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Literary
Inspector of Education, AbĂlio Vianna, filed a report that the school's co-education and its failure to instruct on the Catholic religion were in violation of the Education Laws of 1851 and 1869, and demanded that boys over age 10 be removed from admittance and that a teacher be hired for Catholic instruction. Reaction was swift, with prominent local newspapers and the press in Rio de Janeiro, publishing denouncements of the inspector's actions. When Bruce was subpoenaed, she responded that she would not comply and would not reject students on the basis of their religion or sex. In the end, the state legislature called for Vianna's resignation, allowing the school to continue with their programs. Watts returned after her year at home and resumed her post as director.
290:, having rented a space capable of serving 18 students. Only one pupil, Maria Escobar, was in attendance, as parents were reluctant to move their children in the last quarter of the year. She was criticized for her haste in trying to open the school so quickly with three teachers for the sole student, but pressure to succeed when two previous attempts to establish a Methodist mission school had failed, caused Watts to forge ahead. Watts did not speak French and neither teacher Mary Newman, nor Francis Joseph Christopher Schneider, who taught Portuguese, were prepared to teach classes in the French language, considered the
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318:, becoming its spokeswoman owing to Watts' limited ability with Portuguese. Watts' approach to education was founded on Methodist ideology, which promoted a separation of church and state, individual and religious freedom, exploration of science and technology and democratic reforms aimed at producing faithful Christian servants to the nation. Rennotte's method was based upon the European philosophy and pedagogical theories of scholars like
503:(Martha Watts Cultural Center) located on Rua Boa Morte in Piracicaba was established in 2003 and pays homage to her "ações que visavam transformar as pessoas, seus costumes, seus hábitos, suas crenças levando-as ao desenvolvimento, tanto intelectual como espiritual" (actions aimed at transforming people, their customs, their habits, their beliefs—leading them to both intellectual and spiritual development).
294:
at that time. For students to study the classics in Brazil, they had to use French translations. This made securing a teacher who spoke French essential for the success of the school. Watts and Rev. Ransom, wrote several letters to the Women's Board asking them to secure an
American teacher who spoke
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in the state and reform education, though she declined. With growing enrollment, Watts embarked on the construction of a new school building, which was opened in 1884. Wanting the building ready for the start of the new school year, both she and
Rennotte were closely involved in the building project
174:
learning environment, which offered courses in languages, literature, mathematics, philosophy, and the natural and physical sciences. Though criticized by conservative sectors of society and the
Catholic Church, Watts gained powerful supporters, including prominent progressive politicians, lawyers,
259:
work in Brazil, Watts submitted an application to the Women's Board of
Foreign Missions and was accepted in 1881, becoming the first woman to be sent to Brazil by the Women's Board and the second woman, after Lochie Rankin, who served in China from 1878, to be employed by the Women's Board. In May
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Taking a leave of absence as was typical for missionaries every five years, Watts spent much of the year 1886 in the United States. In her absence, the school was run by Mary Bruce, as
Rennotte was also abroad gathering textbooks and class materials in Europe. Seizing the opportunity, in 1887 the
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began with three students and rapidly the enrollment expanded to 50 from some of the most prominent families in the area. As the school was somewhat remote and in the mountains, it gave relief from the heat and epidemics that often occurred in Rio de
Janeiro at the time, allowing diplomats and
475:
on
January 2, 1910. A memorial service for her life and work was hosted by the Methodist Missionary Society on January 5, 1910, in Louisville. Watts is recognized as the pioneer who brought Methodist education to Brazil and for her role in the development of a modern educational system in the
272:. While Koger and his wife were to found a church there, Kennedy and Ransom were to establish a church in Rio de Janeiro. By July, Watts had founded a Sunday school and the church was organized by September 11. Founding the school proved more difficult as Watts, who was not fluent in
33:
141:
at the
Louisville Normal School, she was in the first graduating class in the early 1870s and became a teacher, working in the public schools. After joining the Broadway Methodist Church in 1874, Watts joined a youth missionary society and founded a
1903:
VII Jornada do HISTEDBR 'O trabalho didático na história da educação' 17 a 19 de setembro de 2007, Campo Grande [VII Journey of
History, Society and Education in Brazil 'Didactic Work on the History of Education', September 17–19, 2007, Campo
222:, Kentucky, to Elizabeth Curtis/Curtiss (née Pixley/Paxley) and Elijah Searcy Watts. The ninth of 12 children, she received her early education from her older siblings. Around the age of nine, she enrolled in the Bardstown Female Institute of the
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French, without success. On February 23, 1882, Ransom reported to the Board that he had found a "French woman" with teaching degrees who had accepted an offer of employment. Though the school term had already begun with 13 students,
330:. The typical education available at the time prepared girls for domestic and social spheres and indoctrinated them into Catholicism. Providing a boarding school for girls, championing co-education and gender equality,
313:
Rennotte and Watts worked together to establish the educational vision of the school. Primarily Watts administrated the institution and Rennotte directed creation of the curricula and enhancing the reputation of the
146:
class. In 1881, after applying to the Women's Board of Foreign Missions, she was accepted as the second woman from the United States to act as a foreign missionary and was the first woman to be sent to Brazil.
