Materia medica - Knowledge

331: 310: 971:. This position granted him an immense influence. He frequently tested the effects of poisonous plants on prisoners in order to popularize his works. He also affirmed that Jean Ruel had declared some information in the lycopsis chapter of his Materia Medica. This is false, but still Mattioli used it as a reason for attacking Ruel. He did not tolerate either rivals nor corrections. The naturalists and physicians daring to disagree with him, or who had corrected him, were attacked. The list of important characters that were admonished, rebuked, or pursued by the 1031:. It was reprinted twenty-two times by the end of the 18th century; Laguna wrote very well, with explanations and practical commentaries. He refers to anecdotes, adds commentaries on the plants, provides their synonyms in different languages, and explains their uses in the 16th century. These qualities and the number of woodcuts made this work very popular and appreciated in medicine far beyond the 16th century. He had problems with Mattioli for using some of his commentaries without mentioning him. 33: 457:, used in medieval universities as medical textbooks. He did much to popularize the connection between Greek and Arabic medicine, translating works by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen into Arabic. Avicenna stressed the importance of diet, exercise, and hygiene. He also was the first to describe parasitic infection, to use urine for diagnostic purposes and discouraged physicians from the practice of surgery because it was too base and manual. 886: 292:, Galen identified theriac as a sixty-four-ingredient compound, able to cure any ill known". His work was rediscovered in the 15th century and became the authority on medicine and healing for the next two centuries. His medicine was based on the regulation of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) and their properties (wet, dry, hot, and cold). 1533:

Enquiridion complémentaire sur le Dioscorides de Michel Servet) González Echeverría, in : Book of summaries, 36th International Congress on the History of Medicine, Tunis (Livre des Résumés, 36 ème Congrès International d’ Histoire de la médicine, Tunis), 6th - 11th Septembre 1998, (two comunicacions), pp. 199 y 210.

650:. In several of these versions, the annotations and comments exceed the Dioscoridean text and have much new botany. Printers were not merely printing the authentic materia medica, but hiring experts on the medical and botanical field for criticism, commentaries, that would raise the stature of the printers and the work. 956:. Mattioli made a massive contribution to the original text of Pedani's Dioscorides. In some sections Mattioli added information that exceeded 15 times the length of the original text. It resulted in a very big extension of the work, in beauty and information. It was later translated into German, French and 160:

is traditional medicine that emphasizes plant-based treatments, hygiene, and balance in the body's state of being. Indian materia medica included knowledge of plants, where they grow in all season, methods for storage and shelf life of harvested materials. It also included directions for making juice

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According to this theory, in 1554, after the immolation of Michael de Villeneuve/Servetus, the editors and printers that had worked with him would have decided to make a new De Materia Medica as a tribute to their colleague and friend. All the commentaries that could identify Michel de Villeneuve as

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1998 "The book of work of Michael Servetus for his Dioscorides and his Dispensarium"(Le livre de travail de Michel Servet pour ses Dioscorides et Dispensarium) and "The Dispensarium or Enquiridion, complementary of the Dioscorides of Michael Servetus" ( The Enquiridion, L’oeuvre Le Dispensarium ou

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2011 "The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus", (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of

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The abstracts of the lectures of Valerius Cordus go from page 449 to 553 as commentaries. This section consisted of a very refined explanation of Dioscorides' teachings with more specifics on the variety of plants and habitats, and corrections of errors. Cordus refers to both his and his father's

232:(born 460 BC) was a philosopher later known as the Father of Medicine. He founded a school of medicine that focused on treating the causes of disease rather than its symptoms. Disease was dictated by natural laws and therefore could be treated through close observation of symptoms. His treatises, 1517:

1996 "Sesma's Dioscorides or Medical Matter: an unknown work of Michael Servetus (I)" and " Sesma's Dioscorides or Medical Matter: an unknown work of Michael Servetus (II)" González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. In : Book of Abstracts. 35th International Congress on the History of Medicine,

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2011 September 9th, Francisco González Echeverría VI International Meeting for the History of Medicine,(S-11: Biographies in History of Medicine (I)), Barcelona. New Discoveries on the biography of Michael De Villeneuve (Michael Servetus) & New discoverys on the work of Michael De Villeneuve

