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returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from the rover, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors. Findings from the investigations carried out by scientific instruments on both the lander and the rover suggest that
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on the planet's surface. They subsequently had the first successful transmission of large volumes of data, including the first color pictures and extensive scientific information. Measured temperatures at the landing sites ranged from 150 to 250 K (−123 to −23 °C; −190 to −10 °F), with
642:
on Mars, but its data-gathering had less success. The lander began transmitting to the Mars 3 orbiter 90 seconds after landing, but after 14.5 seconds, transmission ceased for unknown reasons. The cause of the failure may have been related to the extremely powerful
Martian dust storm taking place at
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took up the challenge, and travelled there on the 22nd
January 2022, becoming the first person to knowingly reach a spot on Earth that matches the latitude and longitude of a robotic presence on the surface of another world. China's Tianwen-1 landing site maps onto an area in Southern China, 40
1561:(TGO) on 14 March 2016 and attempted a landing on 19 October 2016. Telemetry was lost about one minute before the scheduled landing time, but confirmed that most elements of the landing plan, including heat shield operation, parachute deployment, and rocket activation, had been successful. The
1326:
landed in a particularly interesting spot, a crater with bedrock outcroppings. In fast succession, mission team members announced on 2 March that data returned from the rover showed that these rocks were once "drenched in water", and on 23 March that it was concluded that they were laid down
242:. After the aeroshell drops off, the tetrahedron is lowered clear of the parachute back shell on a tether so that the airbags can inflate. Retrorockets on the back shell can slow descent. When it nears the ground, the tetrahedron is released to drop to the ground, using the airbags as
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Here is some debris from a Mars landing, as viewed by a Rover. This shows the area around a heat shield and resulting shield impact crater. The heat shield was jettisoned during the descent, impacting the surface on its own trajectory, while the spacecraft went on to land the
414:-era technology. But this technology cannot afford the ability to land large number of cargoes, habitats, ascent vehicles and humans in case of crewed Mars missions in near future. In order to improve and accomplish this intent, there is need to upgrade technologies and
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launched on 4 August 2007, and touched down on the northern polar region of Mars on 25 May 2008. It is famous for having been successfully photographed while landing, since this was the first time one spacecraft captured the landing of another spacecraft onto a planet.
1093:, an orbiter launched on 16 November 1996 by Russia, failed when the planned second burn of the Block D-2 fourth stage did not occur. Following the success of Global Surveyor and Pathfinder, another spate of failures occurred in 1998 and 1999, with the Japanese
253:. The sky crane drops from the parachute back shell and, as it nears the ground, the rover is lowered on a tether. When the rover touches ground, it cuts the tether so that the sky crane (with its rockets still firing) will crash well away from the rover. Both
1232:. Although the landing probe was not designed to move, it carried a digging device and the least massive spectrometer created to date, as well as a range of other devices, on a robotic arm in order to accurately analyse soil beneath the dusty surface.
928:, that traveled a few meters around the landing site, exploring the conditions and sampling rocks around it. Newspapers around the world carried images of the lander dispatching the rover to explore the surface of Mars in a way never achieved before.
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onto their equivalent spots on Earth, in terms of latitudes and longitudes; presenting pairs of photographs from each twinned interplanetary location on Earth and Mars to draw attention to climate change. Following the successful landing of NASA's
1357:, however, continued to carry out surveys of the planet, surpassing 45 km (28 mi) on its odometer by the time communication with it was lost in June 2018, 173 months after it began. These rovers have discovered many new things, including
1129:, causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars's atmosphere. Out of 5–6 NASA missions in the 1990s, only 2 worked: Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor, making Mars Pathfinder and its rover the only successful Mars landing in the 1990s.
1247:'s poor project management. Nevertheless, Mars Express Orbiter confirmed the presence of water ice and carbon dioxide ice at the planet's south pole. NASA had previously confirmed their presence at the north pole of Mars.
1345:
to Mars. According to one NASA microbiologist, this bacteria could survive both the trip and conditions on Mars. Despite efforts to sterilise both landers, neither could be assured to be completely sterile.
662:. The Mars 6 lander transmitted data during descent but failed upon impact. The Mars 7 probe separated prematurely from the carrying vehicle due to a problem in the operation of one of the onboard systems (
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s presence was confirmed in
January 2015, several months after Pillinger's death. The lander appears to have successfully landed but not deployed all of its power and communications panels.
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a variation over a given day of 35 to 50 °C (95 to 122 °F). Seasonal dust storms, pressure changes, and movement of atmospheric gases between the polar caps were observed. A
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177:, which landed in 1971, was the first successful Mars landing, though the spacecraft failed after 110 seconds on the surface. All other Soviet Mars landing attempts failed.
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1490:. The landing site was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the rover's planned target site after a 563,000,000 km (350,000,000 mi) journey.
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1298:(believed once to have been a crater lake) on 3 January 2004. It examined rock and soil for evidence of the area's history of water. On 7 July 2003, a second rover,
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on
February 18, 2021, Riley called for volunteers to travel to and photograph its twinned Earth location in Andegaon Wadi, Sawali, in the central Indian state of
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should have entered Mars' atmosphere the same day. However, attempts to contact the lander failed. Communications attempts continued throughout
January, but
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in the past Mars has been warm and wet, with liquid water and a thicker atmosphere. The mission website was the most heavily trafficked up to that time.