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with five students, but had over 60 enroll for the following year. In 1905, Blanche Howell was hired as Watts' assistant and the two worked together on the school's establishment. In 1907, Watts returned to
348:
Though their curricula was approved of by progressive factions of society, the conservative elements, and specifically the Catholic Church, were harsh critics of Watts and the education provided by
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210:
is named in her honor, as is the cultural center of Piracicaba, one of several facilities which bear her name or pay homage to her role in the development of a modern educational system.
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1962:
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offered a well-rounded curriculum, including courses in languages, literature, mathematics, philosophy, and natural and physical sciences. Classes were also open to boys, as lawyer
303:
183:. By the 1890s, the school method and curricula had gained wide support, the student body had grown substantially, and their methods were being implemented throughout the state.
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471:, in the spring of 1909 and never recovered from the complications of breaking her hip. She died on December 30, 1909, at her brother W. O. Watts' home and was buried at
413:
Watts remained at the school until 1900 and the following year took her pentennial leave, returning to the United States. Back in Brazil in 1902, she was assigned to
335:
234:
and when the war ended she continued her studies at the Louisville Normal School. The school opened in 1871 and Watts was in the first graduating class.
1475:
2227:
1937:
264:
in the company of James L. Kennedy, James W. Koger and his wife Frances (née Smith), and John James Ransom. Her mission was to establish a school in
255:. By 1877, she had established a youth missionary society at the Broadway Methodist Church. When asked by Mary Helm if she would be interested in
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364:(brother of Manuel), who would become governor of SĂŁo Paulo and President of Brazil. He would later attempt to use the methods adopted for the
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as the model for the state's educational system and as governor, offered Watts a position as Minister of Education, to assist in founding a
1966:
1728:
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1604:
1482:
The Contribution of Mlle. Maria Rennotte in the Construction and Implantation of the Methodist Educational Project of Piracicabano College
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in 1975, after having expanded its curricula to offer tertiary courses in 1964. There is a bronze bust of Watts in the hall of the
1917:
2247:
2232:
2202:
432:
1911:
1872:
1541:[Marie Rennotte, educator and medical doctor: elements for a historical and biographical, social and medical study].
1527:
1982:
1763:
1477:
A contribuição de mlle. Maria Rennotte na construção e implantação do projeto educacional metodista no Colégio Piracicabano
1742:
276:, had to convince her neighbors to send their children to school. She also struggled to find a suitable property to rent.
