543:
761:, collaborated on plans to manufacture block-making machinery. By 1805, the dockyard had been fully updated with the revolutionary, purpose-built machinery at a time when products were still built individually with different components. A total of 45 machines were required to perform 22 processes on the blocks, which could be made into one of three possible sizes. The machines were almost entirely made of metal thus improving their accuracy and durability. The machines would make markings and indentations on the blocks to ensure alignment throughout the process. One of the many advantages of this new method was the increase in labour
1356:, the craftsman must bustle about a shop, getting parts and assembling them. He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods.
47:
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1340:, the major oil company in the 19th century, was vertically integrated partly because there was no demand for unrefined crude oil, but kerosene and some other products were in great demand. The other reason was that Standard Oil monopolized the oil industry. The major oil companies were, and many still are, vertically integrated, from production to refining and with their own retail stations, although some sold off their retail operations. Some oil companies also have chemical divisions.
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1179:, for it eventually became possible to provide each tool with its own electric motor. This may seem only a detail of minor importance. In fact, modern industry could not be carried out with the belt and line shaft for a number of reasons. The motor enabled machinery to be arranged in the order of the work, and that alone has probably doubled the efficiency of industry, for it has cut out a tremendous amount of useless handling and hauling. The belt and
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1444:, which was a contributing factor to economic growth and the decline in work week hours, alongside other factors such as transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads and highways) and agricultural mechanization. These factors caused the typical work week to decline from 70 hours in the early 19th century to 60 hours late in the century, then to 50 hours in the early 20th century and finally to 40 hours in the mid-1930s.
1516:
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1160:, U.S., around 1900. The new automated process used glass-blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers. A small electric truck was used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time where previously a hand truck would carry six dozen. Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace. An electric overhead crane replaced 36
126:
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1246:, married prefabrication and mass production in a way that suited the needs of the military. The simple structures, which cost little and could be erected in just a couple of hours, were highly successful: over 100,000 Nissen huts were produced during World War I alone, and they would go on to serve in other conflicts and inspire a number of similar designs.
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were also tremendously wasteful – so wasteful indeed that no factory could be really large, for even the longest line shaft was small according to modern requirements. Also high speed tools were impossible under the old conditions – neither the pulleys nor the belts could stand modern speeds. Without
854:
downplayed the role of
Taylorism in the development of mass production at his company. However, Ford management performed time studies and experiments to mechanize their factory processes, focusing on minimizing worker movements. The difference is that while Taylor focused mostly on efficiency of the
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is implemented. Also, all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary.
446:
Mass production involves making many copies of products, very quickly, using assembly line techniques to send partially complete products to workers who each work on an individual step, rather than having a worker work on a whole product from start to finish. The emergence of mass production allowed
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and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery; error in operating such machinery has more far-reaching consequences. A reduction in labour costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower
1141:
Electrification enabled modern mass production, as with Thomas Edison's iron ore processing plant (about 1893) that could process 20,000 tons of ore per day with two shifts, each of five men. At that time it was still common to handle bulk materials with shovels, wheelbarrows and small narrow-gauge
748:
to be manufactured a year. Bentham had already achieved remarkable efficiency at the docks by introducing power-driven machinery and reorganising the dockyard system. Brunel, a pioneering engineer, and
Maudslay, a pioneer of machine tool technology who had developed the first industrially practical
777:
By 1808, annual production from the 45 machines had reached 130,000 blocks and some of the equipment was still in operation as late as the mid-twentieth century. Mass production techniques were also used to rather limited extent to make clocks and watches, and to make small arms, though parts were
1333:
Upstream vertical integration, such as to raw materials, is away from leading technology toward mature, low-return industries. Most companies chose to focus on their core business rather than vertical integration. This included buying parts from outside suppliers, who could often produce them as
1307:
In a factory for a complex product, rather than one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i.e. car engines or seats) to a backbone "main" assembly line. A diagram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a single
1279:
Mass production has significantly impacted the fashion industry, particularly in the realm of fibers and materials. The advent of synthetic fibers, such as polyester and nylon, revolutionized textile manufacturing by providing cost-effective alternatives to natural fibers. This shift enabled the
525:), jigs were obviated, but it remained true that the skill (or knowledge) was built into the tool (or process, or documentation) rather than residing in the worker's head. This is the specialized capital required for mass production; each workbench and set of tools (or each CNC cell, or each
696:
introduced the standardization of cannon design in the late 18th century. He streamlined production and management of cannonballs and cannons by limiting them to only three calibers, and he improved their effectiveness by requiring more spherical ammunition. Redesigning these weapons to use
520:
ready at hand to ensure that the part was made to fit this set-up. It had already been checked that the finished part would be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts—and it would be made more quickly, with no time spent on finishing the parts to fit one another. Later, once
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rapid production of inexpensive clothing, contributing to the rise of fast fashion. This reliance on mass production has raised concerns about environmental sustainability and labor conditions, spurring the need for greater ethical and sustainable practices within the fashion industry.
