daughters. Economic status can influence what kind of higher education a student might get. Economic status may influence their education depending on whether they are a work bound student or a college bound student. A work bound student may choose a shorter career path to quickly begin making money or due to lack of time. The belief system of a household can also have a big impact on women depending on their family's religious or cultural viewpoints. There are still some countries that have certain regulations on women's occupation, clothing, and curfew that limit career choices for women. Parental influence is also relevant because people tend to want to fulfill what they could not have as a child. Unfortunately, women are at such a disadvantage because not only must they overcome societal norms but then they also have to outperform men for the same recognition, studies show.

5227: 5598:, an American historian of science, offered three concepts to explain the reasons behind the data in statistics and how these reasons disadvantaged women in the science industry. The first concept is hierarchical segregation. This is a well-known phenomenon in society, that the higher the level and rank of power and prestige, the smaller the population of females participating. The hierarchical differences point out that there are fewer women participating at higher levels of both academia and industry. Based on data collected in 1982, women earn 54 percent of all bachelor's degrees in the United States, with 50 percent of these in science. The source also indicated that this number increased almost every year. There are fewer women at the graduate level; they earn 40 percent of all doctorates, with 31 percent of these in science and engineering. 5042: 4830: 2535: 5248:

Myanmar – Vietnam being an exception at 42%. Women graduates are on a par with men in agriculture but less present in engineering: Vietnam (31%), the Philippines (30%) and Malaysia (39%); here, the exception is Myanmar, at 65%. In the Republic of Korea, women make up about 40% of graduates in science and agriculture and 71% of graduates in health sciences but only 18% of female researchers overall. This represents a loss in the investment made in educating girls and women up through tertiary education, a result of traditional views of women's role in society and in the home. Kim and Moon (2011) remark on the tendency of Korean women to withdraw from the labour force to take care of children and assume family responsibilities, calling it a 'domestic brain drain'.

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sector, accounting for 23% of employees in Sri Lanka, 11% in India and just 5% in Nepal. Women have achieved parity in science in both Sri Lanka and Bangladesh but are less likely to undertake research in engineering. They represent 17% of the research pool in Bangladesh and 29% in Sri Lanka. Many Sri Lankan women have followed the global trend of opting for a career in agricultural sciences (54%) and they have also achieved parity in health and welfare. In Bangladesh, just over 30% choose agricultural sciences and health, which goes against the global trend. Although Bangladesh still has progress to make, the share of women in each scientific field has increased steadily over the past decade.

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something that many institutions have worked hard over the years to improve by making programs such as the IFAC project (Information for a choice: empowering women through learning for scientific and technological career paths) which investigated low women participation in science and technology fields at high school to university level. However, not all efforts were as successful, "Science: it's a girl thing" campaign, which has since been removed, received backlash for further encouraging women that they must partake in "girly" or "feminine" activities. The idea being that if women are fully informed of their career choices and employability, they will be more inclined to pursue

5498:, a physicist, the first American female astronaut, and a lesbian. Sally Ride chose not to reveal her sexuality until after her death in 2012; she purposefully revealed her sexual orientation in her obituary. She has been known as the first female (and youngest) American to enter space, as well as, starting her own company, Sally Ride Science, that encourages young girls to enter the STEM field. She chose to keep her sexuality to herself because she was familiar with "the male-dominated" NASA's anti-homosexual policies at the time of her space travel. Sally Ride's legacy continues as her company is still working to increase young girls and women's participation in the STEM fields. 5197:

along in the research career, women represented 44% of grade C academic staff, 37% of grade B academic staff and 20% of grade A academic staff.11 These trends are intensified in science, with women making up 31% of the student population at the tertiary level to 38% of PhD students and 35% of PhD graduates. At the faculty level, they make up 32% of academic grade C personnel, 23% of grade B and 11% of grade A. The proportion of women among full professors is lowest in engineering and technology, at 7.9%. With respect to representation in science decision-making, in 2010 15.5% of higher education institutions were headed by women and 10% of universities had a female rector.

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more female or feminine gender role-identified people worked in their labs, the more accepting and safe the work environment. In another study of over 30,000 LGBT employees in STEM-related federal agencies in the United States, queer women in these agencies reported feeling isolated in the workplace and having to work harder than their gender conforming male colleagues. This isolation and overachievement remained constant as they earned supervisory positions and worked their way up the ladder. Gender nonconforming people in physics, particularly those identified as trans women in physics programs and labs, felt the most isolated and perceived the most hostility.

5477:, she mentions that men would have discussed their research outside of the lab, but this conversation is preceded by culturally "masculine" small-talk topics that, whether intentionally or not, excluded women influenced by their culture's feminine gender role from the conversation. Consequently, this act of excluding many women from the after-hours work discussions produced a more separate work environment between the men and the women in science; as women then would converse with other women in science about their current findings and theories. Ultimately, the women's work was devalued as a male scientist was not involved in the overall research and analysis. 4928:

resource base in science, technology and engineering. With just 1% of the labour force being Emirati, it is also concerned about the low percentage of Emirati citizens employed in key industries. As a result, it has introduced policies promoting the training and employment of Emirati citizens, as well as a greater participation of Emirati women in the labour force. Emirati female engineering students have said that they are attracted to a career in engineering for reasons of financial independence, the high social status associated with this field, the opportunity to engage in creative and challenging projects and the wide range of career opportunities.

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lowest participation of female researchers is Saudi Arabia, even though they make up the majority of tertiary graduates, but the figure of 1.4% covers only the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. Female researchers in the region are primarily employed in government research institutes, with some countries also seeing a high participation of women in private nonprofit organizations and universities. With the exception of Sudan (40%) and Palestine (35%), fewer than one in four researchers in the business enterprise sector is a woman; for half of the countries reporting data, there are barely any women at all employed in this sector.

5175:(26%) and Israel (21%), although Israeli women represent 28% of senior academic staff. At university, Israeli women dominate medical sciences (63%) but only a minority study engineering (14%), physical sciences (11%), mathematics and computer science (10%). There has been an interesting evolution in Iran. Whereas the share of female PhD graduates in health remained stable at 38–39% between 2007 and 2012, it rose in all three other broad fields. Most spectacular was the leap in female PhD graduates in agricultural sciences from 4% to 33% but there was also a marked progression in science (from 28% to 39%) and engineering (from 8% to 16%). 5184:

governments in place until the early 1990s, including that of the former Yugoslavia. Moreover, the participation of female researchers is holding steady or increasing in much of the region, with representation broadly even across the four sectors of government, business, higher education and non-profit. In most countries, women tend to be on a par with men among tertiary graduates in science. Between 70% and 85% of graduates are women in health, less than 40% in agriculture and between 20% and 30% in engineering. Albania has seen a considerable increase in the share of its women graduates in engineering and agriculture.

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high-level science positions may in part be due to innate differences in abilities or preferences between men and women. Making references to the field and behavioral genetics, he noted the generally greater variability among men (compared to women) on tests of cognitive abilities, leading to proportionally more men than women at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions. In his discussion of this, Summers said that "even small differences in the standard deviation will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out ". Summers concluded his discussion by saying:

5605:. The term refers to how female employment is often clustered in specific industries or categories in industries. Women stayed at home or took employment in feminine fields while men left the home to work. Although nearly half of the civilian work force is female, women still comprise the majority of low-paid jobs or jobs that society considered feminine. Statistics show that 60 percent of white professional women are nurses, daycare workers, or schoolteachers. Territorial disparities in science are often found between the 1920s and 1930s, when different fields in science were divided between men and women. 11700: 2261:. Because she could not lecture publicly at the university regularly, she began conducting private lessons and experiments from home in the year of 1749. However, due to her increase in responsibilities and public appearances on behalf of the university, Bassi was able to petition for regular pay increases, which in turn was used to pay for her advanced equipment. Bassi earned the highest salary paid by the University of Bologna of 1,200 lire. In 1776, at the age of 65, she was appointed to the chair in experimental physics by the Bologna Institute of Sciences with her husband as a teaching assistant. 5072:

research: Bolivia (63%), Venezuela (56%), Argentina (53%), Paraguay (52%), Uruguay (49%), Brazil (48%) and Guatemala (45%). Costa Rica is on the cusp (43%). Chile has the lowest score among countries for which there are recent data (31%). The Caribbean paints a similar picture, with Cuba having achieved gender parity (47%) and Trinidad and Tobago on 44%. Recent data on women's participation in industrial research are available for those countries with the most developed national innovation systems, with the exception of Brazil and Cuba: Uruguay (47%), Argentina (29%), Colombia and Chile (26%).

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United States (44%). Just one in five women graduate in engineering in the latter two countries, a situation that has not changed over the past decade. In New Zealand, women jumped from constituting 39% to 70% of agricultural graduates (all levels) between 2000 and 2012 but ceded ground in science (43–39%), engineering (33–27%) and health (80–78%). As for Canada, it has not reported sex-disaggregated data for women graduates in science and engineering in recent years. Moreover, none of the four countries mentioned here have reported recent data on the share of female researchers.

5494:, the desire of some transgender girls and women to adopt traditional heteronormative gender roles as gender is a cultural performance and socially-determined subjective internal experience, employment discrimination, and the possibility of sexual harassment in the workplace. Historically, women who have accepted STEM research positions for the government or the military remained in the closet due to lack of federal protections or the fact that homosexual or gender nonconforming expression was criminalized in their country. A notable example is 3307: 4882:

more: Lesotho, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. The reasons for this surge are unclear, although one explanation may lie in the growing emphasis on national food security and the food industry. Another possible explanation is that women are highly represented in biotechnology. For example, in South Africa, women were underrepresented in engineering (16%) in 2004 and in 'natural scientific professions' (16%) in 2006 but made up 52% of employees working in biotechnology-related companies.

2323: 64: 1915:(935–1000 A.D.) that also helped encourage women to be intellectual. However, with the growth in number and power of nunneries, the all-male clerical hierarchy was not welcomed toward it, and thus it stirred up conflict by having backlash against women's advancement. That impacted many religious orders closed on women and disbanded their nunneries, and overall excluding women from the ability to learn to read and write. With that, the world of science became closed off to women, limiting women's influence in science. 5617:, claims that when woman and man have similar abilities for a job, the probability of the woman getting the job is lower. Elizabeth Finkel agrees, saying, "In general, while woman and men seem to be completing doctorate with similar credentials and experience, the opposition and rewards they find are not comparable. Women tend to be treated with less salary and status, many policy makers notice this phenomenon and try to rectify the unfair situation for women participating in scientific fields." 4940:

IT industry, and the national push to achieve a 'pan-Malayan' culture beyond the three ethnic groups of Indian, Chinese and Malay. Government support for the education of all three groups is available on a quota basis and, since few Malay men are interested in IT, this leaves more room for women. Additionally, families tend to be supportive of their daughters' entry into this prestigious and highly remunerated industry, in the interests of upward social mobility. Malaysia's push to develop an

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research institutes at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In the US, numbers are slightly higher at 23%. In the EU, less than 16% of tertiary institutions were headed by a woman in 2010 and just 10% of universities. In 2011, at the main tertiary institution for the English-speaking Caribbean, the University of the West Indies, women represented 51% of lecturers but only 32% of senior lecturers and 26% of full professors . A 2018 review of the Royal Society of Britain by historians

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crucial time is family formation. As women are continuing their academic careers, they are also stepping into their new role as a wife and mother. These traditionally require at large time commitment and presence outside work. These new commitments do not fare well for the person looking to attain tenure. That is why women entering the family formation period of their life are 35% less likely to pursue tenure positions after receiving their PhD's than their male counterparts.

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what exact degree lesbian and bisexual women, gender non-conformers (transgender, nonbinary/agender, or anti-gender gender abolitionists who eschew the system altogether) are potentially even more repressed and underrepresented than their straight peers. But a general lack of out lesbian and bi women in STEM has been noted. Reasons for under-representation of same-sex attracted women and anyone gender nonconforming in STEM fields include lack of role models in

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professional experience. The rate of women's professional achievement is increasing. In 1996, the salaries for women in professional fields increased from 85% to 95% relative to men with similar skills and jobs. Young women between the age of 27 and 33 earned 98%, nearly as much as their male peers. In the total workforce of the United States, women earn 74% as much as their male counterparts (in the 1970s they made 59% as much as their male counterparts).

1852: 13123: 2954: 5540: 5408: 2444:. Paulze accompanied Lavoisier in his lab, making entries into lab notebooks and sketching diagrams of his experimental designs. The training she had received allowed her to accurately and precisely draw experimental apparatuses, which ultimately helped many of Lavoisier's contemporaries to understand his methods and results. Paulze translated various works about phlogiston into French. One of her most important translation was that of 5730:(NIOSH) developed a video series highlighting the stories of female researchers at NIOSH. Each of the women featured in the videos share their journey into science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM), and offers encouragement to aspiring scientists. NIOSH also partners with external organizations in efforts to introduce individuals to scientific disciplines and funds several science-based training programs across the country. 4406:. When she initially began studying rotavirus, it had only been discovered four years earlier. Charretón's main job was to study how the virus entered cells and its ways of multiplying. Because of her, and several others, work other scientists were able to learn about more details of the virus. Now, her research focuses on the virus's ability to recognize the cells it infects. Along with her husband, Charretón was awarded the 11792: 3936:, a work on the dangers of pesticides, in 1962. The publishing of her environmental science book led to the questioning of usage of harmful pesticides and other chemicals in agricultural settings. This led to a campaign to attempt to ultimately discredit Carson. However, the federal government called for a review of DDT which concluded with DDT being banned. Carson later passed away from cancer in 1964 at 57 years old. 5876:. The authors received an email on 27 March informing them that their paper had been rejected due to its poor quality. The email included comments from an anonymous reviewer, which included the suggestion that male authors be added in order to improve the quality of the science and serve as a means of ensuring that incorrect interpretations of the data are not included. Ingleby posted excerpts from the email on 5613:(NSB) present the change at that time. The number of science degrees awarded to woman rose from seven percent in 1970 to twenty-four percent in 1985. In 1975 only 385 women received bachelor's degrees in engineering compared to 11,000 women in 1985. Elizabeth Finkel claims that even if the number of women participating in scientific fields increases, the opportunities are still limited.. Another researcher, 2483:. Throughout her writings, she repeatedly made it clear that she desired to earn an independent wage and be able to support herself. When the crown began paying her for her assistance to her brother in 1787, she became the first woman to do so at a time when even men rarely received wages for scientific enterprises—to receive a salary for services to science. During 1786–97 she discovered eight 4980:", and put them through the same tests that the male astronauts took. As a result, the women actually performed better on these tests than the men of the Mercury 7 did. However, this did not convince NASA officials to allow women in space. In response, congressional hearings were held to investigate discrimination against women in the program. One of the women who testified at the hearing was 4838:

fields is inconsistent. In North America and much of Europe, few women graduate in physics, mathematics and computer science but, in other regions, the proportion of women may be close to parity in physics or mathematics. In engineering and computer sciences, women consistently trail men, a situation that is particularly acute in many high-income countries.

3328:, renowned American astronomer, were made possible by Leavitt's groundbreaking research and Leavitt's Law. "If Henrietta Leavitt had provided the key to determine the size of the cosmos, then it was Edwin Powell Hubble who inserted it in the lock and provided the observations that allowed it to be turned", wrote David H. and Matthew D.H. Clark in their book 5937:

in 2001. The year before he became president, Harvard extended 13 of its 36 tenure offers to women and by 2004 those numbers had dropped to 4 of 32 with several departments lacking even a single tenured female professor. This controversy is speculated to have significantly contributed to Summers resignation from his position at Harvard the following year.

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from 15% in 2002. In 2013, only 14% of researchers (in full-time equivalents) were women in the region's most populous country, India, down slightly from 15% in 2009. The percentage of female researchers is highest in Sri Lanka (39%), followed by Pakistan: 24% in 2009, 31% in 2013. There are no recent data available for Afghanistan or Bangladesh.

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all of the scientific fields overall indicates that this effort has met with some success; however, the continued lack of representation of women at the top level of faculties, management and science decision making indicate that more work needs to be done. The EU is addressing this through a gender equality strategy and crosscutting mandate in

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Sudan and over 45% in agriculture in eight out of the 15 countries reporting data, namely Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates. In engineering, women make up over 70% of graduates in Oman, with rates of 25–38% in the majority of the other countries, which is high in comparison to other regions.

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Rosalind Franklin's place in the industry. He claimed that "the best place for a feminist was in another person's lab", most often a male's research lab. Women were and still are often critiqued of their overall presentation. In Franklin's situation, she was seen as lacking femininity for she failed to wear lipstick or revealing clothing.

2192:' system of plant classification based on sexual characteristics drew attention to botanical licentiousness, and people feared that women would learn immoral lessons from nature's example. Women were often depicted as both innately emotional and incapable of objective reasoning, or as natural mothers reproducing a natural, moral society. 5290:

colleges, 50 girls' higher technical institutes and 180 industrial secondary institutes. The plan is to create training placements for about 500 000 students, half of them girls. Boys and girls will be trained in vocational professions that include information technology, medical equipment handling, plumbing, electricity and mechanics.

1880:. During this period, Christianity underwent a period of resurgence, and Western civilization was bolstered as a result. This phenomenon was, in part, due to monasteries and nunneries that nurtured the skills of reading and writing, and the monks and nuns who collected and copied important writings produced by scholars of the past. 1647:

especially in usually prestigious subfields such as electrical or mechanical engineering. There are exceptions to this, however. In the former Soviet Union all subspecialties of engineering had high percentages of women, and at the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería of Nicaragua, women made up 70% of engineering students in 1990.

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a man's salary. An even greater disparity between men and women is the ongoing trend that women scientists with more experience are not as well-compensated as their male counterparts. The salary of a male engineer continues to experience growth as he gains experience whereas the female engineer sees her salary reach a plateau.

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male researchers. The proportion of female researchers has been increasing over the last decade, at a faster rate than men (5.1% annually over 2002–2009 compared with 3.3% for men), which is also true for their participation among scientists and engineers (up 5.4% annually between 2002 and 2010, compared with 3.1% for men).

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attributed to women transferring to agricultural sciences in these countries. Another negative trend is the drop in female doctoral students and in the labour force. Of those countries reporting data, the majority signal a significant drop of 10–20 percentage points in the transition from master's to doctoral graduates.

5715:, which pairs undergraduate mentors with high school and middle school mentees. The model of that pairs undergraduate college mentors with younger students is quite popular. In addition, many young women are creating programs to boost participation in STEM at a younger level, either through conferences or competitions. 3241: 2043:. In these works she was especially critical of the growing belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature. The 1666 work attempted to heighten female interest in science. The observations provided a critique of the experimental science of Bacon and criticized microscopes as imperfect machines. 3258:" (ecology) in a Boston lecture. This new science included the study of "consumer nutrition" and environmental education. This interdisciplinary branch of science was later specialized into what is currently known as ecology, while the consumer nutrition focus split off and was eventually relabeled as 5931:

So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues

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In a nationwide study of LGBTQA employees in STEM fields in the United States, same-sex attracted and gender nonconforming women in engineering, earth sciences, and mathematics reported that they were less likely to be out in the workplace. In general, LGBTQA people in this survey reported that, when

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The participation of women is somewhat lower in health than in other regions, possibly on account of cultural norms restricting interactions between males and females. Iraq and Oman have the lowest percentages (mid-30s), whereas Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine and Saudi Arabia are at gender parity in

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Despite these variable numbers, the percentage of female tertiary-level graduates in science and engineering is very high across the region, which indicates there is a substantial drop between graduation and employment and research. Women make up half or more than half of science graduates in all but

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in 2016. In 2013, Japanese female researchers were most common in the public sector in health and agriculture, where they represented 29% of academics and 20% of government researchers. In the business sector, just 8% of researchers were women (in head counts), compared to 25% in the academic sector.