447:
for the dedication of an annex to the school which was named in her honor. Though the cornerstone was laid in 1907, the
1665:
Women and the Kingdom: Fifty Years of Kingdom Building by the Women of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1878–1928
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492:
1645:[Memory – Martha Watts Cultural Center (10)] (in Portuguese). Piracicaba, Brazil: A ProvĂncia. Archived from
1589:
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1965:[Memory – Martha Watts Cultural Center (1)] (in Portuguese). Piracicaba, Brazil: A ProvĂncia. Archived from
1624:[Memory – Martha Watts Cultural Center (3)] (in Portuguese). Piracicaba, Brazil: A ProvĂncia. Archived from
1603:[Memory – Martha Watts Cultural Center (2)] (in Portuguese). Piracicaba, Brazil: A ProvĂncia. Archived from
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with instructions to build a new boarding school there. In effect, it meant starting her career over, building the
2222:
421:. She remained at the temporary location for two years while a building was secured for a new Methodist school in
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Watts was an abolitionist and soon after her arrival in Brazil, she bought the slave Flora Blumer de Toledo and
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1902:
2006:
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was not completed until 1912. Suffering from ill-health, Watts returned to the United States in early 1909.
1945:
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202:, Kentucky, where she died at the end of that year. She is remembered in Brazil as the pioneer in bringing
1862:
1848:. Buffalo, New York: Peter Paul and Co. for the Buffalo Historical Society/Buffalo Genealogical Society.
1519:
1824:"Angels of Progress In Brazil: American Protestant Missions – the case of Martha Hite Watts (1881–1908)"
1843:
340:
323:
223:
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1539:"Marie Rennotte, pedagoga e mĂ©dica: subsĂdios para um estudo histĂłrico-biográfico e mĂ©dico-social"
166:, in 1882. At the time, most educational materials had been translated into French, as it was the
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to ensure both functionality and hygienic conditions as a basis for a good learning environment.
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1687:. Nashville, Tennessee: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. pp.
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327:
76:
1897:. In Saviani, Dermeval; Lombardi, JosĂ© Claudinei; Brito, SĂlvia Helena Adnrade de (eds.).
1803:[Gender, medicine and philanthropy: Maria Rennotte and women in nation building].
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8:
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2011:
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1774:(20). Piracicaba, Brazil: Conselho Geral das Instituições Metodistas de Ensino: 99–105.
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1845:
William Pixley of Hadley, Northampton, and Westfield, Mass. and Some of His Descendants
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Watts immediately began teaching in the public school system. In 1874, she joined the
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and school teacher who established four educational facilities in Brazil. Educated in
1907:
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1801:"Gênero, medicina e filantropia: Maria Rennotte e as mulheres na construção da nação"
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2163:(in Portuguese). SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil: PatrimĂ´nio Belga no Brasil. 2018. Archived from
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Pixley, Edward Evans; Hanford, Franklin (1900). Strickland, Edward Dinwoodie (ed.).
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487:. It operated until 1970, when the government abolished normal school training. The
1808:
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352:. Nonetheless, by 1883, the enrollment had reached 30 students with the support of
2135:['Piracicaba 250 Years' exhibit happens in Martha Watts Cultural Center].
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1990:
1766:[Martha Watts: A Methodist Educator of the Belle Époque in the Tropics].
519:
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1989:. Piracicaba, Brazil: Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba. 2018. Archived from
1454:(5). Piracicaba, Brazil: Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Piracicaba: 58–67.
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Education, Mission and Gender: The Letters of Martha Hite Watts (1881–1895)
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officials in the nearby capital to send their daughters there for safety.
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483:(Miss Martha Watts Free Normal School) was established next door to the
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for 14 years and then established three other schools in the states of
158:. Within months, though she only had one student, Watts had opened the
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134:
1893:[Martha Watts: A Woman in the History of School Institutions]
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Educação, missão e gênero: As cartas de Martha Hite Watts (1881–1895)
463:
Colégio Piracicabano, ca. 1928 (now the Martha Watts Cultural Center)
1981:
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226:. Her father was a well-known attorney and soon moved the family to
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of education. The two women worked together to design an innovative
1867:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil: Editorial IHGP.
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138:
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her. Blumer in turn became an employee of Watts and worked at the
302:
1906:(in Portuguese). Campinas, Brazil: Autores Associados HISTEDBR.
