Sojourner (rover) - Knowledge

719:, alternative solutions that could take advantage of the long experience gained at JPL in the development of vehicles for the Moon and Mars were examined. The use of four or more legs was excluded for three reasons: a low number of legs would limit the rover's movements and the freedom of action, and increasing the number would lead to a significant increase in complexity. Proceeding in this configuration would also require knowledge of the space in front—the ground corresponding to the next step—leading to further difficulties. The choice of a wheeled vehicle solved most of the stability problems, led to a reduction in weight, and improved efficiency and control compared to the previous solution. The simplest configuration was a four-wheel system that, however, encounters difficulties in overcoming obstacles. Better solutions were the use of six or eight wheels with the rear ones able to push, allowing the obstacle to be overcome. The lighter, simpler, six-wheeled option was preferred. 1007: 1918: 1899: 960: 6297: 2021: 948: 972: 1359:

combination of beach sand, decomposed granite, brick dust, and volcanic cinders. The rocks were several types of basalts, including fine-grained and vesicular in both red and black. Rock-size distributions were selected to match those seen on Mars and the soil characteristics matched those found in some Martian regions. Large rocks were not Mars-like in composition, being less dense and easier to move for testing. Other obstacles such as bricks and trenches were often used for specialized testing. Mars Yard was expanded in 1998 and then in 2007 to support other Mars rover missions.

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environment it would encounter, despite the limited knowledge of it. Careful analysis of the operations on Mars would make it possible to develop solutions to critical problems identified and to introduce improvements for subsequent planetary exploration missions. One of the mission's main aims was to prove the development of "faster, better and cheaper" spacecraft was possible. Development took three years and cost under $ 150 million for the lander, and $ 25 million for the rover; development was faster and less costly than all previous missions.

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to search for the signal produced by the lasers in the cameras' images. In the case of a flat surface and no obstacles, the position of this signal was unchanged with respect to the reference signal stored in the computer; any deviation from this position made it possible to identify the type of obstacle. The photographic scan was performed after each advance equal to the diameter of the wheels, 13 cm (5.1 in), and before each turn.

999: 2162: 936: 9782: 1344: 9806: 7848: 2196: 9758: 1884: 441: 731: 9794: 1149:. The collected signal was analyzed to determine the desired information. For the abrasive action to be significant on the mission schedule, the rover was scheduled to stop at frequent intervals and, with the other five wheels braked, force the WAE wheel to rotate, causing increased wear. Following the WAE experiment on Mars, attempts were made to reproduce the effects observed in the laboratory. 2001: 1629: 5802: 4968: 3225: 1532: 9770: 929:

be viewed from any angle, supporting the study of terrain features, the placing of waypoints, and virtual flyovers. Darts were used as icons to show where the rover should go. Desired locations were added to a sequence and sent to the rover to perform. Typically, a long sequence of commands were composed and sent once a day. The rover drivers were Brian K. Cooper and Jack Morrison.

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system allowed the overcoming of obstacles up to 8 cm (3.1 in) high but theoretically would have allowed the rover to overcome obstacles of 20 cm (7.9 in), or about 30% of the rover's length. The suspension system was also given the ability to collapse on itself so the rover would occupy 18 cm (7.1 in) in the cruising configuration.

591:. The optics had an effective pixel resolution of one milliradian per pixel which gives 1 mm (0.039 in) per pixel at a range of one meter (3.3 ft). The camera cylinder is mounted on gimbals that provide rotation freedom of 360° in azimuth and −67° to +90° in elevation. This assembly is supported by an extendible mast that was designed and built by 833:" message to the lander. If no response was given, the rover could autonomously return to the location at which the last heartbeat was received. If desired, the same strategy could be used to deliberately extend the rover's operational range beyond that of its radio transceiver, although the rover rarely traveled further than 10 meters (33 ft) from 753:. It had four memory stores; 64 Kb of RAM made by IBM for the main processor, 16 Kb of radiation-hardened PROM made by Harris, 176 Kb of non-volatile storage made by Seeq Technology, and 512 Kb of temporary data storage made by Micron. The electronics were housed inside the rover's warm electronics box (WEB). The WEB is a box-like structure formed from 467:, which is characterized by alluvial-looking rock formations. Scholars believed the analysis of the rocks, which lie in what appears to be the outlet of a huge drainage channel, could have confirmed the past presence of liquid water on the surface of Mars and provide details of the surrounding areas, from which the rocks were eroded. 1192: 1492:, which is located in Mars' northern hemisphere and is one of the rockiest parts of Mars. It was chosen because it was thought to be a relatively safe surface on which to land and one that contains a wide variety of rocks that were deposited during a flood. This area was well-known, having been photographed by the 1475:

traveled 104 m (341 ft), always remaining within 12 m (39 ft) of the lander. It collected 550 images, performed 16 analyzes through the APXS—nine of rocks and the remainder of the soil— and performed 11 Wheel Abrasion Experiments and 14 experiments on soil mechanics in cooperation

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between them, providing they were sufficiently spaced to allow the rover to pass. If the rover had encountered a clearing before reaching a predetermined distance, it would have had to rotate on itself to calculate a new straight trajectory to reach the target. Conversely, the rover would have had to

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computer on Earth and allowed command sequences to be generated using a graphical interface. The rover driver would wear 3D goggles supplied with imagery from the base station and would move a virtual model with a specialized joystick. The control software allowed the rover and surrounding terrain to

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software bug in the lander that had been found in preflight testing but was deemed a glitch and given a low priority because it only occurred in certain unanticipated heavy-load conditions, and the focus was on verifying the entry and landing code. The problem, which was reproduced and corrected from

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in collaboration with JPL; it ran for one year and was open to students of 18 years and below from any country. Participants were invited to choose a "heroine to whom to dedicate the rover" and to write an essay about her accomplishments, and how these accomplishments could be applied to the Martian

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In the confirmed presence of an obstacle, the computer commanded the execution of a first strategy to avoid it. The rover, still by itself, rotated until the obstacle was no longer in sight. Then, after having advanced for half of its length, it recalculated a new straight path that would lead it to

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The algorithm implemented on the on-board computer attempted, as a first option, to reach the obstacle in a straight line from the starting position. Using a system of photographic objectives and laser emitters, the rover could identify obstacles along this path. The on-board computer was programmed

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upon recombination of atomic shell vacancies created by alpha particle bombardment by interaction with the electrons of the innermost orbitals. The instrument was designed to detect the energy of all three components of the return radiation, making it possible to identify the atoms present and their

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The rover was imaged on Mars by the base station's IMP camera system, which also helped determine where the rover should go. The rover had two monochrome cameras in front and a color camera at the rear. Each front camera had an array 484 pixels high by 768 wide. The cameras used CCDs manufactured by

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tracks that could generate a pressure of 1.65 kPa (0.239 psi) in optimal conditions on soft ground. No such need arose during the operational phase. Each wheel was driven by its own independent motor. The first and third wheels were used for steering. A six-wheel-steering configuration was

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was an experimental vehicle whose main mission was to test in the Martian environment technical solutions that were developed by engineers of the NASA research laboratories. It was necessary to verify whether the design strategy followed had resulted in the construction of a vehicle suitable for the

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shot by the lander have been composited into the 360 degree Presidential Panorama. Since the camera's position was consistent, it is thus possible to see these images of the rover in the context of the entire landscape. This provides a visual scale for understanding the sizes and distances of rocks

1680:, the crew of the first mission to Mars survives the crash-landing of their entry vehicle. Their communications equipment is destroyed so they cannot contact their recovery vehicle in orbit. To re-establish contact before being presumed dead and left behind on Mars, the crew goes to the site of the 1540:

The rocks at the landing site were given names of cartoon characters. Among them were Pop Tart, Ender, mini-Matterhorn, Wedge, Baker's Bench, Scooby Doo, Yogi, Barnacle Bill, Pooh Bear, Piglet, the Lamb, the Shark, Ginger, Souffle, Casper, Moe, and Stimpy. A dune was called Mermaid Dune, and a pair