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South Asia is the region where women make up the smallest proportion of researchers: 17%. This is 13 percentage points below sub-Saharan Africa. Of those countries in South Asia reporting data for 2009–2013, Nepal has the lowest representation of all (in head counts), at 8% (2010), a substantial drop

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Women make up 33% of researchers overall in the European Union (EU), slightly more than their representation in science (32%). Women constitute 40% of researchers in higher education, 40% in government and 19% in the private sector, with the number of female researchers increasing faster than that of

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There are exceptions. In Denmark, the proportion of female graduates in computer science increased from 15% to 24% between 2000 and 2012 and Germany saw an increase from 10% to 17%. These are still very low levels. Figures are higher in many emerging economies. In Turkey, for instance, the proportion

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Of the seven Arab countries reporting data, four observe a steady percentage or an increase in female engineers (Morocco, Oman, Palestine and Saudi Arabia). In the United Arab Emirates, the government has made it a priority to develop a knowledge economy, having recognized the need for a strong human

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In 2010, women made up 14% of university chancellors and vice-chancellors at Brazilian public universities and 17% of those in South Africa in 2011. As of 2015, in Argentina, women made up 16% of directors and vice-directors of national research centres and, in Mexico, 10% of directors of scientific

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In the US, women with science or engineering doctoral degrees were predominantly employed in the education sector in 2001, with substantially fewer employed in business or industry than men. According to salary figures reported in 1991, women earn anywhere between 83.6 percent to 87.5 percent that of

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Women's lower salaries in the scientific community are also reflected in statistics. According to the data provided in 1993, the median salaries of female scientists and engineers with doctoral degrees were 20% less than men. This data can be explained as there was less participation of women in high

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was the second female Nobel Prize winner in Physics, for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. Earlier in her career, she had worked in unofficial or volunteer positions at the university where her husband was a professor. Goeppert Mayer is one of several scientists whose works are

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available for making bread, since potatoes could be used instead to make alcohol. This greatly improved the country's eating habits and reduced the frequency of famines. Ekeblad also discovered a method of bleaching cotton textile and yarn with soap in 1751, and of replacing the dangerous ingredients

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Cortese was able to manipulate nature in order to create several medicinal, alchemy and cosmetic "secrets" or experiments. Isabella's book of secrets belongs to a larger book of secrets that became extremely popular among the elite during the 16th century. Despite the low percentage of literate women

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was left with great difficulties that affected the continent's intellectual production dramatically. Although nature was still seen as a system that could be comprehended in the light of reason, there was little innovative scientific inquiry. The Arabic world deserves credit for preserving scientific

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sparked controversy at a National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce. Dr. Summers offered his explanation for the shortage of women in senior posts in science and engineering. He made comments suggesting the lower numbers of women in

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On average, fewer than one in five science professors are female. Science punishes career breaks, and women who take time off to have children are immediately disadvantaged. "The flashpoint is when you’re about 35 and trying to get tenure. That can be when you’re trying to have kids, and it can play

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Beginning in the twentieth century to present day, more and more women are becoming acknowledged for their work in science. However, women often find themselves at odds with expectations held towards them in relation to their scientific studies. For example, in 1968 James Watson questioned scientist

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The Malaysian information technology (IT) sector is made up equally of women and men, with large numbers of women employed as university professors and in the private sector. This is a product of two historical trends: the predominance of women in the Malay electronics industry, the precursor to the

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In a number of developing countries, there is a sizable proportion of women engineers. At least three out of ten engineers are women, for instance, in Costa Rica, Vietnam and the United Arab Emirates (31%), Algeria (32%), Mozambique (34%), Tunisia (41%) and Brunei Darussalam (42%). In Malaysia (50%)

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In Europe and North America, the number of female graduates in engineering, physics, mathematics and computer science is generally low. Women make up just 19% of engineers in Canada, Germany and the US and 22% in Finland, for example. However, 50% of engineering graduates are women in Cyprus, 38% in

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were set up in 1998, with prizes alternating each year between the materials science and life sciences. One award is given for each geographical region of Africa and the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and North America. By 2017, these awards had recognised almost

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first noticed that it was a star's temperature that was the principal distinguishing feature among different spectra. This led to re-ordering of the ABC types by temperature instead of hydrogen absorption-line strength. Due to Cannon's work, most of the then-existing classes of stars were thrown out

2249:, the main building of the University of Bologna which allowed her to petition for a teaching position at the university. In 1732 the university granted Bassi's professorship in philosophy, making her a member of the Academy of the Sciences and the first woman to earn a professorship in physics at a 5936:

Despite his protégée, Sheryl Sandberg, defending Summers' actions and Summers offering his own apology repeatedly, the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences passed a motion of "lack of confidence" in the leadership of Summers who had allowed tenure offers to women plummet after taking office

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At 37%, the share of female researchers in the Arab States compares well with other regions. The countries with the highest proportion of female researchers are Bahrain and Sudan at around 40%. Jordan, Libya, Oman, Palestine and Qatar have percentage shares in the low twenties. The country with the

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Membership on science boards remained predominantly male as well, with women making up 36% of board members. The EU has engaged in a major effort to integrate female researchers and gender research into its research and innovation strategy since the mid-2000s. Increases in women's representation in

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Despite these gains, women's academic careers in Europe remain characterized by strong vertical and horizontal segregation. In 2010, although female students (55%) and graduates (59%) outnumbered male students, men outnumbered women at the PhD and graduate levels (albeit by a small margin). Further

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In engineering, women make up over 30% of the graduate population in seven Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama and Uruguay) and one Caribbean country, the Dominican Republic. There has been a decrease in the number of women engineering graduates in Argentina,

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As in most other regions, the great majority of health graduates are women (60–85%). Women are also strongly represented in science. More than 40% of science graduates are women in each of Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama and Uruguay. The Caribbean paints a similar picture,

4931:

An analysis of computer science shows a steady decrease in female graduates since 2000 that is particularly marked in high-income countries. Between 2000 and 2012, the share of women graduates in computer science slipped in Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea and USA. In Latin America and

4919:

In many cases, engineering has lost ground to other sciences, including agriculture. The case of New Zealand is fairly typical. Here, women jumped from representing 39% to 70% of agricultural graduates between 2000 and 2012, continued to dominate health (80–78%) but ceded ground in science (43–39%)

4387:

is a microbiologist from Colombia. She first gained interest in tiny organisms when she had the opportunity to view them through a microscope that belonged to her grandfather. While Restrepo has a variety of research, her main area of research is fungi and their causes of diseases. Her work led her

3604:

was a biochemist who discovered the mechanism by which glycogen, a derivative of glucose, is transformed in the muscles to form lactic acid, and is later reformed as a way to store energy. For this discovery she and her colleagues were awarded the Nobel prize in 1947, making her the third woman and

2897:

fields were Russians. Although many women received advanced training in medicine in the 1870s, in other fields women were barred and had to go to western Europe—mainly Switzerland—in order to pursue scientific studies. In her book about these "women of the sixties" (шестидесятницы), as they were

2814:

and to refine the techniques of solar photography. They married in 1895. Annie's mathematical skills made it possible to analyse the years of sunspot data that Maunder had been collecting at Greenwich. She also designed a small, portable wide-angle camera with a 1.5-inch-diameter (38 mm) lens.

2545:

Science remained a largely amateur profession during the early part of the nineteenth century. Botany was considered a popular and fashionable activity, and one particularly suitable to women. In the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it was one of the most accessible areas of science

5489:

While there has been a push to encourage more women to participate in science, there is less outreach to lesbian, bi, or gender nonconforming women, and gender nonconforming people more broadly. Due to the lack of data and statistics of LGBTQ members involvement in the STEM field, it is unknown to

5298:

Just under one in three (30%) researchers in sub-Saharan Africa is a woman. Much of sub-Saharan Africa is seeing solid gains in the share of women among tertiary graduates in scientific fields. In two of the top four countries for women's representation in science, women graduates are part of very

5243:

Southeast Asia presents a different picture entirely, with women basically on a par with men in some countries: they make up 52% of researchers in the Philippines and Thailand, for example. Other countries are close to parity, such as Malaysia and Vietnam, whereas Indonesia and Singapore are still

5213:

In 2013, women made up the majority of PhD graduates in fields related to health in Australia (63%), New Zealand (58%) and the United States of America (73%). The same can be said of agriculture, in New Zealand's case (73%). Women have also achieved parity in agriculture in Australia (50%) and the

5058:

There are also wide intraregional disparities. Women make up 52% of researchers in the Philippines and Thailand, for instance, and are close to parity in Malaysia and Vietnam, yet only one in three researchers is a woman in Indonesia and Singapore. In Japan and the Republic of Korea, two countries

4960:

In the 1960s, the American space program was taking off. However, women were not allowed to be considered for the space program because at the time astronauts were required to be military pilots—a profession that women were not allowed to be a part of. There were other "practical" reasons as well.

4947:

In India, the substantial increase in women undergraduates in engineering may be indicative of a change in the 'masculine' perception of engineering in the country. It is also a product of interest on the part of parents, since their daughters will be assured of employment as the field expands, as

4907:

Women are consistently underrepresented in engineering and related fields. In Israel, for instance, where 28% of senior academic staff are women, there are proportionately many fewer in engineering (14%), physical sciences (11%), mathematics and computer sciences (10%) but dominate education (52%)

4855:

As of 2015, each step up the ladder of the scientific research system saw a drop in female participation until, at the highest echelons of scientific research and decision-making, there were very few women left. In 2015, the EU Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation Carlos Moedas called

4804:

What may be the cause of this "leaky pipeline" of women in the sciences? It is important to look at factors outside of academia that are occurring in women's lives at the same time they are pursuing their continued education and career search. The most outstanding factor that is occurring at this

4784:

speaks of the "leaky pipeline" model, in which the proportion of women "on track" to potentially becoming top scientists fall off at every step of the way, from getting interested in science and maths in elementary school, through doctorate, postdoctoral, and career steps. The leaky pipeline also

4762:

Women tend to earn less than men in almost all industries, including government and academia. Women are less likely to be hired in highest-paid positions. The data showing the differences in salaries, ranks, and overall success between the genders is often claimed to be a result of women's lack of

4395:

Along with her research, Restrepo co-founded a non-profit that is devoted to scientific research named Corporation for Biological Research (CIB). Angela Restrepo Moreno was awarded the SCOPUS Prize in 2007 for her numerous publications. She currently resides in Colombia and continues her research.

5755:

Kizzmekia Corbett, recognized as one of the leading scientists in the United States for vaccine research, is a true pioneer who is dedicated to promoting diversity and equity within her field. She is a part of a team at the National Institutes of Health that developed one of the COVID-19 vaccines

5630:

has an effect, because people associate characteristics such as nurturing, kind, and warm or characteristics like strong and powerful with a particular gender. These character associations lead people to stereotype that certain jobs are more suitable to a particular gender. Lack of information is

5608:

Researchers collected the data on many differences between women and men in science. Rossiter found that in 1966, thirty-eight percent of female scientists held master's degrees compared to twenty-six percent of male scientists; but large proportions of female scientists were in environmental and

5247:

The proportion of women tertiary graduates reflects these trends, with high percentages of women in science in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Myanmar and the Philippines (around 60%) and a low of 10% in Cambodia. Women make up the majority of graduates in health sciences, from 60% in Laos to 81% in

5234:

Women are most present in the private non-profit sector – they make up 60% of employees in Sri Lanka – followed by the academic sector: 30% of Pakistani and 42% of Sri Lankan female researchers. Women tend to be less present in the government sector and least likely to be employed in the business

5054:

The global figures mask wide disparities from one region to another. In Southeast Europe, for instance, women researchers have obtained parity and, at 44%, are on the verge of doing so in Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. In the European Union, on the other hand, just one in three

5909:

reported a significant and dramatic downward trend in the number of NIH-funded woman investigators in the field of dermatology and that the gender gap between male and female NIH-funded dermatology investigators was widening. The article concluded that this disparity was likely due to a lack of

5880:

on 29 April bringing the incident to the attention of the public and media. The editor was dismissed from the journal and the reviewer was removed from the list of potential reviewers. A spokesman from PLOS apologized to the authors and said they would be given the opportunity to have the paper

5285:

Once Arab women scientists and engineers graduate, they may come up against barriers to finding gainful employment. These include a misalignment between university programmes and labour market demand – a phenomenon which also affects men –, a lack of awareness about what a career in their chosen

4911:

For women who are pursuing STEM major careers, these individuals often face gender disparities in the work field, especially in regards to science and engineering. It has become more common for women to pursue undergraduate degrees in science, but are continuously discredited in salary rates and

4898:

who studied primates in East Africa. Today women make up an increasing proportion of roles in the active conservation sector. A recent survey of those working in the Wildlife Trusts in the U.K., the leading conservation organisation in England, found that there are nearly as many women as men in

4881:

There has been a steady increase in female graduates in agricultural sciences since the turn of the century. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, numbers of female graduates in agricultural science have been increasing steadily, with eight countries reporting a share of women graduates of 40% or

4877:

In life sciences, women researchers have achieved parity (45–55% of researchers) in many countries. In some, the balance even now tips in their favour. Six out of ten researchers are women in both medical and agricultural sciences in Belarus and New Zealand, for instance. More than two-thirds of

4837:

In 2013, women accounted for 53% of the world's graduates at the bachelor's and master's level and 43% of successful PhD candidates but just 28% of researchers. Women graduates are consistently highly represented in the life sciences, often at over 50%. However, their representation in the other

4446:

The Nobel Prize and Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded to women 61 times between 1901 and 2022. One woman, Marie Sklodowska-Curie, has been honored twice, with the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This means that 60 women in total have been awarded the

3640:

In the early 1980s, Margaret Rossiter presented two concepts for understanding the statistics behind women in science as well as the disadvantages women continued to suffer. She coined the terms "hierarchical segregation" and "territorial segregation." The former term describes the phenomenon in

5635:

jobs. Women also struggle in the sense of lacking role models of women in science. Family influence is dependent on education level, economic status, and belief system. Education level of a student's parent matters, because oftentimes people who have higher education have a different opinion on

5183:

With the exception of Greece, all the countries of Southeast Europe were once part of the Soviet bloc. Some 49% of researchers in these countries are women (compared to 37% in Greece in 2011). This high proportion is considered a legacy of the consistent investment in education by the Socialist

5083:

The participation of women in science has consistently dropped since the turn of the century. This trend has been observed in all sectors of the larger economies: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. Mexico is a notable exception, having recorded a slight increase. Some of the decrease may be

4956:

While women have made huge strides in the STEM fields, it is obvious that they are still underrepresented. One of the areas where women are most underrepresented in science is space flight. Out of the 556 people who have traveled to space, only 65 of them were women. This means that only 11% of

5289:

One of the countries with the smallest female labour force is developing technical and vocational education for girls as part of a wider scheme to reduce dependence on foreign labour. By 2017, the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation of Saudi Arabia is to have constructed 50 technical

5251:

Women remain very much a minority in Japanese science (15% in 2013), although the situation has improved slightly (13% in 2008) since the government fixed a target in 2006 of raising the ratio of female researchers to 25%. Calculated on the basis of the current number of doctoral students, the

3112:, which is the first the education of the senses, then the education of the intellect. Montessori introduced a teaching program that allowed defective children to read and write. She sought to teach skills not by having children repeatedly try it, but by developing exercises that prepare them. 2549:

However, as the nineteenth century progressed, botany and other sciences became increasingly professionalized, and women were increasingly excluded. Women's contributions were limited by their exclusion from most formal scientific education, but began to be recognized through their occasional

1646:

A scientific or technical field that might be considered 'unwomanly' in one country in a given period may enjoy the participation of many women in a different historical period or in another country. An example is engineering, which in many countries is considered the exclusive domain of men,

5071:

Latin America has some of the world's highest rates of women studying scientific fields; it also shares with the Caribbean one of the highest proportions of female researchers: 44%. Of the 12 countries reporting data for the years 2010–2013, seven have achieved gender parity, or even dominate

4416:

is a Mexican chemist. Currently a researcher at the Department of Chemistry of the Center of Investigation and Advanced Studies, Vera's research currently focuses on neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and prion disease and also on degenerative diseases like diabetes and

3816:

received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of Nerve growth factor (NGF). Her work allowed for a further potential understanding of different diseases such as tumors, delayed healing, malformations, and others. This research led to her winning the Nobel Prize for

5480:

According to Oxford University Press, the inequality toward women is "endorsed within cultures and entrenched within institutions hold power to reproduce that inequality". There are various gendered barriers in social networks that prevent women from working in male-dominated fields and top

3648:

provides a life-course analysis (based on interviews and surveys) of women in science from early childhood interest, through university, graduate school and the academic workplace. The thesis of this book is that "Women face a special series of gender related barriers to entry and success in

5370:

Female representation in engineering is fairly high in sub-Saharan Africa in comparison with other regions. In Mozambique and South Africa, for instance, women make up more than 34% and 28% of engineering graduates, respectively. Numbers of female graduates in agricultural science have been

5525:

currently provide networking and mentoring opportunities for lesbian girls and women and LGBT people interested in or currently working in STEM fields. These organizations also advocate for the rights of lesbian and bi women and gender nonconformists in STEM in education and the workplace.

5033:

NASA has been more inclusive in recent years. The number of women in NASA's astronaut classes has steadily risen since the first class that allowed women in 1978. The most recent class was 45% women, and the class before was 50%. In 2019, the first all-female spacewalk was completed at the

2195:

The eighteenth century was characterized by three divergent views towards woman: that women were mentally and socially inferior to men, that they were equal but different, and that women were potentially equal in both mental ability and contribution to society. While individuals such as

2927:(1846–1919), the first woman in the world to receive a doctoral degree in chemistry; the marine biologist Sofia Pereiaslavtseva (1849–1903), director of the Sevastopol Biological Station and winner of the Kessler Prize of the Russian Society of Natural Scientists; and the mathematician 2099:. She made original contributions, including the discovery of a comet. When her husband died, Winkelmann applied for a position as assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy – for which she had experience. As a woman – with no university degree – she was denied the post. Members of the 5683:(The UK Resource Centre for Women in SET) are collaborating to ensure industry, academia and education are all aware of the importance of challenging the traditional approaches to careers advice and recruitment that mean some of the best brains in the country are lost to science. The 5756:

that is greater than 90% effective. Given the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on African Americans and the long history of African American and female scientists being underrecognized, it is particularly significant to acknowledge the groundbreaking contributions of Dr. Corbett.

3842:

received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for research on the genetic control of embryonic development. She also started the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation (Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Stiftung), to aid promising young female German scientists with children.

2906:

To a large extent, women's higher education in continental Europe was pioneered by this first generation of Russian women. They were the first students in Zürich, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and elsewhere. Theirs were the first doctorates in medicine, chemistry, mathematics, and biology.

2178: 1637:

Most work on women scientists has focused on the personalities and scientific subcultures of Western Europe and North America, and historians of women in science have implicitly or explicitly assumed that the observations made for those regions will hold true for the rest of the

5710:

was created to empower pre-professional college and graduate women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), to stay in the career track. There are also several organizations focused on increasing mentorship from a younger age. One of the best known groups is

4808:

In the UK, women occupied over half the places in science-related higher education courses (science, medicine, maths, computer science and engineering) in 2004–5. However, gender differences varied from subject to subject: women substantially outnumbered men in biology and

5858:

project scientist Matt Taylor's shirt during a press conference raised questions of sexism within the European Space Agency. The shirt, which featured cartoon women with firearms, led to an outpouring of criticism and an apology after which Taylor "broke down in tears."

3210:

was an American medical scientist. Sabin was the first woman faculty member at Johns Hopkins in 1902, and the first woman full-time professor there in 1917. Her scientific and research experience is notable. Sabin published over 100 scientific papers and multiple books.

1895:

were an important place of education for women during this period, for the monasteries and nunneries encourage the skills of reading and writing, and some of these communities provided opportunities for women to contribute to scholarly research. An example is the German

3272:, and hosted conferences. Home economics departments were formed at many colleges, especially at land grant institutions. In her work at MIT, Ellen Richards also introduced the first biology course in its history as well as the focus area of sanitary engineering. 5244:

around the 30% mark. Cambodia trails its neighbours at 20%. Female researchers in the region are spread fairly equally across the sectors of participation, with the exception of the private sector, where they make up 30% or less of researchers in most countries.

4924:

and Oman (53%), women are on a par with men. Of the 13 sub-Saharan countries reporting data, seven have observed substantial increases (more than 5%) in women engineers since 2000, namely: Benin, Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique and Namibia.

5472:

Since on average most of a woman's colleagues in science are men who do not see her as a true social peer, she will also find herself left out of opportunities to discuss possible research opportunities outside of the laboratory. In Londa Schiebinger's book,

5021:

was the third woman to go to space and the first American woman in space. In 1978, Ride and five other women were accepted into the first class of astronauts that allowed women. In 1983, Ride became the first American woman in space when she flew on the

2169:, 'Male scientists used the new science to spread the view that women were by nature inferior and subordinate to men and suited to play a domestic role as nurturing mothers. The widespread distribution of books ensured the continuation of these ideas'. 4820:

Women, in the United States and many European countries, who succeed in science tend to be graduates of single-sex schools. Women earn 54% of all bachelor's degrees in the United States and 50% of those are in science. 9% of US physicists are women.

4845:

Share of women in selected South African institutions in 2011. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, based on a 2011 study by the Academy of Sciences of South Africa on the Participation of Girls and Women in the National STI System in South

4208:

was an astrophysicist and the first American woman, and then-youngest American, to travel to outer space. Ride wrote or co-wrote several books on space aimed at children, with the goal of encouraging them to study science. Ride participated in the

4948:

well as an advantageous marriage. Other factors include the 'friendly' image of engineering in India and the easy access to engineering education resulting from the increase in the number of women's engineering colleges over the last two decades.

3103:

to qualify as a physician. She developed an interest in the diseases of children and believed in the necessity of educating those recognized to be ineducable. In the case of the latter she argued for the development of training for teachers along

5264:

The low ratio of women researchers in Japan and the Republic of Korea, which both have some of the highest researcher densities in the world, brings down Southeast Asia's average to 22.5% for the share of women among researchers in the region.

3628:

At the Saving the Web: The Ethics and Challenges of Preserving What's on the Internet at Room LJ-119, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, at the Kluge Center, on 14, 15 and 16 June 2016, Allison Hegel, a computer scientist and data

4889:

by Rachel Carson proved an important impetus to the conservation movement and the later banning of chemical pesticides. Women played an important role in conservation biology including the famous work of Dian Fossey, who published the famous

5261:, Japan's current growth strategy, is to enhance the socio-economic role of women. Consequently, the selection criteria for most large university grants now take into account the proportion of women among teaching staff and researchers. 3758:

to conceive their model of the structure of DNA. Her photograph of DNA gave Watson and Crick a basis for their DNA research, and they were awarded the Nobel Prize without giving due credit to Franklin, who had died of cancer in 1958.

4856:

attention to this phenomenon, adding that the majority of entrepreneurs in science and engineering tended to be men. In 2013, the German government coalition agreement introduced a 30% quota for women on company boards of directors.

3605:

the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in science. She was the first woman ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Cori is among several scientists whose works are commemorated by a U.S. postage stamp.

2229:

to test the treatment on prisoners. Princess Caroline subsequently inoculated her two daughters in 1722. Under a pseudonym, Wortley Montague published an article describing and advocating in favor of inoculation in September 1722.

12007: 2157:

who was known for her artistic illustrations of plants and insects. Uncommon for that era, she traveled to South America and Surinam, where, assisted by her daughters, she illustrated the plant and animal life of those regions.

2075:

Tycho Wrote the Urania Titani about his sister Sophia and her husband Erik. The Urania presented Sophia and the Titan represented Erik. Tycho used this poem in order to show his appreciation for his sister and all of her work.

4735:

rank scientific fields/positions and a female majority in low-paid fields/positions. However, even with men and women in the same scientific community field, women are typically paid 15–17% less than men. In addition to the

5900:. However, multiple conference attendees gave accounts, including a partial transcript and a partial recording, maintaining that his comments were understood to be satirical before being taken out of context by the media. 3423:, began in 1941 to keep a registry of men and women trained in the sciences. Because there was a shortage of workers, some women were able to work in jobs they might not otherwise have accessed. Many women worked on the 11818:

Dominus, Susan, "Sidelined: American women have been advancing science and technology for centuries. But their achievements weren't recognized until a tough-minded scholar hit the road and rattled the academic world",

2745:

a household name. A public subscription allowed Nightingale to establish a school of nursing in London in 1860, and schools following her principles were established throughout the UK. Nightingale was also a pioneer in

10989: 11015: 2064:, sister of Tycho Brahe, was a Danish Horticulturalist. Brahe was trained by her older brother in chemistry and horticulture but taught herself astronomy by studying books in German. Sophia visited her brother in the 2456:, which presented a unified view of chemistry as a field. This work proved pivotal in the progression of chemistry, as it presented the idea of conservation of mass as well as a list of elements and a new system for 3085:. The possibility that Fermi's bombardment of uranium with neutrons in 1934 had instead produced fission by breaking up the nucleus into lighter elements, had actually first been raised in print in 1934, by chemist 1628:

in 1993 gave more visibility to previously marginalized women scientists, but even today there is a dearth of information about current and historical women in science in developing countries. According to academic

1564:. During the nineteenth century, women were excluded from most formal scientific education, but they began to be admitted into learned societies during this period. In the later nineteenth century, the rise of the 4750:

Women are also under-represented in the sciences as compared to their numbers in the overall working population. Within 11% of African-American women in the workforce, 3% are employed as scientists and engineers.

4120:

in 1927. Her discovery of transposition provided a greater understanding of mobile loci within chromosomes and the ability for genetics to be fluid. She dedicated her life to her research, and she was awarded the

3765:

is a British primatologist considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees and is best known for her over 55-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees. She is the founder of the

2608:'s article on the engine, she foresaw wide applications for it as a general-purpose computer, including composing music. She has been credited as writing the first computer program, though this has been disputed. 4773:– "The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours." 5625:

Despite women's tendency to perform better than men academically, there are flaws involving stereotyping, lack of information, and family influence that have been found to affect women's involvement in science.