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that "Michel de Villeneuve" published the same year, meant to be a single unit, which is typical when it comes to De Materia Medica-Pharmacopeia. This work had six later editions, in 1546 and 1547 by Jean Frellon, who considered Michael de Villeneuve "his friend and brother", another in 1547 by

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From this point, Latin was the preferred language for presenting De Materia Medica, and Ruel's editions became the basis from which many other important authors would start to create their own Materia Medica. Ruel was also teacher of two great De Materia Medica authors: Michel de Villeneuve and

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was a philosopher, physician, pharmacist and prolific medical writer. He compiled an extensive record of the medical knowledge of his day and added his own observations. He wrote on the structure of organs, but not their uses; the pulse and its association with respiration; the arteries and the

496:. It consisted of detailed drug descriptions, medicinal remedies, practical methods for preparing medicine from roots. It was a veritable glossary of herbs and drugs used during the medieval period. Donnollo was widely travelled and collected information from Arabic, Greek and Roman sources. 916:

with a graphological, historical and linguistic study that this task was carried out by Michel de Villeneuve. It also demonstrated that this document was written by the same hand that wrote the famous "Manuscript of Paris", a work also by Michel de Villeneuve, consisting of a draft for his

1015:. His translation was made from one of the Latin editions of Jean Ruel. It was also based on classes Laguna took from Ruel as his pupil in Paris. Laguna points out some of his teacher's erroneous translations, and adds many commentaries, which make up more than half of the total work. 1022:

areas and obtained results concerning many new herbs; he also added these prescriptions and commentaries to the recipes and teachings of Pedanius' Dioscorides. He also includes some animal and mineral products but only those related to simple medicines, that is, animal and

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s long-established "Materia Non Medica" column, the title indicating non-medical material that doctors wished to report from their travels and other experiences. For example, in June 1977, the journal contained "Materia Non Medica" reports on an exhibition at the

877:, anonymously published a Dioscorides-De Materia Medica in 1543, printed by Jean & Francois Frellon in Lyon. It has 277 marginalia and 20 commentaries on a De Materia Medica of Jean Ruel. According to Gonzalez Echeverría, to be associated to an anonymous 1106:

The Greek version was reprinted in 1518, 1523 and 1529, and reprinted in 1518, 1523 and 1529. Between 1555 and 1752 there were at least 12 Spanish editions; and as many in Italian from 1542. French editions appeared from 1553; and German editions from 1546.

827:, but in this last edition there were also 30 woodcuts by the botanist and physician Jacob Dalechamp. It seems that the reason that he used his initials, H.B.P., and not his full name in the work; it could be that he practically transcribed commentaries of 742:

The result of Barbaro's effort occupied no fewer than 58 pages printed in three columns of about 50 entries each. The work provides a key to over 9,000 items; all references were to pages. This was the first annotated Latin translation of Dioscorides'

921:" is not just a union of the ideas of the previous works by Michel de Villeneuve, Syropum Ratio, etc., but also of the later works, Enquiridion, De Materia Medica of 1543, sharing with this last many of its 20 big commentaries, for instance. 263:

about 300 BC. It was the first attempt to organize and classify plants, plant lore, and botanical morphology in Greece. It provided physicians with a rough taxonomy of plants and details of medicinal herbs and herbal concoctions.

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Aron Gurevich, Medieval Popular Culture: Problems of Belief and Perception, trans. János M. Bak and Paul A. Hollingsworth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme,

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in 1477 and translated many texts from Greek to Latin. He sought to avoid mistakes by gathering as many manuscripts as he could for checking the texts. He claimed to have corrected 5000 mistakes between two editions of

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The French physician Martin Mathee published in 1553 the French translation of De Materia Medica, printed by Balthazar Arnoullet, in Lyons. This granted much more access for the students of medicine to the teachings.

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around 2500 B.C. Imhotep's materia medica consisted of procedures for treating head and torso injuries, tending of wounds, and prevention and curing of infections, as well as advanced principles of hygiene.

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1997 "Michael Servetus, editor of the Dioscorides", González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Institute of Sijenienses Studies "Michael Servetus" ed, Villanueva de Sijena, Larrosa ed and "Ibercaja", Zaragoza.

