37:
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608:(irregular armed forces) as foreigners to the region and cursed them as "rats" who "looted, stole and burned down Greek property". According to another local testimony, "there was so much looting going on… everybody took what was left from Greeks, food, carpets, furniture…". People who belonged to the local networks were radically different in their perception of the Greeks compared to the muhacirs who were alien to the local networks. The local communities favored the Greeks.
574:
and eyewitness, Charles
Manciet, the Ottoman authorities sent regular troops to Phocaea to deal with the perpetrators, but these troops also participated in the destruction of the town. Manciet mentions that when they left their houses, he saw the most disgraceful acts ever imaginable. He also states that on 17 June soldiers were sent from
578:
to establish order but these soldiers ended up plundering the town and that the murder and plunder continued until the 18 June. Manciet states that the atrocities he had witnessed were of an organized nature that aimed at circling
Christian peasant populations of the region. He also eyewitness packed
573:
The French archaeological mission took drastic measures to help the remaining population and managed to save hundreds of them. They hoisted French flags on their homes and provided shelter whenever possible while the irregular groups were still committing atrocities. According to French archaeologist
529:
On June 12, irregular bands launched their attack against
Phocaea itself. The attack began during the night from three different sides and was well organized from the beginning. The armed groups broke into several dwellings and shot their inhabitants, irrespective of age and sex, while apart from the
561:
ithin a quarter of an hour after the assault had begun every boat in the place was full of people trying to get away and when no more boats could be had the inhabitants sought refuge on the little peninsula on which the lighthouse stands. I saw eleven bodies of men and women lying dead on the shore.
538:
reported that about fifty people had been killed, while reports of Greek refugees from
Phocaea raised the number to 100. The bodies of those massacred were thrown into wells and included priests, old men and children. Dwellings and stores which were already abandoned by the panic-stricken population
542:
The amount of the looted property was so extensive and widespread that even irregular groups who didn't participate in the massacre and the destruction took part in the share. The surviving civilian population ran to the harbor and tried to escape by boat. Due to the general disorder, some people
655:
In 1914, a total of ca. 154,000 ethnic Greek inhabitants living in the
Ottoman Empire lost their homes. With the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman policies against the Greek communities took a more violent and systematic form and affected a more extensive area, including also the
616:
The
Ottoman authorities tried to cover up the incident. However, after two days a French steam tug boat arrived at Smyrna and spread the news about the massacre. The crew had observed a large number of people on the promontory and sent ca. 700 survivors to the nearby Greek island of
621:. The Greek authorities there rescued the remaining 5,000–6,000 inhabitants by sending boats to bring them to the island. According to Manciet, the massacre continued until 18 June, when there were no Greek inhabitants left and Phocaea was finally turned into a ghost town.
477:
decided that Greece would keep most of them, a decision that the
Ottoman government rejected. A Greco-Ottoman naval race was the result, with threats of war over the issue of the islands. In this atmosphere, the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire became a target of the
720:
648:, while on one occasion almost all inhabitants of the village of Serekieuy, near Menemen, were killed after local Greeks armed themselves for resistance. These attacks against the Ottoman Greeks were performed in manner similar to those undertaken at the time
562:
How many were killed I could not say, but trying to get into a house of which the door stood ajar I saw two other dead bodies lying in the entrance hall. Every shop in the place was looted and the goods that could not be carried away were wantonly destroyed.
482:
Ottoman government, from a press campaign against them, limitations to the autonomy of their educational institutions, the imposition of military service, as well as various financial measures, culminating in a boycott of Greek-owned businesses.
633:
reached a population of approximately 23,000 people, most of whom were
Ottoman Greeks, but after the forced migration and killing of the Ottoman Greeks due to the massacre the population of the entire county decreased to 4,000.
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570:
and his excavation team witnessed the massacre. Sartiaux's documented testimony and photos are invaluable in describing the sequence of events before and during the massacre.
494:
were targeted, facing boycott, intimidation, attacks by irregulars and massacre. Some communities had the opportunity to avoid death by converting to Islam. In the
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Ottoman authorities, which included boycott, intimidation, forced deportations and mass killings; and was one of the worst attacks during the summer of 1914.
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550:
Turkish Cretan irregulars with booty, while some buildings of Old
Phocaea are in flames and the Greeks await for departure, picture taken by archaeologist
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The Young Turk leadership began implementing ethnic cleansing policies in the spring of 1914. The Greek communities of the Aegean region of
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camels climbing the mountains through the roads connecting Eski Foça to outside while they were full with the plunder taken from the town.