3636:

notes that before 1976, fundamental contributions of women to physics were rarely acknowledged. Women worked unpaid or in positions lacking the status they deserved. That imbalance is gradually being redressed.

4132:

is a renowned surgeon-scientist known for her work on CIMP in cancer, she is currently the Chief of surgical oncology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. First woman ever to be the Chief of this prestigious department.

5510: 2452:, which she both translated and critiqued, adding footnotes as she went along and pointing out errors in the chemistry made throughout the paper. Paulze was instrumental in the 1789 publication of Lavoisier's 2353:. Potatoes had been introduced into Sweden in 1658 but had been cultivated only in the greenhouses of the aristocracy. Ekeblad's work turned potatoes into a staple food in Sweden, and increased the supply of 5733: 3524:, writing brochures to encourage Americans to consume a wider variety of fish and seafood. She also contributed to research to assist the Navy in developing techniques and equipment for submarine detection. 5932:

of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination.

3780:

analyzed the molecular structure of complex chemicals by studying diffraction patterns caused by passing X-rays through crystals. She won the 1964 Nobel prize for chemistry for discovering the structure of

1823:, was a philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer. She is the earliest female mathematician about whom detailed information has survived. Hypatia is credited with writing several important commentaries on 4125:

in 1983. McClintock was the first American woman to receive a Nobel Prize that was not shared by anyone else. McClintock is one of several scientists whose works are commemorated by a U.S. postage stamp.

2705:

The latter part of the 19th century saw a rise in educational opportunities for women. Schools aiming to provide education for girls similar to that afforded to boys were founded in the UK, including the

2495:, a packet of paper bearing the superscription, "This is what I call the Bills and Receipts of my Comets" contains some data connected with the discovery of each of these objects. William was summoned to 5892:. Prior to applauding the work of women scientists, he described emotional tension, saying "you fall in love with them, they fall in love with you, and when you criticise them they cry." Initially, his 4868:

produced similarly low numbers, with women accounting for more than 25% of members in only a handful of countries, including Cuba, Panama and South Africa. As of 2015, the figure for Indonesia was 17%.

2225:. In 1718 Wortley Montague had her son inoculated and when in 1721 a smallpox epidemic struck England, she had her daughter inoculated. This was the first such operation done in Britain. She persuaded 3718:

group responsible for originating the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, which explains how elements are formed in stars. She has held a number of prestigious posts, including the directorship of the

10366: 3617:

At the Saving the Web: The Ethics and Challenges of Preserving What's on the Internet at Room LJ-119, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, at the Kluge Center, on 14, 15 and 16 June 2016,

2203:

The rise of salon culture in Europe brought philosophers and their conversation to an intimate setting where men and women met to discuss contemporary political, social, and scientific topics. While

11534: 5230:

Share of women among researchers employed in the business enterprise sector, 2013 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 3.4, data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

3817:

Physiology or Medicine alongside Stanley Cohen in 1986. While making advancements in medicine and science, Rita Levi-Montalcini was also active politically throughout her life. She was appointed a

3528: 2106:

Winkelmann's problems with the Berlin Academy reflect the obstacles women faced in being accepted in scientific work, which was considered to be chiefly for men. No woman was invited to either the

2058:

during Cortese's era, the majority of alchemical and cosmetic "secrets" in the book of secrets were geared towards women. This included but was not limited to pregnancy, fertility, and childbirth.

3162:. Noether's papers made the requirements for the conservation laws precise. Among mathematicians, Noether is best known for her fundamental contributions to abstract algebra, where the adjective 5015:

in 1963. Before going to space, Tereshkova was a textile worker. Although she successfully orbited the Earth 48 times, the next woman to go to space did not fly until almost twenty years later.

3688:

performed some of the fundamental work in the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS, for which she shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

2114:

until the twentieth century. Most people in the seventeenth century viewed a life devoted to any kind of scholarship as being at odds with the domestic duties women were expected to perform.

12013:

Morton, Terrell R., Destiny S. Gee, and Ashley N. Woodson. "Being vs. Becoming: Transcending STEM Identity Development through Afropessimism, Moving toward a Black X Consciousness in STEM."

2776: 1537:

were an important place of education for women, and some of these communities provided opportunities for women to contribute to scholarly research. The 11th century saw the emergence of the

4369:, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome. 3641:

which the further one goes up the chain of command in the field, the smaller the presence of women. The latter describes the phenomenon in which women "cluster in scientific disciplines."

5059:

characterized by high researcher densities and technological sophistication, as few as 15% and 18% of researchers respectively are women. These are the lowest ratios among members of the

3009:

in 1857 and the first women's medical college in 1868, providing both training and clinical experience for women doctors. She also published several books on medical education for women.

5726:

hosted a "landmark exhibition" titled "Extraordinary Women in Science & Medicine: Four Centuries of Achievement", showcasing the lives and works of 32 women scientists in 2003. The

4833:

The leaky pipeline, share of women in higher education and research worldwide, 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 3.3, data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

5893: 5132:

have seen a drop over the past decade, women still represented 41% of researchers in 2013. In the former Soviet states, women are also very present in the business enterprise sector:

4392:. Research groups also developed by Restrepo have begun studying two routes: the relationship between humans, fungi, and the environment and also how the cells within the fungi work. 176: 10168:

Cech, Erin A.; Blair-Loy, Mary (1 January 2010). "Perceiving Glass Ceilings? Meritocratic versus Structural Explanations of Gender Inequality among Women in Science and Technology".

3069:

played a major role in the discovery of nuclear fission. As head of the physics section at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin she collaborated closely with the head of chemistry

2815:

In 1898, the Maunders traveled to India, where Annie took the first photographs of the Sun's corona during a solar eclipse. By analysing the Cambridge records for both sunspots and

2392:

showing the impact of falling objects is proportional not to their velocity, but to the velocity squared. This understanding is considered to have made a profound contribution to

2253:

But the university held the value that women were to lead a private life and from 1746 to 1777 she gave only one formal dissertation per year ranging in topic from the problem of

2087:. She was educated by her father and uncle and received training in astronomy from a nearby self-taught astronomer. Her chance to be a practising astronomer came when she married 1545:

was the science that benefitted most from contributions of women in early modern times. The attitude toward educating women in medical fields appears to have been more liberal in

4053:, along with Jack W. Szostak, received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. 2268:

is "considered to be the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics." She is credited as the first woman to write a mathematics handbook, the

2200:

believed women's roles were confined to motherhood and service to their male partners, the Enlightenment was a period in which women experienced expanded roles in the sciences.

4269:

was the co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique.

1781:, women were involved in applied chemistry, such as the making of beer and the preparation of medicinal compounds. Women have been recorded to have made major contributions to 2819:, they were able to show that specific regions of the Sun's surface were the source of geomagnetic storms and that the Sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space, as 11908: 5315:, which have larger graduate populations in science, have achieved parity, with 49% and 47% respectively. The next grouping clusters seven countries poised at around 35–40% ( 4976:

was interested to see if women could manage to go through the same training that the Mercury 7 undergoing at the time. Lovelace recruited thirteen female pilots, called the "

10625:"Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): An Investigation of Their Implicit Gender Stereotypes and Stereotypes' Connectedness to Math Performance" 2986:

colleges and universities also opened or started to admit women during this period; such institutions included just over 3000 women in 1875, by 1900 numbered almost 20,000.

11787:

Charleston, LaVar J., et al. "Navigating underrepresented STEM spaces: Experiences of Black women in US computing science higher education programs who actualize success."

8262:, 235–257. Presented by Felix Klein 16 July 1918. Final printed version submitted September 1918. Paper denoted 1918c, in a Bibliography of Noether's work, pp. 173–182 of 4311:, was an Australian who was an early leader in the fields of radio astronomy and radiophysics. She was one of the first radio astronomers and the first woman in the field. 9282: 6993:

Schiebinger, Londa (1992). "Maria Winkelmann at the Berlin Academy", in Gendered domains: rethinking public and private in women's history : essays from the Seventh

4711:

Statistics are used to indicate disadvantages faced by women in science, and also to track positive changes of employment opportunities and incomes for women in science.

1600:. Sixty women have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2022. Twenty-four women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine. 4865: 3268: 5770:

noted that a type of media coverage of women scientists that "treats its subject's sex as her most defining detail" was still prevalent. She proposed a checklist, the "

5063:. The Republic of Korea also has the widest gap among OECD members in remuneration between men and women researchers (39%). There is also a yawning gap in Japan (29%). 2019: 1625: 4282: 12350: 5712: 5514: 1490:

and science have researched the scientific endeavors and accomplishments of women, the barriers they have faced, and the strategies implemented to have their work

10116:

Samulewicz, D.; Vidican, G. and N. G. Aswad (2012). "Barriers to pursuing careers in science, technology and engineering for women in the United Arab Emirates ".

8274:. Biographical information on Noether's life can be found on pp. 133–137 "Emmy Noether in Erlangen and Göttingen", and on pp. 139–146 "Emmy Noether in Bryn Mawr". 7169: 2280:. In 1750 she became the second woman to be granted a professorship at a European university. Also appointed to the University of Bologna she never taught there. 11143:

Steinke, Jocelyn; Lapinski, Maria Knight; Crocker, Nikki; Zietsman-Thomas, Aletta; Williams, Yaschica; Evergreen, Stephanie Higdon; Kuchibhotla, Sarvani (2007).

6013: 5707: 4932:

the Caribbean, the share of women graduates in computer science dropped by between 2 and 13 percentage points over this period for all countries reporting data.

4885:

Women play an increasing role in environmental sciences and conservation biology. In fact, women played a foremost role in the development of these disciplines.

5371:

increasing steadily across the continent, with eight countries reporting the share of women graduates of 40% or more (Lesotho, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia,

3942:, popularly known as The Shark Lady, was an American ichthyologist known for her research on poisonous fish of the tropical seas and on the behavior of sharks. 2207:

attacked women-dominated salons as producing 'effeminate men' that stifled serious discourse, salons were characterized in this era by the mixing of the sexes.

2006:

Despite the success of some women, cultural biases affecting their education and participation in science were prominent in the Middle Ages. For example, Saint

6288: 5609:

nonprofit organizations. During the late 1960s and 1970s, equal-rights legislation made the number of female scientists rise dramatically. The statistics from

5060: 3343:

had begun paperwork on her nomination in 1924, only to learn that she had died of cancer three years earlier (the Nobel prize cannot be awarded posthumously).

120: 7111:"book" in Spielvogel, Jackson (2014) Western Civilisation. Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution. Cengage Learning. Chapter 16, p492. 5004:, to testify that women are not suited for the space program. Ultimately, no action came from the hearings, and NASA did not put a woman in space until 1983. 10613:

The Gender and Science Reader, edited by Muriel Lederman And Ingrid Bartsch, section one, Eisenhart and Elizabeth Finkel, 2001, first published by Routledge.

10433: 6349: 5727: 3677:(1909–95), working in the UK, developed many fundamental insights into biological mechanisms, including the (negative) discovery that the infective agent in 2031:, a seventeenth-century aristocrat, took part in some of the most important scientific debates of that time. She was, however, not inducted into the English 1751: 7922:(Reprint London, Wheldon & Wesley, 1923. ed.). Palo Alto, California: Reprinted for the Society by Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 81. 6817: 5752:

and accessible online, the project provides a platform for women scientists to express their experiences, insights, and creative responses to the pandemic.

2349:

became the first woman inducted into that academy. In 1746 Ekeblad had written to the academy about her discoveries of how to make flour and alcohol out of

13156: 11439: 5838:

responded by suggesting that, worldwide, a significantly lower number of Earth scientists were women, but nevertheless committed to address any disparity.

5786:. The misrepresentation of women scientists in film, television and books can influence children to engage in gender stereotyping. This was seen in a 2007 3930:

was a marine biologist from the United States. She is credited with being the founder of the environmental movement. The biologist and activist published

11388: 9109: 8317: 5744:). The project aims to give visibility to women, both professionals and university students, working in science, technology, engineering and mathematics ( 4965:

of the United States Air Force, there was difficulty "designing and fitting a space suit to accommodate their particular biological needs and functions."

4246:

is a Canadian-American astronomer who is currently a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and known for her work on extrasolar planets.

5506: 5055:(33%) researchers is a woman, compared to 37% in the Arab world. Women are also better represented in sub-Saharan Africa (30%) than in South Asia (17%). 4410:

in 2001. She also received the Loreal-UNESCO prize titled "Woman in Science" in 2012. Charretón has also received several other awards for her research.

2663: 2165:

did little to change people's ideas about the nature of women – more specifically – their capacity to contribute to science just as men do. According to

8667: 6859: 4637:(12 May 1977 – 14 July 2017), the first woman to have won the prize, was an Iranian mathematician and a professor of mathematics at Stanford University. 10434:"Queer in STEM: Workplace Experiences Reported in a National Survey of LGBTQA Individuals in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Careers" 6774: 4296: 2931:(1850–1891), the first woman in 19th century Europe to receive a doctorate in mathematics and the first to become a university professor in any field. 2924: 2028: 1465: 11797:

Contreras Aguirre, et al. "Latina college students' experiences in STEM at Hispanic-Serving Institutions: framed within Latino critical race theory."

10337: 8264:

Emmy Noether in Bryn Mawr: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Association for women in mathematics, in honor of Emmy Noether's 100th birthday

7722: 6694:

The End of the Classical World, (Lecture 12), in Lawrence M. Principe (2002) History of Science: Antiquity to 1700. Teaching Company, Course No. 1200

6028: 5972: 5045:

Share of female researchers by country, 2013 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

3870: 3220: 2894: 2529: 2287:

was instructed in medicine by her father from an early age and Bassi's university professorship inspired Erxleben to fight for her right to practise

5226: 4719:

Women appear to do less well than men (in terms of degree, rank, and salary) in the fields that have been traditionally dominated by women, such as

4253:

is best known for her work on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Tarter was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by

3512:

in 1941 to help military and civilian groups make plans for group feeding situations. The RDAs proved necessary, especially, once foods began to be

1777:

and -ninu (first half of her name unknown) were able to obtain the essences from plants by using extraction and distillation procedures. During the

1746:

founded by Pythagoras, which included many other women. A passage in Pollux speaks about those who invented the process of coining money mentioning

13166: 13161: 9966: 7626: 6744: 1903:(1098–1179 A.D), a famous philosopher and botanist, whose prolific writings include treatments of various scientific subjects, including medicine, 4429: 3653: 3093:), but this suggestion had been ignored at the time, as no group made a concerted effort to find any of these light radioactive fission products. 3040:. She was the first person to win two Nobel prizes, a feat accomplished by only three others since then. She also was the first woman to teach at 2923:(1839–1929), a pioneer of women's medical education who received two doctoral degrees, one in medicine in Zürich and one in physiology in Vienna; 8519: 6331: 5957: 5843: 5522: 2079:

In Germany, the tradition of female participation in craft production enabled some women to become involved in observational science, especially

1549:

than in other places. The first known woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies was eighteenth-century Italian scientist

5378:

Of note is that women account for a relatively high proportion of researchers employed in the business enterprise sector in South Africa (35%),

5076:

with women graduates in science being on a par with men or dominating this field in Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago.

6935:"Marianne Katrup, Birgit Petterson og Karin Helweg-Larsen (red.), Kvinden som patient, København: Lindhardt og Ringhof, 1984, 216 s., 98,00 kr" 6775:"A Woman Is Wise: The Influence of Civic and Christian Humanism on the Education of Women in Northern Italy and England during the Renaissance" 6364: 4668: 10915:"CDC – Women's Safety and Health Issues at Work – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic – Science Speaks: A Focus on NIOSH Women in Science" 8944: 7304:

Logan, Gabriella Berti (2003). "Women and the Practice and Teaching of Medicine in Bologna in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries".

3225:

Women moved into science in significant numbers by 1900, helped by the women's colleges and by opportunities at some of the new universities.

2188:

Although women excelled in many scientific areas during the eighteenth century, they were discouraged from learning about plant reproduction.

10292: 9979:"No Women in Space." The Science News-Letter, vol. 78, no. 15, 1960, pp. 230–230. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3942140. Accessed 18 Dec. 2020. 9524: 5982: 5977: 3416: 2272:, (Analytical Institutions for the Use of Italian Youth). Published in 1748 it "was regarded as the best introduction extant to the works of 932: 5675:

A number of organizations have been set up to combat the stereotyping that may encourage girls away from careers in these areas. In the UK

12343: 11277: 9941: 6994: 6649: 5862:

In 2015, stereotypes about women in science were directed at Fiona Ingleby, research fellow in evolution, behavior, and environment at the

5252:

government hopes to obtain a 20% share of women in science, 15% in engineering and 30% in agriculture and health by the end of the current

4878:

researchers in medical sciences are women in El Salvador, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, the Philippines, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Venezuela.

4181: 2398: 1835:. Hypatia was the head of a philosophical school and taught many students. In 415 CE, she became entangled in a political dispute between 11204:

should we find that the News & Views section is indeed under-representing women, we will certainly take steps to redress the balance.

5962: 5687:

and other women's networks provide female role models, resources and support for activities that promote science to girls and women. The

3056: 2311:

in 1754. She went on to analyse the obstacles preventing women from studying, among them housekeeping and children. She became the first

1843:, the Roman governor, which resulted in a mob of Cyril's supporters stripping her, dismembering her, and burning the pieces of her body. 967: 8433: 2830:

women could go to university from 1894 and were allowed to receive a PhD. In 1908 all remaining restrictions for women were terminated.

8576: 8128: 6008: 5947: 5870:, when they submitted a paper analyzing the progression of PhD graduates to postdoctoral positions in the life sciences to the journal 4417:

cataracts. For this research she focused on how copper interacts with the proteins of the neurodegenerative diseases mentioned before.

3536: 333: 171: 11648: 3036:, the first woman to win a Nobel prize in 1903 (physics), went on to become a double Nobel prize winner in 1911, both for her work on 2276:." The goal of this work was, according to Agnesi herself, to give a systematic illustration of the different results and theorems of 1608:

In the 1970s and 1980s, many books and articles about women scientists were appearing; virtually all of the published sources ignored

12483: 7008: 3547:, who directed the project and synthesized information from her informants, mostly graduate students in anthropology. These included 3006: 11145:"Assessing Media Influences on Middle School–Aged Children's Perceptions of Women in Science Using the Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST)" 5041: 3665:(2009). Fifteen promising young researchers also receive an International Rising Talent fellowship each year within this programme. 13199: 11724:

Borum, Viveka, and Erica Walker. "What makes the difference? Black women's undergraduate and graduate experiences in mathematics."

11422: 9307: 5011:, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union, was the first woman to fly in space. Although she had no piloting experience, she flew on the 4388:

to develop research on a disease caused by fungi that has only been diagnosed in Latin America but was originally found in Brazil:

11777:

Chapman, Angela, et al. "'Nothing is impossible': characteristics of Hispanic females participating in an informal STEM setting."

9544: 1929:

The attitude to educating women in medical fields in Italy appears to have been more liberal than in other places. The physician,

505: 13151: 12336: 10867: 9159: 7199: 4407: 2507:

discovered a comet in the early 1700s, but is often overlooked because at the time, the discovery was attributed to her husband,

324: 11030: 9761:. Brighton (Canada).: Women in Global Science and Technology and the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World. 4912:

higher ranking positions. For example, men show a greater likelihood of being selected for an employment position than a woman.

1683:), described in an inscription as "lady overseer of the female physicians", is the earliest known female physician named in the 11494:"Trends in National Institutes of Health Funding of Principal Investigators in Dermatology Research by Academic Degree and Sex" 10584:

Hahm, J-o. Data on Women in S&E. From: Women, Minorities and Persons With Disabilities in Science and Engineering, NSF 2004

9858:. Brighton (Canada): Women in Global Science and Technology and the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World. 9746:. Brighton (Canada): Women in Global Science and Technology and the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World. 9717:. Brighton (Canada): Women in Global Science and Technology and the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World. 9542:

Hahm, J-o. Data on Women in S&E. From: Women, Minorities and Persons With Disabilities in Science and Engineering, NSF 2004

6193: 4992:, one a female named Glenda. I think it would be at least as important to let the women undergo this training for space flight. 3060: 2129:

into butterflies. She kept a "Study Book" which recorded her investigations into natural philosophy. In her first publication,

2125:(1647–1717), spent her life investigating nature. When she was thirteen, Sibylla began growing caterpillars and studying their 1458: 1392: 428: 181: 6862:

Old Time Makers of Medicine: The Story of the Students and Teachers of the Sciences Related to Medicine During the Middle Ages

5661:. A grant may give a woman a year’s grace if she has a baby, but it takes longer to get back into research projects than that. 5375:, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe). In health, this rate ranges from 26% and 27% in Benin and Eritrea to 94% in Namibia. 12274: 12213: 12194: 12172: 12149: 12126: 12095: 12072: 11993: 11960: 11927: 11880: 11861: 11842: 11768: 11601: 11275:

Ceci, S. J.; Ginther, D. K.; Kahn, S.; Williams, W. M. (3 November 2014). "Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape".

11127: 10758: 9883:"Women, Men, and Academic Performance in Science and Engineering: The Gender Difference in Undergraduate Grade Point Average" 9697: 9569: 8749: 8649: 8586: 8494: 8443: 8243: 7927: 7610: 6982: 6911: 5783: 4447:

Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2022. 25 women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine.

4122: 3983: 3913: 3350:

demonstrated for the first time from existing evidence on the spectra of stars that stars were made up almost exclusively of

2659: 1922:

emerged. Women were, for the most part, excluded from university education. However, there were some exceptions. The Italian

585: 144: 11889:

Hanson, S. L. "African American women in science: Experiences from high school through the postsecondary years and beyond.

10594: 9498: 5691:, a professional association in the UK, has been supporting women in engineering and science since 1919. In computing, the 4829: 3317:

first published her study of variable stars in 1908. This discovery became known as the "period-luminosity relationship" of

9082: 617: 6344: 2072:

Her observations lead to the discovery of the Supernova SN 1572 which helped refute the geocentric model of the universe.

12844: 12558: 8187: 7897:. Yale University Press in association with the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University. 5997: 5650:, where men and women start careers in fairly equal numbers, the number of women drops off rapidly at professorial level. 4061: 3595: 3263: 3188:

continued to contribute detailed observations and illustrations in botany, entomology, and related observational fields.

2769: 684: 12033:

Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

10266: 2133:, she used imagery to catalog the lives of plants and insects. After her husband died, and her brief stint of living in 13108: 10118: 7821: 6728: 6629: 6542: 5967: 5383: 4756: 3017: 1778: 12235: 3427:

or on scientific projects for the United States military services. Women who worked on the Manhattan Project included

1762:, married a Phrygian king called Midas. This link may have facilitated the Greeks "borrowing" their alphabet from the 12553: 12546: 12529: 12408: 12398: 12380: 11813: 11745: 11216:

Moss-Racusin, Corinne A.; Dovidiob, John F.; Brescollc, Victoria L.; Grahama, Mark J.; Handelsman, Jo (August 2012).

