449:
709:
38:
2256:
1214:
433:
with three arms that was used to obtain substances purified by distillation. It is not known whether Mary invented it, but
Zosimos credits the first description of the instrument to her. It is still used today in chemistry labs. In her writings (quoted by Zosimos), Mary recommends that the copper or
207:
Through
Zosimos many of the beliefs of Mary the Jewess can be observed. Mary incorporated lifelike attributes into her descriptions of metal such as bodies, souls, and spirits. Mary believed that metals had two different genders, and by joining the two genders together a
224:, who wrote, in the 4th century, the oldest extant books on alchemy. Zosimos described several of Mary's experiments and instruments. In his writings, Mary is almost always mentioned as having lived in the past, and she is described as "one of the sages".
268:
The early medieval alchemical text ascribed to an otherwise unknown "Morienus
Romanus" called her "Mary the Prophetess", and the Arabs knew her as the "Daughter of Plato" – a name which, in Western alchemical texts, was used for
479:
or κυροτακίς), is a device used to heat substances used in alchemy and to collect vapors. It is an airtight container with a sheet of copper upon its upper side. When working properly, all its joints form a tight
1025:
A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents;—used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations.
1418:
2028:
204:
She is credited with the invention of several kinds of chemical apparatus and is considered to be the first true alchemist of the
Western world.
1805:
523:(Mary's bath), which limits the maximum temperature of a container and its contents to the boiling point of a separate liquid: essentially a
165:
1840:
285:
and other later authors. However, several Arabic writings attributed to her are extant, some of them also in Latin translations:
1196:
1169:
1138:
1106:
934:
769:
745:
699:
610:
1859:
1812:
370:
Several cryptic alchemical precepts have been attributed to Mary. She is said to have spoken of the union of opposites:
2236:
2042:
2305:
1272:
1050:
877:
633:
496:
was said to be a replication of the process of the formation of gold that was occurring in the bowels of the earth.
2290:
2177:
1826:
786:
2340:
1792:
527:. It is extensively used in chemical processes for which a gentle heat is necessary. This term was introduced by
1638:
796:
2325:
2295:
2227:
2222:
2109:
1763:
1708:
551:
735:
689:
2300:
2285:
2081:
2067:
788:
El legado de
Hipatia: historia de las mujeres en la ciencia desde la antigüedad hasta fines del siglo XIX
600:
2280:
1960:
1946:
1884:
924:
300:("Letter of Mary to Aras, his Question and her Answer to Him"). This work was translated into Latin as
201:
list her as one of the first alchemical writers, dating her works at no later than the first century.
2315:
2310:
1939:
1932:
1703:
1597:
1527:
1227:
461:
198:
708:
2335:
2320:
2060:
1398:
1304:
384:
282:
2330:
2005:
1663:
1403:
1314:
1232:
545:
351:
Out of the One comes Two, out of Two comes Three, and from the Third comes the One as the Fourth.
257:
2197:
1517:
340:
181:
tradition. On the basis of
Zosimos's comments, she lived between the first and third centuries
146:
2182:
1918:
1819:
1668:
1552:
1265:
1128:
395:, was mentioned by Zosimos of Panopolis in his descriptions of certain devices, such as the
438:
and that the joints between the tubes and the still-head should be sealed with flour paste.
1451:
1349:
1344:
255:
cited Mary as one of the 52 most famous alchemists and stated that she was able to prepare
221:
220:
The primary source for the existence of "Mary the Jewess" within the context of alchemy is
161:
8:
2192:
2088:
2035:
1997:
1953:
1683:
1334:
1149:
1086:
905:
528:
392:
1734:
247:
2095:
2021:
1289:
1175:
1112:
1061:
987:
670:
194:
2232:
2157:
2102:
1846:
1786:
1693:
1643:
1557:
1532:
1319:
1192:
1179:
1165:
1134:
1116:
1102:
1046:
979:
971:
930:
873:
792:
765:
741:
695:
662:
629:
606:
504:
500:
388:
336:
One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth.