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measured the acceleration of gravity along three perpendicular directions, making it possible to measure the surface's slope. The rover was programmed to deviate from routes that would require a slope greater than 30°, though it was designed not to tip over when tilted at 45°. The distance traveled

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A series of commands had been programmed, providing an appropriate strategy for overcoming obstacles. One of the primary commands was "Go to Waypoint". A local reference system, of which the lander was the origin, was envisaged. Coordinate directions were fixed at the moment of landing, taking the

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had a density of approximately 20 mg/cc. This insulator was designed to trap heat generated by rover's electronics; this trapped heat soaked at night through the passive insulation maintaining the electronics in the WEB at between −40 and 40 °C (−40 and 104 °F), while externally the

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The rover was equipped with front and rear cameras, and hardware that was used to conduct several scientific experiments. It was designed for a mission lasting 7 sols, with a possible extension to 30 sols, and was active for 83 sols (85 Earth days). The rover communicated with Earth

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Some 3,500 papers were received from countries including Canada, India, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the United States, of which 1,700 were from students aged between 5 and 18. The winners were chosen on the basis of the quality and creativity of the work, the appropriateness of the

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is the eighth version. They consisted of two elements; "Bogie" connected the front wheel with the central one and "Rocker" connected the rear wheel with the other two. The system did not include springs or other elastic elements, which could have increased the pressure exerted by each wheel. This

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During the mission, a daily rate equal to 0.28% of percentage reduction in the energy efficiency of the photovoltaic cells was recorded. This was independent of whether the rover was stationary or in motion. This suggests the dust settling on the rover was suspended in the atmosphere and was not

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The first was composed of a photovoltaic cell covered by transparent glass that could be removed on command. Near local midday, measurements of the cell's energy yield were made, both with the glass in place and removed. From the comparison, it was possible to deduce the reduction in cell yield

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The Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE) was designed to measure the abrasive action of Martian soil on thin layers of aluminum, nickel, and platinum, and thus deduce the grain size of the soil at the landing site. For this purpose, 15 layers—five of each metal—were mounted on one of the two central

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To test robotic prototypes and applications under natural lighting conditions, JPL built a simulated Martian landscape called "Mars Yard". The test area measured 21 by 22 m (69 by 72 ft) and had a variety of terrain arrangements to support multiple test conditions. The soil was a

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caused by the dust. Results from the first cell were compared with those of a second photovoltaic cell that was exposed to the Martian environment. The second sensor used a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the weight-per-surface unit of the dust deposited on the sensor.

650:) with approximately 18 percent efficiency. They could survive temperatures down to about −140 °C (−220 °F). After about its 40th sol on Mars, the lander's battery no longer held a charge so it was decided to shut off the rover before sunset and wake it up at sunrise. 516:, it occupied an 18 cm (7.1-inch) high space and has a mass of 11.5 kg (25 lb). It was supported by a lander, a tetrahedron-shaped structure with a mass of 250 kg (550 lb), and had a camera, scientific instrumentation, three petals of solar panels, a 1174:

The Materials Adherence Experiment (MAE) was designed by engineers at the Glenn Research Center to measure the daily accumulation of dust on the back of the rover and the reduction in the energy-conversion capacity of the photovoltaic panels. It consisted of two sensors.

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Two spacecraft engineers stand with a group of vehicles providing a comparison of three generations of Mars rovers developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The setting is JPL's Mars Yard testing area. Front and center is the flight spare for the first Mars rover,

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In particularly uneven terrain, the procedure described above would have been prevented by the presence of a large number of obstacles. There was, therefore, a second procedure known as "thread the needle", which consisted of proceeding between two obstacles along the

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on an expandable pole called Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), and the Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package (ASI/MET) which acted as a Mars meteorological station, collecting data about pressure, temperature, and winds. The MET structure included three

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Smith, P. H.; Tomasko, M. G.; Britt, D.; Crowe, D. G.; Reid, R.; Keller, H. U.; Thomas, N.; Gliem, F.; Rueffer, P.; Sullivan, R.; Greeley, R.; Knudsen, J. M.; Madsen, M. B.; Gunnlaugsson, H. P.; Hviid, S. F.; Goetz, W.; Soderblom, L. A.; Gaddis, L.; Kirk, R. (1997).

809:. No scientific or engineering data was lost after a computer reset but all of the following operations were interrupted until the next day. Resets occurred on July 5, 10, 11 and 14 during the mission before the software was patched on July 21 to enable 2687:

Image was taken by IMP before the mast was deployed. It was called "insurance panorama", because if something went wrong during deployment, the team would still have a panorama of the landing site. Once the mast was deployed the height of the IMP was

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One of the lander's main tasks was to support the rover by imaging its operations and sending data from the rover to Earth. The lander had rechargeable batteries and over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) of solar cells on its petals. The lander contained a

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The square eyes of the IMP camera are separated by 15 cm (5.9 in) to provide stereoscopic vision and ranging performance to support rover operations. The dual optical paths are folded by two sets of mirrors to bring the light to a single

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traveled just over 100 meters (330 ft) by the time communication was lost. Its final confirmed command was to remain stationary until October 5, 1997, (sol 91) and then drive around the lander; there is no indication it was able to do so. The

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mounted at three heights on a pole, the topmost at about one meter (3.3 ft) and generally registered winds from the west. To provide continuous data, the IMP imaged the windsocks once every daylight hour. These measurements allowed the

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These objectives required careful selection of the landing site to balance the technical requests with the scientific ones. A large plain was needed for the probe to land and rocky terrain to verify the rover's systems. The choice fell on

1586:, the origins of which are the subject of several proposals. In one hypothesis, they formed in the presence of water in Mars' distant past. In support of this, high silicon contents would be detected. This could also be a consequence of 1535:

Overhead view of the area surrounding the lander illustrating the rover traverse. Red rectangles are rover positions at the end of sols 1–30. Locations of soil mechanics and wheel abrasion experiments, and APXS measurements are

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radio modem, although error-checking protocols limited communications to a functional rate of 2,400 baud with a theoretical range of about one-half kilometre (0.31 mi). Under normal operation, it would periodically send a

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The rover was then directed to the next target and on the 14th sol, it analyzed the rock named "Scooby-Doo" and imaged the "Casper" rock. Both were deemed to be consolidated deposits. The rock called "Moe" showed evidence of

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name for a Martian rover, and the competitor's knowledge of the heroine and the probe mission. The winning paper was written by 12-year-old Valerie Ambroise of Bridgeport, Connecticut, who suggested dedicating the rover to

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direction of north as a reference. During the communication session (once per sol), the rover received from Earth a command string containing the coordinates of the arrival point, which it would have to reach autonomously.

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and allowed limited nocturnal operations. Once the batteries were depleted, the rover could only operate during the day. The batteries also allowed the rover's health to be checked while enclosed in the cruise stage while

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processes; rounded rocks of various sizes were discovered and the valley's shapes are compatible with a river channel environment. Smaller, more rounded stones may also have been generated during a surface impact event.

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The locomotion system was found to be suitable for the environment of Mars—being very stable, and allowing forward and backward movements with similar ease—and was adopted with appropriate precautions in the subsequent

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The wheels were connected to the frame through specially developed suspension to ensure all six were in contact with the ground, even on rough terrain. JPL's Don Bickler developed the wheels, which were referred to as

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The development of the rover and its instruments as well as its guidance during operations on Mars were done by a group of engineers from NASA, collectively referred to as "The Rover Team". The key personnel were:

947: 1552:" was analyzed on the 10th sol. It has been suggested the conformation of the land close to the rock, even visually at a lower level than the surrounding surface, was derived from the evaporation of floodwater. 1730:

lander and uses it to contact Earth. For the movie, the lander and rover were re-created with the help of JPL. Production designer Arthur Max, who worked on the film, said they "have a fully practical working

1026:, rocks and dust by analyzing the return radiation in its alpha, proton, and X-ray components resulting from the sample's exposure to a radioactive source contained in the instrument. The instrument had a 1124:

actuator that was equipped with a wrist that was capable of rotations of ±25°. The dual mobility of the rover and the ADM increased the potential of the instrument—the first of its kind to reach Mars.