8305: 8271: 7989:

Schule in einer hanseatischen Bürgergesellschaft: zur Sozialgeschichte des niederen Schulwesens in Lübeck (1800–1866)

7902: 7793: 7759: 7649: 7527: 7140: 6829: 6504: 6408: 6083: 5582: 5450: 5124:). This trend is reflected in tertiary education, with some exceptions in engineering and computer science. Although 4908:

and paramedical occupations (63%). In Japan and the Republic of Korea, women represent just 5% and 10% of engineers.

4698: 3521: 2994: 2820: 2342: 1451: 1387: 10073:

Wannberg, Pellinen; R.A. Sadek (2019). "Women in radio science: Reflections on a career in Radio Science in Egypt".

7424: 12780: 11089: 10396:

Timson, Judith (27 July 2012). "Astronaut, brainiac, educational force...oh yeah, lesbian. Why is that the news?".

7566: 5703: 134: 84: 11061: 5699:

is active in encouraging girls to consider computing careers, and in supporting women in the computing workforce.

4022:

received a MacArthur "genius grant" in 2008 for her work in surmounting the limitations of earthbound telescopes.

2534: 2035:, although she was once allowed to attend a meeting. She wrote a number of works on scientific matters, including 2010:, a Christian scholar, wrote, referring to women, "She is mentally incapable of holding a position of authority." 12889: 9409:

Silverman, Edward (19 August 1991). "New NSF Report on Salaries of PhD's Reveals Gender Gaps in All Categories".

8114: 5549: 5417: 3624: 3613: 3237:

provide an overview of this period, stressing the opportunities women found in separate women's work in science.

2655: 2487:, the first on 1 August 1786. She had unquestioned priority as discoverer of five of the comets and rediscovered 2460:. She also kept strict records of the procedures followed, lending validity to the findings Lavoisier published. 937: 857: 679: 474: 4381:, the first scientist and nutritionist woman from Latin America to lead the Latin America Society of Nutrition. 4335:

noted for her research into child and maternal health, birth disorders, and her work in the public health field.

3142:, because she was not allowed to present the paper herself. In particular, in what is referred to in physics as 2463: 2083:. Between 1650 and 1710, women were 14% of German astronomers. The most famous female astronomer in Germany was 12359: 9113: 5992: 5867: 5688: 4441: 2707: 2467:

Science personified as a woman, illuminating nature with her light. Museum ticket from late eighteenth century.

2296: 1959:

for over forty years from 1390. Other Italian women whose contributions in medicine have been recorded include

1805:); the improvement or creation of distillation equipment of that time. Such distillation equipment were called 394: 230: 8813: 8514: 6830:

Brooklyn Museum: Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Dorotea Bucca

4841: 4731:, where women earn the majority of PhDs, women do not fill the majority of high rank positions in that field. 4589: 3839: 10963: 5987: 4577: 3685: 3509: 3378: 2711: 2410:

from its principles of mechanics. Published ten years after her death, her translation and commentary of the

1137: 704: 7717: 6789: 4813:, especially nursing, while men predominated in maths, physical sciences, computer science and engineering. 3496:

Women in other disciplines looked for ways to apply their expertise to the war effort. Three nutritionists,

13076: 12906: 12834: 12534: 12463: 12053: 9869: 9057: 8688: 7677: 6023: 4973: 4318: 3197: 2990: 2920: 2765: 2525: 2149:, which "revealed to Europeans for the first time the astonishing diversity of the rain forest." She was a 2100: 1561: 1372: 607: 525: 500: 433: 11903:

Henley, Megan M. "Women's success in academic science: Challenges to breaking through the ivory ceiling."

11593: 10484:"Queer in STEM Organizations: Workplace Disadvantages for LGBT Employees in STEM Related Federal Agencies" 8158: 7496:

Schiebinger, L. (1990): "The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science", pg. 399,

7264:

Findlen, Paula (1993). "Science As A Career in Enlightenment Italy : The Strategies of Laura Bassi".

5286:

field entails, family bias against working in mixed-gender environments and a lack of female role models.

5257:

In other public research institutions, women accounted for 16% of researchers. One of the main thrusts of

1642:

Koblitz has said that these generalizations about women in science often do not hold up cross-culturally:

10048: 9421:

Silverman, Edward (16 September 1991). "NSF's PhD Salary Survey Finds Minorities Earn Less than Whites".

9136: 8873: 7055:

Valiant, Sharon (1993). "A Review Essay: Maria Sibylla Merian: Recovering an Eighteenth Century Legend".

5791: 5035: 4399: 3956:. Druyan has credited her knowledge of science to the 20 years she spent studying with her late husband, 3719: 3574:, researched military oceanographic techniques as head of the Hydgrographic Office's Oceanographic Unit. 3340: 3163: 2421: 1868: 602: 240: 10560: 10311: 6748: 3809:

discovered the first skull of a fossil ape on Rusinga Island and also a noted robust Australopithecine.

2561:, presenting a paper entitled 'The Magnetic Properties of the Violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum' to the 1876:

advancements. Arabic scholars produced original scholarly work and generated copies of manuscripts from

13189: 12884: 11066: 8418: 8018:

The Sun Kings – The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began

5007:

Even though the United States did not allow women in space during the 60s or 70s, other countries did.

3997: 3993: 3578:, a chemist, worked as an aerological engineer. She studied the effects of weather on military combat. 3567: 3159: 2757: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2586: 2111: 1864: 1397: 987: 12322: 12306: 10886:"Landmark exhibition recognizes the achievements of women in science and medicine at The Grolier Club" 9254: 9083:"Sally Ride Science Brings Cutting-Edge Science to the Classroom with New Content Rich Classroom Sets" 8527: 7030: 4936:

of women graduating in computer science rose from a relatively high 29% to 33% between 2000 and 2012.

1937:

in the 11th century, where she taught many noble Italian women, a group sometimes referred to as the "

13194: 13134: 13091: 13086: 13061: 12976: 12966: 12961: 10411: 10367:"Dr Matt Taylor apologises for controversial 'sexist' shirt worn after Rosetta mission comet landing" 7387: 5897: 5658: 4378: 4195: 3532: 2795: 2719: 2613: 2210: 1934: 775: 105: 11662: 10936:"CDC – NIOSH Grants and Funding – Extramural Research and Training Programs – Research and Training" 9591: 9454: 9402: 8787: 8558: 6167: 5834:

were written by women even while the field was estimated to be 16–20% female in the United States.

5748:). With short biographical information and graphic reproductions of their artworks dealing with the 5484: 3454: 2982:

Women's colleges produced a disproportionate number of women who went on for PhDs in science. Many

1754:, wife of the Phrygian king, Midas, and daughter of King Agamemnon of Cyme. A daughter of a certain 1621: 12971: 12874: 12521: 12468: 12227: 12062: 10021: 9358:"The Changing Gender Composition of Psychology: Update and Expansion on the 1995 Task Force Report" 8952: 5692: 4485: 4113: 3540: 3347: 2863: 2852: 2783: 2246: 2092: 1597: 1227: 921: 250: 215: 12294:

Short, personal stories of females working in fields of science. A video series developed by the

10237: 9528: 7182:

Watts, Ruth, Women in Science: A Social and Cultural History. (London and New York: 2007), pg. 62.

7120:

Watts, Ruth, Women in Science: A Social and Cultural History. (London and New York: 2007), pg. 63.

3986:

in 1988 for her work on the differences in biochemistry between normal human cells and pathogens.

3118:

revolutionized abstract algebra, filled in gaps in relativity, and was responsible for a critical

2103:

feared that they would establish a bad example by hiring a woman. "Mouths would gape", they said.

12991: 12819: 12770: 12312: 12018: 11729: 9525:"Table 2e – All HE students by level of study, subject of study(#5), domicile and gender 2004/05" 6561: 6078: 5092:

Most countries in Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia have attained gender parity in research (

4420:

Liliana's awards include the Mexican Academy of Sciences Research Prize for Science in 2017, the

4229: 3127: 3073:

on atomic physics until forced to flee Berlin in 1938. In 1939, in collaboration with her nephew

2693: 2554: 2389: 2373: 2326: 63: 11699: 9560:

Margaret A. Einsenhart, Elizabeth Finkel (2001). "1". In Muriel Lederman, Ingrid Bartsch (ed.).

7814:

Cultivating women, cultivating science : Flora's daughters and botany in England, 1760-1860

5390:(31%). Female participation in industrial research is lower in Uganda (21%), Ethiopia (15%) and 4402:

was born in Mexico City, Mexico in 1957. She is a virologist whose area of study focused on the

3336: 1955:

was another distinguished Italian physician. She held a chair of philosophy and medicine at the

1494:

and accepted in major scientific journals and other publications. The historical, critical, and

13001: 12986: 12946: 12718: 12541: 12064:

Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

11821: 11492:

Cheng, Michelle A.; Sukhov, Annie; Sultani, Hawa; Kim, Koungmi; Maverakis, Emanual (May 2016).

9449: 8341: 7745: 7402: 6377: 6073: 5610: 5553: 5421: 5133: 4941: 4798: 4565: 4463: 4413: 4389: 4384: 4342: 4328: 4032: 4008:, a large concentration of mass which is pulling a number of nearby galaxies in its direction. 3829: 3767: 3314: 3300: 3251: 3244: 3189: 2893:

In the second half of the 19th century, a large proportion of the most successful women in the

2407: 2277: 2250: 2242: 1731: 1593: 580: 265: 255: 191: 29: 11649:

Archive of: Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce

8975: 8610: 8287: 7949: 7749: 6842: 6720: 6714: 6621: 6615: 6534: 6528: 3960:, rather than formal academic training. She was responsible for the selection of music on the 3594:, also a mathematician, was the chief technical aide for the Applied Mathematics Panel of the 2295:

arguing that women should be allowed to attend university. After being admitted to study by a

1592:, she conducted pioneering research on radioactive decay and was the first woman to receive a 13098: 13066: 13041: 12926: 12879: 12775: 12753: 12743: 12728: 12668: 12655: 12628: 12493: 12458: 12415: 12206:

Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England, 1760 to 1860

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this field. The United Arab Emirates and Bahrain have the highest rates of all: 83% and 84%.

4747:

women with similar skills, while Asian women engineers out-earn both Africans and Europeans.

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visited the institute in 1840 and was inspired to found the London Institute of Nursing, and

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The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars

11062:"'The Finkbeiner Test' Seven rules to avoid gratuitous gender profiles of female scientists" 8236:

Montessori Comes to America: The Leadership of Maria Montessori and Nancy McCormick Rambusch

8136: 7519: 7360: 4491: 4305:, an Australian geologist who became the first female Professor at an Australian university. 3791: 3657:

100 laureates from 30 countries. Two of the laureates have gone on to win the Nobel Prize,

1793:

tradition led to female contributions being valued. The most famous of the women alchemist,

13013: 12956: 12859: 12839: 12797: 12713: 12708: 12683: 12608: 12375: 12028: 12024: 11708: 11549: 11467: 11333: 11229: 11144: 10082: 9788: 9684: 9357: 8622: 7689: 7548: 7222:

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Selected Letters. Ed. Isobel Grundy. Penguin Books, 1997. Print.

7031:"Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium. :: Natural History – Original Investigations" 6716:

Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century

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Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century

6530:

Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century

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is one of the most prominent organization for professional women in science. In 2011, the

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made up 8% of the total workers in the US, 3% of that number are scientists and engineers.

4601: 4528: 4199: 4103: 4079: 4025: 3813: 3795: 3704: 3692: 3583: 3575: 3382: 3321:. Our picture of the universe was changed forever, largely because of Leavitt's discovery. 3226: 3143: 3109: 2742: 2651: 2640: 2265: 2122: 1302: 1297: 1242: 1192: 1177: 1062: 952: 902: 782: 343: 304: 139: 129: 115: 34: 11322:"National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track" 10738: 8159:"Curie, Marie | Science in the Early Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia – Credo Reference" 7346:

Elena, Alberto. "'In lode della filosofessa di Bologna': An Introduction to Laura Bassi."

7247:

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Selected Letters. Ed. Isobel Grundy. Penguin Books, 1997.Print.

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became the first British woman to gain a medical qualification in 1812, passing as a man.

2338: 8: 13006: 12996: 12854: 12824: 12748: 12733: 12693: 12688: 12613: 12498: 12266: 12109: 11948: 9856:

National Assessments of Gender Equality in the Knowledge Society. Global Synthesis Report

8486: 8031: 6586: 6279: 5767: 4237: 4145: 4057: 4050: 3921: 3858: 3662: 3369:

worked in the US and Germany. Her most famous work was on enzyme kinetics together with

3041: 2848: 2624: 2393: 2308: 2300: 2226: 1919: 1900: 1877: 1836: 1820: 1538: 1499: 1407: 1337: 1267: 1142: 1117: 1097: 1077: 957: 832: 822: 699: 530: 452: 445: 440: 355: 260: 245: 205: 166: 12291: 12049:

Rise of the Rocket Girls: The Women Who Propelled Us, from Missiles to the Moon to Mars

11553: 11535:"Sex differences in mental scores, variability, and numbers of high scoring individuals" 11337: 11233: 11191: 10510: 10483: 10189: 10086: 9843:. Brussels: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation of the European Union. 2013. 9792: 8626: 7693: 4281:, an Australia-based theoretical physicist specializing in nanomaterials, winner of the 4153:. She is also known for her popularization of science, in particular space exploration. 4092:, a researcher at DuPont, invented poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide – better known as 3262:, which provided another avenue for women to study science. Richards helped to form the 3172:

was a British mathematician who was the first to analyze a dynamical system with chaos.

2840:(Women in Science) which listed the contributions and publications of women in science. 2833: 2241:. Thus, Bassi became the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after 1964: 13051: 12921: 12723: 12623: 12618: 12403: 12161: 12138: 11916: 11894: 11757: 11626: 11364: 11321: 11302: 11252: 11217: 11172: 10848: 10716: 10652: 10464: 10185: 10135: 10098: 9902: 9822: 9579: 9541: 9467: 9193: 8775: 8763: 7937: 7870: 7854: 7620: 7329: 7281: 7072: 6358: 6053: 6038: 5952: 5919: 5774:", to help avoid this approach. It was cited in the coverage of a much-criticized 2013 5602: 5129: 4790: 4607: 4510: 4218: 4177: 4117: 4109: 3989: 3563: 3556: 3185: 3155: 3130:

under a group of transformations. On 16 July 1918, before a scientific organization in

2976: 2928: 2916: 2899: 2881: 2650:

made her name by discovering a comet in 1847, but also contributed calculations to the

2503:. Caroline Herschel is often credited as the first woman to discover a comet; however, 2304: 2292: 2096: 2022: 2000: 1988: 1968: 1930: 1715: 1684: 1630: 1565: 1541:; women were, for the most part, excluded from university education. Outside academia, 1514: 1483: 1422: 1317: 1277: 1147: 1042: 1007: 817: 807: 732: 674: 659: 510: 490: 467: 319: 299: 78: 11090:"The New York Times fails miserably in its obituary for rocket scientist Yvonne Brill" 10820: 8668:"Postage stamp to honor female physicist who many say should have won the Nobel Prize" 7196: 4988:

I find it a little ridiculous when I read in a newspaper that there is a place called

3481:

EPR Paradox in the first experimental corroboration, and prove the first violation of

3291:

and to take jobs in clinical settings, such as hospitals and social welfare agencies.

3077:, Meitner derived the theoretical explanation for an experiment performed by Hahn and 13139: 13122: 13103: 12738: 12673: 12643: 12309:

from the American Astronomical Society, Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy

12303:

from Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY)

12270: 12209: 12190: 12182: 12168: 12145: 12122: 12104: 12091: 12068: 11989: 11982: 11977: 11956: 11923: 11876: 11857: 11838: 11831: 11809: 11764: 11741: 11670: 11618: 11614: 11565: 11515: 11369: 11351: 11294: 11257: 11176: 11164: 11123: 11038: 10852: 10840: 10801: 10754: 10708: 10656: 10644: 10624: 10515: 10456: 10139: 10102: 9960: 9910: 9906: 9882: 9814: 9806: 9693: 9565: 9471: 9167: 8855: 8838:

Marx, Jean L. (17 December 2020). "The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine".

8767: 8755: 8745: 8736:. Vol. 25. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 1171–5. 8582: 8543: 8490: 8439: 8301: 8267: 8239: 8208: 7923: 7898: 7862: 7817: 7789: 7755: 7645: 7606: 7523: 7321: 7285: 7136: 6978: 6974: 6956: 6907: 6724: 6625: 6538: 6500: 6414: 6404: 6305: 6201: 6058: 5826: 5782:

that began with the words: "She made a mean beef stroganoff". Women are often poorly

5749: 5676: 5614: 5101: 4744: 4634: 4595: 4346: 4185: 4075: 4001: 3979: 3850: 3771: 3739: 3711: 3591: 3552: 3505: 3470: 3424: 3295: 3207: 3052: 3037: 3013: 2816: 2601: 2582: 2472: 2425: 2322: 2312: 2284: 1984: 1972: 1840: 1662: 1573: 1506: 1342: 1312: 1237: 1217: 1202: 1157: 1122: 1087: 1022: 962: 897: 877: 872: 742: 727: 654: 644: 632: 542: 535: 515: 399: 314: 270: 200: 110: 11306: 10781: 10720: 9332: 7874: 7512: 7333: 6499:(First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. 4547: 3742:

was a crystallographer, whose work helped to elucidate the fine structures of coal,

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from working. The adjustments made would quickly let the project resume its course.

3147: 2768:

and others, Garret Anderson founded the first UK medical school to train women, the

13056: 13031: 12931: 12787: 12568: 12084: 12002:

McGee, Ebony O., and Lydia Bentley. "The troubled success of Black women in STEM."

11630: 11610: 11557: 11510: 11505: 11493: 11359: 11341: 11286: 11247: 11237: 11156: 10935: 10914: 10832: 10797: 10793: 10782:"Sex-Role Socialization and Occupational Segregation: An Exploratory Investigation" 10746: 10698: 10688: 10636: 10505: 10495: 10468: 10448: 10177: 10127: 10090: 9894: 9826: 9796: 9759:

Participation of Women and Girls in National Education and the STI System in Mexico

9459: 8923: 8847: 8737: 8630: 7846: 7741: 7697: 7313: 7273: 7064: 6946: 6899: 6297: 6063: 6048: 5923: 5905: 5816: 4989: 4781: 4740: 4641: 4571: 4522: 4457: 4421: 4338: 4308: 4292: 4089: 4036: 3821:

in the Italian Senate in 2001 and is the oldest Nobel laureate ever to have lived.

3818: 3794:, daughter of Marie Curie, won the 1935 Nobel Prize for chemistry with her husband 3733: 3548: 3501: 3490: 3370: 3318: 3288: 3180:, first suggested in 1936 that inside the Earth's molten core there may be a solid 3123: 3096: 3002: 2912: 2787: 2761: 2578: 2480: 2388:. She repeated and described the importance of an experiment originally devised by 2245:

in 1678, 54 years prior. She subsequently defended twelve additional theses at the

2141:

for two years to observe insects, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. She returned to

2084: 2046: 1938: 1427: 1412: 1402: 1382: 1352: 1287: 1262: 1187: 1167: 1162: 1107: 1027: 992: 977: 942: 927: 907: 852: 837: 827: 812: 797: 792: 787: 737: 714: 557: 552: 309: 149: 10949: 10452: 10094: 5736:

is a multi–media exhibition and accompanying publication, produced in 2021 by the

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The Library of Congress Selected Internet Resources Women in Science and Medicine

11117: 9548: 9219: 8479: 7783: 7203: 7130: 7095: 6951: 6934: 6494: 5807: 5771: 5485:

Underrepresentation of homosexual and bi women, and gender nonconformists in STEM

5001: 4559: 4467: 4254: 4214: 4210: 4140: 4083: 4005: 3953: 3895: 3883: 3799: 3777: 3751: 3725: 3478: 3458: 3436: 3401: 3385:, which is still used in histochemistry. She characterised bacterial toxins from 3169: 3100: 3082: 3078: 2998: 2993:, who became the first certified female doctor in the US when she graduated from 2870: 2803: 2597: 2508: 2088: 1996: 1908: 1794: 1510: 1486:

wherein they have made significant contributions. Historians with an interest in

1377: 1367: 1357: 1332: 1322: 1252: 1232: 1212: 1152: 1092: 1072: 1057: 1012: 1002: 982: 917: 867: 862: 847: 802: 747: 562: 235: 10750: 6782:

Ex Post Facto: Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University

5740:

Section of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

4990:

Chimp College in New Mexico where they are training chimpanzees for space flight

1766:

because the Phrygian letter shapes are closest to the inscriptions from Aeolis.

13129: 13081: 13036: 12829: 12765: 12678: 12638: 12478: 12438: 10131: 9942:"Almost 90% of Astronauts Have Been Men. But The Future of Space May Be Female" 9801: 9776: 9001: 8927: 6891: 6003: 5511:

National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals

4962: 4766: 4736: 4727:

in nursing, and men held 4% of full professorships in nursing. In the field of

4473: 4332: 4288: 4278: 4161: 4067: 3909: 3887: 3846: 3732:. Her work on nonlinear differential equations was influential in the field of 3587: 3486: 3303:

recognized today, in order: O, B, A, F, G, K, M; that has since been extended.

3287:, women earned doctorates but were encouraged to specialize in educational and 3259: 2856: 2689: 2647: 2605: 2496: 2445: 2381: 2273: 2222: 2007: 1719: 1696: 1609: 1518: 1432: 1347: 1327: 1307: 1282: 1247: 1207: 1182: 1172: 1112: 1082: 1067: 1037: 1032: 1017: 997: 947: 892: 887: 842: 764: 597: 547: 457: 406: 350: 10640: 8481:

Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe

6903: 5830:. It found that 3.8% of the Earth and environmental science contributions to 2184:, the first woman to earn a professorship in physics at a university in Europe 13183: 12941: 12911: 12849: 12650: 12598: 12593: 12503: 12300: 12044: 11674: 11355: 11290: 11168: 11160: 10805: 10712: 10648: 10293:"Where are all the LGBT scientists? Sexuality and gender identity in science" 10181: 9810: 9744:

National Assessments of Gender, Science, Technology and Innovation: Argentina

9171: 8283: 7667:

Brock, Claire. "Public Experiments." History Workshop Journal, 2004: 306–312.