20:
870:
Number and Time: Reflections
Leading Towards a Unification of Psychology and Physics
448:
2259:
1911:
1878:
1779:
1749:
1623:
1613:
1592:
1476:
1471:
1426:
1367:
1258:
1157:
1094:
1073:
991:
963:
737:
Science, Religion and
Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Controversy
654:
626:
Chemical
History Tour, Picturing Chemistry from Alchemy to Modern Molecular Science
227:
37:
2240:
1985:
1966:
1739:
1713:
1618:
1572:
1537:
1512:
1436:
1359:
531:
in the 14th century. The term is still used for a double boiler to cook food in.
137:
281:
Of Mary's Greek works only fragments survive as quoted by
Zosimos of Panopolis,
2172:
2162:
2014:
1865:
1628:
1240:
1223:
1150:"Maria the Alchemist and Her Famous Heated Bath in the Arabo-Islamic Tradition"
472:
422:
327:
235:
190:
125:
113:
93:
1658:
2274:
2202:
2116:
1979:
1729:
1678:
1542:
1461:
1218:
1124:
975:
666:
524:
489:
359:
178:
43:
230:, a Byzantine chronicler of the 8th century, presented Mary as a teacher of
1897:
1698:
1653:
1648:
1633:
1577:
1562:
1522:
983:
951:
485:
252:
1161:
1098:
294:("Letter of Maria, Daughter of Sheba, the Copt, to Aras"), also known as
2152:
2074:
1925:
1904:
1587:
1582:
1547:
1377:
1077:
1023:. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1900. p. 112.
1217: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2167:
1833:
1744:
1688:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1382:
1154:
Gendered Touch: Women, Men, and Knowledge-making in Early Modern Europe
1091:
Gendered Touch: Women, Men, and Knowledge-making in Early Modern Europe
519:
435:
404:
231:
186:
674:
2187:
1567:
1466:
1456:
1441:
1431:
1324:
967:
355:
344:
157:
1250:
1152:. In Antonelli, Francesca; Romano, Antonella; Savoia, Paolo (eds.).
1089:. In Antonelli, Francesca; Romano, Antonella; Savoia, Paolo (eds.).
2217:
1673:
1486:
1446:
1408:
658:
239:
2142:
2137:
1372:
1339:
1281:
1043:
The Dictionary of Alchemy: From Maria Prophetissa to Isaac Newton
602:
Jewish Life and Thought Among Greeks and Romans: Primary Readings
540:
430:
262:
2212:
1309:
481:
374:
Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought.
312:"The Epistle of the Crown and the Creation of the Newborn Baby"
270:
764:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 10 December 2012.
2207:
2147:
209:
434:
bronze used to make the tubes should be the thickness of a
1133:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 60–91.
1021:
Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language
1064:(1927). "An Alchemical Tract Ascribed to Mary the Copt".
645:
Taylor, F. Sherwood (1930). "A Survey of Greek Alchemy".
503:
in 1879 to create the extractor that bears his name, the
499:
This instrument was later modified by the German chemist
1245:
The Dialogue of Mary and Aros on the Magistery of Hermes
691:
From Eve to Dawn, a history of women - volume 1: Origins
952:"History of Alchemy and Early Chemestry*[sic]"
297:
Risālat Māriyya ilā Aras wa-su'āluhu wa-jawābuhā lahu
407:. But her contributions are disputed and not clear.
291:
Risālat Māriyya bint Sāba al-malik al-Qibṭī ilā Āras
151:
599:Feldman, Louis H.; Reinhold, Meyer (1996-10-01).
23:(died 637), mother of the prophet Muhammad's son.
2272:
2029:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
1130:The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book
628:Adele Droblas Greenberg Wiley-Interscience 2000
358:used this axiom as a metaphor for wholeness and
598:
1806:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
332:The following was known as the Axiom of Maria:
1266:
733:
517:Mary's name survives in her invention of the
42:Engraving depicting Maria Prophetissima from
1437:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
1189:Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam
295:
289:
1222:
872:. London: Rider & Company. p. 65.