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base station, which had its last successful communication session with Earth at 3:23 a.m. PDT on September 27, 1997. The last signal from the rover was received on the morning of October 7, 1997.

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with an energy of 5.8 MeV and a half-life of 18.1 years. A portion of the incident radiation that impacted the analyzed sample's surface was reflected and the remainder interacted with the sample.

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rover was a fully operational unit, I’m not sure at what point it was decided which was going to fly and which one would stay home, but it was ready to replace the main unit at a moment’s notice.

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The sensor of this color camera was arranged so 12 of 16 pixels of a 4×4 pixel block were sensitive to green light; while 2 pixels were sensitive to red light and the other 2 were sensitive to

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was issued. Fifteen million stamps were printed. The stamp is based on the first image received from the Mars Pathfinder after its landing on the Martian surface July 4, 1997, which shows the

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surrounding the lander as well as a record of the travels of the rover. Several of the rover images were captured in full color. The rest were colorized using color sampled from those frames.

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to Mars. The rover had 0.22 m (2.4 sq ft) of solar cells, which could produce a maximum of about 15 watts on Mars, depending on conditions. The cells were GaAs/Ge (

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Bruckner, J.; Dreibus, G.; Rieder, R.; Wanke, H. (2001). "Revised Data of the Mars Pathfinder Alpha Proton X-ray spectrometer: Geochemical Behavior of Major and Minor Elements".

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The rover could travel 500 m (1,600 ft) from the lander—the approximate limit of its communication range— and had a maximum speed of 1 cm/s (0.39 in/s).

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Another color camera was located on the back of the rover near the APXS, and rotated by 90°. It provided images of the APXS's target area and the rover's ground tracks.

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the point of arrival. At the end of the procedure, the computer had no memory of the existence of the obstacle. The steering angle of the wheels was controlled through

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quantities in a few tens of micrometers below the surface of the analyzed sample. The detection process was rather slow; each measurement could take up to ten hours.

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mast, and 6 kg (13 lb) of equipment that was required to maintain communications between the rover and the lander. Hardware included a steerable, high-gain

1598:(December 5, 1997), it was believed the rock Yogi had a coating of dust but was similar to the rock Barnacle Bill. Calculations suggested both rocks mostly contain 1471:, from July 5 to September 27, 1997, when the lander cut off communications with Earth. In the 83 sols of activity—twelve times the expected duration for the rover— 6594: 4268: 4637:

D.C. Ferguson (1999). "Evidence for Martian electrostatic charging and abrasive wheel wear from the Wheel Abrasion Experiment on the Pathfinder Sojourner rover".

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rover resting on the Pathfinder with a panoramic view of the Ares Vallis region in the background. The stamp's reverse bears text about the Pathfinder mission.

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Mosaic of the lander and the rover from above, color has been enhanced to improve contrast in features, and is derived from IMP spectral filters 5, 9 and 0.

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shorter than 500 nanometers (nm), no blue light actually reached the blue-and-infrared-sensitive pixels, which therefore recorded only infrared light.

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To facilitate the rover's direction, an appropriate on-the-spot rotation could be commanded from Earth. The command was "Turn" and was performed using a

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During each measurement, the front surface of the instrument had to be in contact with the sample. For this to be possible, the APXS was mounted on a

9486: 9371: 9161: 9098: 7721: 4483:"The Chemical Composition of Martian Soil and Rocks Returned by the Mobile Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer: Preliminary Results from the X-ray Mode" 3253: 9156: 9152: 9148: 5224: 4856: 4320: 3715: 3675: 3631: 2167: 5757: 4953: 3210: 2970: 1947: 540:/day and were capable of providing enough power to transmit for 2–4 hours per sol and maintain 128 megabytes of dynamic memory through the night. 9708: 9564: 9244: 6705: 1559:; this finding surprised some scholars because andesites are formed by geological processes that require an interaction between materials of the 4120: 3170: 1917: 9677: 9612: 9495: 9326: 4061: 2028: 2000: 553: 4915: 9713: 9703: 9666: 9646: 9555: 9550: 9352: 9269: 9211: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9093: 9083: 9073: 7786: 7711: 7198: 5164: 6542: 5340: 9642: 9591: 9526: 9451: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 6455: 5404: 5310: 1548:" during the third sol. The rock's composition was determined by the APXS spectrometer, which took 10 hours for a complete scan. The rock " 9559: 9490: 8816: 7492: 7468: 6494: 5464: 971: 512:(JPL). It is a six-wheeled, 65 cm (26-inch) long, 48 cm (19-inch) wide and 30 cm (12-inch) high vehicle. In the mission's 9530: 9360: 8742: 7414: 6827: 4720: 4438:

Wänke, H.; J. Brückner; G. Dreibus; R. Rieder; I. Ryabchikov (2001). "Chemical Composition of Rocks and Soils at the Pathfinder Site".

5094: 4535:"The Alpha-Proton-X-ray Spectrometer Deployment Mechanism – An Anthropomorphic Approach to Sensor Placement on Martian Rocks and Soil" 2862: 1145:, and electrically isolated from the rest of the rover. By directing the wheel appropriately, sunlight was reflected towards a nearby 845:

mode, meaning they could either send or receive data but not both at the same time. The data was communicated in bursts of 2 kB.

9718: 9465: 9441: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9274: 7886: 7502: 7421: 6405: 6001: 5494: 3754:, Donald B. Bickler, "Articulated suspension system", published 1988-04-21, issued 1989-06-20, assigned to NASA 3132: 1243:

go back and try a different trajectory. As a last resort, contact sensors were mounted on the front and rear surfaces of the rover.

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content. In a region nicknamed "Rock Garden", the rover encountered crescent-moon-shaped dunes that are similar to dunes on earth.

587:(CCD). To minimize moving parts, the IMP is electronically shuttered; half of the CCD is masked and used as a readout zone for the 9739:

are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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images to be taken along with measurements for hazard detection in the rover's path. The optics consisted of a window, lens, and

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Schofield J. T.; Barnes J. R.; Crisp D.; Haberle R. M.; Larsen S.; Magalhaes J. A.; Murphy J. R.; Seiff A.; Wilson G. (1997).

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is shown lying dormant and covered in dust. Another scene shows a plaque marking the landing site of the rover on board the

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would occur once every sol, the rover was equipped with a computerized control system to guide its movements independently.

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that is present at concentration levels above a fraction of one percent. The instrument was designed for the failed Russian

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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Lindemann, R.A.; C.J. Voorhees (2005). Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ed.).

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Theory and Experiments in Autonomous Sensor-Based Motion Planning with Applications for Flight Planetary Microrovers

1416:, a Nobel Prize-winning Franco-Polish chemist. Third place went to Adam Sheedy, 16, of Round Rock, Texas, who chose 1053:

Sensitivity and selectivity depends on a channel; alpha backscattering has high sensitivity for light elements like

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The landing site is rich in varied rocks, some of which are clearly volcanic in origin, such as "Yogi"; others are

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considered, but this was too heavy. As the rover rotated on itself, it drew a 74 cm (29 in) wide circle.

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It was foreseen the possibility that three false positives out of twenty detections carried out before proceeding

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environment. The initiative was publicized in the United States through the January 1995 edition of the magazine

4028:"Wind River Powers Mars Exploration Rovers—Continues Legacy as Technology Provider for NASA's Space Exploration" 1802:

rover, which landed in 2021, has a simplified representation of all previous NASA Martian rovers, starting with

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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

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Some sections of this article were originally translated from the Italian Knowledge article. For original, see

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Example of "virtual reality" interface that allowed driver to see the surface from any angle around the rover

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at the landing site, including the particle threshold and the aerodynamic surface roughness, to be measured.