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In the age of mass production, this caused shipping and trade problems in that shipping systems were unable to transport huge volumes of finished automobiles (in Henry Ford's case) without causing damage, and also government policies imposed trade barriers on finished units.
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for workers. This is partly due to the need for workers to operate heavy machinery while also working close together with many other workers. Preventative safety measures, such as fire drills, as well as special training is therefore necessary to minimise the occurrence of
786:
of
Greenwich are recorded as the first instance of the application of mass production techniques (though not necessarily the assembly-line method) to marine engineering. In filling an Admiralty order for 90 sets to his high-pressure and high-revolution horizontal
511:
One of the descriptions of mass production is that "the skill is built into the tool", which means that the worker using the tool may not need the skill. For example, in the 19th or early 20th century, this could be expressed as "the craftsmanship is in the
1212:
that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture. All of these machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining position. Production of the
923:, which spread throughout New England aided by skilled mechanics from the armories who were instrumental in transferring the technology to the sewing machines manufacturers and other industries such as machine tools, harvesting machines and bicycles.
1137:
and belts had high friction losses. Electric motors also allowed more flexibility in manufacturing and required less maintenance than line shafts and belts. Many factories saw a 30% increase in output simply from changing over to electric motors.
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which favor the expenditures of large sums on articles of mere luxury... impact to the productions of
American industry a character distinct from that of other countries' industries. articles suited to the wants of the whole people".
1343:
Lumber and paper companies at one time owned most of their timber lands and sold some finished products such as corrugated boxes. The tendency has been to divest of timber lands to raise cash and to avoid property taxes.
1447:
Mass production permitted great increases in total production. Using a
European crafts system into the late 19th century it was difficult to meet demand for products such as sewing machines and animal powered mechanical
1225:
The process of prefabrication, wherein parts are created separately from the finished product, is at the core of all mass-produced construction. Early examples include movable structures reportedly utilized by
1204:, which introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential production. Ford also bought or designed and built special purpose machine tools and fixtures such as multiple spindle
566:
from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at the right inks the text blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the
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and others. Electrification of factories was fastest between 1900 and 1930, aided by the establishment of electric utilities with central stations and the lowering of electricity prices from 1914 to 1917.
466:(augers) to transfer raw materials or partially complete products between vessels. Fluid flow processes such as oil refining and bulk materials such as wood chips and pulp are automated using a system of
516:
itself" (not the training of the worker). Rather than having a skilled worker measure every dimension of each part of the product against the plans or the other parts as it is being formed, there were
1036:) involve planting a very large amount of trees. In order to speed up such efforts, fast propagation of trees may be useful. Some automated machines have been produced to allow for fast (vegetative)
2167:
733:. The first unmistakable examples of manufacturing operations carefully designed to reduce production costs by specialized labour and the use of machines appeared in the 18th century in England.
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1426:
identified one of the key characteristics of
America that would later make it so amenable to the development of mass production: the homogeneous consumer base. De Tocqueville wrote in his
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at the facilities. The Porter
Contract was the first contract which called for mass production of clock movements in history. In 1815, Terry began mass-producing the first shelf clock.
1452:. By the late 1920s many previously scarce goods were in good supply. One economist has argued that this constituted "overproduction" and contributed to high unemployment during the
901:, Virginia (now West Virginia) in the early decades of the 19th century, finally achieving reliable interchangeability by about 1850. This period coincided with the development of
862:
was hired to produce 4,000 wooden movement clocks in the Porter
Contract. At this time, the annual yield for wooden clocks did not exceed a few dozen on average. Terry developed a
1486:, often leaving the consumer with lower quality garments for a lower cost. Most fast-fashion clothing is mass-produced, which means it is typically made of cheap fabrics, such as
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1330:
with the idea of making the company's own iron and steel in the same large factory site where parts and car assembly took place. River Rouge also generated its own electricity.
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From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day.