612:, with a planned date of early 1973, and second was the Mars sample return mission planned for 1975. Both spacecraft were intended to be launched on the
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is planned for launch in the late 2020s and would obtain soil samples from up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) depth and make an extensive search for
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Neeraj
Srivastava; S. Vijayan; Amit Basu Sarbadhikari (27 September 2022), "Future Exploration of the Inner Solar System: Scope and the Focus Areas",
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531:, permit the orbiters to send the data much faster than the landers could manage transmitting directly to Earth, which conserves valuable time on the
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rover (caused by a file system anomaly) delaying exploration for several days, both rovers eventually began exploring their landing sites. The rover
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over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative
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landers made it to the surface and provided several years of images and data. However, the next successful Mars landing was not until 1997, when
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and descent, but after the parachute is detached, there are three options. A stationary lander can drop from the parachute back shell and ride
365:, and possibly some day humans, on Mars is a technological challenge. For a favorable landing, the lander module has to address these issues:
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designed to study seismology and heat flow from the deep interior of Mars, was launched on 5 May 2018. It landed successfully in Mars's
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underwater in a salty sea. This represented the first strong direct evidence for liquid water on Mars at some time in the past.
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M, Malaya Kumar Biswal; A, Ramesh Naidu (23 August 2018). "A Novel Entry, Descent and
Landing Architecture for Mars Landers".
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was declared lost in mid-February, and a joint inquiry was launched by the UK and ESA that blamed principal investigator
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that could be 8 meters (26 feet) in diameter. It would have to be accompanied by a proportionately larger parachute.
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M-71. The Mars 2 lander failed to land and impacted Mars. The Mars 3 lander became the first probe to successfully
346:(which required a 4.5 meter (15 feet) diameter aeroshell), engineers are developing a combination rigid-inflatable
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418:. Some of the criteria for a lander performing a successful soft-landing using current technology are as follows:
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on 14 May 2021 with the rover being deployed on 22 May 2021 and dropping a remote selfie camera on 1 June 2021.
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orbiter, landed on 4 July 1997. Its landing site was an ancient flood plain in Mars' northern hemisphere called
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landed. In the 21st century there have been several successful landings, but there have also been many crashes.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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Shortly after the launch of Mars
Express, NASA sent a pair of twin rovers toward the planet as part of the
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154:, uncrewed spacecraft, ten have had successful soft landings. There have also been studies for a possible
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Braun, Robert D.; Manning, Robert M. (2007). "Mars
Exploration Entry, Descent, and Landing Challenges".
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sample return mission was planned for 1979, but was cancelled due to complexity and technical problems.
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Beginning with the Viking program, all landers on the surface of Mars have used orbiting spacecraft as
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The inset frames show how the lander's descent imaging system is identifying hazards (NASA, 1990)
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by ESA and NASA, which would launch in 2024 or later. This mission would be part of the
European
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Having been designed for only three-month missions, both rovers lasted much longer than planned.
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transmitters to send their data to the orbiters, which then relay the data to Earth using either
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was intended to test technology for future soft landings on the surface of Mars as part of the
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produced possible evidence of life, but it was not corroborated by other on-board experiments.
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918:, which is among the rockiest parts of Mars. It carried a tiny remote-controlled rover called
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1703:(ISRO) has proposed to include landing of a rover in its third Mars mission around 2030 near
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The last Viking lander reverted to Earth-direct communications after both orbiters expired.
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penetrators all suffering various terminal errors. Mars Climate Orbiter is infamous for
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frequencies. These higher frequencies, along with more powerful transmitters and larger
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As a Mars lander approaches the surface, identifying a safe landing spot is a concern.
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In the run-up to NASA’s Mars 2020 landing, former planetary scientist and film-maker
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3758:"The Naked Scientists Podcast, Q&A: Mars, Mental-Health and Managing Bitcoin"
3684:
3516:"ESA - Robotic Exploration of Mars - ExoMars 2016 - Schiaparelli Anomaly Inquiry"
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lost contact with Earth in March 2010, 74 months after commencing exploration.
1315:, indicating the presence of past water) to carry out similar geological work.
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3729:"BBC World Service - Digital Planet, Comparing the landscape of Mars to Earth"
3692:– via ISRO Facebook Panel Discussion, Mars Orbiter Mission National Meet
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later captured imagery showing what appears to be Schiaparelli's crash site.
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If a rover is too heavy to use airbags, the retrorockets can be mounted on a
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1767:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
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landed successfully in 1971 but failed soon afterwards. But the American
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http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall11/cos109/mars.rover.pdf
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or retro-rockets) and missed the planet by 1,300 km (810 mi).
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In the 1970s, several USSR probes unsuccessfully tried to land on Mars.
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cannot be burdened with rockets that serve no purpose after touchdown.
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Brown, Dwayne; Cole, Steve; Webster, Guy; Agle, D.C. (22 August 2012).
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1454:), launched in November 2011, landed in a location that is now called "
925:
812:, whose name was later reused for a pair of outer solar system probes.
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246:. When it has come to rest, the tetrahedron opens to expose the rover.