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Mars Pathfinder Rover—Lewis Research Center Technology Experiments Program. NASA Technical Memorandum 107449

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Material Adherence Experiment, Principal investigators: G. Landis and P. Jenkins, NASA Lewis Research Center

1511: 1006: 595:. The mast holds the camera at approximately 1.5 m (4.9 ft) above the Martian surface and extends 9855: 7437: 7306: 6560: 6530: 6042: 5432: 4226: 1545: 9885: 8968: 8803: 8671: 8616: 7960: 7791: 7738: 7701: 7660: 7554: 7259: 7239: 7154: 6978: 6717: 6663: 6441: 5216: 4358:"Determination of the chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks:The alpha proton X ray spectrometer" 3245: 4863: 4331: 3726: 3686: 3640: 1097:

and beyond. Combining all three measurements makes APXS sensitive to all elements with the exception of

9748: 9264: 8887: 7593: 7534: 7409: 7321: 7051: 6917: 6415: 5747: 4945: 3202: 2966: 2720:. The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. p. 195. 2264: 1883: 1860: 1791: 268: 3751: 8609: 8598: 8450: 7631: 7549: 7544: 7218: 6673: 6631: 6361: 6188: 6162: 4112: 3162: 2650: 2447: 1042: 678:

and were 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and 7.9 cm (3.1 in) wide. They had serrated,

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mission. The alpha particle and proton detectors were provided by the Chemistry Department of the

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rover and the solar panels attached on the inside. The rover exited the lander on the next day.

8872: 8828: 8564: 8442: 8387: 7816: 7759: 7281: 7264: 7210: 7173: 6973: 6947: 6902: 6658: 6254: 5748:"NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars is carrying an adorable 'family portrait' of Martian rovers" 2060: 1312: 5460: 1377:

The name "Sojourner" was chosen for the rover through a competition held in March 1994 by the

398: 9890: 8892: 8862: 8042: 7983: 7937: 7915: 7851: 7764: 7754: 7696: 7566: 7561: 7402: 7067: 7029: 6998: 6907: 6806: 6788: 6688: 6342: 3850: 2442: 1841: 1689: 1468: 1157: 1110: 1045:, production of protons from reactions with the nucleus of light elements, and generation of 850: 830: 630: 584: 390: 5397:"'Yogi' Rock Found On Mars Similar To Rocks Underneath 'Yogi' Berra Stadium, Geologist Says" 4724: 1132: 757:

facesheets bonded to aluminum spars. The gaps between facesheets were filled with blocks of

9895: 9875: 9845: 9662: 9637: 8938: 8907: 8902: 8578: 8334: 8271: 8259: 8253: 8239: 8131: 8030: 7394: 6897: 6782: 6700: 6668: 6604: 6599: 6400: 6331: 6181: 5910: 5862: 5521: 5102: 4646: 4602: 4542: 4494: 4447: 4369: 3683:

2005 International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Hawaii, October 10–12, 2005

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The principle of the APXS technique is based on the interaction of alpha particles from a

8: 9810: 9052: 9041: 9037: 8842: 8666: 8592: 8406: 8246: 8149: 7681: 7647: 7178: 7159: 6748: 6536: 6248: 6157: 3968:""QUESTION: What type of computer is the Pathfinder utilizing? ..." (NASA Quest Q&A)" 3128: 2618: 2581: 2391: 2071: 2046: 1651: 1409: 708: 5866: 5525: 4650: 4606: 4546: 4498: 4451: 4403: 4373: 3499: 3387: 3338: 3295: 3055: 3011: 770:

rover experienced a temperature range between 0 and −110 °C (32 and −166 °F).

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When the mission's final results were described in a series of articles in the journal

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called the Alpha-Proton-X-ray Spectrometer Deployment Mechanism (ADM). The ADM was an

868: 9185: 8962: 8810: 8701: 8320: 8138: 8074: 8066: 8011: 7978: 7946: 7442: 7326: 7286: 7246: 7166: 6993: 6983: 6731: 6390: 6312: 6142: 5930: 5839: 5833: 5607: 5276: 5130: 5059: 4857:"An automated rover command generation prototype for the Mars 2003 Marie Curie rover" 4512: 4467: 4027: 3862: 3800: 3401: 3352: 3325: 3069: 2731: 2721: 2708: 2626: 2375: 2368: 2271: 2232: 2180: 2081: 2007: 1735:, which we use throughout the movie." In the movie, Mark Watney is later seen in his 1676: 1635: 1619: 1378: 802: 192: 77: 5560: 5539: 3040:"Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and Assessment of Landing Site Predictions" 666: 426:

mission formally ended on March 10, 1998, after all further options were exhausted.

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to be deployed "using a robotic-arm attached to the lander". Rather than this, the

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Single Chip with a Rad6000 SC CPU, 128 megabytes (Mb) of RAM and 6 Mb of

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Wheel Abrasion Experiment, Principal investigators: D. Ferguson and J. Kolecki,

1830:

Assembly and Lead Test Engineer, Microrover Flight Experiment, Allen Sirota, JPL

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source with matter. There are three components of the return radiation; simple

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Because the rover's cameras had zinc-selenide lenses, which block light with a

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with a 2 MHz clock, addressing 64 kilobytes (Kb) of memory, and running a

702: 566: 361: 7864: 5974: 5965: 5937: 5890: 5627: 4459: 2424: 9834: 9672: 9470: 9295: 8882: 8434: 8232: 8144: 7990: 7839: 7821: 7716: 7706: 7638: 7483: 7116: 6847: 6626: 6126: 6067: 5806: 5599: 5063: 4972: 4811:(phd). Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology. p. 34. 3866: 3229: 2481: 1869: 1599: 1587: 1421: 1417: 1408:

and women's rights advocate. The second place went to Deepti Rohatgi, 18, of

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Example of a screen that visualized the surface of Mars, used by rover driver

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Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for Mars 2007

3591:"The real Mars lander in 'The Martian': Fact checking the film's NASA probe" 2191:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface. 2132: 1765:

was awarded honorary membership in the Society's Planetary Geology Division.

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mission. After a successful landing, the lander was officially named "The

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operation was supported by "Rover Control Software" (RCS) that ran on a

9723: 8877: 8857: 8772: 8716: 8711: 8681: 8523: 8092: 8003: 7379: 7081: 7074: 6589: 6204: 6147: 6025: 4168: 4142: 3676:"Mars Exploration Rover Mobility Assembly Design, Test and Performance" 2499: 2184: 1846:

ASI/MET Facility Instrument Science Team Leader: John T. Schofield, JPL

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landed on July 4, 1997. The petals were deployed 87 minutes later with

1499: 754: 378: 55: 9817: 5874: 4816: 4779: 4658: 4554: 4382: 4357: 3912: 3508: 3483: 3304: 3277: 3020: 2995: 2940: 658: 9446: 9332: 8983: 8797: 8757: 8537: 8518: 8503: 8455: 8356: 8178: 8105: 8037: 7796: 7769: 7617: 7529: 7389: 7358: 7351: 7148: 7046: 6800: 6337: 6284: 6047: 5752: 4171:. Office of the Flight Operations Manager – Mars Pathfinder Project. 4145:. Office of the Flight Operations Manager – Mars Pathfinder Project. 3832:

Bajracharya, Max; Maimone, Mark W.; Helmick, Daniel (December 2008).

2519: 2176: 1726:, the protagonist Mark Watney is stranded on Mars. Mark recovers the 1713: 1607: 1603: 1549: 1247: 1239: 1146: 1074: 1070: 925: 638: 4539:

29th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium. NASA Johnson Space Center. 1995

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Brian K. Cooper, primary rover driver, with a pair of stereo goggles

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Mars Pathfinder Microrover: A Small, Low-Cost, Low-Power Spacecraft

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were verified on this identical rover at JPL. NASA planned to send

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3228:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Chief Engineer, Microrover Flight Experiment: William Layman, JPL

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In the ten-year development phase that led to the realization of

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Laubach, S.L. (1999). California Institute of Technology (ed.).

4291:"MFEX: Microrover Flight Experiment – Rover Control Workstation" 2660:

Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers

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at JPL in October 1996, being 'folded' into its launch position.

1448:

Position of the rover on the lander after opening of the petals.