526:) on June 11. Phocaea, a coastal town north of Smyrna, comprised ca. 9,000 inhabitants and was predominantly populated by ethnic Greeks.
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Also, Muslim residents of the town mention the massacre. They also stated that when the Greeks left, their houses were occupied by
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600:(forced Muslim migrants). According to a local Muslim resident testimony, the local Muslims were happier with Greeks as their
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and bullet wounds and they were starving. In addition, they stated that the Turks set on fire some of the Greek properties.
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over possession of the islands of the northeastern Aegean, which Greece had captured during the wars. In
February 1914, the
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By 1914, some 154,000 Greeks had lost their homes. Phase two of the persecution was much more systematic and widespread...
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1387:
1363:
1293:
661:
201:
1433:"Organised chaos as diplomatic ruse and demographic weapon. The expulsion of the Ottoman Greeks (Rum) from Foça, 1914"
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Late Ottoman Genocides: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish Population and Extermination Policies
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681:
313:
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261:
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518:, causing the Greek populations to flee. Greek refugees of the surrounding regions poured into nearby Phocaea (
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Similar activity was also carried out by Turkish irregular bands against several other settlements in western
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641:, which was founded by Phocaeans circa 600 BC, raised a sum of 20,000 French francs to support the refugees.
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in northern Anatolia. These policies included confiscations of property, as well as the creation of forced
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358:
181:
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The Ottoman Crisis in Western Anatolia: Turkey’s Belle Epoque and the Transition to a Modern Nation State
737:
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The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
502:) were operating as part of this campaign. According to reports submitted by the Danish consul of nearby
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1257:
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The events in Phocaea elicited sympathy for the victims in Europe, especially in France. The people of
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On June 25, the Danish consul of Smyrna, Alfred Van de Zee, quoted an eyewitness of the destruction:
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829:"A multidimensional analysis of the events in Eski Foça (Παλαιά Φώκαια) on the period of summer 1914"
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newspaper and was usually sympathetic to Turkish authorities later saw the town's "smoking ruins".
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The Great Catastrophes: Asia Minor/Smyrna – September 1922; Constantinople – September 6–7, 1955
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for all Greek males. Therefore, the Ottoman government deported many Ottoman Greeks to inner
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Newspapers of that time reported that many Greek refugees, who fled from the region, had
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1134:. Vol. 1, no. 144. New South Wales, Australia. 18 June 1914. p. 3
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In addition, the German reporter, Harry Stuermer, who was the correspondent of
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466:. Tens of thousands of Balkan Muslim refugees began streaming into the Empire.
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During early June 1914, Turkish irregular bands looted the villages south of
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Old Phocaea in flames, during the massacre perpetrated by Turkish irregulars
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he succeeded in protecting several hundred Greeks and helped many to escape
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422:. It was perpetrated by irregular Turkish bands against the predominantly
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1056:. Classical Association of the Middle West and South. 1916. p. 198.
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1282:"The 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of Violent Turkification"
1106:. No. 23, 850. New South Wales, Australia. 18 June 1914. p. 9
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1190:. Vol. 5, no. 1322. South Australia. 18 June 1914. p. 5
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In 1914, the Ottoman Empire had just emerged from the disastrous
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Persecution of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century
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were drowned while trying to swim in order to save themselves.
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Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
1405:
1162:. No. 6383. Tasmania, Australia. 18 June 1914. p. 3
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compared to having muhacirs and described the members of the
333:
724:. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 84.
1382:(New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst.
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killings, several rapes also occurred. German ambassador
1314:[The Persecution of Greeks in Ionia 1914–1922]
1011:
1009:
1007:
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The Future of Religious Minorities in the Middle East
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c. 50, 100 or 200 killed, c. 6,200 fled (entire town)
1437:
Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis
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Ionian Vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922
113:
The county population decreased from 23,000 to 4,000
1406:"Félix Sartiaux et Phocée, Eski Foça, Παλαιά Φώκια"
1076:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 95.
397:
1004:
1486:
1242:. Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle. p. 3.
1372:
1358:. New York: Continuum Publishing Corporation.
952:
950:
438:. The massacre was part of a wider anti-Greek
246:American Committee for Relief in the Near East
1312:"Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914–1922
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652:in eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
16:1914 killing of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire
1318:(in Greek). University of Western Macedonia
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469:At the same time tensions mounted with the
1198:– via National Library of Australia.
1170:– via National Library of Australia.