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unified China at least in part by equipping large armies with these weapons, which were fitted with a sophisticated trigger mechanism made of interchangeable parts. The
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Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation were more efficient than small steam engines and because
1047:
Mass production benefited from the development of materials such as inexpensive steel, high strength steel and plastics. Machining of metals was greatly enhanced with
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So that ten men, by the aid of this machinery, can accomplish with uniformity, celerity and ease, what formerly required the uncertain labour of one hundred and ten.
1924:
905:, with the armories designing and building many of their own. Some of the methods employed were a system of gauges for checking dimensions of the various parts and
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681:, introduced movable type to Europe. Through this introduction, mass production in the European publishing industry was made commonplace, leading to a
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supplement. The article was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor
Company and is sometimes credited as the first use of the term.
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3589:
485:. Materials on pallets are handled with forklifts. Also used for handling heavy items like reels of paper, steel or machinery are electric
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while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased. However, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line (such as
1822:
927:, at one time the largest sewing machine manufacturer, did not achieve interchangeable parts until the late 1880s, around the same time
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The economies of mass production come from several sources. The primary cause is a reduction of non-productive effort of all types. In
1005:, many wind turbine components and solar panels are being mass-produced. Wind turbines and solar panels are being used in respectively
302:
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1380:
The starter cost for the machinery can be expensive so the producer must be sure it sells or the producers will lose a lot of money.
2799:
Womack, Jones, Roos; The
Machine That Changed The World, Rawson & Associates, New York. Published by Simon & Schuster, 1990.
1265:, as well as the specialization of construction tasks in a process akin to an assembly line. This era also saw the invention of the
3173:
886:, an apprentice of Eli Terry mass-produced up to 20,000 brass clocks annually in 1840 when he invented the cheap 30-hour OG clock.
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due to the less labour-intensive requirements of managing the machinery. Richard Beamish, assistant to Brunel's son and engineer,
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1319:
is a business practice that involves gaining complete control over a product's production, from raw materials to final assembly.
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and techniques to produce interchangeable parts were developed in the mid-19th century that modern mass production was possible.
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1690:
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An influential article that helped to frame and popularize the 20th century's definition of mass production appeared in a 1926
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Standardized parts and sizes and factory production techniques were developed in pre-industrial times; before the invention of
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1972:
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With each passing decade, engineers have found ways to increase the flexibility of mass production systems, driving down the
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which uses various instruments to measure variables such as temperature, pressure, volumetric and level, providing feedback.
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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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1490:, and constructed poorly in order to keep short turnaround times to meet the demands of consumers and shifting trends.
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In the modern industrialization of construction, mass production is often used for prefabrication of house components.
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high speed tools and the finer steels which they brought about, there could be nothing of what we call modern industry.
870:. In 1807, Terry developed a spindle cutting machine, which could produce multiple parts at the same time. Terry hired
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and energy-intensive, for it uses a high proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. It is also usually
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2013:
1918:
90:
68:
1795:"Mass-Produced Pre-Han Chinese Bronze Crossbow Triggers: Unparalleled Manufacturing Technology in the Ancient World"
508:) is so expensive that in order to attain profits there must be some assurance that the product will be successful.
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were mass-produced on a large scale at a moderate cost, allowing them to efficiently maintain their control of the
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Roberts, Kenneth D., and Snowden Taylor. Eli Terry and the Connecticut Shelf Clock. Ken Roberts Publishing, 1994.
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for guiding the machine tools and properly holding and aligning the work pieces. This system came to be known as
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17:
2503:"From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 43, Issue 2"
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rail cars, and for comparison, a canal digger in previous decades typically handled five tons per 12-hour day.
295:
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A pulley block for rigging on a sailing ship. By 1808, annual production in Portsmouth reached 130,000 blocks.
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Sometimes production in series has obvious benefits, as is the case with this 5-sickle casting mould from the
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The provision of a whole new system of electric generation emancipated industry from the leather belt and
455:. Mass production ties into the idea of overconsumption and the idea that we as humans consume too much.
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Bulk materials such as coal, ores, grains and wood chips are handled by belt, chain, slat, pneumatic or
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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression: The Macroeconomics of Electrification
2005:
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467:
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2740:"Prefabrication and Industrialized Construction Could be the Solution to the Future of Infrastructure"
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Some of the organizational management concepts needed to create 20th-century mass production, such as
373:
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2171:
1083:, resulting in very low cost manufacture of consumer products, plastic piping, containers and parts.
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worker, Ford also substituted for labor by using machines, thoughtfully arranged, wherever possible.
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produced tremendous affordable output but was not very good at responding to demand for variety,
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that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head
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The biggest impact of early mass production was in manufacturing everyday items, such as at the
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and for this reason classical economists deny that it had any role in the Great Depression.