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the author disappeared, but the rest are copied from his work of 1543. It is a very strange edition because there exist four different kinds of copies with different covers, one per editor: Jean Frellon,

1074:, which experts from the university attended. Cordus had no intention of publishing his work. Five years after his death, a Materia Medica with commentaries was published. It contained the index of the 1637:

Immanuel Jakobovits, Jewish Medical Ethics: A Comparative and Historical Study of the Jewish Religious Attitude to Medicine and its Practice, 2nd ex. ed. (w:st="on"New York: Bloch, 1975; orig. 1959)

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in Latin. This famous commentary covered about 600 plants along with therapeutically useful animal and mineral products. It documented the effects of drugs made from these substances on patients.

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is an ancient recipe book dated to approximately 1552 BC. It contains a mixture of magic and medicine with invocations to banish disease and a catalogue of useful plants, minerals, magic

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Riddle, John M. 'The latin alphabetical Dioscorides', in Proceedings of XIIIth international congress of the history of science, Moscow, August 18–24, 1971, Nauka, Moscow 1974, sec 4

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was a renowned botanist and physician. He published a translation of De Materia Medica into Italian in 1544 and ten years later published a work in Latin with all the plants of

421:. Book three detailed the properties of roots, juices, herbs and seeds used for food or medicine. Book four continued to describe the uses for roots and herbs, specifically 653:

Most of these authors copied each other, from previous works. It was normal to add previous commentaries and marginalia, to make the text look more enriched or thorough.

722:, asking him to send it back "annotated by that very learned hand of yours, thus lending the volume additional value and authority." Barbaro was professor of the 429:. It is a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias, and is considered one of the most influential herbal books in history. It remained in use until about 1600 AD. 1423:

Singer, Charles Joseph. 'The herbal in antiquity and its transmission to later ages', in Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol 47, 1927, pp1-52 & 10 col plates.

1070:, son of the famous botanist Euricius Cordus, went through many woods and mountains discovering hundreds of new herbs. He gave lectures on Dioscorides at the 1656:

DURLING, Richard J.-A catalogue of Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of medicine., Bethesda, MD, US Dept. of Health, NLM, 16thc.1967.

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The most useful books of botany, pharmacy and medicine used by students and scholars were supplemented commentaries on Dioscorides, including the works of

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De la Pena, A (January 1963). "Two great physicians of the sixteenth century. (Andres LAGUNA)". The Journal of the International College of Surgeons

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gave orders for the collection of medicinal plants to be grown systematically in his royal garden. This royal garden was an important precedent for

191:. It lists some 365 medicines, of which 252 are herbs. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by the 1094:. This work and the model of botanical description and, many consider it the boldest innovation that was made by any botanist of the 16th century. 372:, including about a thousand natural product drugs (mostly plant-based), 4,740 medicinal usages for drugs, and 360 medical properties (such as 751:

translators of Dioscorides, a practice that saw its golden age in the 16th century. Barbaro's work was later corrected by Giovanni-Battista.

445:(980–1037 AD) was a Persian philosopher, physician, and Islamic scholar. He wrote about 40 books on medicine. His two most famous books are 1701:

Nissen, Claus. Die botanische buchillustration, ihre geschichte und bibliographie, A Hiersemann, Stuttgart, 2 vols, 1951, Supplement, 1966.

912:. This work contains hundreds of manuscript marginaia, all along 420 out of 480 pages. The scholar Gonzalez Echeverria demonstrated in the 1674:

Hans H. Wellisch Conrad Gessner: A Bio-bibliography, 2nd revised and enlarged edition. Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company, 1984

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Materia Medica of William Boericke, B. Mure, James Tyler Kent, John Henry Clarke, Henry C. Allen, Cyrus Maxwell Boger, Adolf zur Lippe

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products that are medicine or are parts of a medical compound. This was not an illustrated work. In 1555 he re-edited this work with

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Richard Palmer Medical botany in northern Italy in the Renaissance Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Volume 78 February 1985

1078:, the outstanding work of his father Euricius, who developed a scientific classification of the plants. The following pages are on 987:

and others. This made editions of Matioli's De Materia Medica omnipresent throughout the continent, especially in northern Europe.

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In medieval Europe, medicinal herbs and plants were cultivated in monastery and nunnery gardens beginning about the 8th century.