6960: 6418: 6205: 5787: 5723: 5654: 5647: 5601:

The second concept included in Rossiter's explanation of women in science is

5518: 4969: 4886: 4613: 4583: 4479: 4324: 4314: 4266: 4136: 4099: 4046: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3905: 3833: 3755: 3700: 3696: 3517: 3497: 3432: 3420: 3051:

Alice Perry is understood to be the first woman to graduate with a degree in

2874: 2747: 2636: 2562: 2367: 2189: 2126: 2107: 2032: 1952: 1798: 1759: 1735: 1666: 1617: 1522: 1437: 1222: 1197: 1132: 1102: 1052: 1047: 972: 912: 882: 757: 592: 462: 423: 411: 389: 371: 186: 11561: 11346: 11242: 10836: 8974:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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In efforts to make women scientists more visible to the general public, the

4984:, the first woman to pass Lovelace's tests. During her testimony, Cobb said: 2333:'s philosophy and emphasizes the necessity of the verification of knowledge. 1883: 12901: 12760: 12698: 12433: 12258: 11704: 11622: 11519: 11444: 11440:"Nobel scientist Tim Hunt: female scientists cause trouble for men in labs" 11373: 11298: 11261: 10844: 10519: 10460: 9818: 9729:

Participation of Girls and Women in the National STI System in South Africa

9463: 8914:

Cafaro, Philip (17 December 2020). "Rachel Carson's Environmental Ethics".

8759: 8634: 7866: 7702: 7401: 7325: 6309: 6301: 5779: 5719: 5627: 5372: 5364: 5308: 5202: 4895: 4626: 4350: 4302: 4194:

is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist, best known for her work on the

4191: 3917: 3825: 3762: 3674: 3579: 3482: 3440: 3374: 3359: 3325: 3177: 3173: 3139: 3115: 3066: 2963: 2775: 2682: 2628: 2593: 2500: 2437: 2154: 2061: 722: 210: 11582:

Lehrke, R. (1997). Sex linkage of intelligence: The X-Factor. NY: Praeger.

11569: 11389:"Why women in science are annoyed at Rosetta mission scientist's clothing" 10693: 10676: 10500: 9898: 9715:

National Assessments of Gender, Science, Technology and Innovation: Brazil

8945:"Rachel Carson Biography - Rachel Carson - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service" 8859: 7837:

Shteir, Ann B. (1997). "Gender and "Modern" Botany in Victorian England".

7317: 6225:

Ann Hibner Koblitz, "Gender and science where science is on the margins,"

5560: 5464:

Social pressures to both conform to femininity and which punish femininity

5428: 4106:, which is now generally accepted for how certain organelles were formed. 3131: 21: 12936: 12633: 12603: 12588: 12453: 12448: 12263:

The Exceptions: Sixteen Women, MIT, and the Fight for Equality in Science

10865: 9772: 9440:

Goldin, Claudia (2014). "A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter†".

8572: 6481:

Panhellenes at Methone: Graphê in Late Geometric and Protoarchaic Methone

4981: 4861: 4534: 4516: 4497: 4250: 4243: 4233: 4232:, now taken to be one of the key pieces of evidence for the existence of 4173: 4157: 4019: 4012: 3879: 3875: 3806: 3802:. This made the Curies the family with the most Nobel laureates to date. 3782: 3729: 3571: 3428: 3409: 3366: 3240: 3193: 3151: 3135: 3086: 3074: 3033: 2983: 2967: 2734: 2678: 2674: 2566: 2504: 2488: 2346: 2258: 2234: 2218: 2181: 1860: 1797:, is credited with inventing several chemical instruments, including the 1707:

was the first female physician to practice legally in fourth century BCE

1569: 1557: 1550: 1491: 669: 639: 416: 26: 12254:(Routledge, 2007), comprehensive history of gender and women in science. 10703: 9870:

https://www.academia.edu/35875487/Gender_equality_in_the_Wildlife_Trusts

9868:

Walker, M. D. 2017. Gender equality in the wildlife trusts. ECOS. 38(6)

9559: 7574: 7195:

Doctor's Review: Medicine on the Move, Feb 2005. Web. 10 November 2015.

6892:"2 the Secrets of Isabella Cortese: Practical Alchemy and Women Readers" 4793:

degrees in the same numbers as men for two decades, yet fewer women get

3849:

was a theoretical physicist who made a number of contributions to early

2944: 12869: 12864: 12809: 12473: 12443: 12425: 12036: 11944: 11898: 11759:

Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics

8297: 8294:

Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics

8183: 7238:

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.

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were widely condemned and he was forced to resign from his position at

5851: 5632: 5495: 5336: 5332: 5168: 5157: 5121: 5117: 5105: 5097: 5018: 4997: 4977: 4728: 4619: 4366: 4225: 4205: 4129: 3957: 3945: 3891: 3658: 3633: 3618: 3601: 3531:, which organized projects related to the war effort. The NCWP elected 3405: 3395: 3306: 3284: 3280: 3201: 3181: 3105: 2760:

was the first openly female Briton to qualify medically, in 1865. With

2619: 2441: 2330: 2138: 1980: 1946: 1942: 1912: 1872: 1851: 1786: 1739: 1700: 1679: 752: 694: 689: 11938:

Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

11873:

Kindred Nature: Victorian and Edwardian Women Embrace the Living World

11031:"The Finkbeiner Test: What matters in stories about women scientists?" 10821:"WOMEN IN SCIENCE: European Strategies for Promoting Women in Science" 9992: 7858: 4116:

in the 1940s and 1950s. Before then, McClintock obtained her PhD from

13046: 12513: 12488: 12367: 12222:

Wagner, Darren N., and Joanna Wharton. "The Sexes and the Sciences."

11663:"After Harvard Controversy, Conditions Change but Reputation Lingers" 11142: 10868:"The trouble with Tim Hunt's 'trouble with girls in science' comment" 10533: 8084:

Barbara Alpern Engel, "Women medical students in Russia, 1872–1882,"

6439: 5356: 5258: 4968:

During the early 1960s, the first American astronauts, nicknamed the

4553: 4403: 4213:(GP-B) project, which provided more evidence that the predictions of 4176:

that pervades the universe. Quinn was the first woman to receive the

3969: 3965: 3949: 3513: 3466: 3448: 3070: 2979:

provided jobs for women scientists, and opportunities for education.

2574: 2570: 2558: 2479:

but moved to England where she acted as an assistant to her brother,

2429: 2142: 2080: 2065: 1832: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1723: 1585: 1495: 11971:

Science on the home front: American women scientists in World War II

11215: 9283:"Sociedad Química de México. A.C. - Webinar - SQM Liliana Quintanar" 8463: 7068: 6650:"The Primary Sources for the Life and Work of Hypatia of Alexandria" 6493:

Kass-Simon, Gabriele; Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah, eds. (1999).

4996:

NASA officials also had representatives present, notably astronauts

3535:

president. In the social sciences, several women contributed to the

2953: 2233:

After publicly defending forty nine theses in the Palazzo Pubblico,

1568:

provided jobs for women scientists and opportunities for education.

11854:

Pandora's Breeches: Women, Science & Power in the Enlightenment

9914: 9484:

Louise Luckenbill-Edds, "The 'Leaky Pipeline:' Has It Been Fixed?",

8741: 7850: 7277: 5885: 5872: 5696: 5653:

a major role in why you see so much attrition at that stage," said

5491: 5348: 5312: 5149: 5109: 5012: 4810: 4752: 4015:

worked with gorillas in Africa from 1967 until her murder in 1985.

3973: 3743: 3351: 3310:

Henrietta Swan Leavitt made fundamental contributions to astronomy.

3255: 3012:

In 1876, Elizabeth Bragg became the first woman to graduate with a

2385: 2377: 2350: 2288: 2214: 1824: 1704: 1670: 1581: 154: 11833:

Athena Unbound: The advancement of women in science and technology

11016:"Women in science who are making a difference during the pandemic" 10990:"Women in science who are making a difference during the pandemic" 10338:"Why Trans People's Genders Aren't Reinforcing Gender Stereotypes" 6973:

Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization, Volume B: 1300–1815.

6401:

The one-sex body on trial: the classical and early modern evidence

6284:: Crafting of a Feminist History with an Ancient Egyptian Setting" 5798:, out of 4,000 participants only 28 girls drew female scientists. 3381:

equations. Menten also invented the azo-dye coupling reaction for

2221:

to Western medicine after witnessing it during her travels in the

12390: 10677:"Young women in science and technology: the importance of choice" 8260:

Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften der Göttingen

7383: 7381: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 5877: 5810:

in 2010 and 2011 analysed the genders of invited contributors to

5367:

ranks lowest, with women making up 18% of its science graduates.

5328: 5324: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5153: 5145: 5125: 5113: 5093: 4786: 4777: 4776:

Research on women's participation in the "hard" sciences such as

4720: 4353: 4040: 3678: 3119: 3090: 2827: 2811: 2798:, Cambridge, she was first hired (in 1890) to be an assistant to 2791: 2738: 2632: 2476: 2433: 2316: 2254: 2134: 2118: 2091:, Prussia's foremost astronomer. She became his assistant at the 1892: 1828: 1790: 1782: 1774: 1747: 1743: 1727: 1688: 1589: 1534: 1526: 709: 664: 12163:

Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action 1940–1972

12119:

Breaking into the Lab: Engineering Progress for Women in Science

8318:"Inge Lehmann: Discoverer of the Earth's Inner Core | AMNH" 8266:(1983, Bhama Srinivasan and Judith Sally, eds.) Springer-Verlag 7642:

International Women in Science a Biographical Dictionary to 1950

3404:

separation of proteins in 1944. She worked on the properties of

3335:

Hubble often said that Leavitt deserved the Nobel for her work.

3235:

Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action 1940–1972

13023: 8898: 8060: 7089: 6122: 5741: 5737: 5641: 5387: 5360: 5340: 5316: 5205:, its research and innovation funding programme for 2014–2020. 5164: 5141: 5137: 4224:

Through her observations of galaxy rotation curves, astronomer

4150: 4093: 3444: 3355: 3276: 3214: 2934: 2362: 2150: 1960: 1941:". Several influential texts on women's medicine, dealing with 1904: 1897: 1708: 1613: 1577: 1542: 1487: 225: 10866:

Sample, Ian; Ratcliffe, Rebecca; Shaw, Claire (12 June 2015).

10360: 10358: 8300:

and Gary Williams, 498 p. (Cambridge University Press, 2006);

8032:"Les femmes dans la science; notes recueillies par A. Rebière" 7894:

Young America : childhood in 19th-century art and culture

7378: 7209: 6898:, Harvard University Press, pp. 46–72, 31 December 2015, 2718:

schools (from 1872). The first UK women's university college,

2177: 1926:

allowed women to attend lectures from its inception, in 1088.

12296:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

12295: 12140:

Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940

7463: 7461: 7459: 6479:

Jenny Strauss Clay, Irad Malkin, Yannis Z. Tzifopoulos eds.,

6383: 6327: 6322: 5889: 5379: 5352: 5344: 5027: 4789:, for instance, women in the United States have been getting 4667:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4295:

with the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (

4169: 3948:

is an American writer, lecturer and producer specializing in

3899: 3462: 3231:

Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940

3045: 2484: 2354: 1692: 1546: 159: 97: 12060: 11936:

Hill, Catherine, Christianne Corbett, and Andresse St Rose.

11218:"Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students" 10297:

Science in School: The European Journal for Science Teachers

9333:"Fields Medal | International Mathematical Union (IMU)" 4060:

developed the first computer compiler while working for the

3699:, which resulted in the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics for her 2843:

Other notable female scientists during this period include:

2669:

Other notable female scientists during this period include:

2585:

were the first two women elected as Honorary Members of the

2380:, was the first scientist to appreciate the significance of 2013: 1949:, among other topics, are also often attributed to Trotula. 12187:

The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science

10427: 10425: 10355: 10319:

International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity

6847:

The Education Papers: Women's Quest for Equality, 1850–1912

6162: 6160: 5745: 5684: 5680: 5679:(Women into Science, Engineering and Construction) and the 5391: 5172: 5136:(59%), Azerbaijan (57%), Kazakhstan (50%), Mongolia (48%), 4260: 4071: 3982:

was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, awarded the

3788:, becoming the third woman to win the prize for chemistry. 3715: 3649:

scientific careers that persist, despite recent advances".

3299:

as redundant. Afterward, astronomy was left with the seven

2565:

in 1826, the second woman to do so. She also wrote several

2396:. In 1749 she completed the French translation of Newton's 12086:

Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century

7600: 7456: 4299:). She is one of Australia's best known marine biologists. 3608: 3122:

about conserved quantities in physics. One notes that the

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lines and developed the principle that was also to inform

2018: 1703:(c. 1194–1184 BCE). According to one late antique legend, 1626:

Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World

11799:

International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education

11594:"Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years" 11094: 8115:"Changing the Face of Medicine – Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell" 7299: 7297: 7295: 5801: 5665: 4916:

Denmark and 36% in the Russian Federation, for instance.

4794: 4743:

women with more years of experiences earn 3.4% less than

4724: 4283:

Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year

3747: 2358: 11707:

work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from

10422: 8020:. Princeton University Press. pp. 140–146, 154–162. 7754:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. 6719:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 6684:. Mathematical Association of America. pp. 234–243. 6672: 6670: 6620:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 6533:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 6157: 5888:

spoke at the World Conference of Science Journalists in

5303:'s 47 tertiary graduates in science and 60% of those in 5087: 4739:, there were also salary differences between ethnicity: 4198:. She was the first tenured female physics professor at 4139:

is a planetary scientist best known for her work on the

3566:, female scientists conducted a wide range of research. 2962:

Influential female scientists born in the 19th century:

2611:

In Germany, institutes for "higher" education of women (

11829:

Etzkowitz, Henry; Kemelgor, Carol; Uzzi, Brian (2000).

11274: 10609: 10607: 10432:

Yoder, Jeremy B.; Mattheis, Allison (26 October 2015).

8476: 8435:

Science in the early twentieth century: an encyclopedia

8391:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 1993. 7589:

Emilie Du Chatelet: Daring Genius of the Enlightenment.

7479: 7477: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6609: 6607: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 5515:

Out in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

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conducted studied in genetics which led to advances in

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civilization, around 1200 BCE, two perfumeresses named

1738:

and physician, who was a pupil (possibly also wife) of

11320:

Williams, Wendy M.; Ceci, Stephen J. (28 April 2015).

10206: 9488:

2000 WICB / Career Strategy Columns (1 November 2000).

9137:"NASA Announces Results of Epic Space-Time Experiment" 9047:, www.jstor.org/stable/4447873. Accessed 18 Dec. 2020. 8006:, R. Porter (editor), Cambridge University Press, 1996 7292: 7230: 7228: 6587:"Hypatia | mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher" 6289:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

6154:, www.jstor.org/stable/4203041. Accessed 18 Dec. 2020. 5794:

where, after engaging elementary school students in a

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between luminosity and stellar dispersion velocity in

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and viruses. In 1953, the work she did on DNA allowed

2915:(1843–1918), the first woman in the world to obtain a 2700: 2550:

admittance into learned societies during this period.

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and at the time was a convoluted science dominated by

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Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana

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on numerous occasions and assisted on his project the

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Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

11828: 11491: 8973: 8800: 8419:"Introduction to Stars, Galaxies, & the Universe" 8258:

Emmy Noether (1918c) "Invariante Variationsprobleme"

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Women's History as Scientists: A Guide to the Debates

6667: 6350:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

5728:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4236:. She was the first female allowed to observe at the 3485:, thereby laying the conceptual basis for the future 2237:

was awarded a doctorate of philosophy in 1732 at the

1665:

has been recorded in several early civilizations. An

25:

An illustration of a woman teaching geometry, from a

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Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project

11825:, vol. 50, no. 6 (October 2019), pp. 42–53, 80. 10604: 10482:

Cech, Erin A.; Pham, Michelle V. (4 February 2017).

10312:"Gifted and LGBTIQ: A Comprehensive Research Review" 8135:. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from 7561: 7559: 7557: 7474: 6820:, p. 35, (Lulu.com; 2006) (Retrieved 22 August 2007) 6697: 6604: 6513: 6492: 5670: 5397: 4902: 3681:

could not be a virus or other eukaryotic structure.

3166:

is nowadays commonly used on many sorts of objects.

2623:) were founded at the beginning of the century. The 11459: 11116:Weingart, Peter; Huppauf, Bernd (12 October 2012). 9841:

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8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 7785:

Searching the Stars: The Story of Caroline Herschel

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

2049:, an Italian alchemist, is most known for her book 12358: 12160: 12137: 12083: 12067:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 11981: 11915: 11830: 11756: 11053: 10780:Corcoran, Mary E.; Courant, Paul N. (March 1987). 10072: 8478: 8466:. American Association of Variable Star Observers. 7734: 7511: 7485:European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History 6849:(Spender D, ed) p. 270] (Retrieved 22 August 2007) 6483:, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2017, p. 154 5066: 4112:'s studies of maize genetics demonstrated genetic 3798:for their work in radioactive isotopes leading to 3358:, one of the most fundamental theories in stellar 3196:, was the first woman Curator of Reptiles for the 2345:with three books in agricultural science. In 1748 12292:Science Speaks: A Focus on NIOSH Women in Science 12208:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 12057:, vol. LXIV, no. 9 (25 May 2017), pp. 38–39. 11940:(American Association of University Women, 2010). 11119:Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences 10115: 9756: 9110:"Sally Ride encourages girls to engineer careers" 7723:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7682:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7603:Essential Calculus Early Transcendental Functions 7554: 7544: 7542: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 6112:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, INC. 2003. 6029:Timeline of women in science in the United States 5973:List of female scientists before the 20th century 5866:, and Megan Head, postdoctoral researcher at the 5790:conducted by Jocelyn Steinke and colleagues from 5208: 3902:, the first general purpose electronic computer. 3871:Timeline of women in science in the United States 3415:World War II brought some new opportunities. The 3254:called for the "christening of a new science" – " 3221:Timeline of women in science in the United States 2722:, was founded in 1869, and others soon followed: 2530:Timeline of women in science in the United States 2450:Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids 13181: 10950:"CDC – NIOSH Training and Workforce Development" 10743:Career Choice in Management and Entrepreneurship 10400:: L3 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers. 10163: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 9940:Conversation, Alice Gorman, The (18 June 2020). 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9058:"Women Subjects on United States Postage Stamps" 8874:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986" 8706: 8689:"Women Subjects on United States Postage Stamps" 8421:. Ohio State University Department of Astronomy. 8061:"CONTRIBUTIONS OF 20TH CENTURY WOMEN TO PHYSICS" 6688: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 5913: 5160:(38%), Belarus (37%), Russian Federation (37%). 4824: 4759:participation cannot be statistically measured. 4004:. She also headed the team which discovered the 3972:exploratory missions. Druyan also sponsored the 3673:South-African born physicist and radiobiologist 2975:In the later nineteenth century the rise of the 1789:around the 1st or 2nd centuries C.E., where the 1596:and became the first person to receive a second 345:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 12252:Women in science: a social and cultural history 11943: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11326:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11115: 10779: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10310:Wexelbaum, Rachel; Hoover, John (August 2014). 10309: 10260: 10258: 9777:"How female fellows fared at the Royal Society" 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9039:Dean, Donald S. "Barbara McClintock, Pioneer." 8512: 8336: 8334: 7918:Dreyer, ed. by J. L. E.; Turner, H. H. (1987). 6014:Prizes, medals, and awards for women in science 5958:International Day of Women and Girls in Science 5910:institutional support for women investigators. 5884:On 9 June 2015, Nobel prize winning biochemist 5844:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4272: 1911:(c. 1151–58). Another famous German abbess was 11918:Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present 11591: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11409: 10964:"Creative Resilience: Art by Women in Science" 9881:Sonnert, Gerhard; Fox, Mary (1 January 2012). 8901:". Eniacprogrammers.org. Retrieved 2010-01-27. 8647: 8289:Mary Lucy Cartwright (1900–1998): Chaos theory 7740: 7539: 7509: 7361:"Maria Gaetana Agnesi | Italian mathematician" 7250: 7009:"The Flowering Genius of Maria Sibylla Merian" 6467:, 1983, University of California Press, p. 48. 6194:"Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science?" 4043:and other high-energy particles in the 1950s. 3493:, and the rapid development of the new field. 2836:published a book in 1897, in France, entitled 2491:in 1795. Five of her comets were published in 2341:became the first woman to be published by the 1603: 16:Contributions of women to the field of science 12344: 12113:, vol. 314, no. 1 (January 2016), p. 11. 11754: 10431: 10167: 10146: 8457: 8455: 8004:The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine 7751:The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel 7678:"Obituary of Miss Caroline Lucretia Herschel" 7663: 7661: 7644:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 167–168. 6712: 6613: 6526: 6475: 6473: 6425: 6227:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 5983:List of female scientists in the 21st century 5978:List of female scientists in the 20th century 5343:). The rest are grouped around 30% or below ( 5049: 4665:The examples and perspective in this section 4321:in 2008. She is a US-born Australian citizen. 4168:. One consequence is a particle known as the 3898:were six of the original programmers for the 3832:. She became the first female officer of the 3417:Office of Scientific Research and Development 3028: 2631:was established in 1836 to instruct women in 2546:for women in both England and North America. 2406:), including her derivation of the notion of 1722:was open to women. Recorded examples include 1459: 11703: This article incorporates text from a 11637: 11532: 11319: 11278:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 10739:"Family Influences on the Career Life Cycle" 10384: 10255: 10201: 10199: 9965:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9939: 9731:. Academy of Sciences of South Africa. 2011. 9598: 8477:Clark, David H.; Matthew D.H. Clark (2004). 8402:Ellen Swallow: The Woman Who Founded Ecology 8331: 7917: 7625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7399: 6995:Berkshire Conference on the History of Women 6556: 6554: 5734:Creative Resilience: Art by Women in Science 5529: 5299:small cohorts, however: they make up 54% of 4771:A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter 4360: 4317:, an astronomer who became the first female 4182:International Centre for Theoretical Physics 3668: 3215:United States before and during World War II 2935:Late nineteenth century in the United States 2399:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 2147:The Metamorphosis of the Insects of Suriname 1521:was open to women. Women contributed to the 12181: 12116: 11738:The role of women in the history of geology 11710:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 11423:"'Sexist' peer review causes storm online." 11406: 10909: 10907: 9853: 9771: 9112:. Pittsburgh Tribune Review. Archived from 8731: 8096: 8094: 7105: 6238:Ann Hibner Koblitz, "Global perspectives," 5963:List of inventions and discoveries by women 3582:, a mathematician, became one of the first 3057:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2658:. She became the first woman member of the 2596:, a pupil of Somerville, corresponded with 2519: 2418:in France and to its acceptance in Europe. 12351: 12337: 12307:Statistics on women at science conferences 11913: 11735: 11431: 11028: 10736: 10681:Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10674: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10022:"Mission Monday: The first women in space" 9880: 8452: 7658: 7090:John Augustine Zahm; H. J. Mozans (1913), 6865:, ch. 8, (Fordham University Press; 1911)] 6470: 6363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6277: 5948:African American women in computer science 5644:is alive and well in science is known. ... 5563:. Please do not remove this message until 5431:. Please do not remove this message until 4683:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 4102:is a biologist best known for her work on 3853:. She co-authored the well-known textbook 3654:L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science 3537:Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study 3443:hypothesis through her earlier draft that 3023: 1933:, is supposed to have held a chair at the 1466: 1452: 11806:Women in Science: 100 Inspirational Lives 11509: 11437: 11363: 11345: 11251: 11241: 10745:, Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 4171, 10702: 10692: 10595:"Science and Engineering Indicators 2006" 10509: 10499: 10196: 9800: 9453: 9420: 9408: 9107: 9063:. United States Postal Service. p. 5 8694:. United States Postal Service. p. 6 8461: 8412: 8410: 7964:"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Ada Lovelace" 7920:History of the Royal Astronomical Society 7807: 7805: 7701: 6950: 6835: 6812: 6810: 6551: 5620: 5583:Learn how and when to remove this message 5451:Learn how and when to remove this message 4872: 4714: 4699:Learn how and when to remove this message 4540: 4430:L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award 4349:known for her research and leadership on 3007:New York Infirmary for Women and Children 2037:Observations upon Experimental Philosophy 2014:Scientific Revolutions of 1600s and 1700s 12189:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP. 12158: 12135: 11789:Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 11087: 11059: 10904: 10818: 10481: 10049:"Number of Female NASA Astronauts Rises" 10046: 9692:. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 84–103. 9134: 8376: 8365: 8091: 7886: 7884: 7670: 7605:. U.S.A: Richard Stratton. p. 344. 7094:, New York: Appleton, pp. 240–241, 6745:"Hildegard von Bingen (Sabina Flanagan)" 6104: 6102: 6100: 5841:In 2012, a journal article published in 5559:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5427:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5225: 5171:(34%). Participation rates are lower in 5040: 4840: 4828: 3623: 3612: 3453: 3305: 3239: 2774: 2737:(1854–1856) contributed to establishing 2533: 2462: 2321: 2176: 2051:I secreti della signora Isabella Cortese 2017: 1882: 1850: 20: 12257: 12081: 11189: 10622: 10558: 10224: 10047:Buchholz, Katharina (16 January 2020). 10016: 10014: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9564:. New York: Routledge. pp. 16–17. 9035: 9033: 8814:"The Biography of Dorothy Mary Hodgkin" 8648:Benczer-Koller, Noemie (January 2009). 8431: 8102:Science, Women and Revolution in Russia 7782:Ogilvie, Marilyn B. (8 November 2011). 7781: 7263: 7054: 7006: 6932: 6823: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6398: 6342: 6191: 5163:One in three researchers is a woman in 4408:Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology 4259:in 2004. She is the former director of 3609:Late 20th century to early 21st century 3529:National Council of Women Psychologists 2499:to demonstrate Caroline's comet to the 13182: 12233: 12224:Journal for Eighteenth‐Century Studies 12203: 11976: 11736:Burek, Cynthia; Higgs, Bettie (2007). 11468:"Recording 'shows Sir Tim was joking'" 11190:Nordahl, Marianne (8 September 2012). 10732: 10730: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10395: 10364: 9987: 9985: 9741: 9439: 9384:"Women, Minorities". NSF. 1996: 72–74. 9277: 9275: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9157: 8939: 8937: 8913: 8909: 8907: 8407: 8233: 8055: 8053: 7999: 7997: 7836: 7811: 7802: 7639: 7633: 6807: 6676: 6644: 6150:, vol. 13, no. 39, 1935, pp. 673–676. 5802:Notable controversies and developments 5666:Contemporary advocacy and developments 4723:. In 1991 women attributed 91% of the 4291:, was one of the first women to go to 4029:commemorated by a U.S. postage stamp. 3707:from October 2008 until October 2010. 3555:woman to contribute to the study, and 3016:degree in the United States, from the 2806:, the head of the solar department at 1651: 1572:paved the way for scientists to study 12332: 12061:National Academy of Sciences (2006). 11870: 11779:Cultural Studies of Science Education 11660: 11602:Perspectives on Psychological Science 11465: 11380: 11088:Gonzalez, Robert T. (31 March 2013). 11029:Aschwanden, Christie (5 March 2013). 10335: 10290: 10235: 9765: 9712: 9535: 9517: 9486:The American Society for Cell Biology 9252: 9043:, vol. 46, no. 7, 1984, pp. 361–362. 8608: 8571: 8416: 8389:Women of Science: Righting the Record 8387:Kass-Simon, G. and Farnes, Patricia. 8088:, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1979), pp. 394–415. 8015: 7890: 7881: 7710: 7510:Gribbin, Mary; Gribbin, John (2008). 7303: 6886: 6884: 6496:Women of Science: Righting the Record 6336: 6148:The Slavonic and East European Review 6097: 5854:over the depiction of pinup women on 5293: 5254:Basic Plan for Science and Technology 5152:(43%), Ukraine and Uzbekistan (40%), 5088:Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia 4850: 4123:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 3984:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 3914:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2911:Among the successful scientists were 2660:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2577:texts, and was a strong advocate for 2514: 2414:contributed to the completion of the 2172: 1887:Female physician caring for a patient 12301:Gender tutorials on women in science 11851: 11755:Byers, Nina; Williams, Gary (2006). 11713:, 85–103, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. 11592:Lubinski, D.; Benbow, C. M. (2006). 11386: 10365:Molloy, Antonia (14 November 2014). 10264: 10011: 9928: 9757:Zubieta, J., J.; Herzig, M. (2015). 9030: 8837: 8578:Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe 8485:. Rutgers University Press. p. 8238:. California, US: UPA. p. 170. 7591:Penguin paperback, 27 November 2007. 7453:. Sterling Publishing, 2009, p. 180. 7429:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 7412:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 6763: 6229:, vol. 25, no 2 (2005), pp. 107–114. 5533: 5401: 4651: 4184:(ICTP) and the first to receive the 3543:. This study was led by sociologist 3483:Parity and Charge Conjugate Symmetry 2137:, she and her daughter journeyed to 1562:made substantial advances in science 1560:in the eighteenth century and women 1498:study of these issues has become an 618:Gender representation in video games 12845:Digital media use and mental health 12559:Sociology of the history of science 12167:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP. 12144:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP. 11438:Radcliffe, Rebecca (10 June 2015). 10786:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 10727: 10663: 10207:"AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881" 9982: 9686:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 9272: 9233: 9217: 9200: 8934: 8904: 8801:Etzkowitz, Kemelgor & Uzzi 2000 8665: 8188:Institution of Engineers of Ireland 8050: 7994: 7830: 7601:Larson, Hostetler, Edwards (2008). 7518:. Oxford University Press. p. 7487:(Stanford University Press), pg. 43 7431:(in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana 7422: 7306:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 7007:Rowland, Ingrid D. (9 April 2009). 6465:Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology 5178: 5116:) or are on the brink of doing so ( 4972:, were training. At the same time, 4062:Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation 3728:was a mathematician and student of 3596:National Defense Research Committee 3439:. It was actually Wu who confirmed 3264:American Home Economics Association 2919:fully equivalent to men's degrees; 2770:London School of Medicine for Women 2701:Late 19th century in western Europe 13: 11717: 11533:Hedges, L. V.; Nowell, A. (1995). 11060:Brainard, Curtis (22 March 2013). 10623:Smeding, Annique (December 2012). 10291:Unsay, Joseph D. (27 March 2017). 10119:Gender, Technology and Development 9362:American Psychological Association 9191: 7816:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 6933:Morgall, Janine (1 January 1985). 6881: 6392: 6353:. Vol. 1. Boston. p. 57. 6192:Pollack, Eileen (3 October 2013). 6140: 6009:Organizations for women in science 5968:Index of women scientists articles 4435: 3346:In 1925, Harvard graduate student 3275:Women also found opportunities in 3018:University of California, Berkeley 2810:. They worked together to observe 2366:in cosmetics of the time by using 1846: 1656: 1533:During the Middle Ages, religious 1530: 14: 13211: 12554:Sociology of scientific ignorance 12399:History and philosophy of science 12381:Economics of scientific knowledge 12285: 12027:, "Calculating Women" (review of 11984:Reflections on gender and science 11192:"Gender bias in leading journals" 10737:Beauregard, T. Alexandra (2007), 10211:AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881 9194:"Jill Tarter - Speaker - TED.com" 9158:Kluger, Jeffrey (26 April 2004). 9002:"Andrea Ghez - Speaker - TED.com" 8462:Malatesta, Kerri (16 July 2010). 8417:Pogge, Richard (8 January 2006). 6084:Working Group on Women in Physics 5671:Efforts to increase participation 5398:Lack of agency and representation 5238: 5187: 4903:In engineering and related fields 3522:United States Bureau of Fisheries 3266:, which published a journal, the 3150:of transformations (now called a 2821:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin 2343:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2213:defied convention by introducing 1813:(a complex distillation device). 1529:in the first or second centuries 13147: 13146: 13121: 12082:Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1993). 11914:Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). 11698: 11654: 11615:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00019.x 11585: 11576: 11526: 11485: 11387:Bell, Alice (13 November 2014). 11313: 11268: 11209: 11183: 11136: 11109: 11081: 11022: 11008: 10982: 10956: 10942: 10928: 10878: 10859: 10819:Dewandre, N. (11 January 2002). 10812: 10773: 10616: 10587: 10578: 10552: 10526: 10475: 10416:Sally Ride Science @UC San Diego 10404: 10329: 10303: 10284: 10265:Suri, Manil (4 September 2015). 10109: 10066: 10040: 9973: 9874: 9862: 9847: 9833: 9775:; Røstvik, Camilla Mørk (2018). 9750: 9735: 9721: 9706: 9553: 9491: 9478: 9433: 9376: 9350: 9325: 9300: 9185: 9151: 9128: 9101: 9075: 9050: 9008: 8999: 8993: 8967: 8891: 8866: 8831: 8806: 8794: 8681: 8659: 8641: 8602: 8565: 8506: 8470: 8425: 7718:"Obituary of John Francis Encke" 7406:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 6713:Rayner-Canham, Marelene (2005). 6614:Rayner-Canham, Marelene (2005). 6527:Rayner-Canham, Marelene (2005). 5903:In 2016 an article published in 5704:Association for Women in Science 5538: 5406: 4656: 3865:United States after World War II 3461:, who verified the problem with 3061:Queen's College, Galway, Ireland 2952: 2943: 2889:Late nineteenth-century Russians 2454:Elementary Treatise on Chemistry 2055:The Secrets of Isabella Cortese. 1859:The early parts of the European 1839:, the bishop of Alexandria, and 1482:spans the earliest times of the 135:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 62: 13200:Women in science and technology 12107:, "Academia's Gender Problem", 10236:Moran, Barbara (17 June 2015). 9993:"First Lady Astronaut Trainees" 9016:"American Scientists (Forever)" 8976:"Dr. Eugenie Clark (1922-2015)" 8666:Cho, Adrian (5 February 2021). 8394: 8381: 8370: 8359: 8310: 8277: 8252: 8227: 8201: 8176: 8151: 8121: 8107: 8078: 8024: 8009: 7981: 7956: 7911: 7775: 7640:Haines, Catharine M.C. (2002). 7594: 7581: 7503: 7490: 7469:Women Who Teach in Universities 7443: 7416: 7393: 7353: 7350:, vol. 82, no. 3, 1991: 510–518 7340: 7241: 7185: 7176: 7162: 7149: 7123: 7114: 7083: 7048: 7023: 7000: 6987: 6967: 6926: 6868: 6852: 6737: 6654:History of Mathematics Paper 63 6638: 6579: 6486: 6457: 6371: 6316: 6271: 5761: 5067:Latin America and the Caribbean 4625: 3855:Methods of Mathematical Physics 3527:Women in psychology formed the 3373:, based on earlier findings of 3110:her general educational program 2656:United States Naval Observatory 2117:A founder of modern botany and 1918:Entering the 11th century, the 12360:Science and technology studies 12159:Rossiter, Margaret W. (1995). 12136:Rossiter, Margaret W. (1982). 11511:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0271 11466:Moody, Oliver (18 July 2015). 10798:10.1080/01603477.1987.11489627 9854:Huyer, S.; Hafkin, N. (2012). 9527:. 9 March 2007. Archived from 9108:Heinrichs, Allison M. (2007). 9018:. United States Postal Service 8609:Segrè, Emilio (1 March 1945). 8520:"Mile Markers to the Galaxies" 8501:henrietta leavitt moon crater. 8438:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 181–184. 8432:Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2005). 8342:"The Florence R. Sabin Papers" 7812:Shteir, Ann B. (12 May 1999). 7400:A'Becket, John Joseph (1913). 6878:. (California: 2003), pg. 114. 6860:Medieval Women Physicians' in 6843:The medical education of women 6258: 6245: 6232: 6219: 6185: 6115: 5993:List of female Nobel laureates 5868:Australian National University 5268: 5209:Australia, New Zealand and USA 4899:practical conservation roles. 4442:List of female Nobel laureates 4039:formed a research team on the 2716:Girls' Public Day School Trust 2708:North London Collegiate School 1663:women in the field of medicine 1: 12234:Warner, Deborah Jean (1981). 11661:Lewin, Tamar (5 March 2010). 10675:Dimitriadi, Angeliki (2013). 10453:10.1080/00918369.2015.1078632 10336:Jones, Zinnia (5 June 2017). 10267:"Why Is Science So Straight?" 10095:10.23919/URSIRSB.2019.8956157 9308:"Dra. Quintanar Vera Liliana" 9255:"Dra. Susana López Charretón" 9135:Phillips, Tony (4 May 2011). 8734:Has Feminism Changed Science? 7157:Women's History as Scientists 6876:Women's History as Scientists 6278:Kwiecinski, Jakub M. (2020). 6110:Women's History as Scientists 6090: 5998:Logology (science of science) 5988:List of female mathematicians 5914:Problematic public statements 5778:obituary of rocket scientist 5475:Has Feminism Changed Science? 5217: 4825:Overview of situation in 2013 4785:applies in other fields. In 4647: 4078:, in 2003 produced the first 3510:Recommended Dietary Allowance 2041:Grounds of Natural Philosophy 1819:(c. 350–415 CE), daughter of 1674: 39: 12907:Normalization process theory 12464:Philosophy of social science 12054:The New York Review of Books 11973:(U of Illinois Press, 2009). 10565:Women's Studies Encyclopedia 9562:Women (Still) Need Not Apply 9382:Schiebinger , p. 37, citing 9041:The American Biology Teacher 7403:"Maria Gaetana Agnesi" 7013:The New York Review of Books 6952:10.7146/politica.v17i2.68705 6255:, Horatius Press 1996, p.334 6024:Timeline of women in science 5307:'s graduating class of 149. 4974:William Randolph Lovelace II 4957:astronauts have been women. 4450: 4319:Chief Scientist of Australia 4273:Australia after World War II 3695:discovered evidence for the 3477:Wu would later also confirm 3412:level, and kidney function. 3198:Zoological Society of London 3089:(co-discover of the element 2794:. A mathematics graduate of 2526:Timeline of women in science 1576:and discovered the elements 586:Portrayal in American comics 177:Heads of state or government 7: 11808:. Gloucestershire UK 2019. 10751:10.4337/9781847208828.00011 10075:URSI Radio Science Bulletin 9887:Journal of Higher Education 8732:Schiebinger, Londa (2000). 6682:Hypatia and Her Mathematics 6347:. In Smith, William (ed.). 6168:"Nobel Prize awarded women" 6146:Rutherford. "Marie Curie." 5940: 5792:Western Michigan University 5689:Women's Engineering Society 5565:conditions to do so are met 5433:conditions to do so are met 5036:International Space Station 4951: 4942:endogenous research culture 4797:; and the numbers of women 4679:, discuss the issue on the 4590:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 3840:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 3720:Royal Greenwich Observatory 3703:. She was president of the 3473:'s physicists and engineers 3341:Swedish Academy of Sciences 2851:(mathematician, engineer), 2750:as well as a statistician. 2600:about applications for his 2557:carried out experiments in 2422:Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze 2329:in her writings criticizes 1869:decline of the Roman Empire 1604:Cross-cultural perspectives 10: 13216: 12530:construction of technology 12015:Journal of Negro Education 11871:Gates, Barbara T. (1998). 11726:Journal of Negro Education 11692: 11067:Columbia Journalism Review 10238:"Is Science Too Straight?" 10132:10.1177/097185241201600201 9802:10.1038/d41586-018-02746-z 9253:admin (6 September 2014). 9160:"The 2004 TIME 100 – TIME" 8928:10.1163/156853502760184595 8650:"Chien-shiungwu 1912—1997" 7498:Eighteenth-Century Studies 7388:WOMEN'S HISTORY CATEGORIES 7236:Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley 7197:Safe Smallpox Inoculations 7193:Safe Smallpox Inoculations 7159:. (California: 2003), 118. 7057:Eighteenth-Century Studies 6832:(Retrieved 22 August 2007) 6384: 6343:Schmitz, Leonhard (1870). 6268:, Marcel Dekker 1992, p.28 5702:In the United States, the 5050:Regional trends as of 2013 4944:should deepen this trend. 4920:and engineering (33–27%). 4503: 4439: 3868: 3400:, and conducted the first 3218: 3029:Europe before World War II 2997:in 1849. With her sister, 2866:(American-born astronomer) 2838:Les Femmes dans la science 2758:Elizabeth Garrett Anderson 2712:Cheltenham Ladies' College 2587:Royal Astronomical Society 2523: 2493:Philosophical Transactions 2291:. In 1742 she published a 2112:French Academy of Sciences 2095:operated in Berlin by the 1556:Gender roles were largely 1509:occurred in several early 13117: 13062:Politicization of science 13022: 12808: 12577: 12512: 12424: 12389: 12366: 12004:Cognition and Instruction 10641:10.1007/s11199-012-0209-4 10538:American Physical Society 8899:ENIAC Programmers Project 8404:. Chicago: Follett. 1973. 8163:search.credoreference.com 8086:Journal of Social History 6904:10.4159/9780674425873-003 6282:The First Woman Physician 6240:World Science Report 1996 5898:University College London 5659:University College London 5530:Reasons for disadvantages 4424:Chair award in 2016, the 4379:Maria Nieves Garcia-Casal 4361:Israel after World War II 3912:who was awarded the 2004 3669:Europe after World War II 3533:Florence Laura Goodenough 3269:Journal of Home Economics 2617:, in some regions called 2432:, which had its roots in 2264:According to Britannica, 2211:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1935:Medical School of Salerno 1785:. Many of which lived in 1769:During the period of the 1742:, and one of a school in 12469:Philosophy of technology 11291:10.1177/1529100614541236 11161:10.1177/1075547007306508 10441:Journal of Homosexuality 10190:10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.371 10182:10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.371 9442:American Economic Review 9220:"Angela Restrepo Moreno" 8234:Povell, Phyllis (2009). 7471:(Trentham Books) pg. 118 7202:4 September 2017 at the 7035:lhldigital.lindahall.org 6562:"Reframing the question" 5693:British Computer Society 4578:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 4486:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 4049:and the Australian born 3697:first known radio pulsar 3686:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 3541:University of California 3391:Streptococcus scarlatina 3377:. This resulted in the 3348:Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin 3138:read a paper written by 3005:, Blackwell founded the 2864:Dorothea Klumpke-Roberts 2788:astronomical photography 2784:Annie Scott Dill Maunder 2779:Annie Scott Dill Maunder 2741:as a profession, making 2520:Early nineteenth century 2303:, Erxleben received her 2093:astronomical observatory 1913:Hroswitha of Gandersheim 1891:As it mentioned before, 1598:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 12323:Encyclopædia Britannica 12204:Shteir, Ann B. (1996). 