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3585:"Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet"
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4010:
3535:"Dark spot in Mars photo is probably wreckage of European spacecraft"
3490:"ExoMars TGO reaches Mars orbit while EDM situation under assessment"
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3604:"Lift off! First flight on Mars launches new way to explore worlds"
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orbiter photographed the landform that constitutes the so-called "
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missions with super-heavy uncrewed Martian spacecraft. First was
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Animation of a Mars landing touchdown, the InSight lander in 2018
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3299:"Mars Science Laboratory – PARTICIPATE – Follow Your CURIOSITY"
3057:"Talking to Martians: Communications with Mars Curiosity Rover"
2998:
Entry descent and landing challenges of human Mars exploration.
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Mars Exploration Rover was launched. It successfully landed in
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lander dug pits during landing beneath it at its landing site.
239:
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2996:, Christian III, J. A., Lewis, C., & Braun, R. D. (2006).
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were both launched in the July 2020 window. Mars 2020's rover
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3469:"Impressive' Curiosity landing only 1.5 miles off, NASA says"
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Ingenuity helicopter executing a vertical takeoff and landing
185:
were first successful NASA landers, launched in 1975. NASA's
170:
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Table of the distances between various landers and landmarks
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3413:"Quad 51: Name of Mars base evokes rich parallels on Earth"
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One method for lighter rovers is to enclose the rover in a
147:
3168:"It's one small step for a bug, a giant red face for NASA"
643:
the time. These space probes each contained a Mars rover,
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3752:
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3222:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Opportunity Updates"
650:
In 1973, the Soviet Union sent two more landers to Mars,
1235:
The orbiter entered Mars orbit on 25 December 2003, and
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Until the final data transmission on 27 September 1997,
211:
As of 2021, all methods of landing on Mars have used an
3359:"NASA's Curiosity Beams Back a Color 360 of Gale Crate"
3357:
Agle, DC; Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (9 August 2012).
3195:"Opportunity's Mission Manager Reports August 19, 2014"
2722:
mapped the locations of all eight of NASA's successful
1634:
successfully landed, in a location that is now called "
3747:
3084:
February 2021, Elizabeth Howell 08 (8 February 2021).
5402:
2272:. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (
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on 6 August 2012, 05:17 UTC. The landing site was in
1330:
Towards the end of July 2005, it was reported by the
808:
The Viking program was a descendant of the cancelled
189:, launched in 1996, successfully delivered the first
3444:"NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing"
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1406:
suspended from its parachute during descent through
693:
landing site (click image for detailed description).
1649:was deployed and took subsequent flights in April.
1318:Despite a temporary loss of communication with the
158:including a landing, but none have been attempted.
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4790:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
4635:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
2865:"The Soviet Mars Shot That Almost Everyone Forgot"
515:for relaying their data to Earth. The landers use
173:have conducted Mars landings successfully. Soviet
4706:
2284:; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to
1220:to Mars. The Mars Express craft consisted of the
305:The MSL Descent Stage under construction on Earth
206:
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3560:"NASA InSight Lander Arrives on Martian Surface"
3437:
3435:
3356:
2714:Twinned locations to Mars Landing sites on Earth
786:While searching for a suitable landing spot for
448:Less than 35 kg/m (7.2 lb/sq ft)
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2752:and is yet to be photographed for the project.
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1778:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
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1307:was launched. It landed on 24 January 2004 in
322:
16:Landing of a spacecraft on the surface of Mars
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770:entered orbit about Mars and each released a
594:In 1970 the Soviet Union began the design of
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3784:"Astronomers Without Borders: Worlds Apart"
3102:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2921:"Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD)"
1174:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
867:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
731:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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339:For landers that are even heavier than the
199:. In 2021, first Chinese lander and rover,
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4716:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
3860:
3846:
3327:
3293:
3270:"Touchdown! Huge NASA Rover Lands on Mars"
2992:Wells, G. W., Lafleur, J. M., Verges, A.,
2888:
2723:
1606:
1423:
1274:
5008:
4751:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
3678:
3627:
3410:
3074:
3040:
3008:
2969:
2836:
1194:Learn how and when to remove this message
887:Learn how and when to remove this message
751:Learn how and when to remove this message
634:, each carrying a lander, as part of the
557:Insight Mars lander view in December 2018
150:. Of multiple attempted Mars landings by
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
3508:
3385:"Mars rover makes first colour panorama"
2152:
1736:
1725:
1717:
1574:
1512:
1427:
1393:
943:
821:
683:
552:
538:
410:lander on the surface of Mars, re-using
326:
129:
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
3807:Riley, Christopher (13 February 2021).
3661:"China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars"
3118:"NASA A Chronology of Mars Exploration"
3011:"Entry, Descent, and Landing | Landing"
1505:
238:structure which in turn is enclosed in
5427:
5245:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
5228:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
3796:from the original on 13 December 2021.
581:The first probe intended to be a Mars
406:In 2018, NASA successfully landed the
4982:
4620:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
3841:
3806:
3601:
3532:
3192:
1731:Mars Landing Sites (16 December 2020]
1336:that the rovers may have carried the
908:spacecraft, with assistance from the
647:, although they were never deployed.
622:In 1971 the Soviet Union sent probes
576:
438:Less than 0.6 tonnes (1,300 lb)
353:
3687:Planetary Sciences Division (PSDN),
3658:
3382:
3267:
2943:
2941:
2862:
1557:. It was launched together with the
1365:to be discovered on another planet.
1172:adding citations to reliable sources
1139:
939:
865:adding citations to reliable sources
832:
729:adding citations to reliable sources
696:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1311:(where there are large deposits of
591:, unsuccessfully launched in 1962.