384:). The book was heavily translated, and portrayed some of the emblematic actions of physicians and herbalists. One such page is 1279:(Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Co. Inc: 1927) and Parker, Linette A. "A Brief History of Materia Medica," in 409:, and fleshy fruits, even if not aromatic. Book two included uses for animals, parts of animals, animal products, cereals, 933:. For developing a bigger work and to blur the mark of Michel de Villeneuve, they hired the expert on De Materia Medica, 873:" edition. Michael Servetus, using the name "Michel de Villeneuve", who already had his first death sentence from the 968: 964: 1795: 918: 1761: 1050:, a fact that could have made them limit their commentaries to avoid risks. Nevertheless, he was the physician of 1683:

Nissen, Claus. Herbals of five centuries, L’Art Ancien, Zurich, Robert Wolfe, Munich and Weiss-Hesse, Olten, 1958

1082:'s Nomenclature, relating the different synonyms used for referring to the same plants of the Dioscorides work. 77: 1058:, and that helped to establish his work as the last word in Materia Medica, and as the basis of Spanish botany. 787:, became very popular, having 20 editions during the 16th century. He published editions until 1537, printed by 358:

in Asia Minor, wrote a five-volume treatise concerning medical matters, entitled Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς in Greek or

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as a separate discipline. In about the 12th century, medicine and pharmacy began to be taught in universities.

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Sonneddecker, G. Kremers and Urdang's history of Pharmacy, 3rd edition, Lippincott Company, America 1963 p.15)

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for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e.,

1134: 1051: 386: 1780: 1752:– website with graphical study on the two Materia Medica, and the Manuscript of the Complutense by Servetus 1396:(2003 Frank N. Egerton Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, A History of the Ecological Sciences 393:

Dioscorides' plant descriptions use an elementary classification, though he cannot be said to have used

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until the 20th century, but has now been generally replaced in medical education contexts by the term

1375:‘d me remittes ... pretium volumini aliquod ex te atque auctoritas accedat.’ Poliziano, Letters I.xi: 1071: 1785: 1756: 1126: 1117: 103: 1357:

Karlikata, E.: Dioscorides ve Materia Medica(Kitab'ül Hasayis). Olusum yil 7 Sayi 28 (1999) 50.

945: 934: 901: 784: 680: 596: 414: 394: 175: 929:, Antoine Vicent and Balthazar Arnoullet, who was also the printer of this unique edition, in 425:

and poisonous medicinal plants. Book five dealt with the medicinal uses for wine and metallic

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found in the Mawangdui tomb, which was sealed in 168 BC. Succeeding generations augmented the

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Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Early Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.

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Theodor Husemann (1876) (in German). "Cordus, Valerius". In Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

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The first appearance of Dioscorides as a printed book was a Latin translation printed at

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There is another Materia Medica with commentaries on a Ruel edition of 1537, printed by

1728: 808: 627: 485: 38: 507:. The Greek text was translated into Syriac when pagan Greek scholars fled east after 1732: 477:

that were established in the 16th century. It was also the beginning of the study of

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and 562 woodcut illustrations. It appeared in 1554, printed by Vicenzo Valgrisi, in

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wrote to Ermalao Barbaro, forwarding a manuscript of the 1st-century pharmacologist

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According to Spanish scholar González Echeverría in several communications in the

820: 240:, discuss 265 drugs, the importance of diet and external treatments for diseases. 1484: 1266:(Berkeley, Los Angeles, & London: University of California Press, 1994): 241. 1249:(Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Co. Inc: 1927) and Riddle, John M. 1067: 1055: 863: 859: 828: 728: 711: 688: 676: 623: 588: 532: 259:, considered by historians as the Father of Botany. He wrote a treatise entitled 256: 570:, Platearius and Serapio inspired the appearance of three main works printed in 1596:

Genaust, Helmut (1976). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen

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by a London physician, the making of matches by hand in an Indian village by a

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2nd-8th, September, 1996, Kos Island, Greece, communications nº: 6 y 7, p. 4.