1343: 9657: 9585: 9412: 9347: 9341: 9254: 9222: 9216: 9174: 9068: 8375: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8188: 8183: 8173: 8168: 8125: 8120: 8110: 8100: 7345: 7276: 6773: 6638: 6218: 6095: 4889:"Rover, Marie Curie, Mars Pathfinder, Engineering Test Vehicle" 4056:

Parallel sparking: Many chips make light work, Douglas Heaven,

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The landing site for the rover was chosen in April 1994 at the

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Since it was established transmissions relating to driving the

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s horizon to 3.4 km (2.1 mi) on a featureless plane.

521: 6173: 5461:"Mars Pathfinder Science Results: Mineralogy and Geochemistry" 2994:

Golombek, M.P.; Cook, R.A.; Moore, H.J.; Parker, T.J. (1997).

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Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016

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in Houston. The landing site is an ancient flood plain called

730: 440: 9569: 8691: 7973: 7369: 7142: 7106: 7101: 6892: 6057: 5628:"'The Martian' – Anatomy of a Scene w/ Director Ridley Scott" 1968:

Route of the rover projected on an image taken by the lander.

1638:

Annotated panorama of rocks near the rover (December 5, 1997)

1326:

According to space historian and NASM curator Matt Shindell:

1046: 910: 877: 5549:(PDF). The Daily Script. p. 45. Retrieved December 10, 2015. 2929:"Sojourner The Mars Pathfinder Microrover Flight Experiment" 2093:, are 65 cm long. The MER's rovers are 1.6 m long. The 7899: 6464: 5835:

Sojourner: An Insider's View of the Mars Pathfinder Mission

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rover, from which they salvage parts to make a basic radio.

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was determined by the number of revolutions of the wheels.

1217: 1094: 825: 353: 256: 137: 65: 9769: 5515: 5394: 4987:"JPL engineers test out their rovers on a fake Red Planet" 4143:"The Mars Pathfinder Mission Status Reports — Second Week" 1459:

booster, and reached Mars on July 4, 1997. It operated in

4321:"Making Tracks on Mars Mission Operations for Deep Space" 4169:"The Mars Pathfinder Mission Status Reports — Third Week" 3831: 865:, bad pixel/column handling, and image data packetizing. 9035: 1307:

mission; it was suggested to send it in 2003, proposing

6433: 5026:"NASA Names First Rover to Explore the Surface of Mars" 4356:

R. Rieder; H. Wänke; T. Economou; A. Turkevich (1997).

4082:"What really happened on Mars? – Authoritative Account" 2993: 2013:

panorama of landing site taken by lander's camera (IMP)

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The first analysis was carried out on the rock called "

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program was launched in 2003. In 2015, JPL transferred

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The interpretation of the results proposed by Ferguson

691:", for the experimental "Rocky" vehicles, of which the 5911:"Mars As Seen Through the Eyes of the Sojourner Rover" 5718: 4916:"Recalling the Thrill of Pathfinder's Mission to Mars" 3673: 2063:

Project (MER) test rover that is a working sibling to

1956:

performs spectrometer measurements on the "Yogi" rock.

9746: 5721:"The 2003 Inductees: Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Rover" 3834:"Autonomy for Mars rovers: past, present, and future" 1768:

In November 1997, to commemorate the achievements of

1709:

is briefly seen on the surface of Mars as a monument.

5853:

The Rover Team (1997). "The Pathfinder Microrover".

4764:"Autonomous Navigation and the Sojourner Microrover" 1136:

The wheel affected by the Wheel Abrasion Experiment.

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while the lens objective and flattener were made of