1891:"Martha Watts uma mulher na história das instituições escolares"
1764:"Martha Watts: uma educadora metodista na belle Ă©poque tropical"
911:
776:
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sent four of his children there and encouraged others to do so.
2039:. São Paulo, Brazil: Colégio Piracicabano. 2016. Archived from
1880:
1714:] (in Portuguese). SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil: Imprensa Methodista.
1240:
1037:
989:
326:. Together, they sought to implement innovative principles for
299:, a Belgian teacher, did not join the staff until early March.
198:. Failing health led to her retirement in 1909 and a return to
2139:(in Portuguese). Piracicaba, Brazil. July 2017. Archived from
1899:
Jornada do HISTEDBR – História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil
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1100:
848:
730:
728:
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32:
1936:
van der Krogt, René; van der Krogt, Peter (July 10, 2017).
1537:
De Luca, Leonora; Assis De Luca, JoĂŁo Bosco (August 2003).
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230:, where Watts became engaged. Her fiancé was killed in the
1935:
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Lopes, Lucia Helena Coelho de Oliveira (March 11, 2010).
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1741:(Master's in Education). SĂŁo Bernardo do Campo, Brazil:
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133:(February 13, 1848 – December 30, 1909) was an American
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John, I. G. (Mrs.) (1899). "Miss Martha Hite Watts".
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in 1881, Watts' mission was to establish a school in
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2015:. Louisville, Kentucky. December 31, 1909. p. 2
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218:
Martha Hite Watts was born on February 13, 1848, in
2115:. Louisville, Kentucky. January 2, 1910. p. 16
2005:
1446:[Methodism in Piracicaba Has Its History].
686:
585:
499:, recognizing her role in founding the school. The
2133:"'Piracicaba 250 Anos' acontece no 'Martha Watts'"
2065:. Louisville, Kentucky. January 5, 1910. p. 8
923:
1888:
1762:Mesquita, Zuleica de Castro Coimbra (June 2002).
1043:
995:
959:
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645:
627:
594:
438:(Izabela Hendrix College) in the capital city of
2174:
2089:. Greenville, Kentucky. June 17, 1909. p. 3
1515:The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil
1861:Pfromm Netto, Samuel (2013). "Watts, Martha".
1821:
1641:Fuzeti Elias, Patricia (September 19, 2018c).
1444:"O metodismo em Piracicaba tem a sua histĂłria"
1246:
1219:
1067:
1019:
467:Watts fell when stepping out of a carriage in
1961:Vicentini, Beatriz Helena (August 17, 2018).
1841:
1643:"Memória – Centro Cultural Martha Watts (10)"
1640:
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1963:"Memória – Centro Cultural Martha Watts (1)"
1889:Sarat De Oliveira, LĂlian (September 2007).
1860:
1622:"Memória – Centro Cultural Martha Watts (3)"
1601:"Memória – Centro Cultural Martha Watts (2)"
1511:
1374:
1362:
1263:
1202:
1055:
405:(American College) from scratch. The girls'
251:in Louisville and began regularly attending
1620:Fuzeti Elias, Patricia (August 24, 2018b).
1599:Fuzeti Elias, Patricia (August 19, 2018a).
1512:Dawsey, Cyrus B.; Dawsey, James M. (1998).
206:education to the country. An annex of the
2081:
1302:
380:
162:and began by recruiting a French teacher,
31:
2228:Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church
1960:
1812:
1668:. Nashville, Tennessee: Cokesbury Press.
1554:
1474:Costa Ramires, DĂ©bora (August 31, 2009).