484:. The use of such sealed containers in the
301:
1553:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
1273:
1259:
1087:"Maria's Practica in Early Modern Alchemy"
949:
734:Eisen, Arri; Laderman, Gary (2015-03-04).
303:Practica Mariae prophetissae sororis Moysi
36:
1841:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
867:
276:
1147:
1084:
1060:
1040:
1004:
926:Alchemists, Founders of Modern Chemistry
855:
851:
839:
827:
715:
586:
574:
570:
447:
316:
1186:
923:Taylor, Frank Sherwood (January 1992).
823:
811:
2273:
1629:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
922:
687:
644:
48:Symbola Aurea Mensae Duodecim Nationum
1709:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
1280:
1254:
1123:
892:
721:
16:First Western alchemist (1st century)
784:
778:
309:"The Book of Maria and the Wise Men"
1860:De consideratione quintae essentiae
141:
13:
950:Partington, J. R. (January 1947).
694:. Toronto: McArthur. p. 221.
14:
2352:
1226:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1206:
1156:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 21–39.
1093:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 40–65.
321:
2255:
2254:
1827:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
1236:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1212:
1009:. New York: Dover. pp. 48f.
868:von Franz, Marie-Louise (1974).
707:
347:, gives an alternative version:
1794:Liber de compositione alchemiae
1518:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1477:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
1325:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
1034:
1013:
998:
943:
916:
898:
886:
861:
845:
833:
817:
805:
647:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
343:, an associate of psychologist
2043:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
754:
727:
681:
638:
619:
592:
580:
564:
1:
2110:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
929:. Kessinger. pp. 38–39.
557:
510:
378:
170:
854:, p. 23. Translated by
552:Timeline of women in science
441:
7:
2082:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
2068:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
1228:"Alchemy: Maria the Jewess"
906:"Maria – ancient alchemist"
534:
410:
177:) and other authors in the
152:
10:
2357:
1961:Rosary of the Philosophers
1947:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
1886:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
325:
215:
18:
2250:
2130:
2052:
1771:
1762:
1722:
1624:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
1606:
1505:
1457:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1427:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1417:
1391:
1358:
1297:
1288:
1187:Ullmann, Manfred (1972).
1085:Martelli, Matteo (2022).
791:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI.
476:
462:Science History Institute
426:
99:
87:
83:
75:
55:
35:
28:
2306:Ancient women scientists
1472:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1305:Agathodaemon (legendary)
1148:Raggetti, Lucia (2022).
1005:Holmyard, E. J. (1957).
688:French, Marilyn (2002).
456:, or Maria’s bath, from
365:
160:known from the works of
19:Not to be confused with
2291:Ancient Jewish scholars
1664:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1404:Stephanus of Alexandria
1233:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1041:Haeffner, Mark (2004).
785:Alic, Margaret (2005).
546:Cleopatra the Alchemist
460:, Philip Ulstad, 1528,
2341:Roman-era Alexandrians
1497:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
762:The secrets of alchemy
464:
376:
353:
341:Marie-Louise von Franz
338:
302:
296:
290:
277:Arabic and Latin works
234:, whom she had met in
129:
117:
1933:Nabataean Agriculture
1820:Books of the Balances
1669:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1639:Giovanni da Correggio
1162:10.1163/9789004512610
1099:10.1163/9789004512610
492:", still in use. The
451:
372:
349:
334:
317:Alchemical philosophy
238:, during the time of
2326:Jewish women writers
2296:Ancient Jewish women
2178:In art/entertainment
1588:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
1350:Zosimos of Panopolis
1345:Paphnutia the Virgin
1078:10.1484/J.arch.3.256
458:Coelum philosophorum
222:Zosimos of Panopolis
162:Zosimos of Panopolis
2198:Philosophers' stone
2193:Pill of Immortality
2089:Fasciculus chemicus
2036:Turba philosophorum
1954:Physika kai mystika
1684:Michael Sendivogius
1563:pseudo-Michael Scot
1399:pseudo-Olympiodorus
1340:Ostanes (legendary)
1241:Mary the Prophetess
1057:(Paperback edition)
529:Arnold of Villanova
490:hermetically sealed
393:Hermes Trismegistus
283:pseudo-Olympiodorus
153:Māriyya al-Qibṭiyya
122:Mary the Prophetess
65:Mary the Prophetess
2301:Ancient occultists
2286:Ancient alchemists
2096:Musaeum Hermeticum
2022:Summa perfectionis
2001:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1991:Secret of Creation
1940:Ordinal of Alchemy
1583:pseudo-Ramon Llull
1487:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
465:
2281:3rd-century women
2268:
2267:
2126:
2125:
2103:Theatrum chemicum
1919:Mirror of Alchimy
1871:Tabula Smaragdina
1848:Clavis sapientiae
1787:Aurora consurgens
1758:
1757:
1694:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1644:Heinrich Khunrath
1558:Magister Salernus
1533:Guido di Montanor
1320:pseudo-Democritus
1282:Alchemy (general)
1198:978-90-04-03423-5
1191:. Leiden: Brill.