13:
4046:
4038:
4030:
3894:List of artificial objects on Mars
3602:Witze, Alexandra (19 April 2021).
3533:Chang, Kenneth (21 October 2016).
3086:"A Brief History of Mars Missions"
3034:
1701:Indian Space Research Organisation
1666:
815:
549:List of artificial objects on Mars
459:Less than 4.6 m (15 ft)
376:Measurement of distance to surface
348:Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator
14:
5446:
5025:List of crewed Mars mission plans
4907:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3826:
3411:Halvorson, Todd (9 August 2012).
2950:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
2938:
2901:from the original on 10 June 2023
2735:(18.445°N, 77.451°E). Eventually
1688:. There is also a proposal for a
1285:mission. On 10 June 2003, NASA's
1254:lander were found in 2013 by the
1121:engineers mixing up the usage of
826:"Ares Vallis" as photographed by
679:
475:Less than 30 m (98 ft)
5412:
5129:
4595:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
3383:Amos, Jonathan (9 August 2012).
3247:"Phoenix Makes a Grand Entrance"
2889:Reichhardt, Tony (August 2007).
2692:
2673:
2651:
2632:
2610:
2591:
2536:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2360:
2223:
2132:
2112:
2094:
2074:
2056:
2035:
2017:
1999:
1979:
1961:
1943:
1927:
1911:
1895:
1877:
1859:
1839:
1821:
1770:
1759:, overlaid with the position of
1370:
1144:
837:
701:
310:
298:
282:
270:
32:
4766:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
4572:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
3800:
3776:
3721:
3707:
3696:
3652:
3595:
3589:NASA’s Mars Exploration Program
3577:
3564:NASA’s Mars Exploration Program
3552:
3526:
3239:
3214:
3186:
3160:
3149:
3131:
3110:
3049:
2869:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2703:Gerald Soffen Memorial Station
2276:); followed by pinks and reds (
203:, successfully landed on Mars.
43:needs additional citations for
5071:Austere Human Missions to Mars
3659:Amos, Jonathan (15 May 2021).
3028:
3002:
2986:
2913:
2882:
2856:
2830:
2811:
2684:Thomas Mutch Memorial Station
207:Methods of descent and landing
1:
5192:Mars Design Reference Mission
4721:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2824:
2743:listener Gowri Abhiram, from
2247:, overlain with locations of
1730:
1448:Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)
500:(i.e. entry from Mars orbit)
5175:Space Exploration Initiative
5117:Vision for Space Exploration
5076:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
3689:Physical Research Laboratory
3268:Wall, Mike (6 August 2012).
2863:Heil, Andy (2 August 2020).
2264:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
265:used sky crane for landing.
7:
4645:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
4590:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
4566:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
3934:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2839:"Historical Log | Missions"
2755:
2644:Carl Sagan Memorial Station
1711:Landing site identification
1563:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1468:Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp")
1261:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
323:Descent of heavier payloads
10:
5451:
3629:10.1038/d41586-021-00909-z
3333:"Curiosity's Quad – IMAGE"
3015:NASA's InSight Mars Lander
1690:Mars Sample Return Mission
1568:
1527:
1387:
958:Mars Spacecraft 1988–1999
948:Conceptual drawing of the
542:
400:entry, descent and landing
395:Inadequate mission designs
388:Inadequate technology for
379:Inadequate technology for
18:
5337:
5294:
5268:
5207:
5138:
5127:
5089:
5063:
5042:
5033:
5020:
4969:
4920:
4889:
4823:
4814:
4702:
4612:
4530:
4523:
4443:
4406:
4341:
4243:
4134:
4064:
4057:
4028:
3975:
3952:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
3909:
3902:
3879:
3139:"Советский грунт с Марса"
3061:Steven Gordon's Home Page
2932:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2548:Octavia E. Butler Landing
2262:, based on data from the
2245:global topography of Mars
1757:global topography of Mars
1636:Octavia E. Butler Landing
1559:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
1545:project. It was built in
513:communications satellites
467:70° spherical cone shell
293:tethered to the sky crane
4902:Mars Exploration Program
3884:List of missions to Mars
2804:
2783:List of missions to Mars
2748:kilometres Southwest of
2583:Three Forks Sample Depot
1582:landing art, similar to
1494:named the landing site "
507:Communicating with Earth
398:Shorter time to perform
227:all the way down, but a
5155:Martian Piloted Complex
3992:Mars Science Laboratory
3762:University of Cambridge
2891:"Legs, bags or wheels?"
1530:Schiaparelli EDM lander
1433:Mars Science Laboratory
1424:Mars Science Laboratory
1275:Mars Exploration Rovers
952:on the surface of Mars.
924:, the first successful
774:that made a successful
5387:Mars atmospheric entry
4361:Mars Exploration Rover
4051:
4043:
4035:
3715:"Worlds Apart: Medium"
2357:
1818:
1733:
1723:
1586:
1525:
1498:", in honor of author
1443:
1411:
1282:Mars Exploration Rover
953:
830:
694:
585:lander was the Soviet
558:
336:
221:Mars atmospheric entry
135:
5377:Mars orbit rendezvous
5319:Mars Excursion Module
5276:Caves of Mars Project
5102:Constellation program
4556:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4548:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4127:(2023, flyby in 2026)
4118:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
4050:
4042:
4034:
3889:List of Mars orbiters
3494:European Space Agency
3193:Staff (7 June 2013).