1387:Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba 2018
1094:
1761:
1441:
1187:
971:
707:
458:
384:
301:
286:On September 13, 1881, Watts opened the
1707:Cincoenta annos de Methodismo no Brasil
1703:
1571:
1278:
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1172:
1145:
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1121:
746:
639:
279:
16:American Methodist missionary in Brazil
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1661:
1399:van der Krogt & van der Krogt 2017
692:
668:
2243:20th-century American women educators
2238:19th-century American women educators
2083:"Miss Mattie Watts Seriously Injured"
1726:
1350:
481:Escola Normal Livre Miss Martha Watts
1798:
1680:
1543:HistĂłria, CiĂŞncias, SaĂşde-Manguinhos
947:
932:
656:
603:
491:was eventually transformed into the
397:, in 1895, Watts was transferred to
454:
389:Colégio Izabela Hendrix, circa 1928
360:, and progressive politicians like
13:
1786:from the original on April 4, 2020
1712:Fifty Years of Methodism in Brazil
1490:Methodist University of Piracicaba
493:Methodist University of Piracicaba
14:
2259:
2057:"Memorial Service for Miss Watts"
1944:. The Netherlands. Archived from
1743:Methodist University of SĂŁo Paulo
2208:Methodist missionaries in Brazil
2107:"Nephews Bear Body to the Grave"
1938:"Statues - Hither & Thither"
1662:Howell, Mabel Katharine (1928).
1032:De Luca & Assis De Luca 2003
894:De Luca & Assis De Luca 2003
513:
108:Martha H. Watts, Mattie H. Watts
2218:20th-century American educators
2213:19th-century American educators
2198:American Methodist missionaries
2193:People from Bardstown, Kentucky
2007:"Death Ends Work of Miss Watts"
1822:Moura da Silva, Eliane (2012).
1814:10.1590/S0104-83332005000100004
1799:Mott, Maria Lucia (June 2005).
1556:10.1590/S0104-59702003000200010
1434:
532:
425:. In 1904, she inaugurated the
242:
1983:"Conheça a UNIMEP – Histórico"
1768:Revista de Educação do Cogeime
1578:The Encyclopedia of Louisville
501:Centro Cultural 'Martha Watts'
1:
2248:Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
2233:American missionary educators
2203:Female Christian missionaries
1807:(in Portuguese) (24): 41–67.
553:
213:
2157:"Renotte, Maria (1852–1942)"
1582:University Press of Kentucky
1576:. In Kleber, John E. (ed.).
558:
7:
1864:Dicionário de piracicabanos
1520:University of Alabama Press
1488:(PhD). Piracicaba, Brazil:
906:Belgian Club of Brazil 2018
506:
10:
2264:
1704:Kennedy, James L. (1928).
1442:Cachioni, Marcelo (1997).
821:, pp. 41, 53, 55, 57.
546:until 1892, when she died.
224:Methodist Episcopal Church
92:Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
783:Colégio Piracicabano 2016
616:Pixley & Hanford 1900
237:
120:
112:
104:
96:
84:
65:
39:
30:
23:
1572:Fridell, Jeanie (2001).
1375:Dawsey & Dawsey 1998
1363:Dawsey & Dawsey 1998
1203:Dawsey & Dawsey 1998
1056:Dawsey & Dawsey 1998
962:, pp. 6, 14–15, 19.
525:
2223:Educators from Kentucky
2037:colegiometodista.g12.br
1942:statues.vanderkrogt.net
1884:(subscription required)
1580:. Lexington, Kentucky:
1518:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama:
497:Colégio Izabela Hendrix
428:Colégio Izabela Hendrix
381:Other schools in Brazil
336:Manuel de Moraes Barros
260:1881, Watts arrived in
1879: – via
1828:University of Campinas
1044:Sarat De Oliveira 2007
996:Sarat De Oliveira 2007
960:Sarat De Oliveira 2007
918:Sarat De Oliveira 2007
628:Sarat De Oliveira 2007
464:
393:After 14 years at the
390:
362:Prudente Morais Barros
310:
186:Watts remained at the
2167:on December 21, 2018.
881:, pp. 73–75, 84.
845:, pp. 51, 55–56.
462:
417:(Miner's College) in
388:
305:
2137:Gazeta de Piracicaba
2043:on February 13, 2019
1993:on September 3, 2019
1826:. Campinas, Brazil:
1584:. pp. 658–659.