1161: 1079: 1019: 996: 980: 684: 643: 592:. The works contain 16, 242 and 570 references to Dioscorides, respectively. 492:.982) was a 10th-century Italian Jew and the author of an early Hebrew text, 474: 132: 1724: 702:, which was highly valued by other medical practitioners throughout Europe. 70:). The term derives from the title of a work by the Ancient Greek physician 878: 544: 500: 369: 248: 212: 98: 94: 819:. This work had a second edition in 1552 printed by Arnoullet in Lyon and 547:

prepared an illustrated Syriac version, which was translated into Arabic.

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The Curious Lore of Drugs and Medicines: Four Thousand Years of Pharmacy.

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The Curious Lore of Drugs and Medicines: Four Thousand Years of Pharmacy.

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The Curious Lore of Drugs and Medicines: Four Thousand Years of Pharmacy.

1035: 1000: 972: 949: 748: 567: 466: 313: 229: 203: 184: 32: 1328:(London: The British Library and University of Toronto Press, 2000): 32. 759:

Jean Ruel was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and physician to King

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Christians were banished for their heretical views that they carried to

1146: 1130: 1090:'s herbal illustrations are prominent in this work, followed by 200 of 528: 504: 373: 161:

from vegetables, dried powders from herb, cold infusions and extracts.

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has to do with authors on translations of handwriting. Riddle proved

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in Lyons. Laguna was the first to translate De Materia Medica into

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The earliest known writing about medicine was a 110-page Egyptian

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plus non-signed commentaries) is two commentarians, Servetus and

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During the 16th century, the most representative among them were

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2002 Rebeca Orihuela Salcho, Aljamia vol 14 University of Oviedo

885: 1151: 1043: 953: 776: 608: 478: 410: 406: 339: 136: 1201:(Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Co. Inc: 1927) 571: 563: 398: 343: 272: 128: 59: 1487:

website with graphicl study of the medical works by Servetus

1344:, Vol.15, No. 9 (June 1915). pp 729-734 and Riddle, John M. 1340:

Parker, Linette A. "A Brief History of Materia Medica," in

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Parker, Linette A. "A Brief History of Materia Medica," in

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Mattioli held a post in the Imperial Court as physician to

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under the Khalif Motawakki) made an Arabic translation of

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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

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by the expert on Dioscorides-De Materia Medica professor

426: 771:" edition. He tried to develop a translation joining 535:, sent a beautifully illustrated Greek manuscript of 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1336: 1334: 1115:

The ancient phrase survives in modified form in the

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There were several De Materia Medica works noted as

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from the Greek in 854. In 948 the Byzantine Emperor