1171:978-90-04-51260-3
1140:978-0-691-00642-0
1108:978-90-04-51260-3
1062:Holmyard, Eric J.
936:978-1-56459-002-2
771:978-0-226-92378-9
747:978-1-317-46013-8
701:978-1-55278-268-2
612:978-0-567-08525-2
605:. A&C Black.
505:Soxhlet extractor
501:Franz von Soxhlet
488:led to the term "
389:Pseudo-Democritus
383:Mary, along with
245:The 10th century
184:
150:
130:Maria Prophetissa
120:), also known as
103:
102:
21:Maria al-Qibtiyya
2348:
2316:Hellenistic Jews
2311:Greek alchemists
2258:
2257:
1972:Step of the Sage
1912:Mappae clavicula
1879:Leyden papyrus X
1780:Atalanta fugiens
1769:
1768:
1750:Mary Anne Atwood
1735:Eugène Canseliet
1614:Andreas Libavius
1593:Taddeo Alderotti
1368:Fang (alchemist)
1315:pseudo-Cleopatra
1295:
1294:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1183:
1144:
1120:
1081:
1056:
1045:. London: Aeon.
1028:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
968:10.1038/159081a0
947:
941:
940:
920:
914:
913:
902:
896:
890:
884:
883:
865:
859:
849:
843:
837:
831:
821:
815:
809:
803:
802:
782:
776:
775:
758:
752:
751:
731:
725:
719:
713:
712:
711:
705:
685:
679:
678:
642:
636:
623:
617:
616:
596:
590:
584:
578:
568:
478:
429:) was a kind of
428:
305:
299:
293:
248:Kitāb al-Fihrist
228:George Syncellus
182:
179:Greek alchemical
176:
175:
172:
167:
156:), was an early
155:
145:
143:
110:Maria the Jewess
62:Maria the Jewess
56:Other names
40:
26:
25:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2336:Women inventors
2321:Jewish chemists
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2246:
2241:Suns in alchemy
2122:
2048:
1987:Sirr al-khalīqa
1968:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
1852:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
1754:
1740:Frater Albertus
1718:
1714:Wilhelm Homberg
1619:Basil Valentine
1602:
1573:Paul of Taranto
1538:Hugh of Evesham
1513:pseudo-Albertus
1501:
1447:pseudo-Avicenna
1413:
1387:
1360:Ancient Chinese
1354:
1330:Mary the Jewess
1284:
1279:
1224:Singer, Isidore
1213:
1209:
1199:
1172:
1141:
1109:
1053:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1003:
999:
962:(4029): 81–85.
948:
944:
937:
921:
917:
904:
903:
899:
891:
887:
880:
866:
862:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:, p. 183;
822:
818:
810:
806:
799:
783:
779:
772:
760:
759:
755:
748:
732:
728:
720:
716:
706:
702:
686:
682:
643:
639:
624:
620:
613:
597:
593:
585:
581:
569:
565:
560:
537:
515:
446:
415:
381:
368:
330:
324:
319:
279:
218:
212:could be made.