1424:Gazeta de Piracicaba
544:Colégio Piracicabano
489:Colégio Piracicabano
485:Colégio Piracicabano
469:Greenville, Kentucky
445:Colégio Piracicabano
395:Colégio Piracicabano
366:Colégio Piracicabano
350:Colégio Piracicabano
332:Colégio Piracicabano
316:Colégio Piracicabano
288:Colégio Piracicabano
281:Colégio Piracicabano
208:Colégio Piracicabano
188:Colégio Piracicabano
160:Colégio Piracicabano
116:educator, missionary
77:Louisville, Kentucky
2112:The Courier-Journal
2062:The Courier-Journal
2012:The Courier-Journal
1499:on December 1, 2018
1337:The Courier-Journal
1322:The Courier-Journal
1247:Moura da Silva 2012
1220:Moura da Silva 2012
1136:, pp. 323–324.
1068:Moura da Silva 2012
1034:, pp. 706–707.
1020:Moura da Silva 2012
587:The Courier-Journal
520:Kentucky portal
58:Bardstown, Kentucky
2161:belgianclub.com.br
1411:Fuzeti Elias 2018c
1353:, pp. 11, 14.
1291:Fuzeti Elias 2018b
1158:Costa Ramires 2009
1107:Costa Ramires 2009
1080:Costa Ramires 2009
1008:Fuzeti Elias 2018a
984:Costa Ramires 2009
879:Costa Ramires 2009
867:Costa Ramires 2009
855:Costa Ramires 2009
843:Costa Ramires 2009
831:Costa Ramires 2009
819:Costa Ramires 2009
807:Costa Ramires 2009
795:Costa Ramires 2009
771:Costa Ramires 2009
759:Costa Ramires 2009
735:Costa Ramires 2009
720:Costa Ramires 2009
681:Costa Ramires 2009
473:Cave Hill Cemetery
465:
449:Martha Watts Annex
391:
311:
292:universal language
270:state of SĂŁo Paulo
168:universal language
152:state of SĂŁo Paulo
89:Cave Hill Cemetery
1913:978-85-7704-071-1
1874:978-8-565-65704-4
1770:(in Portuguese).
1684:Missionary Cameos
1545:(in Portuguese).
1529:978-0-8173-0944-2
1450:(in Portuguese).
1264:Pfromm Netto 2013
1249:, pp. 5, 14.
1160:, pp. 80–81.
1109:, pp. 70–71.
950:, pp. 45–46.
857:, pp. 56–57.
671:, pp. 54–55.
403:Colégio Americano
328:women's education
128:
127:
121:Years active
69:December 30, 1909
54:February 13, 1848
44:Martha Hite Watts
2255:
2168:
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2150:
2148:
2143:on July 16, 2019
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2048:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:on July 16, 2019
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:on July 17, 2019
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:on July 17, 2019
1922:
1916:. Archived from
1896:
1885:
1878:
1857:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1818:
1816:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:on July 16, 2019
1745:. Archived from
1740:
1723:
1700:
1677:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1649:on July 17, 2019
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:on July 16, 2019
1616:
1614:
1612:
1607:on July 16, 2019
1595:
1574:"Normal Schools"
1568:
1558:
1533:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1492:. Archived from
1487:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
936:
930:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
723:
717:
711:
705:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
592:
583:
547:
536:
518:
517:
516:
455:Death and legacy
436:
344:
249:Methodist Church
150:Arriving in the
105:Other names
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2146:
2144:
2118:
2116:
2092:
2090:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2044:
2018:
2016:
1996:
1994:
1972:
1970:
1951:
1949:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1894:
1883:
1875:
1832:
1830:
1789:
1787:
1752:
1750:
1738:
1652:
1650:
1631:
1629:
1610:
1608:
1592:
1530:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1464:
1462:
1448:Revista do IHGP
1437:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
939:
931:
924:
920:, pp. 5–6.