3172:The Sunday Times (UK)
2843:NASA Mars Exploration
2778:Human mission to Mars
2572:Wright Brothers Field
2560:Valinor Hills Station
2241:Interactive image map
2221:
1753:Interactive image map
1740:
1729:
1721:
1642:on 18 February 2021,
1603:on 26 November 2018.
1578:
1551:European Space Agency
1516:
1502:, on 22 August 2012.
1431:
1397:
1208:European Space Agency
947:
825:
763:In 1976 two American
687:
669:The double-launching
556:
539:List of Mars landings
472:Diameter of parachute
464:Geometry of aeroshell
444:Ballistic coefficient
331:The thrusters of the
330:
156:human mission to Mars
133:
5382:Terraforming of Mars
5345:Colonization of Mars
4912:Mars Next Generation
4871:Permanent settlement
4761:Mars Surveyor Lander
4227:Mars Climate Orbiter
4213:Mars Global Surveyor
3809:"From Mars to Earth"
2763:Colonization of Mars
2506:Polar Lander ?
2411:Deep Space 2 ?
2269:Mars Global Surveyor
1442:) descending on Mars
1223:Mars Express Orbiter
1206:On 2 June 2003, the
1168:improve this section
1123:U.S. customary units
1102:Mars Climate Orbiter
1042:Mars Climate Orbiter
1031:Mars Global Surveyor
911:Mars Global Surveyor
861:improve this section
725:improve this section
545:List of Mars landers
529:parabolic reflectors
422:Lander requirements
277:Landing in an airbag
52:improve this article
5435:Exploration of Mars
5350:Exploration of Mars
5055:SpaceX Mars program
3869:Spacecraft missions
3717:. 13 February 2022.
3703:Exploration Imagery
3620:2021Natur.592..668W
3520:exploration.esa.int
2962:2007JSpRo..44..310B
2768:Exploration of Mars
2317:Mars Memorials list
1954:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1813:Mars Memorials list
1482:("Yellowknife") of
1218:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1099:orbiter and NASA's
959:
805:" on 25 July 1976.
423:
289:An illustration of
21:Exploration of Mars
4897:Mars Scout Program
4736:Mars 4NM & 5NM
4660:Mars Micro Orbiter
4650:Mars Geyser Hopper
4052:
4044:
4036:
3331:(10 August 2012).
2729:Perseverance Rover
2724:Mars landing sites
2358:
1819:
1734:
1724:
1587:
1526:
1444:
1412:
969:Had or was Lander
957:
954:
831:
781:biology experiment
695:
636:Mars probe program
577:Mars probe program
559:
533:receiving antennas
421:
354:Landing challenges
337:
146:on the surface of
142:is a landing of a
136:
5400:
5399:
5309:Crewed Mars rover
5250:Concordia Station
5186:The Case for Mars
5125:
5124:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4936:The Case for Mars
4846:Atmospheric entry
4810:
4809:
4741:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
4698:
4697:
4675:Next Mars Orbiter
4583:Rosalind Franklin
4519:
4518:
4439:
4438:
4294:Mars Polar Lander
4026:
4025:
3920:2001 Mars Odyssey
3792:. 16 April 2021.
3614:(7856): 668–669.
3496:. 19 October 2016
3145:on 16 April 2008.
2737:BBC World Service
2720:Christopher Riley
2704:
2685:
2666:
2645:
2625:
2604:
2584:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2530:
2507:
2488:
2470:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2393:
2392:Bradbury Landing
2375:
2274:+12 to +8 km
2144:
2126:
2106:
2088:
2068:
2050:
2029:
2027:Rosalind Franklin
2011:
1993:
1973:
1955:
1937:
1921:
1905:
1889:
1871:
1853:
1833:
1776:Clickable image:
1677:Rosalind Franklin
1486:near the base of
1342:Bacillus safensis
1258:camera on NASA's
1204:
1203:
1196:
1133:Mars Express and
1108:Mars Polar Lander
1085:
1084:
1053:Mars Polar Lander
950:Mars Polar Lander
940:Spate of failures
897:
896:
889:
761:
760:
753:
504:
503:
128:
127:
120:
102:
5442:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5149:The Mars Project
5133:
5112:Inspiration Mars
5097:Aurora programme
5040:
5039:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4942:Inspiration Mars
4929:The Mars Project
4821:
4820:
4704:
4703:
4528:
4527:
4445:
4444:
4062:
4061:
3907:
3906:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3631:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3309:on 20 March 2009
3305:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3141:. Archived from
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3093:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3006:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2818:
2815:
2739:radio programme
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2665:Memorial Station
2661:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2529:Memorial Station
2525:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2430:InSight Landing
2429:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:+8 to +3 km
2275:
2257:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1774:
1739:
1694:Aurora Programme
1659:rover landed in
1653:-1's lander and
1601:Elysium Planitia
1496:Bradbury Landing
1456:Bradbury Landing
1408:Mars' atmosphere
1374:
1359:Heat Shield Rock
1309:Meridiani Planum
1270:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1148:
1140:
960:
956:
892:
885:
881:
878:
872:
841:
833:
794:
756:
749:
745:
742:
736:
705:
697:
664:attitude control
424:
420:
314:
302:
286:
274:
161:As of 2023, the
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5333:
5296:
5290:
5264:
5211:
5203:
5140:
5134:
5121:
5085:
5059:
5035:
5029:
5016:
5007:
4977:
4972:
4961:
4916:
4885:
4806:
4708:
4694:
4640:Mars Base Alpha
4630:Icebreaker Life
4608:
4515:
4497:Mars 3MS No.170
4449:
4435:
4402:
4337:
4288:Mars Pathfinder
4239:
4130:
4089:Mariner 6 and 7
4053:
4045:
4037:
4022:
3971:
3898:
3875:
3866:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3657:
3653:
3600:
3596:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3531:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3009:mars.nasa.gov.