5479: 8817:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) 8662:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer 4195:"How the Mars Microrover Radios and Antennas Work" 2149: 2079:test rover the size of that project's Mars rover, 2075:, which landed on Mars in 2004. On the right is a 2041: 987: 734:Power board (bottom side) and CPU board (top side) 8733: 5509: 3750: 1512:Mars Pathfinder § Entry, descent and landing 1163: 824:communicated with its base station using a 9,600 9832: 3713: 1868:Manager of the Mars Exploration Program at JPL: 16:First NASA Mars rover on Mars Pathfinder mission 7894: 5052:"Girl Who Named Mars Rover Stays Down to Earth" 3319:Smith P. H.; Bell J. F.; Bridges N. T. (1997). 2996:"Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site" 2202:Clicking on the labels will open a new article. 1643: 853:; they were clocked out by CPU, and capable of 801:Earth using a laboratory duplicate, was due to 5852: 5828: 4680: 4588: 3447: 3445: 2989: 2987: 2055:, which landed on Mars in 1997 as part of the 1502:Memorial Station" in honor of the astronomer. 1221:One of the obstacle detection images taken by 9021: 8474: 7880: 6449: 6189: 5995: 5690:"Mars Pathfinder Lands On U.S. Postage Stamp" 5124: 5122: 5120: 4804: 4636: 3585: 3583: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3033: 3031: 1941:, taken on 530, 600, and 750 nm filters. 1661:, depicting the protagonist Mark Watney with 1141:wheels with a thickness between 200 and 1000 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4528: 4526: 4060:magazine, issue 2930, August 19, 2013, p44. 3825: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3203:"Mars Pathfinder PIP (Continued – Part 2/3)" 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 1852:APXS Principal investigator: Rudolf Rieder, 1840:IMP Principal investigator: Peter H. Smith, 1127: 1109:and the X-ray detector was developed by the 816: 470: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4227:"Mars Pathfinder Microrover Ready to Roll!" 3484:"The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment" 3442: 3278:"The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment" 2984: 2857: 2855: 1575:. Most of the rocks analyzed showed a high 1455:was launched on December 4, 1996, aboard a 1272:in the museum (see also from other angles: 9028: 9014: 8743:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey 7887: 7873: 6828:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 6456: 6442: 6196: 6182: 6002: 5988: 5366:"Mars Pathfinder Science Results: Geology" 5360: 5358: 5117: 4474: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4349: 4020: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3580: 3147: 3080: 3028: 1849:ASI/MET Chief Engineer: Clayton LaBaw, JPL 876:Both front cameras were coupled with five 528:per second into a 70 m (230 ft) 524:antenna that could send approximately 5.5 341: 29: 8778:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) 7722:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 6406:List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies 5745: 5538:Pfarrer, Chuck; Lemkin, Jonathan (2000). 4758: 4739: 4714: 4712: 4665: 4614: 4532: 4523: 4506: 4404:"Mars Pathfinder Instrument Descriptions" 4381: 3896: 3709: 3707: 3658: 3507: 3395: 3346: 3321:"Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera" 3303: 3240: 3238: 3063: 3019: 2923: 2902: 1856:, Department of Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 1321:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 977:Cooper in stereo goggles working with RCS 916: 532:antenna, 3.3 m (36 sq ft) 5746:Weitering, Hanneke (February 25, 2021). 5303:"Mars Pathfinder Black and White Images" 4623: 4573: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4362:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 3786: 3553: 3551: 3037: 2881:"Mars Pathfinder – Mars – Sol 89 Images" 2852: 2831:"Mars Pathfinder – Mars – Sol 92 Images" 2802:"Mars Pathfinder – Mars – Sol 86 Images" 2160: 2045: 1833:Microrover Mission Operations Engineer: 1650: 1530: 1443: 1366: 1342: 1264: 1216: 1190: 1131: 1005: 997: 867: 729: 725: 665: 657: 629:had solar panels and a non-rechargeable 609: 547: 439: 7807:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 5459:Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA (ed.). 5452: 5355: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4390: 4221: 4219: 4111:Jones, Michael B. (December 16, 1997). 3769: 3629: 3612: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 2707: 9833: 6595:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 5658:"Division Activity at Recent Meetings" 5283:from the original on December 11, 2018 5088: 5086: 5084: 4823:from the original on 23 September 2015 4786:from the original on 13 September 2021 4718: 4709: 4561:from the original on 13 September 2021 4480: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4080:Reeves, Glenn E. (December 15, 1997). 4079: 3813:from the original on 13 September 2021 3704: 3521: 3519: 3246:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details" 3235: 3122: 3120: 2947:from the original on 13 September 2021 1923:Mars Pathfinder loading into a rocket. 1820:Microrover Flight Experiment Manager: 1089:is more sensitive to heavier elements 486:Schematic representation of the lander 9009: 8647:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 7868: 7385:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 6437: 6177: 5983: 5908: 5888: 5665:Planetary Geology Division Newsletter 5573:from the original on 12 February 2011 5128: 4422: 4401: 4265:"Rover Camera Instrument Description" 4187: 4110: 3907:(Report). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 3902: 3792: 3630:Bickler, D. (1997). JPL, NASA (ed.). 3548: 3481: 3256:from the original on January 27, 2021 3126: 3093: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 1390:National Science Teachers Association 1350:at the Mars Yard test area (see also 1225:. The laser trace is clearly visible. 1018:(APXS) was designed to determine the 498:Schematic representation of the rover 7847: 5591: 5558: 5467:from the original on 17 October 2011 5425: 5167:from the original on 25 October 2011 5141:from the original on 25 October 2011 5008: 4282: 4216: 4149:from the original on January 4, 2016 4038:from the original on January 6, 2010 3527:"Description of the Rover Sojourner" 3185: 3173:from the original on August 19, 2021 3135:from the original on 25 October 2011 2823: 2794: 1747: 653: 6009: 5638:from the original on 13 August 2021 5395:Montclair State University (1997). 5343:from the original on 16 August 2021 5313:from the original on 16 August 2021 5081: 4956:from the original on 21 August 2021 4926:from the original on 14 August 2021 4895:from the original on 13 August 2021 4851: 4681:S.M. Stevenson (1997). NASA (ed.). 4318: 4248: 4175:from the original on April 10, 2016 3948:from the original on 14 August 2021 3516: 3213:from the original on 20 August 2021 3160: 3117: 160:December 4, 1996, 06:58:07 UTC 13: 8073: 8065: 8057: 7921:List of artificial objects on Mars 6501:National Aeronautics and Space Act 5822: 5760:from the original on July 14, 2021 5719:Carnegie Mellon University (ed.). 5700:from the original on 19 March 2021 5376:from the original on 20 March 2021 5257:from the original on 23 April 2021 5227:from the original on 2 August 2010 4288: 4123:from the original on June 12, 2015 4092:from the original on June 11, 2015 3884:from the original on March 4, 2016 3793:Young, A. (2007). Springer (ed.). 3482:Smith, P. H. (February 25, 1997). 3430:from the original on March 5, 2016 2773:"Mars Pathfinder FAQs – Sojourner" 2756: 1937:The sol 2 "insurance panorama" of 1687:In the opening titles of the 2005 982: 14: 9907: 8934:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 7455:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 7009:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 6086:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer 6058:Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) 5882: 5790:from the original on 23 June 2021 5518:Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII 5497:from the original on June 3, 2016 5440:from the original on 19 June 2011 5223:. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 5187:"Mars Pathfinder Science Results" 4984: 4913: 4891:. National Air and Space Museum. 4719:Landis, G.A. (1998). NASA (ed.). 3463:from the original on 5 April 2021 3200: 3163:"JPL Mars Pathfinder Quick Facts" 1186: 1183:raised by the rover's movements. 1002:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer 994:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer 796:The mission was jeopardised by a 670:Rover in the cruise configuration 637:) battery that could provide 150 614:Solar panels of the spare rover, 316:Sojourner rover (Mars Pathfinder) 9816: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9768: 9756: 8622:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters 7846: 7835: 7834: 7750:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 7508:Space Flight Operations Facility 6694:Operations and Checkout Building 6295: 6066: 5957:How The Age Of Mars Rovers Began 5800: 5561:"Crazy credits for "Enterprise"" 5407:from the original on 4 June 2011 5092: 5032:from the original on 7 June 2011 5023: 4966: 4410:from the original on 4 June 2011 3778:. pp. 74–77. Archived from 3223: 3105:from the original on 13 May 2013 2556: 2536: 2518: 2498: 2480: 2459: 2441: 2423: 2403: 2385: 2367: 2351: 2335: 2319: 2301: 2283: 2263: 2245: 2194: 2183:, overlaid with the position of 2140: 2131: 2122: 2085:, which landed on Mars in 2012. 2020: 1999: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1946: 1930: 1916: 1897: 1882: 1810: 1806:, on one of its external plates. 1627: 1541:of hills were named Twin Peaks. 