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
745:
741:
733:
726:
718:
714:
706:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
667:
663:
655:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
595:
584:
565:
561:
556:
551:
550:
537:
533:
528:
514:
512:
509:
457:
430:
415:Colégio Mineiro
407:boarding school
383:
338:
284:
245:
240:
216:
91:
80:
74:
70:
61:
55:
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2153:
2129:
2125:Newspapers.com
2103:
2099:Newspapers.com
2079:
2075:Newspapers.com
2053:
2029:
2025:Newspapers.com
2003:
1979:
1958:
1933:
1912:
1886:
1873:
1858:
1839:
1819:
1796:
1759:
1724:
1701:
1678:
1659:
1638:
1617:
1596:
1590:
1569:
1549:(2): 703–725.
1534:
1528:
1509:
1471:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1377:, p. 131.
1367:
1365:, p. 103.
1355:
1343:
1328:
1310:
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 353.
1268:
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 338.
1224:
1207:
1205:, p. 130.
1192:
1190:, p. 104.
1177:
1175:, p. 325.
1162:
1150:
1148:, p. 324.
1138:
1126:
1124:, p. 323.
1111:
1099:
1095:Vicentini 2018
1084:
1072:
1060:
1058:, p. 129.
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
974:, p. 100.
964:
952:
937:
922:
910:
898:
896:, p. 706.
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
724:
712:
697:
685:
673:
661:
644:
642:, p. 658.
632:
620:
608:
593:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
548:
530:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
508:
505:
456:
453:
423:Belo Horizonte
382:
379:
307:Marie Rennotte
297:Marie Rennotte
283:
278:
262:Rio de Janeiro
244:
241:
239:
236:
215:
212:
196:Rio de Janeiro
172:co-educational
164:Marie Rennotte
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 61)
67:
63:
62:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2260:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1987:unimep.edu.br
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:Cadernos Pagu
1802:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1591:0-8131-2890-0
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1326:, p. 16.
1325:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1188:Mesquita 2002
1184:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1082:, p. 70.
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1046:, p. 16.
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
998:, p. 17.
997:
992:
986:, p. 62.
985:
980:
973:
972:Mesquita 2002
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
942:
935:, p. 46.
934:
929:
927:
919:
914:
907:
902:
895:
890:
888:
880:
875:
869:, p. 59.
868:
863:
856:
851:
844:
839:
833:, p. 51.
832:
827:
820:
815:
809:, p. 49.
808:
803:
797:, p. 48.
796:
791:
784:
779:
773:, p. 46.
772:
767:
761:, p. 45.
760:
755:
749:, p. 25.
748:
743:
737:, p. 44.
736:
731:
729:
722:, p. 41.
721:
716:
710:, p. 60.
709:
708:Cachioni 1997
704:
702:
695:, p. 68.
694:
689:
683:, p. 31.
682:
677:
670:
665:
659:, p. 20.
658:
653:
651:
649:
641:
636:
629:
624:
618:, p. 38.
617:
612:
606:, p. 19.
605:
600:
598:
590:
588:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
563:
545:
541:
535:
531:
521:
511:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:In 1947, the
477:
474:
470:
461:
452:
450:
446:
441:
437:
434:
429:
424:
420:
416:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
378:
374:
371:
370:normal school
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:abolitionists
351:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
304:
300:
298:
293:
289:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
253:Sunday school
250:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
181:abolitionists
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
145:
144:Sunday school
140:
136:
132:
123:
119:
115:
113:Occupation(s)
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
85:Resting place
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2165:the original
2160:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2136:
2123:– via
2117:. Retrieved
2110:
2097:– via
2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2073:– via
2067:. Retrieved
2060:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2036:
2023:– via
2017:. Retrieved
2010:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1941:
1925:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1898:
1863:
1844:
1831:. Retrieved
1804:
1788:. Retrieved
1771:
1767:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1734:
1729:
1711:
1706:
1683:
1664:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1577:
1546:
1542:
1514:
1501:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1481:
1476:
1463:. Retrieved
1451:
1447:
1435:Bibliography
1423:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1341:, p. 8.
1336:
1331:
1321:
1308:, p. 3.
1303:
1298:
1286:
1279:Kennedy 1928
1242:
1235:Kennedy 1928
1222:, p. 5.