11949:Herzenberg, Caroline L. 11852:Fara, Patricia (2004). 11562:10.1126/science.7604277 11347:10.1073/pnas.1418878112 11243:10.1073/pnas.1211286109 10837:10.1126/science.1063487 10559:Tierney, Helen (2002). 9742:Bonder, Gloria (2015). 9087:Business Wire – Live PR 8852:10.1126/science.3532323 7746:Dreyer, John Louis Emil 7467:Sutherland, M. (1985): 7425:"Agnesi, Maria Gaetana" 7365:Encyclopedia Britannica 6773:Edwards, J. S. (2002). 6591:Encyclopædia Britannica 6079:Women in climate change 5603:territorial segregation 4799:principal investigators 4769:, Harvard concludes in 4230:Galaxy rotation problem 3324:The accomplishments of 3099:was the first woman in 3024:Early twentieth century 2694:Jeanne Villepreux-Power 2643:studied there in 1851. 2555:Mary Fairfax Somerville 2131:The New Book of Flowers 1809:(simple still) and the 1620:. The formation of the 172:Conservatives in the US 145:Explorers and travelers 12542:Sociology of knowledge 12236:"Perfect in Her Place" 11988:. New Haven: Yale UP. 11875:. U of Chicago Press. 11740:. Geological Society. 11426:Times Higher Education 9464:10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 9397:Cite journal requires 9259:Innovadores de América 8635:10.1103/PhysRev.67.142 8016:Clark, Stuart (2007). 7891:Perry, Claire (2006). 6378:Stephanus of Byzantium 6074:Women in the workforce 5934: 5713:Science Club for Girls 5663: 5657:, a cell biologist at 5621:Societal disadvantages 5611:National Science Board 5505:Organizations such as 5386:and Namibia (33%) and 5231: 5134:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5046: 4994: 4873:Women in life sciences 4847: 4834: 4715:Situation in the 1990s 4566:Elizabeth H. Blackburn 4541:Physiology or Medicine 4535:Marie Sklodowska-Curie 4498:Marie Sklodowska-Curie 4464:Emmanuelle Charpentier 4414:Liliana Quintanar Vera 4400:Susana López Charretón 4390:Paracoccidioidomycosis 4385:Angela Restrepo Moreno 4343:Australian of the Year 4329:Australian of the Year 4172:, a candidate for the 4033:Sulamith Low Goldhaber 3998:Faber–Jackson relation 3830:in vitro fertilization 3768:Jane Goodall Institute 3630: 3621: 3474: 3315:Henrietta Swan Leavitt 3311: 3252:Ellen Swallow Richards 3247: 3245:Ellen Swallow Richards 3190:Joan Beauchamp Procter 3126:attempted to identify 3034:Marie Skłodowska-Curie 2995:Geneva Medical College 2921:Maria Bokova-Sechenova 2909: 2880:in Russia and Sweden, 2780: 2592:English mathematician 2542: 2468: 2408:conservation of energy 2334: 2278:infinitesimal calculus 2243:Elena Cornaro Piscopia 2185: 2025: 1888: 1856: 1649: 1640: 1594:Nobel Prize in Physics 475:In Shakespeare's works 46: 30:illuminated manuscript 13109:Transition management 13099:Technology assessment 13067:Regulation of science 13042:Evidence-based policy 12927:Sociotechnical system 12776:Traditional knowledge 12656:Psychology of science 12629:Mapping controversies 12535:shaping of technology 12494:Social constructivism 12459:Philosophy of science 12416:History of technology 12240:Conspectus of History 12226:42.4 (2019): 399-413 12025:Natarajan, Priyamvada 12017:88.3 (2020): 327-342 12006:35.4 (2017): 265-289 11922:. Locust Hill Press. 11907:9.8 (2015): 668–680. 11791:7#3 (2014): 166–76. 11728:81.4 (2012): 366-378 11149:Science Communication 10694:10.1186/2192-5372-2-5 10501:10.3390/socsci6010012 9899:10.1353/jhe.2012.0004 9499:"Staying Competitive" 8980:oceanservice.noaa.gov 8524:One-Minute Astronomer 7987:Claus-Hinrich Offen; 7551:Band 12 (1949), p.637 7409:Catholic Encyclopedia 7318:10.1353/bhm.2003.0124 6997:. (Ithaca: 1992). 65. 6678:Deakin, Michael A. B. 6646:Deakin, Michael A. B. 6345:"Agamede (1) and (2)" 6266:A History of Medicine 6253:A History of Medicine 5929: 5806:A study conducted at 5796:Draw-a-Scientist-Test 5708:Scientista Foundation 5638: 5229: 5044: 4986: 4961:According to General 4844: 4832: 4440:Further information: 4426:Fulbright Scholarship 4341:, winner of the 2018 4327:, winner of the 2003 4217:'s general theory of 4196:Randall–Sundrum model 4166:Peccei-Quinn symmetry 3962:Voyager Golden Record 3805:Palaeoanthropologist 3644:A recent book titled 3627: 3616: 3545:Dorothy Swaine Thomas 3457: 3309: 3243: 2904: 2808:Greenwich Observatory 2800:Edward Walter Maunder 2778: 2537: 2466: 2458:chemical nomenclature 2428:rebuilt the field of 2416:scientific revolution 2325: 2313:female medical doctor 2239:University of Bologna 2205:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2198:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2180: 2163:Scientific Revolution 2021: 1957:University of Bologna 1924:University of Bologna 1886: 1867:, were marked by the 1854: 1817:Hypatia of Alexandria 1644: 1635: 1612:and women outside of 1511:western civilizations 231:Nobel Prize laureates 24: 13014:Women in engineering 12860:Financial technology 12840:Digital anthropology 12609:Criticism of science 12522:Actor–network theory 12484:Religion and science 12376:Economics of science 12267:Simon & Schuster 12117:Rosser, Sue (2014). 12029:Margot Lee Shetterly 10026:Space Center Houston 9312:quimica.cinvestav.mx 8818:The Biharprabha News 8611:"Radioactive Xenons" 8518:(19 November 2009). 8346:profiles.nlm.nih.gov 8133:Berkeley Engineering 8100:Ann Hibner Koblitz, 8065:cwp.library.ucla.edu 7748:(5 September 2013). 7703:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57 7449:Pickover, Clifford. 6896:Daughters of Alchemy 6302:10.1093/jhmas/jrz058 6069:Women in STEM fields 6044:Women in engineering 6034:Women in archaeology 6019:Margaret W. Rossiter 5864:University of Sussex 5766:In 2013, journalist 5080:Chile and Honduras. 5009:Valentina Tereshkova 4892:Gorillas in the Mist 4866:Camilla Mørk Røstvik 4677:improve this section 4602:Rita Levi-Montalcini 4529:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 4200:Princeton University 4104:endosymbiotic theory 4080:fermionic condensate 4064:, released in 1952. 4026:Maria Goeppert Mayer 3814:Rita Levi-Montalcini 3812:Italian neurologist 3714:was a member of the 3705:Institute of Physics 3693:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 3584:computer programmers 3576:Florence van Straten 3383:alkaline phosphatase 3337:Gösta Mittag-Leffler 3330:Measuring the Cosmos 2802:, discoverer of the 2743:Florence Nightingale 2690:Marie-Sophie Germain 2641:Florence Nightingale 2614:Höhere Mädchenschule 2390:Willem 's Gravesande 2376:, a close friend of 2266:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 2251:university in Europe 2217:inoculation through 2123:Maria Sibylla Merian 1863:, also known as the 1775:Tapputi-Belatekallim 1388:United Arab Emirates 325:in the United States 140:Economic development 130:Diversity (politics) 116:Female entrepreneurs 12855:Engineering studies 12825:Cyborg anthropology 12614:Demarcation problem 12499:Social epistemology 12110:Scientific American 11856:. London: Pimlico. 11554:1995Sci...269...41H 11338:2015PNAS..112.5360W 11234:2012PNAS..10916474M 11228:(41): 16395–16396. 10561:"Science And Women" 10087:2019URSB..370...74P 9793:2018Natur.555..159F 9547:13 May 2006 at the 9139:. NASA Science News 9116:on 20 November 2007 8627:1945PhRv...67..142W 7694:1848MNRAS...8...57. 7155:Whaley, Leigh Ann. 6874:Whaley, Leigh Ann. 6841:Jex-Blake S (1873) 6440:"Time ordered list" 6251:Plinio Prioreschi, 6127:womeninbotany.ur.de 6108:Whaley, Leigh Ann. 5768:Christie Aschwanden 5552:of this article is 5420:of this article is 4238:Palomar Observatory 4058:Grace Murray Hopper 4051:Elizabeth Blackburn 4002:elliptical galaxies 3922:olfactory receptors 3859:Sir Harold Jeffreys 3663:Elizabeth Blackburn 3502:Hazel K. Stiebeling 3042:Sorbonne University 2991:Elizabeth Blackwell 2849:Hertha Marks Ayrton 2766:Elizabeth Blackwell 2662:in 1848 and of the 2625:Deaconess Institute 2581:. In 1835, she and 2553:Scottish scientist 2394:Newtonian mechanics 2309:University of Halle 2301:Frederick the Great 2227:Caroline of Ansbach 1931:Trotula di Ruggiero 1901:Hildegard of Bingen 1855:Hildegard of Bingen 1821:Theon of Alexandria 1661:The involvement of 1652:Historical examples 1513:, and the study of 1505:The involvement of 1500:academic discipline 1373:Trinidad and Tobago 608:Speculative fiction 501:Theological figures 446:Feminist philosophy 246:Reproductive rights 52:Part of a series on 13135:History of science 13052:Funding of science 12922:Skunkworks project 12619:Double hermeneutic 12404:History of science 12183:Schiebinger, Londa 12051:, Little, Brown), 12035:, William Morrow; 11978:Keller, Evelyn Fox 11893:(2004) 16:96–115. 11804:Croucher, John S. 11667:The New York Times 11651:. 14 January 2005. 11018:. 9 February 2021. 10968:unesdoc.unesco.org 10952:. 29 January 2019. 10938:. 8 November 2018. 10892:. 22 December 2013 10635:(11–12): 617–629. 10398:The Globe and Mail 10271:The New York Times 9713:Abreu, A. (2011). 9505:. 10 November 2009 8955:on 18 October 2020 8930:– via JSTOR. 8862:– via JSTOR. 8292:, pp. 169–177, in 8209:"Maria Montessori" 8139:on 10 January 2012 8104:, Routledge, 2000. 8038:. Paris Nony. 1897 7948:has generic name ( 7688:(4): 64–66. 1847. 7587:Zinsser Judith P. 7500:23(3) pgs. 387–405 7483:Offen, K. (2000): 7170:"Redirect support" 7135:. ABC-CLIO. 2003. 6198:The New York Times 6054:Women in chemistry 6039:Women in computing 5953:History of science 5920:Harvard University 5294:Sub-Saharan Africa 5232: 5130:Russian Federation 5047: 4851:In decision-making 4848: 4835: 4608:Barbara McClintock 4492:Irène Joliot-Curie 4118:Cornell University 4110:Barbara McClintock 3990:Sandra Moore Faber 3920:for their work on 3792:Irène Joliot-Curie 3772:Roots & Shoots 3684:French virologist 3631: 3622: 3564:United States Navy 3557:Rosalie Hankey Wax 3475: 3312: 3248: 3186:Margaret Fountaine 3156:general relativity 2929:Sofia Kovalevskaia 2900:Ann Hibner Koblitz 2882:Sofia Kovalevskaya 2781: 2696:(marine biologist) 2677:(paleontologist), 2594:Ada, Lady Lovelace 2543: 2539:The Young Botanist 2515:Nineteenth century 2469: 2374:Émilie du Châtelet 2335: 2327:Émilie du Châtelet 2186: 2173:Eighteenth century 2167:Jackson Spielvogel 2110:of London nor the 2097:Academy of Science 2029:Margaret Cavendish 2026: 2023:Margaret Cavendish 2001:Thomasia de Mattio 1989:Calrice di Durisio 1969:Alessandra Giliani 1920:first universities 1889: 1857: 1752:Demodike from Cyme 1716:natural philosophy 1685:history of science 1631:Ann Hibner Koblitz 1539:first universities 1515:natural philosophy 1502:in its own right. 1484:history of science 938:Dominican Republic 705:Mixed martial arts 675:Fastpitch softball 256:Violence and abuse 241:Positions of power 47: 13190:Women and science 13177: 13176: 13104:Technology policy 12835:Dematerialization 12644:black swan events 12276:978-1-3985-2000-4 12261:(27 April 2023). 12215:978-0-8018-6175-8 12196:978-0-674-57625-4 12174:978-0-8018-4893-3 12151:978-0-8018-2509-5 12128:978-1-4798-0920-2 12097:978-0-262-65038-0 12074:978-0-309-10320-6 11995:978-0-300-06595-4 11962:978-1-56639-719-3 11929:978-0-933951-01-3 11905:Sociology Compass 11882:978-0-226-28443-9 11863:978-1-84413-082-5 11844:978-0-521-78738-3 11770:978-0-521-82197-1 11332:(17): 5360–5365. 11129:978-1-134-17580-2 10996:. 9 February 2021 10831:(5553): 278–279. 10760:978-1-84720-882-8 10534:"LGBT Physicists" 9999:. 11 October 2004 9787:(7695): 159–161. 9699:978-92-3-100129-1 9571:978-0-415-21358-5 9337:www.mathunion.org 9218:Linares, Andrea. 8846:(4776): 543–544. 8751:978-0-674-00544-0 8588:978-0-00-716221-5 8581:. HarperCollins. 8551:External link in 8496:978-0-8135-3404-6 8445:978-1-85109-665-7 8245:978-0-7618-4928-5 7929:978-0-632-02175-8 7788:. History Press. 7742:Herschel, William 7612:978-0-618-87918-2 7577:on 14 March 2016. 7534:1748 Eva Ekeblad. 7390:, About Education 7191:Rosenhek, Jackie. 6983:978-0-495-50289-0 6975:Thomson/Wadsworth 6913:978-0-674-42587-3 6845:, republished in 6818:The Hidden Giants 6242:, UNESCO, p. 327. 6123:"Women in Botany" 6059:Women in medicine 5918:In January 2005, 5784:portrayed in film 5750:Covid-19 pandemic 5677:The WISE Campaign 5615:Harriet Zuckerman 5596:Margaret Rossiter 5593: 5592: 5585: 5507:Lesbians Who Tech 5461: 5460: 5453: 4745:European-American 4709: 4708: 4701: 4635:Maryam Mirzakhani 4596:Gertrude B. Elion 4428:in 2014, and the 4347:quantum physicist 4186:Oskar Klein Medal 4076:Boulder, Colorado 3996:, discovered the 3980:Gertrude B. Elion 3857:with her husband 3740:Rosalind Franklin 3734:dynamical systems 3712:Margaret Burbidge 3592:Mina Spiegel Rees 3553:Japanese-American 3506:Helen S. Mitchell 3479:Albert Einstein's 3471:Manhattan Project 3467:B nuclear reactor 3425:Manhattan Project 3319:Cepheid variables 3296:Annie Jump Cannon 3227:Margaret Rossiter 3192:, an outstanding 3160:conservation laws 3144:Noether's theorem 3053:civil engineering 3014:civil engineering 2917:medical doctorate 2817:geomagnetic storm 2786:was a pioneer in 2692:(mathematician), 2602:analytical engine 2583:Caroline Herschel 2579:women's education 2473:Caroline Herschel 2426:Antoine Lavoisier 2339:Charlotta Frölich 2285:Dorothea Erxleben 1985:Constance Calenda 1973:Rebecca de Guarna 1939:ladies of Salerno 1878:Classical periods 1678: 2600–2500 1622:Kovalevskaia Fund 1574:radioactive decay 1507:women in medicine 1476: 1475: 680:Football / soccer 603:Fictional pirates 395:Art history field 271:Exchange of women 13207: 13195:Women scientists 13150: 13149: 13125: 13077:Right to science 13057:Horizon scanning 13032:Academic freedom 12932:Technical change 12793:Women in science 12788:Unity of science 12569:Strong programme 12353: 12346: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12318:Women in Science 12280: 12247: 12219: 12200: 12178: 12166: 12155: 12143: 12132: 12101: 12089: 12078: 11999: 11987: 11966: 11933: 11921: 11886: 11867: 11848: 11837:. Cambridge UP. 11836: 11774: 11763:. Cambridge UP. 11762: 11751: 11702: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11658: 11652: 11646: 11635: 11634: 11598: 11589: 11583: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11539: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11513: 11498:JAMA Dermatology 11489: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11435: 11429: 11419: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11367: 11349: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11255: 11245: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11194:. Science Nordic 11187: 11181: 11180: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11041:on 12 March 2017 11037:. Archived from 11035:Double X Science 11026: 11020: 11019: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10911: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10734: 10725: 10724: 10706: 10696: 10672: 10661: 10660: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10591: 10585: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10513: 10503: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10438: 10429: 10420: 10419: 10412:"Dr. Sally Ride" 10408: 10402: 10401: 10393: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10362: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10316: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10233: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10203: 10194: 10193: 10165: 10144: 10143: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10081:({370}): 74–80. 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10018: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9997:history.nasa.gov 9989: 9980: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9937: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9804: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9691: 9681: 9596: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9575: 9557: 9551: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9531:on 9 March 2007. 9521: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9495: 9489: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9457: 9448:(4): 1091–1119. 9437: 9431: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9400: 9395: 9393: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9279: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9250: 9231: 9230: 9224: 9215: 9198: 9197: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9062: 9054: 9048: 9037: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9012: 9006: 9005: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8951:. Archived from 8941: 8932: 8931: 8911: 8902: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8779: 8771: 8729: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8693: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8621:(5–6): 142–149. 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8549: 8547: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8530:on 12 March 2015 8526:. Archived from 8517: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8484: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8459: 8450: 8449: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8414: 8405: 8400:Clarke, Robert. 8398: 8392: 8385: 8379: 8374: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8338: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8314: 8308: 8284:Freeman J. Dyson 8281: 8275: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8129:"WEP Milestones" 8125: 8119: 8118: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8089: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8057: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7992: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7941: 7933: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7888: 7879: 7878: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7730:: 129–134. 1865. 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7616: 7598: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7573:. Archived from 7563: 7552: 7546: 7537: 7536: 7517: 7507: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7472: 7465: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7423:Gliozzi, Mario. 7420: 7414: 7413: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7301: 7290: 7289: 7261: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7223: 7220: 7207: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7092:Woman in science 7087: 7081: 7080: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7004: 6998: 6991: 6985: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6888: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6856: 6850: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6795:on 31 March 2020 6794: 6788:. Archived from 6779: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6747:. Archived from 6741: 6735: 6734: 6710: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6611: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6524: 6511: 6510: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6468: 6463:Martin Nilsson, 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6436: 6423: 6422: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6354: 6340: 6334: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6275: 6269: 6264:Lois N. Magner, 6262: 6256: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6164: 6155: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6064:Women in physics 6049:Women in geology 5924:Lawrence Summers 5906:JAMA Dermatology 5881:reviewed again. 5832:News & Views 5812:News & Views 5588: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5179:Southeast Europe 4801:have not risen. 4782:computer science 4757:Native Americans 4741:African-American 4704: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4642:Maryna Viazovska 4572:Carol W. Greider 4523:Donna Strickland 4458:Carolyn Bertozzi 4422:Marcos Moshinsky 4356:quantum devices. 4339:Michelle Simmons 4309:Ruby Payne-Scott 4293:Macquarie Island 4090:Stephanie Kwolek 4037:Gerson Goldhaber 4035:and her husband 3819:Senator for Life 3549:Tamie Tsuchiyama 3508:, developed the 3498:Lydia J. Roberts 3491:Particle Physics 3408:, regulation of 3379:Michaelis–Menten 3371:Leonor Michaelis 3289:child psychology 3184:. Women such as 3124:Erlangen program 3097:Maria Montessori 3003:Marie Zakrzewska 2956: 2947: 2925:Iulia Lermontova 2913:Nadezhda Suslova 2853:Margaret Huggins 2834:Alphonse Rebière 2790:, especially of 2762:Sophia Jex-Blake 2654:produced by the 2652:Nautical Almanac 2481:William Herschel 2424:and her husband 2384:, as opposed to 2085:Maria Winkelmann 2047:Isabella Cortese 1991:(15th century), 1983:(14th century), 1965:Jacobina Félicie 1779:Egyptian dynasty 1726:, who predicted 1682: 1676: 1667:ancient Egyptian 1624:in 1985 and the 1532: 1480:women in science 1478:The presence of 1468: 1461: 1454: 1138:Marshall Islands 715:Paralympic Games 346: 123: 88: 66: 57:Women in society 49: 48: 44: 43: 1310 C.E. 41: 13215: 13214: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13113: 13072:Research ethics 13018: 12917:Reverse salient 12811: 12804: 12580: 12573: 12564:Sociotechnology 12508: 12420: 12385: 12362: 12357: 12288: 12283: 12277: 12216: 12197: 12175: 12152: 12129: 12105:Pomeroy, Claire 12098: 12075: 11996: 11969:Jack, Jordynn. 11963: 11930: 11883: 11864: 11845: 11771: 11748: 11720: 11718:Further reading 11695: 11690: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11659: 11655: 11647: 11638: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11581: 11577: 11548:(5220): 41–45. 11537: 11531: 11527: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11474: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11436: 11432: 11420: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11385: 11381: 11318: 11314: 11273: 11269: 11214: 11210: 11197: 11195: 11188: 11184: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11114: 11110: 11100: 11098: 11086: 11082: 11072: 11070: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11042: 11027: 11023: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10934: 10933: 10929: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10912: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10884: 10883: 10879: 10864: 10860: 10817: 10813: 10778: 10774: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10735: 10728: 10673: 10664: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10579: 10569: 10567: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10488:Social Sciences 10480: 10476: 10436: 10430: 10423: 10410: 10409: 10405: 10394: 10385: 10375: 10373: 10371:The Independent 10363: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10334: 10330: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10289: 10285: 10275: 10273: 10263: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10234: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10205: 10204: 10197: 10170:Social Problems 10166: 10147: 10114: 10110: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10045: 10041: 10031: 10029: 10020: 10019: 10012: 10002: 10000: 9991: 9990: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9958: 9957: 9950: 9948: 9938: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9879: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9852: 9848: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9770: 9766: 9755: 9751: 9740: 9736: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9711: 9707: 9700: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9599: 9587: 9586: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9558: 9554: 9549:Wayback Machine 9540: 9536: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9508: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9483: 9479: 9455:10.1.1.708.4375 9438: 9434: 9398: 9396: 9387: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9367: 9365: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9341: 9339: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9316: 9314: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9263: 9261: 9251: 9234: 9222: 9216: 9201: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9038: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9009: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8972: 8968: 8958: 8956: 8943: 8942: 8935: 8912: 8905: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8783: 8782: 8773: 8772: 8752: 8730: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8615:Physical Review 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8570: 8566: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8531: 8515:Ventrudo, Brian 8513: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8475: 8471: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8430: 8426: 8415: 8408: 8399: 8395: 8386: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8282: 8278: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8099: 8092: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7995: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7945: 7944: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7889: 7882: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7780: 7776: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7739: 7735: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7638: 7634: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7599: 7595: 7586: 7582: 7565: 7564: 7555: 7547: 7540: 7530: 7508: 7504: 7495: 7491: 7482: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7421: 7417: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7379: 7369: 7367: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7345: 7341: 7302: 7293: 7262: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7234:Grundy, Isobel. 7233: 7226: 7221: 7210: 7204:Wayback Machine 7190: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7088: 7084: 7069:10.2307/2739414 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7005: 7001: 6992: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6931: 6927: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6890: 6889: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6857: 6853: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6815: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6751:on 10 June 2007 6743: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6711: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6675: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6648:(August 1995). 6643: 6639: 6632: 6612: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6566:archive.unu.edu 6560: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6525: 6514: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6478: 6471: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6426: 6411: 6397: 6393: 6376: 6372: 6356: 6355: 6341: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6276: 6272: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6237: 6233: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6093: 6088: 5943: 5916: 5808:Lund University 5804: 5772:Finkbeiner test 5764: 5759: 5673: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5623: 5589: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5558: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5487: 5466: 5457: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5426: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5296: 5271: 5241: 5220: 5211: 5190: 5181: 5090: 5069: 5052: 5002:Scott Carpenter 4954: 4905: 4875: 4853: 4827: 4717: 4705: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4674: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4630: 4560:May-Britt Moser 4543: 4511:Anne L'Huillier 4506: 4468:Jennifer Doudna 4453: 4444: 4438: 4436:Nobel laureates 4363: 4275: 4228:discovered the 4215:Albert Einstein 4211:Gravity Probe B 4146:Cassini–Huygens 4141:Voyager program 4084:state of matter 4006:Great Attractor 3954:popular science 3896:Ruth Lichterman 3873: 3867: 3800:nuclear fission 3796:Frédéric Joliot 3786: 3778:Dorothy Hodgkin 3726:Mary Cartwright 3710:Astrophysicist 3671: 3619:Dame Wendy Hall 3611: 3572:planktonologist 3539:, based at the 3520:worked for the 3459:Chien-Shiung Wu 3437:Chien-Shiung Wu 3402:electrophoretic 3387:B. paratyphosus 3301:primary classes 3223: 3217: 3170:Mary Cartwright 3101:Southern Europe 3083:nuclear fission 3079:Fritz Strassman 3031: 3026: 2999:Emily Blackwell 2977:women's college 2973: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2937: 2891: 2884:(mathematician) 2871:Amalie Dietrich 2804:Maunder Minimum 2714:(1853) and the 2703: 2598:Charles Babbage 2573:, physical and 2532: 2522: 2517: 2509:Gottfried Kirch 2471:The astronomer 2175: 2089:Gottfried Kirch 2070:De nova stella. 