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Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867-1914 and Their Lasting Impact
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is one of the well-known ones), whose work would later be synthesized into fields such as
8:
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and stamped steel parts, both which appeared in industry in about 1890. Plastics such as
831:
750:
160:
2293:"Can Mass Production of Components Slash the Cost of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations?"
893:
sponsored the development of interchangeable parts for guns produced at the arsenals at
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the manufacture of precision parts, especially metal ones, was highly labour-intensive.
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on new product development and allowing greater customization and variety of products.
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for cutting edges. Fabrication using steel components was aided by the development of
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of factories began very gradually in the 1890s after the introduction of a practical
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used the term in the title of an article that appeared before the publication of the
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Mass production systems for items made of numerous parts are usually organized into
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is also believed to have been created through the use of standardized molds on an
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interchangeable wheels, screws, and axles simplified mass production and repair.
678:
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2020:
Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type
1395:, who introduced annual model changes, more accessories and a choice of colors.
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1948:
A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present
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1269:, a small prefabricated house that can be transported cheaply on a truck bed.
30:
This article is about large-scale production. For the creation of matter, see
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1432:(1835) that "The absence in the United States of those vast accumulations of
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produced nearly one ship every day in what was effectively the world's first
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2124:"The Gribeauval system, or the issue of standardization in the 18th century"
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in 56 different locations around the country. These communities were dubbed
1200:
Mass production was popularized in the late 1910s and 1920s by Henry Ford's
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to be mass produced. The first movable type system was invented in China by
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1300:. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are heavy, hung from an
1214:
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The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1944. Note parts of
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in 1908 for creating interchangeable mass-produced precision engine parts,
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threads throughout. Prerequisites for the wide use of mass production were
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However, mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a
818:, had been pioneered by other engineers (most of whom are not famous, but
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II
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Compared with other production methods, mass production can create new
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489:, sometimes called bridge cranes because they span large factory bays.
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The idea of mass production is applied to many kinds of products: from
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Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
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2606:. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Company. p. 15 (on line edition).
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usually non-interchangeable. Though produced on a very small scale,
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2097:"Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval: French officer and engineer"
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in many markets, forcing companies to seek new ways to become more
412:
1964:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
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Ford assembly line, 1913. The magneto assembly line was the first.
757:
sizes for the first time which in turn allowed the application of
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Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
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2770:"Style that's sustainable: A new fast-fashion formula | McKinsey"
2193:"Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust: History 1690 - 1840"
1555:
1044:), techniques have been developed to help speed up the process .
686:
685:, increased literacy and education, and the beginnings of modern
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by many centuries; however, it was not until the introduction of
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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression
2282:
National Geographic Channel "War factories" documentary episodes
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1801:. Vol. 5, no. 2. pp. 142-153(12). Archived from
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Mass production of fluid matter typically involves piping with
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1040:.Also, for some plants that help to sequester carbon (such as
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History of the British canal system
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Nissen of the Huts: A biography of Lt Col. Peter Nissen, DSO
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2996:
2919:
2371:"Example of automated vegetative plant propagation machine"
2345:"Record-breaking solar cells get ready for mass production"
744:
The Navy was in a state of expansion that required 100,000
644:
401:
397:
3585:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
2580:
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology
2212:
Osborn, G.A. (1965). "The Crimean War gunboats, part 1".
522:
420:
415:), to clothing, textiles, parts and assemblies of parts (
377:
supplement that was written based on correspondence with
352:
products in a constant flow, including and especially on
950:
Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II
791:
design, Penn produced them all in 90 days. He also used
3509:
History of the cooperative Movement
2490:. National Bureau of Economic Research. p. xxviii.
2002:
The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4
3935:
History of science and technology in the United States
2832:. New York / Lincoln / Shanghai: Authors Choice Press.
2814:. New York / Lincoln / Shanghai: Authors Choice Press.
1422:
In the 1830s, French political thinker and historian
1032:, etc) has been proposed. Some projects (such as the
709:, simple mass production techniques were used at the
2319:"Mass-produced European solar panels on the horizon"
1497:
2122:Berkowitz, Heloise; Dumez, Herve (September 2016).
2713:Orange Coast Magazine: Customizing your tract home
2556:
655:, where it was used to, among other things, issue
364:, it is one of the three main production methods.
2633:
1628:: identical components are easier to mass-produce
1364:cost than using traditional, non-linear methods.