1173:Kennedy 1928
1153:
1146:Kennedy 1928
1141:
1134:Kennedy 1928
1129:
1122:Kennedy 1928
1102:
1075:
1070:, p. 7.
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1022:, p. 6.
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
955:
913:
901:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
747:Kennedy 1928
742:
715:
688:
676:
664:
640:Fridell 2001
635:
630:, p. 7.
623:
611:
591:, p. 2.
586:
543:
534:
500:
496:
488:
484:
480:
478:
466:
448:
444:
440:Minas Gerais
426:
419:Juiz de Fora
414:
412:
402:
394:
392:
375:
365:
349:
347:
331:
315:
312:
309:, circa 1892
287:
285:
280:
246:
243:Early career
217:
207:
192:Minas Gerais
187:
185:
159:
149:
131:Martha Watts
130:
129:
71:(1909-12-30)
25:Martha Watts
18:
2188:1909 deaths
2183:1848 births
693:Howell 1928
669:Howell 1928
431: [
339: [
97:Nationality
2177:Categories
2087:The Record
1351:Lopes 2010
1304:The Record
554:References
540:manumitted
399:PetrĂłpolis
324:Pestalozzi
274:Portuguese
266:Piracicaba
257:missionary
228:Louisville
214:Early life
200:Louisville
156:Piracicaba
135:missionary
50:1848-02-13
2033:"History"
1780:2358-9280
1460:0103-9482
948:Mott 2005
933:Mott 2005
657:John 1899
604:John 1899
559:Citations
476:country.
232:Civil War
220:Bardstown
204:Methodist
124:1881–1909
2147:July 17,
2119:July 16,
2093:July 16,
2069:July 16,
2047:April 4,
2019:July 16,
1997:April 4,
1973:July 19,
1952:July 17,
1927:July 17,
1833:July 19,
1790:July 19,
1784:Archived
1753:July 19,
1720:13858578
1653:July 17,
1632:July 19,
1611:July 17,
1565:14567369
1503:July 15,
1465:July 16,
507:See also
139:Kentucky
100:American
1904:Grande)
1854:7063140
1697:3997857
1674:3193650
268:in the
1910:
1881:Scribd
1871:
1852:
1778:
1737:]
1718:
1695:
1672:
1588:
1563:
1526:
1484:]
1458:
358:masons
320:Fröbel
238:Career
179:, and
177:masons
79:, U.S.
60:, U.S.
1921:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1733:[
1710:[
1691:–20.
1497:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1480:[
1339:1910a
1324:1910b
526:Notes
435:]
343:]
2149:2019
2121:2019
2095:2019
2071:2019
2049:2020
2021:2019
1999:2020
1975:2019
1954:2019
1929:2019
1908:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1850:OCLC
1835:2019
1792:2019
1776:ISSN
1755:2019
1716:OCLC
1693:OCLC
1670:OCLC
1655:2019
1634:2019
1613:2019
1586:ISBN
1561:PMID
1524:ISBN
1505:2019
1467:2019
1456:ISSN
1426:2017
1306:1909
589:1909
322:and
194:and
66:Died
40:Born
1809:doi
1551:doi
2179::
2159:.
2109:.
2085:.
2059:.
2035:.
2009:.
1985:.
1940:.
1901:.
1782:.
1772:11
1689:19
1559:.
1547:10
1522:.
1313:^
1271:^
1254:^
1227:^
1210:^
1195:^
1180:^
1165:^
1114:^
1087:^
940:^
925:^
886:^
727:^
700:^
647:^
596:^
566:^
433:pt
356:,
341:pt
2151:.
2127:.
2101:.
2077:.
2051:.
2027:.
2001:.
1977:.
1956:.
1931:.
1877:.
1856:.
1837:.
1817:.
1811::
1794:.
1757:.
1722:.
1699:.
1676:.
1657:.
1636:.
1615:.
1594:.
1567:.
1553::
1532:.
1507:.
1469:.
1452:5
1428:.
1413:.
1401:.
1389:.
1293:.
1266:.
1097:.
1010:.
908:.
785:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