1526: 1420:, a United States astronaut and 970: 958: 946: 934: 779:Radiation Hardened IBM Risc 6000 674:The rover's wheels were made of 620:batteries installed on the rover 536:solar arrays that generated 1.1 491: 479: 8793:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter 8599:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) 6969:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 6203: 5772: 5739: 5712: 5682: 5650: 5620: 5585: 5552: 5532: 5419: 5388: 5325: 5295: 5277:"Mars lander renamed for Sagan" 5269: 5239: 5209: 5179: 5153: 5070:from the original on 2020-10-26 5044: 4997:from the original on 2021-08-21 4978: 4938: 4907: 4881: 4845: 4798: 4312: 4301:from the original on 2021-08-14 4271:from the original on 2017-01-18 4237:from the original on 2019-12-02 4205:from the original on 2021-04-17 4161: 4135: 4113:"What really happened on Mars?" 4104: 4073: 4050: 3990: 3960: 3930: 3919:from the original on 2021-09-13 3763: 3744: 3714:Morgan, M.; D. Bickler (2000). 3569:from the original on 2020-10-26 3537:from the original on 2020-09-19 3488:Journal of Geophysical Research 3475: 3412: 3363: 3312: 3283:Journal of Geophysical Research 3268: 2973:from the original on 2020-10-21 2891:from the original on 2020-08-14 2841:from the original on 2021-03-22 2812:from the original on 2020-10-26 2783:from the original on 2020-05-24 2745:from the original on 2019-12-08 2681: 2672: 2042:Comparison to later Mars rovers 1479: 988:Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer 880:stripe projectors that enabled 841:(UHF) radio modems operated in 605: 397:was operational on Mars for 92 99:Actual: 83 sols (85 days), 6091:Materials Adherence Experiment 5832:(2004). Berkeley Books (ed.). 5247:"Mars Pathfinder Landing Site" 5217:"Mars Pathfinder Landing Site" 3799:. Springer. pp. 212–223. 3770:Bickler, Donald (April 1998). 3685:. Pasadena, CA. Archived from 3633:The Mars Rover Mobility System 2959: 2873: 2701: 1432:. The rover was also known as 1258: 1198:overcomes a height difference. 1170:Materials Adherence Experiment 1164:Materials Adherence Experiment 552:Lander's IMP camera, see also 1: 9851:Derelict landers (spacecraft) 8748:Astrobiology Field Laboratory 5938:Mars Microrover Photo Gallery 5333:"Rocks explored by the Rover" 5131:"Summary of Rover Operations" 4616:10.1126/science.278.5344.1765 4508:10.1126/science.278.5344.1771 3397:10.1126/science.278.5344.1752 3348:10.1126/science.278.5344.1758 3065:10.1126/science.278.5344.1743 2695: 1755:Geological Society of America 1739:, the Ares III Hab, with the 1505: 1486:Lunar and Planetary Institute 1439: 1010:APXS at the back of the rover 872:Pixel map of the color camera 7787:Space program on U.S. stamps 7712:Gemini and Apollo medallions 7662:Solar System Family Portrait 7438:Joint Polar Satellite System 7307:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 6561:Vision for Space Exploration 6531:Space Exploration Initiative 5671:(1): 1. 1997. Archived from 5433:Astronomy Picture of the Day 3559:"Mars Pathfinder Microrover" 3169:. University of Washington. 2665: 1753:On October 21, 1997, at the 1555:Both rocks turned out to be 1434:Microrover Flight Experiment 1424:crew member who died in the 1338: 7: 9871:Robots of the United States 9861:Spacecraft launched in 1996 8672:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper 8617:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return 8593:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) 7961:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 7782:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 7739:We choose to go to the Moon 7702:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 7260:International Space Station 7240:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 6979:Great Observatories program 6823:International Space Station 6801:Roscosmos State Corporation 6718:Science Mission Directorate 6664:Manned Space Flight Network 5952:Logbook of Rover Operations 5339:. Windows to the Universe. 5161:"Summary of Rover Activity" 4330:. NASA, JPL. Archived from 2575: 1699:Carl Sagan Memorial Station 1602:(magnesium-iron silicate), 125:11.5 kilograms (25 lb) 10: 9912: 7599:NASA cameras on spacecraft 7410:James Webb Space Telescope 7322:Solar Dynamics Observatory 6543:U.S. National Space Policy 5487:"APXS Composition Results" 5426:NASA, ed. (11 July 1997). 2059:Project. On the left is a 1875: 1861:NASA Lewis Research Center 1792:Carnegie Mellon University 1509: 1291:is a flight spare for the 1167: 991: 765:. The aerogel used on the 648:Gallium Arsenide/Germanium 433: 429: 9881:1996 in the United States 9732: 9686: 9621: 9600: 9543: 9479: 9429: 9380: 9288: 9237: 9194: 9107: 9060: 8996: 8947: 8916: 8850: 8841: 8729: 8639: 8557: 8550: 8470: 8433: 8368: 8270: 8161: 8091: 8084: 8055: 8002: 7979:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 7936: 7929: 7906: 7830: 7730: 7607: 7522: 7467: 7430: 7229: 7039: 7026: 6956: 6870: 6860: 6815: 6741: 6730: 6674:Vehicle Assembly Building 6582: 6481: 6471: 6424: 6378: 6353: 6304: 6293: 6211: 6163:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6135: 6109: 6075: 6064: 6019: 4950:www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov 3453:"How does the IMP works?" 2181:global topography of Mars 1724:the 2015 film based on it 1362: 1128:Wheel Abrasion Experiment 1043:Rutherford backscattering 888:. The window was made of 817:Communication and cameras 543: 510:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 471:Technical characteristics 340: 336: 328: 274: 263: 255: 251: 247: 239: 231: 226: 222: 218: 210: 198: 188: 175: 164: 156: 151: 147: 143: 129: 121: 116: 112: 108: 85: 71: 61: 51: 47: 28: 8929:Mars Exploration Program 7911:List of missions to Mars 7745:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 7669:The Day the Earth Smiled 7004:Solar Terrestrial Probes 6463: 6386:Rover embedded computers 6153:Rover embedded computers 5099:Mars Exploration Program 4922:. Smithsonian Magazine. 4721:"Measuring Dust on Mars" 4533:Blomquist, R.S. (1995). 4067:October 6, 2014, at the 4062:Online (by subscription) 3424:JPL/NASA Mars Pathfinder 2102:Comparison of wheels of 1992:Rover near Yogi, sol 10. 1892:in the production phase. 837:during its mission. The 777:lander's computer was a 631:lithium-thionyl chloride 508:was developed by NASA's 332:100 metres (330 ft) 101:landing to final contact 8019:Mars Science Laboratory 7802:Other primates in space 7514:Deep Space Atomic Clock 7334:Mars Science Laboratory 7122:Spitzer Space Telescope 6711:Lunar Sample Laboratory 6654:Launch Services Program 6319:Mars Science Laboratory 5915:Mars Pathfinder Mission 5895:Mars Pathfinder Mission 5780:"Presidential Panorama" 5135:Mars Pathfinder Mission 4589:The Rover Team (1997). 4460:10.1023/A:1011961725645 3038:Golombek, M.P. (1997). 2967:"Mars Pathfinder Rover" 2097:rover is 3 m long. 2077:Mars Science Laboratory 1774:$ 3 Priority Mail stamp 1065:is mainly sensitive to 1030:-244 source that emits 1014:The Alpha Proton X-Ray 859:Block Truncation Coding 743:central processing unit 8388:Mars Exploration Rover 8078: 8070: 8062: 7817:National Astronaut Day 7760:The Astronaut Monument 7582:Space Shuttle missions 7282:Mars Exploration Rover 7265:Hubble Space Telescope 7174:Kepler space telescope 6974:Earth Observing System 6948:Mars Exploration Rover 6659:Mercury Control Center 6255:Mars Exploration Rover 5959:by Lauren J. Young on 5634:. The New York Times. 4862:. NASA. Archived from 4004:. 1997. Archived from 3974:. 1997. Archived from 3938:"Rover Thermal Design" 3776:Mechanical Engineering 2242: 2098: 2089:and its flight spare, 2061:Mars Exploration Rover 2031:Various images of the 1670: 1537: 1449: 1374: 1355: 1352:test rover at the Yard 1336: 1313:Mars Exploration Rover 1285: 1226: 1199: 1137: 1011: 1003: 926:Silicon Graphics Onyx2 917:Rover Control Software 873: 735: 671: 663: 623: 557: 448: 267:July 4, 1997 16:56:55 9866:Soft landings on Mars 8583:(2024, flyby in 2025) 8575:(2024, flyby in 2025) 8154:(2023, flyby in 2026) 8145:Mars Cube One (MarCO) 8077: 8069: 8061: 7916:List of Mars orbiters 7765:Lunar sample displays 7755:Space Mirror Memorial 7697:Voyager Golden Record 7589:United States rockets 6781: (with the 6689:Launch Control Center 5197:on September 20, 2008 4440:Space Science Reviews 3903:Stone, H. W. (1996). 3851:IEEE Computer Society 2177:Interactive image map 2164: 2156:s location in context 2049: 1842:University of Arizona 1757:'s annual meeting in 1690:Star Trek: Enterprise 1654: 1534: 1469:Oxia Palus quadrangle 1447: 1370: 1346: 1328: 1268: 1220: 1194: 1158:Glenn Research Center 1135: 1111:University of Chicago 1009: 1001: 871: 851:Eastman Kodak Company 733: 726:Hardware and software 669: 661: 613: 585:charge-coupled device 551: 443: 391:Oxia Palus quadrangle 305:19.13000°N 33.22000°W 117:Spacecraft properties 9638:Mars Global Surveyor 9044:Orbital launches in 8939:Mars Next Generation 8898:Permanent settlement 8788:Mars Surveyor Lander 8254:Mars Climate Orbiter 8240:Mars Global Surveyor 6783:Soviet space program 6701:Johnson Space Center 6669:Kennedy Space Center 6632:spinoff technologies 6401:Lunar Roving Vehicle 5337:windows2universe.org 4993:. The Morning Call. 4727:on 11 September 2011 4328:trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov 3207:science.ksc.nasa.gov 1854:Max-Planck Institute 1786:was included in the 1759:Salt Lake City, Utah 1385:Science and Children 1107:Max Planck Institute 1020:chemical composition 839:Ultra high frequency 811:priority inheritance 593:AEC Able Engineering 9856:Attached spacecraft 7896:Spacecraft missions 7792:Apollo 17 Moon mice 7648:Pillars of Creation 7555:Space Shuttle crews 7033:(human and robotic) 7027:Individual featured 6610:Ranks and positions 6158:Exploration of Mars 5867:1997JGR...102.3989M 5592:Weir, Andy (2014). 5526:2001LPI....32.1293B 5307:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 5251:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4651:1999JGR...104.8747F 4607:1997Sci...278.1765M 4601:(5344): 1765–1768. 