3007:
3003:
2991:
2987:
2980:10.2514/1.25116
2971:10.1.1.463.8773
2946:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2897:. Smithsonian.
2895:Air & Space
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2837:mars.nasa.gov.
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2758:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2493:
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1669:
1667:Future missions
1661:Utopia Planitia
1612:
1573:
1532:
1511:
1452:Curiosity rover
1426:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1277:
1268:
1245:Colin Pillinger
1226:and the lander
1200:
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1165:
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1138:
1119:Lockheed Martin
1086:
1019:Mars Pathfinder
942:
933:Mars Pathfinder
905:Mars Pathfinder
893:
882:
876:
873:
858:
842:
828:Mars Pathfinder
820:
817:Mars Pathfinder
810:Voyager program
792:
757:
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737:
722:
706:
682:
579:
571:Mars Pathfinder
551:
543:Main articles:
541:
509:
488:powered descent
485:retropropulsive
416:launch vehicles
392:powered descent
390:retropropulsive
356:
325:
318:
315:
306:
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244:shock absorbers
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187:Mars Pathfinder
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4777:Northern Light
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4482:Mars 2M No.521
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4188:Phobos program
4185:
4184:
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4176:
4167:Viking program
4164:
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3827:External links
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3539:New York Times
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3174:. 17 July 2005
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2487:Mars 6 ?
2482:
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2469:Mars 3 Landing
2463:
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2449:Mars 2 ?
2444:
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2252:Memorial sites
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1801: Planned)
1794: Inactive
1780:
1769:
1761:Martian rovers
1741:
1735:
1712:
1709:
1705:Eridania basin
1668:
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1607:Mars 2020 and
1605:
1572:
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1528:Main article:
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67:"Mars landing"
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5010:Human mission
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4866:Human mission
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4861:Sample return
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3226:mars.nasa.gov
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2798:Space weather
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2721:
2707:
2695:
2688:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2647:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2517:
2510:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2472:
2460:
2453:
2441:
2434:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2396:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2363:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2302:Polar regions
2299:
2295:
2291:
2280:); yellow is
2271:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:biosignatures
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:Jezero Crater
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:(Opportunity)
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1250:Signs of the
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1216:set off from
1215:
1214:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:This section
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:Mars Observer
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
961:
951:
946:
937:
934:
929:
927:
923:
922:
917:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
891:
888:
880:
870:
866:
862:
856:
855:
851:
846:This section
844:
840:
835:
834:
829:
824:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
800:
799:
791:
790:
784:
782:
777:
773:
772:lander module
769:
767:
755:
752:
744:
734:
730:
726:
720:
719:
715:
710:This section
708:
704:
699:
698:
692:
691:
686:
677:
675:
673:
667:
665:
661:
660:
655:
654:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
632:
627:
626:
620:
618:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
598:
592:
590:
589:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
555:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
499:
498:Orbital entry
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
462:
458:
456:
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
385:
382:
378:
375:
373:'s atmosphere
372:
368:
367:
366:
364:
360:
351:
349:
345:
343:
334:
329:
313:
308:
301:
296:
292:
285:
280:
273:
268:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
219:sequence for
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:United States
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
132:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
5419:Solar System
5323:
5304:Mars habitat
5286:Mars Society
5209:Mars analogs
5184:
5147:
5139:20th-century
5081:Mars to Stay
5034:21st-century
4952:Mars Society
4934:
4927:
4881:Terraforming
4876:Colonization
4840:
4802:Voyager Mars
4794:
4782:
4775:
4601:
4581:
4552:
4539:Mangalyaan-2
4538:
4457:Mars 1M No.1
4416:
4396:
4380:
4366:
4354:
4330:
4323:
4317:Schiaparelli
4316:
4308:
4298:Deep Space 2
4287:
4280:
4273:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4178:
4171:
4123:
4110:
4103:
4005:Perseverance
4004:
3985:
3964:
3957:
3932:
3927:Mars Express
3925:
3918:
3813:. Retrieved
3802:
3787:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3761:
3737:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3709:
3698:
3686:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:
3654:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3422:. Retrieved
3416:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3388:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3307:the original
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3198:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3162:
3151:
3143:the original
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3112:
3089:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:
3051:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3004:
2988:
2953:
2949:
2927:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2894:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2842:
2832:
2813:
2717:
2662:
2622:Schiaparelli
2621:
2603:Green Valley
2526:
2372:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2267:
2141:
2123:
2103:
2085:
2065:
2047:Schiaparelli
2046:
2026:
2008:
1991:Perseverance
1990:
1970:
1886:
1870:Deep Space 2
1850:
1830:
1787: Active
1775:
1714:
1698:
1686:biomolecules
1675:
1670:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1631:Perseverance
1630:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1537:Schiaparelli
1536:
1533:
1519:Schiaparelli
1518:
1508:Schiaparelli
1507:
1500:Ray Bradbury
1487:
1484:Aeolis Palus
1483:
1479:
1464:Peace Vallis
1460:Aeolis Palus
1445:
1437:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1400:Mars orbiter
1388:
1361:, the first
1354:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1333:Sunday Times
1331:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1304:
1299:
1296:Gusev Crater
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1213:Mars Express
1211:
1205:
1190:
1181:
1166:Please help
1154:
1134:
1127:metric units
1114:Deep Space 2
1112:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1064:Deep Space 2
1018:
949:
932:
930:
920:
909:
903:
898:
883:
874:
859:Please help
847:
827:
816:
807:
803:Face on Mars
796:
787:
785:
776:soft landing
765:
762:
747:
738:
723:Please help
711:
688:
671:
668:
657:
651:
649:
629:
623:
621:
614:
607:
601:
595:
593:
586:
580:
566:
560:
510:
453:Diameter of
405:
369:Thinness of
357:
341:
338:
291:Perseverance
290:
262:Perseverance
260:
254:
248:
233:
225:retrorockets
210:
194:
163:Soviet Union
160:
140:Mars landing
139:
137:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
5372:Mars cycler
5324:Mars lander
5180:Mars Direct
5170:Ride Report
4816:Exploration
4665:MELOS rover
4568:(mid 2020s)
4507:Fobos-Grunt
4381:Opportunity
3768:20 February
3739:20 February
3569:26 November
3544:26 November
3279:14 December
3231:26 November
3206:14 February
2994:Manyapu, K.