931:adopted modern manufacturing practices in making
3921:
2840:, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
713:in England to make ships' pulley blocks for the
3600:Timeline of materials technology
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:, BBC GCSE Bitesize, retrieved 26 October 2012.
1347:
27:High volume production of standardized products
3385:Stockton and Darlington Railway
2427:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"
2121:
2115:
1765:
1249:Following World War II, in the United States,
636:, which at its height employed 16,000 people.
624:would follow Carthage in producing ships with
521:computerized control came about (for example,
348:, is the production of substantial amounts of
3868:
3663:
2905:
296:
2651:Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology",
2596:
1703:
1283:
2479:
1945:
1164:for moving heavy loads across the factory.
3875:
3861:
3670:
3656:
2912:
2898:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
1867:The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army
1093:
1071:(PVC) can be easily formed into shapes by
782:gunboat engines designed and assembled by
303:
289:
3882:
3677:
2827:
2809:
2639:
2628:
1961:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
1906:
1724:
529:) is different (fine-tuned to its task).
426:Some mass production techniques, such as
371:was popularized by a 1926 article in the
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
3219:John Kay (spinning frame)
3214:John Kay (flying shuttle)
3149:Thomas and George Cranege
2700:. Bourne End: B D Publishing. p. 82-108.
1792:
1417:
1287:
1187:
937:
735:
659:. The oldest extant book produced using
581:made with bronze parts were produced in
557:
541:
430:sizes and production lines, predate the
314:
54:This article includes a list of general
2447:Fig. 12, Machining speed for steel axle
2149:
1999:
1950:. Oxford University Press. p. 161.
1482:Mass production has been linked to the
1311:
1253:pioneered the building of standardized
960:mass-produced many vehicles and weapons
481:and mobile equipment such as front-end
14:
3922:
3605:Timeline of steam power
2709:
2670:Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination
2500:
2485:
2211:
2165:"The Portsmouth blockmaking machinery"
1960:
1863:
1051:and later very hard materials such as
3856:
3651:
3320:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
2893:
2716:. Emmis Communications. p. 160.
2421:
2403:from the original on 19 February 2020
669:, printed in Korea in the year 1377.
3630:
2847:, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
2720:from the original on 16 October 2023
2554:
2377:from the original on 3 February 2021
2351:from the original on 22 January 2021
2325:from the original on 30 January 2021
2299:from the original on 28 January 2021
2089:
2056:, unesco.org, accessed December 2021
1981:from the original on 16 October 2023
1967:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1946:Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003).
1927:from the original on 16 October 2023
1888:from the original on 16 October 2023
1771:
40:
2667:
2577:
1242:, first used by the British during
24:
2821:
2077:from the original on 14 April 2008
1825:from the original on 29 March 2023
1647:Cost-of-production theory of value
1637:Outline of industrial organization
1460:denies the possibility of general
643:has allowed for documents such as
396:and particulates handled in bulk (
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3966:
3817:History of electrical engineering
3134:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2859:
2780:from the original on 20 June 2023
2610:from the original on 17 July 2014
2439:from the original on 1 March 2012
1907:Trawinski, Allan (25 June 2017).
537:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3370:Portsmouth Block Mills
3095:
2877:
2865:
2750:from the original on 2 June 2021
1793:Williams, David (October 2008).
1514:
1500:
1196:at both sides of photo near top.
1022:large-scale carbon sequestration
920:American system of manufacturing
124:
45:
36:Mass Production (disambiguation)
3595:Timeline of invention
3570:History of technology
3433:Newcomen steam engine
3209:Joseph Marie Jacquard
2803:
2792:
2762:
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2703:
2690:
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1993:
1234:built by emancipated slaves on
891:United States Department of War
866:in 1795, in which he perfected
673:, through his invention of the
628:parts on an assembly line: the
552:museum in Yekaterinburg, Russia
3690:History of technology cultures
3355:Derwent Valley Mills
3224:Francis Cabot Lowell
2828:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996).
2810:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996).
2501:Devine, Warren D. Jr. (1983).
2226:10.1080/00253359.1965.10657815
2031:
1954:
1939:
1900:
1857:
1809:
1786:
1734:Johns Hopkins University Press
1684:
13:
1:
3837:History of nuclear technology
3812:History of computing hardware
3790:History of technology domains
1678:
1522:Business and economics portal
838:. Although after leaving the
721:. It was achieved in 1803 by
700:
225:Information and communication
3822:History of materials science
2710:Custer, Jack (August 1988).