1193: 1191: 1189: 1133:general practitioner, and a cruise to Jamaica by a 904:, printed by Balthazar Arnoullet in 1554, in Lyons. 739:, for which he used at least two editions as well. 139:and spells. The most famous Egyptian physician was 1665:Greene, Edward Lee, Landmarks of Botanical Science 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1209: 1207: 295: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1490: 1331: 1110: 917:Christianismo Restitutio. "The manuscript of the 894:printers' tribute edition to Michel de Villeneuve 714:was published in 1516, 23 years after his death. 397:. Book one describes the uses for aromatic oils, 183:), was compiled in the 1st century AD during the 1772: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1186: 679:, Jean Ruel, Broyeurinus, Michel de Villeneuva, 1548: 1204: 710:The work of the Italian physician and humanist 603:in 1478. The Greek version appeared in 1499 by 1564: 1326:Medieval Herbals: The Illustrative Traditions. 823:. Both works were illustrated with figures by 1521: 1220: 811:. He was an Arabist, and translated works of 82:, 'On medical material' (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 889:One of the four covers (Arnoullet) of the " 866:, being the last one hired for editing the " 763:. He perfected the Latin translation of the 747:, and so Barbaro became the earliest of the 181:Shennong Emperor's Classic of Materia Medica 42:, an illuminated version of the 1st-century 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1511: 1414:Universal Illustrated American Encyclopedia 75: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1541: 1539: 1452:Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum 1383: 1381: 1286: 940: 871:printers' Tribute to Michel de Villeneuve 209:Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs 1599: 1348:(Austin: University of Texas Press,1985) 1283:, Vol.15, No. 9 (June 1915). pp 729-734. 1253:(Austin: University of Texas Press,1985) 884: 519:(son of Basilios, a Christian living in 484:Shabbethai Ben Abraham, better known as 329: 308: 113: 101:. The term survives in the title of the 31: 1617: 1583: 1536: 1217:, Vol.15, No. 8 (May 1915). pp 650-653. 687:, Marcello Virgilio, Martin Mathee and 127:. It was supposedly written by the god 14: 1773: 1441: 1378: 803:Bruyerinus Champier was the nephew of 27:Historical Latin term for pharmacology 1346:Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine. 1251:Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine. 850:(De Materia Medica of 1543) would be 58:: 'medical material/substance') is a 896:" edition of the Materia Medica. By 834: 531:, son and co-regent of Constantine 276:movement of blood; and the uses of 24: 1762:Guide to Materia Medica circa 1830 1545:Term coined by Gonzalez Echeverria 1061: 735:, a work he found very similar to 705: 499:In the Early and High Middle Ages 25: 1807: 1743: 969:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 965:Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria 218: 1097: 990: 783:. This work, printed in 1516 by 700:A Treatise of the Materia Medica 171:Chinese manual of materia medica 164: 151: 118: 93:was used from the period of the 1704: 1695: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1640: 1631: 1471: 1435: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342:The American Journal of Nursing 1281:The American Journal of Nursing 1215:The American Journal of Nursing 550: 251:(390–280 BC) was a disciple of 243: 110:s "Materia Non Medica" column. 1318: 1269: 1256: 1174: 858:(De Materia Medica of 1554 of 601:Johanemm Allemanun de Mdemblik 223: 194:Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments 13: 1: 1755:Complete editions of several 1167: 1135:University of the West Indies 1034:Laguna had problems with the 999:published his Annotations on 798: 387:Physician Preparing an Elixir 215:treatise on herbal medicine. 187:, attributed to the mythical 1719:(6077): 1657. 25 June 1977. 754: 7: 1140: 672:to be Bruyerinus Champier. 543:. In 1250, Syriac scholar 460: 432: 10: 1812: 1181:Textbook of Materia Medica 1157:Homeopathic Materia Medica 437: 302: 36:Page from the 6th-century 1750:Michael Servetus Research 1478:Michael Servetus Research 698:published his two volume 580:, the following year the 1483:13 November 2012 at the 1442:Riddle, John M. (1980). 1072:University of Wittenberg 368:was the first extensive 286:On Theriac to Pamphilius 280:. "In treatises such as 267: 1796:Pharmacology literature 1725:10.1136/bmj.1.6077.1657 1387:Branca 1973, Reeds 1976 1311:Osbaldeston, Tess Anne 1127:Whitechapel Art Gallery 1118:British Medical Journal 785:Henri Estienne/Stephano 658:Anonymous A, B, C and D 539:to the Spanish Khalif, 104:British Medical Journal 74:in the 1st century AD, 1711:"Materia Non Medica". 1183:, A.S. Blumgarten 1933 1137:lecturer in medicine. 995:In 1554 the physician 946:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 941:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 935:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 905: 902:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 681:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 648:De Villanueva/Servetus 347: 327: 76: 46: 1018:Laguna explored many 888: 448:The Canon of Medicine 333: 312: 255:and a philosopher of 114:Ancient civilizations 35: 1111:"Materia non medica" 1040:Michel de Villeneuve 898:Michel de Villeneuve 882:Thibaut Payen, etc. 720:Pedanius Dioscorides 556:Matthaeus Silvaticus 352:Pedanius Dioscorides 350:The Greek physician 199:Shennong Bencao Jing 176:Shennong Bencao Jing 131:in about 16 BC. The 72:Pedanius Dioscorides 1781:History of pharmacy 1580:them illustrations. 