2934:. May 2014.
2874:20 December
2848:20 December
2773:Google Mars
2733:Maharashtra
2307:(See also:
2304:are noted.
1971:Opportunity
1807:(See also:
1488:Aeolis Mons
1472:Gale Crater
1355:Opportunity
1324:Opportunity
991:For Phobos
980:For Phobos
916:Ares Vallis
483:Supersonic
384:aerocapture
236:tetrahedral
5392:Mars flyby
5338:Miscellany
5329:Mars rover
4890:Strategies
4784:Red Dragon
4746:Mars-Aster
4690:Sky-Sailor
4685:Phootprint
4655:Mars-Grunt
4472:2MV-3 No.1
4467:2MV-4 No.1
4419:helicopter
4234:Mangalyaan
3500:19 October
3329:NASA Staff
3295:NASA Staff
3170:. London:
3042:1809.00062
3020:15 January
2905:17 January
2825:References
2793:Mars rover
2527:Challenger
2286:−8 km
2266:on NASA's
2260:elevations
2256:your mouse
1647:helicopter
1553:(ESA) and
1521:lander at
1462:, between
1398:Camera on
1264:, and the
966:Evaluation
963:Spacecraft
926:Mars rover
588:Mars 1962B
430:Criterion
363:spacecraft
191:Mars rover
144:spacecraft
78:newspapers
5314:Mars suit
5141:proposals
5036:proposals
4957:Mars race
4771:NetLander
4731:Marsokhod
4709:proposals
4707:Cancelled
4511:Yinghuo-1
4492:Mariner 8
4487:2M No.522
4477:Mariner 3
4429:Mars 2020
4417:Ingenuity
4355:Sojourner
4331:Tianwen-1
4152:Mariner 9
4079:Mariner 4
4011:Mars 2020
3986:Curiosity
3965:Tianwen-1
3764:(Podcast)
3735:(Podcast)
3646:233308286
3474:10 August
3453:22 August
3424:12 August
3418:USA Today
3368:11 August
3342:11 August
3274:Space.com
3090:Space.com
2966:CiteSeerX
2928:Press kit
2788:Mars race
2745:Hyderabad
2298:longitude
2282:0 km
2066:Sojourner
1851:Curiosity
1645:Ingenuity
1625:Tianwen-1
1616:Mars 2020
1609:Tianwen-1
1555:Roscosmos
1517:Model of
1438:Curiosity
1435:(and the
1363:meteorite
1155:does not
921:Sojourner
848:does not
712:does not
674:(Mars-79)
640:soft-land
609:Marsokhod
455:aeroshell
381:ballistic
342:Curiosity
256:Curiosity
251:sky crane
217:parachute
213:aeroshell
201:Tianwen 1
196:Sojourner
5429:Category
5297:concepts
5295:Hardware
5269:Advocacy
5223:MARS-500
5107:Mars One
4921:Advocacy
4856:Aircraft
4824:Concepts
4756:Mars One
4726:Beagle 3
4613:Proposed
4603:Kazachok
4586:) (2028)
4560:EscaPADE
4450:launches
4408:Aircraft
4387:timeline
4373:timeline
4315:ExoMars
4303:Beagle 2
4281:Viking 2
4274:Viking 1
4198:Phobos 2
4193:Phobos 1
4180:Viking 2
4173:Viking 1
4135:Orbiters
4016:timeline
3997:timeline
3940:timeline
3911:Orbiters
3815:22 April
3811:. Medium
3794:Archived
3665:BBC News
3638:33875875
3396:9 August
3390:BBC News
3313:3 August
3297:(2012).