1662:Second Industrial Revolution
1626:Modular construction systems
1467:Mass production allowed the
1348:Advantages and disadvantages
1220:
1016:In addition, in the ongoing
807:, especially in the form of
729:under the management of Sir
683:democratization of knowledge
620:. Many centuries later, the
7:
3580:Industrial archaeology
3483:Watt steam engine
3169:Abraham Darby III
2600:; Crowther, Samuel (1930).
1774:Geschichte der Druckpressen
1493:
1217:used 32,000 machine tools.
1150:Glass Manufacturing Company
996:M1919 Browning machine guns
976:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
972:North American P-51 Mustang
944:Consolidated B-32 Dominator
753:in 1800 which standardized
694:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval
441:
10:
3971:
3448:Reverberatory furnace
3375:Quarry Bank Mill
3164:Abraham Darby II
3077:Economies of agglomeration
2838:Masters of Mass Production
2744:interestingengineering.com
2582:. Cambridge, MA / London:
2563:. Oxford / New York City:
2174:. makingthemodernworld.org
2006:Cambridge University Press
1910:The Clash of Civilizations
1772:Wolf, Hans Jürgen (1974).
1672:Technological unemployment
1551:Fast-moving consumer goods
1127:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
1109:and accelerated after the
895:Springfield, Massachusetts
846:and later was awarded the
692:French artillery engineer
651:, during the reign of the
532:
29:
3891:
3785:
3685:
3613:
3562:
3491:
3393:
3312:
3159:Abraham Darby I
3104:
3093:
2989:
2932:
2488:Mechanization in Industry
2202:. portsmouthdockyard.org.
2172:UK Government Web Archive
1440:Mass production improved
1284:The use of assembly lines
1018:climate change mitigation
980:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
828:manufacturing engineering
3908:Assemble-to-order system
3802:History of communication
3797:History of biotechnology
3473:Stephenson's Rocket
2198:26 February 2020 at the
2000:Needham, Joseph (1994).
1872:Harvard University Press
1818:The Terra Cotta Warriors
1667:Technological revolution
1328:Ford River Rouge Complex
1152:, which electrified its
925:Singer Manufacturing Co.
820:Frederick Winslow Taylor
3289:Richard Trevithick
2565:Oxford University Press
2471:CS1 maint: postscript (
2101:Encyclopedia Britannica
1913:. Page Publishing Inc.
1732:, Baltimore, Maryland:
1094:Factory electrification
1088:Encyclopædia Britannica
1030:blue carbon restoration
986:), trucks, tanks (i.e.
842:which was rebranded as
767:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
374:Encyclopædia Britannica
169:Industrial technologies
75:more precise citations.
3827:History of measurement
3697:Prehistoric technology
3544:Rochdale Pioneers
3529:Industrial unrest
3335:Bridgewater Canal
3279:Robert Stephenson
3274:George Stephenson
3249:William Radcliffe
3204:Benjamin Huntsman
3179:William Fairbairn
3139:Edmund Cartwright
3114:Richard Arkwright
3017:Industry/Manufacturing
2870:Quotations related to
2578:Nye, David E. (1990).
2536:Cite journal requires
2486:Jerome, Harry (1934).
2460:Cite journal requires
2131:Gérer & Comprendre
1783:
1571:Industrial engineering
1293:
1276:Fabrics and Materials
1197:
1186:
1034:Trillion Tree Campaign
962:, such as ships (i.e.
951:
836:management consultancy
824:industrial engineering
775:
741:
711:Portsmouth Block Mills
677:and production of the
568:
555:
326:
34:. For other uses, see
3772:Industrial Revolution
3679:History of technology
3514:Cottage industry
3199:Eaton Hodgkinson
3184:James Hargreaves
3119:Thomas Boulsover
2555:Smil, Vaclav (2005).
2508:: 355. Archived from
2397:"Restoration Methods"
2071:Catholic Encyclopedia
1864:Portal, Jane (2007).
1779:
1657:Scientific management
1632:Operations management
1586:Instant manufacturing
1581:Industrial Revolution
1541:Continuous production
1484:Fast Fashion Industry
1424:Alexis de Tocqueville
1418:Socioeconomic impacts
1291:
1191:
1173:
948:Consolidated Aircraft
941:
868:Interchangeable parts
816:scientific management
797:interchangeable parts
771:
759:interchangeable parts
739:
707:Industrial Revolution
587:Warring States period
561:
545:
432:Industrial Revolution
346:continuous production
318:
133:Manufacturing methods
3955:Economic development
3940:Industrial processes
3842:History of transport
3807:History of computing
3453:Sheffield plate
3254:Richard Roberts
3234:Thomas Newcomen
3154:Samuel Crompton
3124:Matthew Boulton
3082:Economies of density
2886:at Wikimedia Commons
2672:. Hansib Caribbean.