173:
168:
90:
71:
51:
31:
30:Mary the Jewess
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Women chemists
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Iatrochemistry
2170:
2165:
2163:Elixir of life
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2015:Splendor solis
2011:
2003:
1995:
1983:
1976:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1882:
1875:
1867:Emerald Tablet
1863:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1419:Arabic-Islamic
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1298:Greco-Egyptian
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1208:
1207:External links
1205:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1184:
1170:
1145:
1139:
1125:Patai, Raphael
1121:
1107:
1082:
1072:(2): 161–167.
1058:
1051:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1012:
997:
942:
935:
915:
910:britannica.com
897:
885:
878:
860:
844:
832:
816:
814:, p. 182.
804:
797:
777:
770:
753:
746:
726:
714:
700:
680:
659:10.2307/626167
653:(1): 109–139.
637:
618:
611:
591:
579:
573:, p. 21;
562:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
549:
543:
536:
533:
514:
509:
454:balneum Mariae
452:An alchemical
445:
440:
414:
409:
380:
377:
367:
364:
328:Axiom of Maria
326:Main article:
323:
322:Axiom of Maria
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
307:
278:
275:
236:Memphis, Egypt
217:
214:
134:Maria the Copt
101:
100:
97:
96:
94:Axiom of Maria
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
70:
69:
68:Maria the Copt
66:
63:
59:
57:
53:
52:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2353:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Prima materia
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:Tripus aureus
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:Aureum vellus
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2007:Sirr al-asrār
2004:
2002:
2000:
1999:Sirr al-asrār
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:Seventy Books
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1890:Liber dabessi
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:Book of Mercy
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Samuel Norton
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Michael Maier
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:Thomas Norton
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Johann of Laz
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:George Ripley
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:Late medieval
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:public domain
1211:
1210:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:1-904658-12-1
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
938:
932:
928:
927:
919:
911:
907:
901:
895:, p. 66.
894:
889:
881:
879:0-09-121020-8
875:
871:
864:
857:
856:Holmyard 1927
853:
852:Raggetti 2022
848:
842:, p. 23.
841:
840:Raggetti 2022
836:
830:, p. 23.
829:
828:Raggetti 2022
825:
820:
813:
808:
800:
794:
790:
789:
781:
773:
767:
763:
757:
749:
743:
740:. Routledge.
739:
738:
730:
723:
718:
710:
703:
697:
693:
692:
684:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
635:
634:0-471-35408-2
631:
627:
622:
614:
608:
604:
603:
595:
589:, p. 21.
588:
587:Raggetti 2022
583:
577:, p. 40.
576:
575:Martelli 2022
572:
571:Raggetti 2022
567:
563:
553:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
530:
526:
525:double boiler
522:
521:
513:
508:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:hermetic arts
483:
474:
470:
463:
459:
455:
450:
444:
439:
437:
432:
424:
420:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
375:
371:
363:
361:
360:individuation
357:
352:
348:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
311:
308:
304:
298:
292:
288:
287:
286:
284:
274:
272:
266:
264:
260:
259:
258:caput mortuum
254:
250:
249:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
213:
211:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
163:
159:
154:
148:
142:مارية القبطية
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Maria Hebraea
115:
111:
107:
98:
95:
92:
89:Notable ideas
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
64:
61:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
44:Michael Maier
39:
34:
27:
22:
2260:All articles
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2053:Compilations
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1898:Liber ignium
1896:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1699:Robert Boyle
1654:Isaac Newton
1649:Hennig Brand
1634:Gerhard Dorn
1607:Early modern
1578:Petrus Bonus
1523:pseudo-Geber
1335:pseudo-Moses
1329:
1244:
1231:
1188:
1153:
1129:
1090:
1069:
1065:
1042:
1035:Bibliography
1024:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1000:
959:
955:
945:
925:
918:
909:
900:
888:
869:
863:
847:
835:
824:Ullmann 1972
819:
812:Ullmann 1972
807:
787:
780:
761:
756:
736:
729:
717:
690:
683:
650:
646:
640:
625:
621:
601:
594:
582:
566:
518:
516:
511:
498:
493:
468:
466:
457:
453:
442:
418:
416:
411:
400:
396:
385:Agathodaemon
382:
373:
369:
354:
350:
339:
335:
331:
280:
271:white sulfur
267:
256:
253:Ibn al-Nadim
246:
244:
226:
219:
206:
203:
133:
121:
109:
105:
104:
47:
2183:Magnum opus
2153:Chrysopoeia
2075:De alchemia
1926:Mutus liber
1905:Liber lucis
1772:Major Works
1659:Jakob Böhme
1548:John Dastin
1492:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1378:Master Geng
261:, a purple
2275:Categories
2228:Substances
2168:Homunculus
1834:Cantong Qi
1745:Fulcanelli
1689:Paracelsus
1482:al-Jildakī
1383:Wei Boyang
1290:Alchemists
893:Patai 1995
798:9682316820
722:Patai 1995
558:References
520:bain-marie
512:Bain-marie
436:frying pan
405:bain-marie
403:, and the
379:Inventions
232:Democritus
210:new entity
187:Alexandria
174: 300
76:Occupation
2223:Processes
2188:Ouroboros
2009:(al-Rāzī)
1730:Carl Jung
1568:Ortolanus
1467:al-ʿIrāqī
1442:Artephius
1432:Alphidius
1392:Byzantine
1180:246270851
1117:246270851
976:1476-4687
667:0075-4269
494:kerotakis
477:κηροτακίς
469:kerotakis
443:Kerotakis
401:kerotakis
356:Carl Jung
345:Carl Jung
158:alchemist
147:romanized
79:Alchemist
2218:Yliaster
1798:Morienus
1764:Writings
1674:John Dee
1409:Synesius
1127:(1995).
1066:Archeion
984:20281228
535:See also
427:τριβικός
419:tribikos
412:Tribikos
397:tribikos
240:Pericles
199:Lippmann
46:'s book
2237:Unicode
2233:Symbols
2158:Element
2143:Athanor
2138:Alembic
2131:Various
1373:Ge Hong
1221::
1007:Alchemy
992:4093076
548:(Egypt)
541:Alchemy
431:alembic
263:pigment
216:History
169:
149::
2213:Takwin
1723:Modern
1310:Chymes
1195:
1178:
1168:
1137:
1115:
1105:
1049:
990:
982:
974:
956:Nature
933:
876:
795:
768:
744:
698:
675:626167
673:
665:
632:
609:
482:vacuum
399:, the
391:, and
195:Taylor
191:French
138:Arabic
50:(1617)
2208:Rebis
2148:Azoth
1176:S2CID
1113:S2CID
988:S2CID
671:JSTOR
473:Greek
423:Greek
366:Other
132:) or
126:Latin
114:Latin
1193:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1047:ISBN
980:PMID
972:ISSN
931:ISBN
874:ISBN
793:ISBN
766:ISBN
742:ISBN
696:ISBN
663:ISSN
630:ISBN
607:ISBN
467:The
417:The
197:and
183:A.D.
106:Mary
1158:doi
1095:doi
1074:doi
964:doi
960:159
655:doi
251:of
185:in
166:fl.
108:or
2277::
2239:,
1243::
1230:.
1174:.
1164:.
1111:.
1101:.
1068:.
986:.
978:.
970:.
958:.
954:.
908:.
669:.
661:.
651:50
649:.
507:.
475::
425::
387:,
362:.
273:.
265:.
242:.
193:,
189:.
171:c.
144:,
140::
128::
116::
2243:)
2235:(
1993:)
1989:(
1974:)
1970:(
1892:)
1888:(
1873:)
1869:(
1854:)
1850:(
1800:)
1796:(
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1247:.
1201:.
1182:.
1160::
1143:.
1119:.
1097::
1080:.
1076::
1070:8
1055:.
994:.
966::
939:.
912:.
882:.
858:.
801:.
774:.
750:.
724:.
704:.
677:.
657::
615:.
471:(
421:(
306:.
164:(
136:(
124:(
112:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