3123:28 March
3098:cite web
3066:17 March
2899:Archived
2756:See also
2663:Columbia
2373:Beagle 2
2309:Mars map
2294:latitude
2254:. Hover
2142:Viking 2
2124:Viking 1
1831:Beagle 2
1809:Mars map
1506:ExoMars
1338:bacteria
1313:hematite
1292:(Spirit)
1266:Beagle 2
1252:Beagle 2
1241:Beagle 2
1237:Beagle 2
1229:Beagle 2
1184:May 2021
1135:Beagle 2
985:Phobos 2
974:Phobos 1
877:May 2021
798:Viking 1
789:Viking 2
741:May 2021
690:Viking 1
603:Mars 5NM
597:Mars 4NM
361:robotic
183:Viking 2
179:Viking 1
108:May 2021
5355:Fiction
5255:HI-SEAS
5064:Passive
4841:Landing
4836:Orbiter
4625:DePhine
4578:ExoMars
4531:Planned
4502:Mars 96
4462:1M No.2
4424:flights
4397:Zhurong
4324:InSight
4309:Phoenix
4245:Landers
4105:Rosetta
3967:orbiter
3789:YouTube
3616:Bibcode
3178:17 June
2958:Bibcode
2243:of the
2236:discuss
2104:Zhurong
2009:Phoenix
1887:InSight
1765:landers
1755:of the
1748:discuss
1656:Zhurong
1651:Tianwen
1614:NASA's
1592:InSight
1589:NASA's
1584:Insight
1580:Phoenix
1570:InSight
1549:by the
1543:ExoMars
1480:Quad 51
1416:Phoenix
1404:Phoenix
1389:Phoenix
1176:removed
1161:sources
1090:Mars 96
1007:Mars 96
869:removed
854:sources
733:removed
718:sources
672:Mars 5M
525:Ka band
480:Descent
427:Feature
408:InSight
359:Landing
333:InSight
240:airbags
152:robotic
92:scholar
5405:Portal
5365:novels
5160:Aelita
5090:Former
5043:Active
4670:MetNet
4574:(2026)
4562:(2024)
4542:(2024)
4524:Future
4448:Failed
4367:Spirit
4349:PrOP-M
4342:Rovers
4333:lander
4268:Mars 7
4263:Mars 6
4258:Mars 3
4253:Mars 2
4220:Nozomi
4162:Mars 5
4157:Mars 4
4147:Mars 3
4142:Mars 2
4124:Psyche
4099:Mars 7
4094:Mars 6
4084:Zond 2
4074:Mars 1
4066:Flybys
3977:Rovers
3903:Active
3670:15 May
3644:
3636:
3608:Nature
3253:27 May
3249:. NASA
2968:
2750:Guilin
2349:
2347:
2341:Debris
2339:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2086:Spirit
1936:Mars 6
1920:Mars 3
1904:Mars 2
1799:
1792:
1785:
1638:", in
1595:lander
1539:lander
1458:", on
1402:snaps
1382:rover.
1351:Spirit
1320:Spirit
1256:HiRISE
1111:, and
1096:Nozomi
1075:Nozomi
768:probes
766:Viking
659:Mars 7
653:Mars 6
645:PrOP-M
631:Mars 3
625:Mars 2
617:rocket
583:impact
567:Viking
563:Mars 3
521:X band
412:Viking
175:Mars 3
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
5360:films
5260:NEEMO
5233:FMARS
4851:Rover
4831:Flyby
4796:Vesta
4680:PADME
3947:MAVEN
3642:S2CID
3037:arXiv
2924:(PDF)
2805:Notes
2331:Named
1547:Italy
1470:, in
1450:(and
1440:rover
1301:MER-B
1288:MER-A
1269:'
1125:with
793:'
494:Entry
402:(EDL)
344:rover
229:rover
171:China
99:JSTOR
85:books
5238:MDRS
5214:list
5014:Mars
4553:Hera
4112:Dawn
4058:Past
3958:Hope
3873:Mars
3817:2022
3770:2021
3741:2021
3672:2021
3634:PMID
3571:2018
3546:2018
3502:2016
3476:2012
3455:2012
3448:NASA
3426:2012
3398:2012
3370:2012
3363:NASA
3344:2012
3337:NASA
3315:2012
3303:NASA
3281:2012
3255:2008
3233:2018
3208:2015
3200:NASA
3180:2006
3125:2007
3104:link
3068:2017
3022:2019
2907:2015
2876:2023
2850:2023
2624:EDM
2351:Lost
2296:and
2292:are
2290:Axes
2249:Mars
2232:view
1763:and
1744:view
1699:The
1684:and
1671:The
1620:CNSA
1618:and
1534:The
1523:ESOC
1492:NASA
1476:Mars
1466:and
1446:The
1159:any
1157:cite
1070:Yes
1059:Yes
1026:Yes
1013:Yes
900:NASA
852:any
850:cite
716:any
714:cite
656:and
628:and
600:and
547:and
435:Mass
371:Mars
259:and
215:and
181:and
169:and
148:Mars
71:news
5197:3.0
5165:TMK
5012:to
3871:to
3733:BBC
3624:doi
3612:592
2976:doi
2288:).
2049:EDM
1673:ESA
1622:'s
1474:on
1210:'s
1170:by
1081:No
1048:No
1037:No
1034:Yes
1023:Yes
1002:No
988:Yes
902:'s
863:by
727:by
523:or
517:UHF
54:by
5431::
4509:/
4296:/
3786:.
3760:.
3749:^
3731:.
3663:.
3640:.
3632:.
3622:.
3610:.
3606:.
3587:.
3562:.
3537:.
3518:.
3492:.
3446:.
3434:^
3415:.
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