2603:Edison as I Know Him
2214:The Mariner's Mirror
2170:5 April 2017 at the
2052:19 July 2017 at the
1805:on 11 December 2013.
1696:14 July 2017 at the
1479:of many goods used.
1429:Democracy in America
1412:industrial accidents
1407:occupational hazards
1334:cheaply or cheaper.
1317:Vertical integration
1312:Vertical integration
958:, The United States
725:in cooperation with
723:Marc Isambard Brunel
527:fractionating column
417:household appliances
3950:Types of production
3832:History of medicine
3463:Spinning jenny
3458:Spinning frame
3428:Flying shuttle
3418:Crucible steel
3299:John Wilkinson
3284:Thomas Telford
3129:James Brindley
2696:McCosh, F. (1997).
2047:Memory of the World
1726:Hounshell, David A.
1606:Licensed production
1359:The probability of
942:Mass production of
933:harvesting machines
832:operations research
751:screw-cutting lathe
492:Mass production is
447:supply to outstrip
161:Agile manufacturing
3945:Business economics
3554:Industrial warfare
3403:Blast furnace
3264:Samuel Slater
3259:Thomas Savery
3229:Lunar Society
3087:Economies of scale
2668:Ali, Arif (1996).
2586:. pp. 14, 15.
2242:. 24 January 1887.
2067:"Johann Gutenberg"
1691:Production Methods
1652:Ready-made garment
1601:Lean manufacturing
1294:
1263:economies of scale
1202:Ford Motor Company
1198:
1069:polyvinyl chloride
970:), aircraft (i.e.
952:
840:Henry Ford Company
793:Whitworth Standard
742:
671:Johannes Gutenberg
622:Republic of Venice
599:the Emperor's tomb
569:
556:
383:The New York Times
379:Ford Motor Company
342:series manufacture
327:
156:Lean manufacturing
3917:
3916:
3850:
3849:
3645:
3644:
3519:Factory Acts
3504:Child labour
3468:Steam engine
3380:Soho Foundry
3269:John Smeaton
3194:Thomas Highs
3189:Hawks family
2882:Media related to
2853:978-1-4000-6964-4
2255:Missing or empty
2036:. pp. 41–54.
1974:978-0-307-42518-8
1881:978-0-674-02697-1
1799:Arms & Armour
1743:978-0-8018-2975-8
1576:Industrialisation
1113:was developed by
1081:injection molding
1038:plant propagation
1003:energy transition
639:The invention of
494:capital-intensive
460:centrifugal pumps
338:series production
313:
312:
101:
100:
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3767:Great Divergence
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3524:Great Divergence
3478:Water frame
3413:Cotton mill
3239:Robert Owen
3099:
3067:Water power
3047:Steam power
3002:Coal mining
2980:Potential future
2914:
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2891:
2890:
2881:
2869:
2843:Herman, Arthur.
2836:Borth, Christy.
2833:
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2796:
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1508:Companies portal
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1475:by lowering the
1454:Great Depression
1375:process after a
1354:craft production
1115:Galileo Ferraris
1107:Frank J. Sprague
1057:electric welding
1053:tungsten carbide
1049:high-speed steel
1001:For the ongoing
630:Venetian Arsenal
610:ancient Carthage
479:bucket elevators
362:batch production
356:. Together with
332:, also known as
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141:Batch production
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118:Machine industry
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3244:Lewis Paul
3144:Henry Cort
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1314:
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1228:Akbar the Great
1223:
1210:milling machine
1158:Muncie, Indiana
1099:Electrification
1096:
982:), jeeps (i.e.