1142:– via National Library of Australia.
1114:– via National Library of Australia.
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728:
694:Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
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352:
1545:Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire
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242:Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor
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410:) occurred in June 1914, as part of the
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1355:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe
911:"Η καταστροφή της Φώκαιας στην Ιωνία"
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629:Immediately before the massacre, the
1430:
1018:
826:
705:
1182:"Greek Refugees A tale Of Massacre"
13:
1397:
742:The New York Times, June 17, 1914.
418:that included exile, massacre and
14:
1566:
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682:Thessaloniki Documentary Festival
1473:The pillage and massacre at Foça
1310:Boubougiatzi, Evaggelia (2009).
917:from the original on 1 July 2017
676:A 2014 documentary film titled "
35:
1540:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
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1229:
1220:
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1015:Boubougiatzi, 2009: pp. 110–111
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986:
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968:
959:
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650:against the Armenian population
262:Committee of Union and Progress
1256:Türker, Murat (7 March 2015).
1208:Boubougiatzi, 2009: pp.146–148
974:Boubougiatzi, 2009: pp. 76–100
902:
772:
758:. Lexington Books. p. 6.
745:
1:
1258:"1914'te Foça'da Neler Oldu?"
965:Boubougiatzi, 2009: pp. 82–86
909:Αγτζίδης, Β. (15 June 2014).
699:
449:
314:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
1352:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
1280:Bjornlund, Matthias (2013).
1070:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
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539:were systematically looted.
338:Istanbul trials of 1919–1920
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434:, on the east coast of the
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10:
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1495:1914 in the Ottoman Empire
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1001:Boubougiatzi, 2009: p. 109
935:Lieberman, 2013: pp. 79–80
1535:History of İzmir Province
1103:The Sydney Morning Herald
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1404:Dalègre, Joëlle (2012).
1374:Llewellyn-Smith, Michael
1236:Vryonis, Speros (2000).
678:Gegonota sti Fokaia 1914
534:and American ambassador
1555:Massacres of Christians
1478:Events in Phocaea 1914
1339:Cite journal requires
1226:Lieberman, 2013: p. 80
1217:Bjornlund, 2013: p. 41
992:Bjornlund, 2013: p. 35
983:Lieberman, 2013: p. 79
956:Bjornlund, 2013: p. 39
944:Bjornlund, 2013: p. 14
885:Bjornlund, 2013: p. 40
778:Bjornlund, 2013: p. 47
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236:Foreign aid and relief
1053:The Classical Journal
752:Eibner, John (2017).
739:Turks Slay 100 Greeks
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302:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
214:Evacuation of Ayvalik
178:Young Turk Revolution
141:Young Turk government
1154:"massacre of Greeks"
1041:, I.B. Tauris, 2016.
440:campaign of genocide
290:Special Organization
151:Anti-Greek sentiment
121:Turkish irregulars (
1500:Mass murder in 1914
1431:Erol, Emre (2013).
1410:Cahiers balkaniques
1159:The North West Post
1126:"Greece and Turkey"
1098:"Turkey and Greece"
833:Cahiers Balkaniques
827:Erol, Emre (2012).
462:, to the Christian
399:I Sfagí tis Fókaias
388:Η Σφαγή της Φώκαιας
380:massacre of Phocaea
322:Population Exchange
252:Responsible parties
222:Samsun deportations
210:Massacre of Phocaea
22:Massacre of Phocaea
899:Smith, 1998: p. 31
790:Smith, 1998: p. 32
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98:genocidal massacre
1505:Massacres in 1914
1450:10.18352/tseg.239
765:978-1-4985-6197-6
584:Kölnische Zeitung
471:Kingdom of Greece
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330:Armenian genocide
286:Teskilati Mahsusa
230:Burning of Smyrna
202:Labour Battalions
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1131:Tweed Daily
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1027:Emre Erol.
456:Balkan Wars
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258:Young Turks
206:Death march
102:mass murder
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1489:Categories
1263:bianet.org
1039:0857728814
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480:Young Turk
450:Background
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436:Aegean Sea
172:Background
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1459:2468-9068
860:30 August
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430:, modern
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1376:(1999).
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718:(2012).
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308:See also
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1550:Phocaea
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278:Djemal
147:Motive
108:Deaths
77:Target
576:İzmir
384:Greek
334:Sayfo
274:Enver
270:Talat
81:Greek
1455:ISSN
1384:ISBN
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1345:help
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1078:ISBN
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923:2017
862:2022
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