1315:(Ibidis Press,2000) 875:University of Paris 807:, and physician of 805:Symphorien Champier 767:directly from the " 761:Francis I of France 724:University of Padua 583:Gart der Gesundheit 454:The Book of Healing 417:, and other garden 346:, 12th-13th century 261:Historia Plantarium 84:Peri hylēs iatrikēs 64:history of pharmacy 1508:(Michael Servetus) 1275:Le Wall, Charles. 1245:Le Wall, Charles. 1197:Le Wall, Charles. 975:contains Wieland, 967:, and the Emperor 906: 809:Henry II of France 733:Naturalis historia 638:, Fabius Columna, 586:, and in 1491 the 486:Shabbethai Donnolo 395:botanical taxonomy 348: 328: 282:On Theriac to Piso 47: 39:Vienna Dioscurides 1088:Eucharius Rösslin 1009:Guillaume Rouillé 927:Guillaume Rouillé 537:De materia medica 525:De Materia Medica 471:botanical gardens 378:anti-inflammatory 366:De materia medica 361:De materia medica 336:De materia medica 319:De materia medica 305:De materia medica 298:De materia medica 211:), a 7th-century 78:De materia medica 44:De Materia Medica 16:(Redirected from 1803: 1737: 1736: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1615: 1612: 1597: 1594: 1581: 1577: 1562: 1559: 1546: 1543: 1534: 1530: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1488: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1448: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1338: 1329: 1324:Collins, Minta. 1322: 1316: 1309: 1284: 1273: 1267: 1262:Findlen, Paula. 1260: 1254: 1243: 1218: 1211: 1202: 1195: 1184: 1178: 1123: 1042:, for both were 910:Simon de Colines 852:Michael Servetus 835:Michael Servetus 789:Simon de Colines 541:Abd-Arrahman III 109: 81: 21: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1771: 1770: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1600: 1595: 1584: 1578: 1565: 1560: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1491: 1485:Wayback Machine 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1339: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1287: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1244: 1221: 1212: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1143: 1121: 1113: 1100: 1068:Valerius Cordus 1064: 1062:Valerius Cordus 1056:Pope Julius III 993: 943: 854:, and that the 837: 801: 795:Andres Laguna. 757: 729:Pliny the Elder 712:Ermolao Barbaro 708: 706:Ermolao Barbaro 689:Valerius Cordus 677:Ermolao Barbaro 589:Ortus Sanitatis 553: 533:Porphyrogenitos 511:’s conquest of 463: 440: 435: 326:, 15th century. 307: 301: 270: 257:natural history 246: 226: 221: 167: 154: 143:, who lived in 121: 116: 107: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1809: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1786:Pharmacopoeias 1783: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1753: 1745: 1744:External links 1742: 1739: 1738: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1639: 1630: 1616: 1598: 1582: 1563: 1547: 1535: 1520: 1510: 1489: 1470: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1330: 1317: 1285: 1268: 1255: 1219: 1203: 1185: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1112: 1109: 1099: 1096: 1086:observations. 1066:The physician 1063: 1060: 992: 989: 942: 939: 845:John M. Riddle 836: 833: 800: 797: 765:Materia Medica 756: 753: 745:Materia Medica 737:Materia Medica 707: 704: 696:William Cullen 662:John M. Riddle 574:: In 1484 the 552: 549: 475:physic gardens 462: 459: 439: 436: 434: 431: 413:, malvaceous, 303:Main article: 300: 296:Dioscorides's 294: 269: 266: 245: 242: 225: 222: 220: 219:Ancient Greece 217: 166: 163: 156:In India, the 153: 150: 120: 117: 115: 112: 91:materia medica 62:term from the 51:Materia medica 26: 18:Materia Medica 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1808: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1444:"Dioscorides" 1438: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1162:Physic garden 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1108: 1104: 1098:Martin Mathee 1095: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076:Botanologicon 1073: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1020:Mediterranean 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:Andres Laguna 991:Andres Laguna 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 938: 936: 932: 928: 922: 920: 915: 911: 903: 899: 895: 893: 887: 883: 880: 876: 872: 870: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 846: 842: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 796: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 752: 750: 746: 740: 738: 734: 730: 725: 721: 717: 713: 703: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 685:Andres Laguna 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 651: 649: 645: 644:Johann Bauhin 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 590: 585: 584: 579: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 458: 456: 455: 450: 449: 444: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362: 357: 353: 345: 341: 337: 332: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 306: 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 241: 239: 235: 231: 216: 214: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177: 172: 169:The earliest 165:Ancient China 162: 159: 152:Ancient India 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:Ebers papyrus 130: 126: 119:Ancient Egypt 111: 106: 105: 100: 96: 92: 87: 86:, in Greek). 85: 80: 79: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 52: 45: 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1642: 1633: 1513: 1473: 1461:. 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