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222:. As of 12 December, the inmates over 50 years of age were to be released, and as of 21 December, Jewish teachers were to be given preferential dismissal. Others gained their freedom because their plans to leave the country had already reached an advanced stage or even their visas were nearly expired. Still others were released immediately after the transfer of their visas. Jewish car owners, who had their driving license revoked from 3 December 1938, were pressured to sell their cars at meager prices. Anyone who refused to make such a request could nevertheless be unexpectedly dismissed.
162:
198:
A humiliating admission procedure with hours of standing for roll calls, undressing, hair cutting and putting on the prisoners' clothes had a shocking effect on the victims and is widely described in eyewitness accounts. This and other methods created feelings of degradation, lawlessness and being at
238:
The number of "Aktionsjuden" who died in the concentration camp was at least 185 in Dachau, 233 in
Buchenwald and 80 to 90 in Sachsenhausen. Reports cite physical overexertion, septic illnesses, pneumonia, lack of prescribed medication and diet as the main causes of death. Many men suffered from the
185:
in the first two to three days after the pogrom night. Further transports from Vienna arrived on the 22 November. The "Aktionsjuden" from Berlin were driven by trucks to the camp gate of
Sachsenhausen. Others were transported by bus, train, or suburban railway and then continued on foot. For Dachau,
152:
recorded that up to 10,000 Jews remained in prisons or local collection points because the accommodation available in concentration camps was insufficient. Reliable figures and comprehensive information on their release from prison or the duration of their imprisonment are not available and there is
202:
The accommodation in
Buchenwald was completely inadequate, where five windowless barracks were each occupied by 2000 "Aktionsjuden" and sanitary facilities were initially lacking. The daily routine was structured by three roll calls, which often lasted for hours and became a torture during the rain
140:
Most male Jews were arrested in their homes, but arrests were also made at work, in hotels, schools and train stations. While the deployment of police officers in large cities was mostly formally correct and without additional humiliation or maltreatment, elsewhere insults, kicks and blows were not
189:
In many cases, the detainees were subjected to the brutality of the escorts during transport. According to some reports, "almost all prisoners", when they arrived in Dachau and
Buchenwald, showed traces of sometimes serious injuries that they had suffered during or after their arrest.
136:
Heydrich's exact instructions were hardly taken into account. On 11 November, an express order was issued to immediately release women and children arrested during the action. On 16 November, the dismissal of sick persons and persons over the age of sixty was ordered.
109:
to all state police headquarters and SD top sections. Soon in all districts as many healthy male Jews - "especially wealthy" and "not too old" - were to be arrested as could be accommodated in the existing detention rooms. Maltreatment was forbidden.
250:
The halfway regulated emigration became a panic flight. Families were forced to separate in order to flee individually to a foreign country or at least to remove their children from
Germany. At least 18,000 children were transported with
246:
Relatives noticed psychological changes in their returned men. Speechlessness, sleep disturbances, fear and shame were often the reaction to the raw assaults experienced and the experience of absolute powerlessness and lawlessness.
211:
The duration of the imprisonment was inconsistent. From the end of
November 1938, 150 to 250 "Aktionsjuden" were released daily. On 1 January 1939, 1,605 Jews were still imprisoned in Buchenwald and 958 in Sachsenhausen.
215:
The reports of the "Aktionsjuden" show that they could not identify any system or criteria for the dismissals. On 28 November 1938, the release of young people under the age of sixteen was ordered, as was the release of
186:
10,911 Jews were committed, Buchenwald 9,845 and for
Sachsenhausen the figure is estimated at 6,000. This means that the total number of prisoners in concentration camps had doubled near instantaneously.
74:
According to contemporary witnesses, the perpetrators' designation as
Aktionsjuden was common at least in the Buchenwald concentration camp. Presumably the name was derived from Aktion Rath, as the
1024:
141:
uncommon. Some of those arrested were coerced into singing
National Socialist songs and exhaustive physical exercises and led through the city in "raids". In most cases the Jews taken into "
129:
The arrest action started immediately on 10 November and was stopped on 16 November by an order from
Heydrich. In addition to the Gestapo and the local police, even the SA, SS and the
203:
and cold. Sometimes, the detainees had to exercise and perform meaningless and physically demanding tasks. In Dachau, the number of registered deaths rose disproportionately.
63:
in the days after the pogrom. This put pressure on the deportees and their relatives in order to speed up the only seemingly voluntary emigration from their homeland and to "
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145:" were held captive for the first two to three days in police stations, prisons, gyms or schools and from there transferred to concentration camps.
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101:" offices. The arrest of 20,000 to 30,000 Jews was organized, targeting mainly those with wealth. In the early morning hours of 10 November,
906:
67:" Jewish assets. The vast majority of the detainees were released by the beginning of 1939. Around 500 Jews were murdered, committed
445:
Der Ort des Terrors : Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager/ Masseneinweisungen in Konzentrationslager
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Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945 Band 2
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Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945 Band 2
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Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland, 1933-1945
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Der Nürnberger Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militärgerichtshof ..
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or died as a result of ill-treatment and refused medical treatment in the concentration camps.
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himself had ordered the arrest of 25,000 to 30,000 Jews. On the evening of 9 November 1938,
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276:. Benz, Wolfgang., Distel, Barbara. München: C.H. Beck. 2005. pp. 156, 161.
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526:. International Military Tribunal. München: Delphin-Verl. 1989. pp. 376–.
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572:. International Military Tribunal. München: Delphin-Verl. 1989. p. 517.
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consequences of the prison conditions and became ill after release. In the
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Before Auschwitz : Jewish prisoners in the prewar concentration camps
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to Great Britain, Belgium, Sweden, the Netherlands or Switzerland.
401:. Wolfgang Benz. Dachau: Verl. Dachauer Hefte. 2005. p. 187.
173:
Most of the prisoners arrived in the three concentration camps of
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Mitglieder der Häftlingsgesellschaft auf Zeit. "Die Aktionsjuden"
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Mitglieder der Häftlingsgesellschaft auf Zeit. "Die Aktionsjuden"
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Mitglieder der Häftlingsgesellschaft auf Zeit. "Die Aktionsjuden"
234:
Arrival of Jewish refugee children, port of London, February 1939
98:
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619:. Technische Universität Berlin. Berlin: Metropol. p. 108.
355:. Bader, Uwe. Dachau: Verl. Dachauer Hefte. 2005. p. 179.
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60:
323:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 168.
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announced the planned "actions against the Jews" to the "
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were deported within the region or the country after the
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Der Nürnberger Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher..
809:. Zeitschrift f. Geschichtswissenschaft. p. 989.
746:. Zeitschrift f. Geschichtswissenschaft. p. 987.
731:. Zeitschrift f. Geschichtswissenschaft. p. 986.
683:. Dachau: Verl. Dachauer Hefte. 2005. p. 180.
651:. Dachau: Verl. Dachauer Hefte. 2005. p. 191.
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1132:Bund: Gemeinschaft für ein sozialistisches Leben
494:. München: DE GRUYTER OLDENBOURG. p. 365.
868:. München: DE GRUYTER OLDENBOURG. p. 45.
826:. München: DE GRUYTER OLDENBOURG. p. 56.
43:of 9/10 November 1938. They were taken to the
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807:Die letzte ernste Warnung vor der Vernichtung
776:. Dachau: Verl. Dachauer Hefte. p. 989.
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