929:Cyrus McCormick
915:armory practice
884:Chauncey Jerome
864:milling machine
719:Napoleonic Wars
703:
679:Gutenberg Bible
595:Terracotta Army
540:
535:
506:machine presses
487:overhead cranes
468:process control
464:screw conveyors
444:
369:mass production
334:flow production
330:Mass production
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259:Process control
151:Flow production
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67:Please help to
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2874:at Wikiquote
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2612:. Retrieved
2602:
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2573:
2558:
2550:
2529:cite journal
2517:. Retrieved
2510:the original
2496:
2487:
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2453:cite journal
2441:. Retrieved
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2269:
2257:|title=
2239:
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2217:
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2207:
2188:
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2139:. Retrieved
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2105:. Retrieved
2100:
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2079:. Retrieved
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2019:
2001:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1963:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
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1890:. Retrieved
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1827:. Retrieved
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1811:
1803:the original
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1596:Just-in-time
1561:Ford Model T
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1119:Nikola Tesla
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755:screw thread
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81:January 2021
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3757:Renaissance
3539:Proletariat
3499:Bourgeoisie
2598:Ford, Henry
2183:Brumcarrier
2034:中國金屬活字印刷技術史
1847:|work=
1642:Pilot plant
1616:Mass market
1473:consumerism
1361:human error
1267:mobile home
1244:World War I
1135:line shafts
1065:polystyrene
1011:solar farms
992:M2 Browning
876:Seth Thomas
809:electricity
780:Crimean War
657:paper money
591:Qin Emperor
585:during the
477:conveyors,
453:competitive
421:automobiles
73:introducing
3924:Categories
3886:approaches
3884:Production
3396:technology
3394:Invention/
3360:Ironbridge
3057:Technology
3037:Metallurgy
2927:revolution
2921:Industrial
2724:7 December
2407:29 January
2381:29 January
2355:22 January
2329:22 January
2303:22 January
1985:7 December
1931:7 December
1892:7 December
1829:7 December
1760:1104810110
1679:References
1450:harvesters
1400:lead times
1373:production
1259:Levittowns
1240:Nissen hut
1230:, and the
1181:line shaft
1177:line shaft
1169:Henry Ford
1007:wind farms
988:M4 Sherman
852:Henry Ford
715:Royal Navy
701:Industrial
661:metal type
548:Bronze Age
387:Britannica
321:automobile
56:references
3742:Byzantine
3702:Neolithic
3563:Reference
3330:Bethlehem
3325:Allentown
3072:Workforce
3042:Sociology
3032:Machinery
3022:Invention
2584:MIT Press
2443:18 August
2248:cite news
2240:The Times
1849:ignored (
1839:cite book
1488:polyester
1477:unit cost
1469:evolution
1458:Say's law
1221:Buildings
1156:plant in
1154:mason jar
1073:extrusion
1024:(through
984:Willys MB
860:Eli Terry
858:In 1807,
784:John Penn
769:, wrote:
597:guarding
579:Crossbows
514:workbench
498:automated
406:chemicals
389:article.
367:The term
319:A modern
248:IEC 62264
207:Six Sigma
3624:Category
3350:Cromford
3340:Broseley
3062:Textiles
2778:Archived
2748:Archived
2718:Archived
2608:Archived
2434:Archived
2425:(1989).
2401:Archived
2375:Archived
2349:Archived
2323:Archived
2297:Archived
2196:Archived
2168:Archived
2081:14 April
2075:Archived
2073:. 1912.
2050:Archived
1979:Archived
1925:Archived
1886:Archived
1823:Archived
1752:83016269
1728:(1984),
1694:Archived
1494:See also
1236:Barbados
1111:AC motor
1103:DC motor
1042:seagrass
911:fixtures
844:Cadillac
649:Bi Sheng
567:process.
442:Overview
413:minerals
110:a series
108:Part of
3762:Ottoman
3732:Chinese
3636:Commons
3534:Luddite
3443:Railway
3423:Factory
3105:People/
2784:18 June
2141:23 June
2107:23 June
2032:吉星, 潘.
1556:Fordism
954:During
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717:in the
705:In the
687:science
634:factory
564:woodcut
533:History
483:loaders
69:improve
3777:Modern
3737:Indian
3313:Places
3107:groups
3012:Cotton
2990:Themes
2966:Fourth
2952:Second
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2614:7 June
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502:robots
449:demand
394:fluids
238:ISA-95
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3904:(MTS)
3898:(MTO)
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3712:Mayan
3408:Canal
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2973:Fifth
2959:Third
2945:First
2938:Proto
2513:(PDF)
2506:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
2430:(PDF)
2137:: 1–8
2127:(PDF)
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666:Jikji
645:books
583:China
562:This
475:screw
410:mined
344:, or
277:SCADA
252:B2MML
3717:Inca
3027:Iron
3007:Coke
2997:Coal
2923:and
2849:ISBN
2786:2023
2756:2021
2726:2021
2678:ISBN
2616:2014
2542:help
2521:2011
2473:link
2466:help
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2331:2021
2305:2021
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2109:2024
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1987:2021
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1933:2021
1915:ISBN
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1876:ISBN
1851:help
1831:2021
1756:OCLC
1748:LCCN
1738:ISBN
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1121:and
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