2016: 1997:Maria Incarnata 1909:natural history 1849: 1847:Medieval Europe 1795:Mary the Jewess 1695:as a healer in 1677: 1659: 1657:Ancient history 1654: 1606: 1584:. Working as a 1566:women's college 1472: 1443: 1442: 778: 768: 767: 760: 748:Track and field 635: 625: 624: 576: 575:Popular culture 568: 567: 496: 495: 480: 479: 434:Science fiction 380: 379: 361: 360: 344: 295: 294: 276: 275: 251:Venture capital 216:Law enforcement 121: 106:Animal advocacy 102: 82: 79:Women's history 74: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13213: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13089: 13082:Science policy 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13037:Digital divide 13034: 13028: 13026: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13016: 13011: 13010: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12953:Technological 12951: 12950: 12949: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12830:Design studies 12827: 12822: 12816: 12814: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12790: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12773: 12768: 12766:Scientometrics 12763: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12639:Paradigm shift 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12585: 12583: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12524: 12518: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12479:Postpositivism 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12439:Antipositivism 12436: 12430: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12412: 12411: 12409:and technology 12401: 12395: 12393: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12356: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12333: 12327: 12326: 12315: 12310: 12304: 12298: 12287: 12286:External links 12284: 12282: 12281: 12275: 12255: 12248: 12231: 12220: 12214: 12201: 12195: 12179: 12173: 12156: 12150: 12133: 12127: 12114: 12102: 12096: 12079: 12073: 12058: 12043:, Viking; and 12022: 12011: 12000: 11994: 11974: 11967: 11961: 11945:Howes, Ruth H. 11941: 11934: 11928: 11911: 11901: 11887: 11881: 11868: 11862: 11849: 11843: 11826: 11816: 11802: 11795: 11785: 11781:(2019): 1–15. 11775: 11769: 11752: 11746: 11733: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11694: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11653: 11636: 11609:(4): 316–345. 11584: 11575: 11525: 11484: 11458: 11430: 11428:30 April 2015. 11405: 11379: 11312: 11267: 11208: 11182: 11135: 11128: 11108: 11080: 11052: 11021: 11007: 10981: 10970:. UNESCO. 2021 10955: 10941: 10927: 10903: 10877: 10858: 10811: 10792:(3): 330–346. 10772: 10759: 10726: 10662: 10615: 10603: 10586: 10577: 10551: 10525: 10474: 10421: 10403: 10383: 10354: 10328: 10302: 10283: 10254: 10223: 10195: 10176:(3): 371–397. 10145: 10108: 10065: 10039: 10028:. 15 June 2020 10010: 9981: 9972: 9927: 9873: 9861: 9846: 9832: 9764: 9749: 9734: 9720: 9705: 9698: 9597: 9570: 9552: 9534: 9516: 9490: 9477: 9432: 9399:|journal= 9375: 9349: 9324: 9299: 9287:www.sqm.org.mx 9271: 9232: 9199: 9192:Tarter, Jill. 9184: 9150: 9127: 9100: 9074: 9049: 9029: 9007: 9000:Ghez, Andrea. 8992: 8966: 8933: 8903: 8890: 8878:NobelPrize.org 8865: 8830: 8805: 8793: 8784:|journal= 8750: 8742:10.1086/495540 8705: 8680: 8658: 8640: 8601: 8587: 8564: 8505: 8495: 8469: 8464:"Delta Cephei" 8451: 8444: 8424: 8406: 8393: 8380: 8369: 8358: 8330: 8309: 8276: 8251: 8244: 8226: 8215:. 2 April 2014 8200: 8175: 8150: 8120: 8106: 8090: 8077: 8049: 8023: 8008: 7993: 7980: 7955: 7928: 7910: 7903: 7880: 7851:10.1086/649265 7829: 7823:978-0801861758 7822: 7801: 7794: 7774: 7760: 7733: 7709: 7669: 7657: 7650: 7632: 7611: 7593: 7580: 7553: 7538: 7528: 7514:Flower Hunters 7502: 7489: 7473: 7455: 7442: 7415: 7392: 7377: 7352: 7339: 7312:(3): 506–535. 7291: 7278:10.1086/356547 7272:(3): 441–469. 7249: 7240: 7224: 7208: 7184: 7175: 7161: 7148: 7141: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7082: 7063:(3): 467–479. 7047: 7022: 6999: 6986: 6966: 6925: 6912: 6880: 6867: 6851: 6834: 6822: 6806: 6762: 6736: 6730:978-0941901277 6729: 6696: 6687: 6666: 6637: 6631:978-0941901277 6630: 6603: 6578: 6550: 6544:978-0941901277 6543: 6512: 6505: 6485: 6469: 6456: 6424: 6409: 6391: 6370: 6335: 6315: 6270: 6257: 6244: 6231: 6218: 6184: 6172:NobelPrize.org 6156: 6139: 6114: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Matilda effect 6001: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5915: 5912: 5803: 5800: 5776:New York Times 5763: 5760: 5758: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5622: 5619: 5591: 5590: 5546: 5544: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5486: 5483: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5414: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5295: 5292: 5270: 5267: 5240: 5239:Southeast Asia 5237: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5189: 5188:European Union 5186: 5180: 5177: 5089: 5086: 5068: 5065: 5051: 5048: 4963:Don Flickinger 4953: 4950: 4904: 4901: 4874: 4871: 4852: 4849: 4826: 4823: 4767:Claudia Goldin 4716: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4671:of the subject 4669:worldwide view 4664: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4548:Katalin Karikó 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4474:Frances Arnold 4470: 4460: 4452: 4449: 4437: 4434: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4336: 4333:epidemiologist 4322: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4289:Isobel Bennett 4286: 4279:Amanda Barnard 4274: 4271: 4162:Roberto Peccei 4068:Deborah S. Jin 3994:Robert Jackson 3910:neurobiologist 3888:Marlyn Wescoff 3880:Betty Jennings 3866: 3863: 3851:quantum theory 3847:Bertha Swirles 3836:in 331 years. 3784: 3691:In July 1967, 3670: 3667: 3646:Athena Unbound 3610: 3607: 3487:Standard model 3441:Enrico Fermi's 3365:Canadian-born 3260:home economics 3216: 3213: 3208:Florence Sabin 3148:Poincaré group 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 2989:An example is 2961: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2873:(naturalist), 2867: 2860: 2857:Beatrix Potter 2855:(astronomer), 2823:had declared. 2796:Girton College 2702: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2686: 2648:Maria Mitchell 2606:Luigi Menabrea 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2497:Windsor Castle 2446:Richard Kirwan 2382:kinetic energy 2223:Ottoman Empire 2174: 2171: 2145:and published 2101:Berlin Academy 2015: 2012: 2008:Thomas Aquinas 1848: 1845: 1720:ancient Greece 1697:ancient Greece 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1610:women of color 1605: 1602: 1519:ancient Greece 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1393:United Kingdom 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 779: 774: 773: 770: 769: 765:List of sports 762: 761: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 621: 620: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 539: 538: 533: 528: 518: 513: 508: 503: 497: 494: 493: 487: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 471: 470: 465: 455: 450: 449: 448: 438: 437: 436: 426: 421: 420: 419: 417:"Chick flicks" 409: 404: 403: 402: 400:Women's cinema 392: 387: 381: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 353: 348: 341: 336: 331: 330: 329: 328: 327: 312: 307: 302: 296: 293: 292: 289: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 184: 179: 174: 164: 163: 162: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 126: 125: 118: 108: 101: 100: 94: 93: 90: 89: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 54: 53: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13212: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13021: 13015: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12942:Technoscience 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12912:Media studies 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12850:Early adopter 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12820:Co-production 12818: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12807: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12669:communication 12667: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12651:Pseudoscience 12649: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12599:Boundary-work 12597: 12595: 12594:Bibliometrics 12592: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12505: 12504:Transhumanism 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12349: 12347: 12342: 12340: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12278: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12259:Zernike, Kate 12256: 12253: 12250:Watts, Ruth. 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12232: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12211: 12207: 12202: 12198: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12165: 12164: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12142: 12141: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12121:. NYU Press. 12120: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12090:. MIT Press. 12088: 12087: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12050: 12046: 12045:Nathalia Holt 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11991: 11986: 11985: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11958: 11955:. Temple UP. 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11920: 11919: 11912: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11817: 11815: 11814:9781445684727 11811: 11807: 11803: 11801:(2020): 1–14. 11800: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11761: 11760: 11753: 11749: 11747:9781862392274 11743: 11739: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11657: 11650: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11595: 11588: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11521: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11473: 11469: 11462: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11424: 11421:Else, Holly. 11418: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11316: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11285:(3): 75–141. 11284: 11280: 11279: 11271: 11263: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11193: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11122:. Routledge. 11121: 11120: 11112: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11084: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11056: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11017: 11011: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10951: 10945: 10937: 10931: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10733: 10731: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10619: 10610: 10608: 10596: 10590: 10581: 10566: 10562: 10555: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10521: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10426: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10399: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10359: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10272: 10268: 10261: 10259: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10200: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10126:(2): 125–52. 10125: 10121: 10120: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10015: 9998: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9976: 9968: 9962: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9857: 9850: 9842: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9738: 9730: 9724: 9716: 9709: 9701: 9695: 9688: 9687: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9593: 9581: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9391: 9379: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9195: 9188: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9138: 9131: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9059: 9053: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9017: 9011: 9003: 8996: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8938: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8900: 8894: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8789: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8690: 8684: 8669: 8662: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8590: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8568: 8560: 8554:|author= 8545: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8473: 8465: 8458: 8456: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8428: 8420: 8413: 8411: 8403: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8377:Rossiter 1995 8373: 8367: 8366:Rossiter 1982 8362: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8306:0-521-82197-5 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8272:0-387-90838-2 8269: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8189: 8185: 8184:"Alice Perry" 8179: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8116: 8110: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8087: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8019: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7951: 7946:|first1= 7939: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7906: 7904:9780300106206 7900: 7896: 7895: 7887: 7885: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7833: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7806: 7797: 7795:9780752475462 7791: 7787: 7786: 7778: 7763: 7761:9781108064637 7757: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7664: 7662: 7653: 7651:9781576075593 7647: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7567:"Eva Ekeblad" 7562: 7560: 7558: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7529:9780192807182 7525: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7506: 7499: 7493: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7452: 7451:The Math Book 7446: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7404: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7382: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7244: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7179: 7171: 7165: 7158: 7152: 7144: 7142:9781576072301 7138: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7117: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6863: 6858:Walsh, J. J. 6855: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6767: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6506:9780253208132 6502: 6498: 6497: 6489: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6410:9781409463368 6406: 6402: 6399:King, Helen. 6395: 6388: 6379: 6374: 6366: 6360: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6296:(1): 83–106. 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6280:"Merit Ptah, 6274: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6228: 6222: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000:: sexual bias 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5788:meta-analysis 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655:Jennifer Rohn 5649: 5648:life sciences 5643: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5587: 5584: 5576: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5524: 5523:House of STEM 5520: 5519:Pride in STEM 5516: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5455: 5452: 5444: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5043: 5039: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970:Mercury Seven 4966: 4964: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4887:Silent Spring 4883: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4692: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4614:Rosalyn Yalow 4611: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4584:Linda B. Buck 4581: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4480:Ada E. Yonath 4477: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4374:Latin America 4368: 4365: 4364: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331:award, is an 4330: 4326: 4325:Fiona Stanley 4323: 4320: 4316: 4315:Penny Sackett 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4267:Rosalyn Yalow 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4256:Time Magazine 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4221:are correct. 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4164:, postulated 4163: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4137:Carolyn Porco 4134: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4114:transposition 4111: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100:Lynn Margulis 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4056:Rear Admiral 4054: 4052: 4048: 4047:Carol Greider 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3940:Eugenie Clark 3937: 3935: 3934: 3933:Silent Spring 3929: 3928:Rachel Carson 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906:Linda B. Buck 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3834:Royal Society 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3626: 3620: 3615: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3518:Rachel Carson 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433:Katharine Way 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421:Vannevar Bush 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194:herpetologist 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3059:, in 1906 at 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2984:coeducational 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2946: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2875:Agnes Pockels 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2748:public health 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2637:Elizabeth Fry 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Royal Society 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440:'s theory of 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247:Archiginnasio 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2190:Carl Linnaeus 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2161:Overall, the 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127:metamorphosis 2124: 2121:, the German 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108:Royal Society 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:Royal Society 2030: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Dorotea Bucca 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:double boiler 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:mathematician 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714:The study of 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691:was cited by 1690: 1686: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:North America 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:deterministic 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1523:proto-science 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:peer-reviewed 1489: 1485: 1481: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398:United States 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 968:FS Micronesia 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 777: 772: 771: 766: 759: 758:Winter sports 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 619: 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Retrieved 6126: 6117: 6109: 5935: 5930: 5917: 5904: 5902: 5883: 5871: 5861: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822:Perspectives 5821: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5780:Yvonne Brill 5775: 5765: 5762:In the media 5754: 5732: 5720:Grolier Club 5717: 5701: 5674: 5646:Even in the 5639: 5628:Stereotyping 5624: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5579: 5573:January 2019 5570: 5548: 5504: 5500: 5488: 5479: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5447: 5441:January 2019 5438: 5416: 5377: 5373:Sierra Leone 5369: 5365:Burkina Faso 5309:South Africa 5297: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5263: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5221: 5212: 5203:Horizon 2020 5199: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5162: 5091: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5057: 5053: 5032: 5023: 5017: 5006: 4995: 4987: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4896:Jane Goodall 4884: 4880: 4876: 4858: 4854: 4836: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4749: 4733: 4718: 4710: 4695: 4686: 4666: 4627:Fields Medal 4445: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4351:atomic-scale 4345:award, is a 4303:Dorothy Hill 4265: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4223: 4204: 4192:Lisa Randall 4190: 4155: 4144: 4135: 4128: 4108: 4098: 4088: 4066: 4055: 4045: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 3988: 3978: 3976:spacecraft. 3944: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3918:Richard Axel 3904: 3884:Betty Snyder 3874: 3854: 3845: 3838: 3826:Anne McLaren 3823: 3811: 3804: 3790: 3776: 3763:Jane Goodall 3761: 3738: 3724: 3709: 3690: 3683: 3675:Tikvah Alper 3672: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3600: 3580:Grace Hopper 3561: 3526: 3495: 3476: 3447:impeded the 3414: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3375:Victor Henri 3364: 3360:astrophysics 3345: 3334: 3329: 3326:Edwin Hubble 3323: 3313: 3293: 3274: 3267: 3249: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3206: 3178:seismologist 3174:Inge Lehmann 3168: 3140:Emmy Noether 3116:Emmy Noether 3114: 3095: 3067:Lise Meitner 3065: 3055:in the then 3050: 3032: 3011: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2964:Ada Lovelace 2910: 2905: 2892: 2869:in Germany, 2859:(mycologist) 2847:in Britain, 2842: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2782: 2752: 2732: 2704: 2685:(astronomer) 2683:Janet Taylor 2681:(botanist), 2673:in Britain, 2668: 2645: 2629:Kaiserswerth 2618: 2612: 2610: 2591: 2575:geographical 2571:astronomical 2567:mathematical 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2501:royal family 2492: 2475:was born in 2470: 2453: 2449: 2438:George Stahl 2420: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2372: 2368:potato flour 2336: 2297:dispensation 2282: 2269: 2263: 2232: 2209: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2160: 2155:entomologist 2146: 2130: 2116: 2105: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2062:Sophia Brahe 2060: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2005: 1951: 1928: 1917: 1890: 1858: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1768: 1760:Aeolian Cyme 1713: 1660: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1607: 1555: 1504: 1496:sociological 1479: 1477: 1418:Vatican City 1363:Turkmenistan 1293:South Africa 1273:Sierra Leone 1258:Saudi Arabia 723:Roller derby 521:Christianity 506:Baháʼí Faith 385:Architecture 338: 286: 85:legal rights 33: 32:of Euclid's 18: 13002:theories of 12987:and society 12983:Technology 12977:transitions 12967:determinism 12962:convergence 12937:Technocracy 12719:controversy 12705:Scientific 12689:post-normal 12634:Metascience 12604:Consilience 12589:Antiscience 12454:Neo-Luddism 12449:Fuzzy logic 12246:(7): 12–22. 11822:Smithsonian 11398:18 November 10974:18 December 10896:22 December 10447:(1): 1–27. 10376:30 November 10325:(1): 73–86. 10058:17 December 10032:18 December 10003:18 December 9951:18 December 9588:|work= 9509:22 November 9317:18 December 9292:18 December 9264:18 December 9177:26 February 9143:15 November 8959:18 December 8949:www.fws.gov 8883:18 December 8823:26 February 8803:, p. 2 8594:25 February 8534:25 February 8193:24 November 8143:24 November 8042:24 February 8036:archive.org 7549:Riksarkivet 6403:. Farnham. 5852:controversy 5850:In 2014, a 5513:(NOGLSTP), 5269:Arab States 4982:Jerrie Cobb 4862:Aileen Fyfe 4517:Andrea Ghez 4251:Jill Tarter 4249:Astronomer 4244:Sara Seager 4234:dark matter 4178:Dirac Medal 4174:dark matter 4158:Helen Quinn 4149:mission to 4070:'s team at 4020:Andrea Ghez 4018:Astronomer 4013:Dian Fossey 3916:along with 3876:Kay McNulty 3807:Mary Leakey 3774:programme. 3730:G. H. Hardy 3661:(2008) and 3551:, the only 3429:Leona Woods 3410:blood sugar 3367:Maud Menten 3176:, a Danish 3152:gauge group 3136:Felix Klein 3087:Ida Noddack 3075:Otto Frisch 2968:Marie Curie 2877:(physicist) 2862:in France, 2772:, in 1874. 2764:, American 2754:James Barry 2735:Crimean War 2726:(1871) and 2688:in France, 2679:Anna Atkins 2675:Mary Anning 2646:In the US, 2505:Maria Kirch 2489:Comet Encke 2347:Eva Ekeblad 2337:In 1741–42 2283:The German 2259:electricity 2235:Laura Bassi 2219:variolation 2182:Laura Bassi 2066:Uranienborg 2039:(1666) and 1861:Middle Ages 1699:before the 1669:physician, 1570:Marie Curie 1551:Laura Bassi 1303:South Sudan 1298:South Korea 1243:Puerto Rico 1228:Philippines 1193:North Korea 1178:New Zealand 1063:Ivory Coast 953:El Salvador 783:Afghanistan 640:Auto racing 613:Video games 526:Catholicism 305:Engineering 182:Legislators 13184:Categories 13140:Technology 13092:science of 13087:history of 12972:revolution 12880:disruptive 12870:Innovation 12865:Hype cycle 12810:Technology 12781:ecological 12754:skepticism 12744:misconduct 12729:enterprise 12547:scientific 12474:Positivism 12444:Empiricism 12426:Philosophy 12037:Dava Sobel 11198:27 October 10766:8 December 10570:9 November 9893:: 73–101. 9067:21 October 9022:21 October 8916:Worldviews 8698:21 October 8673:1 February 8298:Nina Byers 7571:www.bgf.nu 7370:1 February 6945:(2): 296. 6919:8 December 6816:Howard S. 6799:9 November 6091:References 5922:President 5633:STEM field 5550:neutrality 5496:Sally Ride 5418:neutrality 5337:Mozambique 5333:Madagascar 5218:South Asia 5169:Tajikistan 5167:(36%) and 5158:Montenegro 5122:Uzbekistan 5118:Kyrgyzstan 5106:Kazakhstan 5098:Azerbaijan 5024:Challenger 5019:Sally Ride 4998:John Glenn 4978:Mercury 13 4737:gender gap 4729:psychology 4689:April 2013 4648:Statistics 4620:Gerty Cori 4367:Ada Yonath 4226:Vera Rubin 4219:relativity 4206:Sally Ride 4156:Physicist 4130:Nita Ahuja 4011:Zoologist 3958:Carl Sagan 3946:Ann Druyan 3892:Fran Bilas 3869:See also: 3824:Zoologist 3701:supervisor 3659:Ada Yonath 3634:Nina Byers 3602:Gerty Cori 3590:computer. 3568:Mary Sears 3431:Marshall, 3406:hemoglobin 3396:Salmonella 3285:psychology 3281:embryology 3219:See also: 3202:London Zoo 3182:inner core 3164:noetherian 3128:invariants 3106:Froebelian 2728:Somerville 2524:See also: 2442:phlogiston 2331:John Locke 2139:Paramaribo 1981:Mercuriade 1947:gynecology 1943:obstetrics 1873:Latin West 1803:bain-marie 1787:Alexandria 1771:Babylonian 1758:, king of 1740:Pythagoras 1701:Trojan War 1408:Uzbekistan 1338:Tajikistan 1268:Seychelles 1143:Mauritania 1118:Madagascar 1098:Kyrgyzstan 1078:Kazakhstan 958:East Timor 833:Bangladesh 823:Azerbaijan 776:By country 763:See also: 753:Volleyball 695:Ice hockey 690:Gymnastics 650:Basketball 441:Philosophy 429:Literature 376:Humanities 356:Telegraphy 291:Technology 206:Journalism 167:Government 13047:Factor 10 12875:diffusion 12714:consensus 12709:community 12674:education 12514:Sociology 12489:Scientism 12368:Economics 11675:0362-4331 11472:The Times 11356:0027-8424 11177:145618824 11169:1075-5470 10853:153812079 10806:0160-3477 10713:2192-5372 10657:144445105 10649:0360-0025 10629:Sex Roles 10494:(1): 12. 10216:7 October 10140:145476799 10103:213218524 9907:146738642 9811:0028-0836 9590:ignored ( 9580:cite book 9472:155044380 9450:CiteSeerX 9423:Scientist 9411:Scientist 9227:ianas.com 9172:0040-781X 9120:7 October 9093:7 October 8985:28 August 8922:: 58–80. 8786:ignored ( 8776:cite book 8768:225088475 8213:Biography 7938:cite book 7845:: 29–38. 7621:cite book 7286:144024298 7100:23361002M 6961:2246-042X 6419:856870739 6359:cite book 6206:0362-4331 5561:talk page 5517:(OSTEM), 5429:talk page 5357:Swaziland 5259:Abenomics 5030:mission. 4753:Hispanics 4681:talk page 4554:Youyou Tu 4451:Chemistry 4432:in 2007. 4404:rotavirus 3970:Voyager 2 3966:Voyager 1 3950:cosmology 3783:vitamin B 3629:scientist 3449:B reactor 3294:In 1901, 3250:In 1892, 3229:'s books 3132:Göttingen 3071:Otto Hahn 3038:radiation 2666:in 1850. 2559:magnetism 2430:chemistry 2412:Principia 2404:Principia 2370:in 1752. 2307:from the 2143:Amsterdam 2081:astronomy 1993:Constanza 1977:Margarita 1865:Dark Ages 1833:astronomy 1807:kerotakis 1764:Phrygians 1756:Agamemnon 1724:Aglaonike 1586:physicist 1438:Kurdistan 1423:Venezuela 1318:Sri Lanka 1278:Singapore 1148:Mauritius 1043:Indonesia 1008:Guatemala 818:Australia 808:Argentina 531:Mormonism 468:Punk rock 424:Fine arts 320:dentistry 300:Computing 266:Workforce 150:Education 13167:Scholars 13162:Journals 13152:Category 13126:Portals 13007:transfer 12997:dynamics 12947:feminist 12749:priority 12734:literacy 12694:rhetoric 12660:Science 12624:Logology 12185:(1989). 11980:(1985). 11951:(1999). 11909:abstract 11680:20 April 11623:26151798 11520:27191545 11374:25870272 11307:12701313 11299:26172066 11262:22988126 11101:31 March 11073:31 March 11045:31 March 10994:UN Women 10845:11786628 10721:67764440 10687:(1): 5. 10520:38550541 10511:10978046 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