4547:1995aeme.symp...61B 4499:1997Sci...278.1771R 4493:(5344): 1771–1774. 4481:Rieder, R. (1997). 4452:2001SSRv...96..317W 4374:1997JGR...102.4027R 3859:10.1109/MC.2008.479 3500:1997JGR...102.4003S 3420:"Windsocks on Mars" 3388:1997Sci...278.1752S 3382:(5344): 1752–1758. 3339:1997Sci...278.1758S 3333:(5344): 1758–1765. 3296:1997JGR...102.4003S 3250:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 3056:1997Sci...278.1743G 3050:(5344): 1743–1748. 3012:1997JGR...102.3967G 2582:Exploration of Mars 2378:Mars Polar Lander ↓ 2237:Mars Memorials list 1410:Rockville, Maryland 1147:photovoltaic sensor 563:stereoscopic camera 381:that landed in the 310:19.13000; -33.22000 300: / 25: 9886:Six-wheeled robots 8924:Mars Scout Program 8763:Mars 4NM & 5NM 8687:Mars Micro Orbiter 8677:Mars Geyser Hopper 8079: 8071: 8063: 7594:NASA cancellations 7489:Deep Space Network 7479:Near Earth Network 6964:Living With a Star 6938:Project Prometheus 6918:Planetary Observer 6043:Barnacle Bill rock 5838:. Berkeley Books. 5545:2015-09-23 at the 5056:The New York Times 4920:smithsonianmag.com 4839:2021-04-30 at the 4697:on 10 October 2006 4032:Wind River Systems 3772:"Roving over Mars" 2243: 2099: 1788:Robot Hall of Fame 1701:. In the episode " 1671: 1647:in popular culture 1538: 1450: 1436:abbreviated MFEX. 1375: 1356: 1305:Mars Surveyor 2001 1286: 1227: 1200: 1138: 1012: 1004: 874: 807:priority inversion 763:thermal insulation 736: 672: 664: 624: 589:electronic shutter 558: 554:diagram of the IMP 530:Deep Space Network 449: 243:September 27, 1997 38:rover pictured by 21: 9744: 9743: 9003: 9002: 8992: 8991: 8963:The Case for Mars 8873:Atmospheric entry 8837: 8836: 8768:Mars 5M (Mars-79) 8725: 8724: 8702:Next Mars Orbiter 8610:Rosalind Franklin 8546: 8545: 8466: 8465: 8321:Mars Polar Lander 8053: 8052: 7947:2001 Mars Odyssey 7862: 7861: 7775:stolen or missing 7572:uncrewed missions 7550:Apollo astronauts 7545:Gemini astronauts 7463: 7462: 7247:2001 Mars Odyssey 7022: 7021: 6898:Mars Surveyor '98 6856: 6855: 6799: (with 6732:Human spaceflight 6726: 6725: 6684:Launch Complex 48 6679:Launch Complex 39 6431: 6430: 6391:Crewed Mars rover 6362:Rosalind Franklin 6171: 6170: 6143:Discovery Program 6028:Memorial Station) 5971:by JPL on YouTube 5909:JPL, NASA (ed.). 5891:"Rover Sojourner" 5889:JPL, NASA (ed.). 5875:10.1029/96JE01922 5861:(E2): 3989–4001. 5845:978-0-425-19839-1 5727:on 7 October 2007 5613:978-0-8041-3902-1 5129:JPL, NASA (ed.). 5095:"Mars Pathfinder" 4946:"The MarsYard II" 4817:10.7907/b1wv-hc78 4659:10.1029/98JE02249 4645:(E4): 8747–8789. 4402:JPL, NASA (ed.). 4383:10.1029/96JE03918 4368:(E2): 4027–4044. 4319:Mishkin, Andrew. 4289:Cooper, Brian K. 3806:978-0-387-30774-9 3509:10.1029/96JE03568 3305:10.1029/96JE03568 3290:(E2): 4003–4026. 3129:"Rover Sojourner" 3127:JPL, NASA (ed.). 3096:"Mars Pathfinder" 3094:NASA, JPL (ed.). 3021:10.1029/96JE03318 3006:(E2): 3967–3988. 2869:on 20 March 2015. 2727:978-1-62683-042-4 2656:(planned mission) 2652:Rosalind Franklin 2568: 2550: 2530: 2512: 2492: 2474: 2453: 2451:Rosalind Franklin 2435: 2417: 2397: 2379: 2361: 2345: 2329: 2313: 2295: 2277: 2257: 2200:Clickable image: 1748:Awards and honors 1674:In the 2000 film 1620:calcium phosphate 1476:with the lander. 1404:African-American 1388:published by the 1379:Planetary Society 654:Locomotion system 393:on July 4, 1997. 370: 369: 193:McDonnell Douglas 9903: 9821: 9820: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9007: 9006: 8969:Inspiration Mars 8956:The Mars Project 8848: 8847: 8731: 8730: 8555: 8554: 8472: 8471: 8089: 8088: 7934: 7933: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7865: 7850: 7849: 7838: 7837: 7676:Fallen Astronaut 7317:Van Allen Probes 7037: 7036: 6943:Mars Exploration 6868: 6867: 6739: 6738: 6507:Space Task Group 6479: 6478: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6354:Planned missions 6305:Current missions 6299: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6070: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5975:Sojourner Patent 5934: 5933: 5931:Official website 5925: 5923: 5921: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5878: 5849: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5723:. 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Geophys. Res 5846: 5825: 5823:Further reading 5813: 5801: 5793: 5791: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5557: 5553: 5547:Wayback Machine 5537: 5533: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5022: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4979: 4967: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4853:Mishkin, Andrew 4850: 4846: 4841:Wayback Machine 4826: 4824: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4757: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4717: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4666: 4639:J. Geophys. Res 4635: 4624: 4587: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4531: 4524: 4479: 4475: 4436: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4400: 4391: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4069:Wayback Machine 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3678: 3672: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3368: 3364: 3317: 3313: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3224: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3125: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3081: 3036: 3029: 3000:J. Geophys. Res 2992: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2922: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738:. SP2018-4041. 2728: 2717: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2230: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2192: 2175: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2057:Mars Pathfinder 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2011:Mars Pathfinder 2009: 2004: 1993: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1969: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1935: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1902: 1893: 1887: 1878: 1822:Jacob Matijevic 1813: 1770:Mars Pathfinder 1750: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1529: 1517:Mars Pathfinder 1514: 1508: 1482: 1465:Chryse Planitia 1463:channel in the 1442: 1412:, who proposed 1398:Sojourner Truth 1372:Sojourner Truth 1365: 1341: 1263: 1189: 1172: 1166: 1130: 1122:anthropomorphic 1063:proton emission 1032:alpha particles 996: 990: 985: 983:Science payload 978: 975: 966: 963: 954: 951: 942: 939: 919: 886:field flattener 819: 803:computer resets 761:that worked as 728: 680:stainless steel 656: 636: 608: 599: 567:spatial filters 546: 503: 502: 501: 500: 499: 496: 488: 487: 484: 473: 465:Chryse Planitia 438: 436:Mars Pathfinder 432: 404:Mars Pathfinder 387:Chryse Planitia 385:channel in the 366: 365: 358: 348:Mars Pathfinder 346: 329:Distance driven 315: 313: 309: 307: 303: 302: 299: 294: 291: 289: 287: 286: 285: 283:Chryse Planitia 211:Deployment date 204:Mars Pathfinder 104: 100: 76: 75: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9909: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9826: 9825: 9813: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9742: 9741: 9737:Crewed flights 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9654: 9649: 9640: 9635: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9553: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9507: 9498: 9493: 9483: 9481: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9404: 9384: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9344: 9339: 9330: 9323: 9298: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9171: 9164: 9159: 9134: 9132:NEAR Shoemaker 9129: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9077: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9051: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9010: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8974:Mars Institute 8971: 8966: 8959: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8854: 8852: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8804:Northern Light 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8614: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8576: 8573:Europa Clipper 8570: 8561: 8559: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8509:Mars 2M No.521 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8439: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8385: 8378: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8332: 8327: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8215:Phobos program 8212: 8211: 8210: 8203: 8194:Viking program 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8147: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7957: 7950: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7892: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7844: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7812:Astronauts Day 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7564: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7486: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7471:and navigation 7469:Communications 7465: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7449:Europa Clipper 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7176: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7034: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6903:New Millennium 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6791: 6786: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6745: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6476: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6257: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6117:Andrew Mishkin 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6073: 6072: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6017: 6016: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5963: 5961:Science Friday 5954: 5949: 5940: 5935: 5926: 5906: 5884: 5883:External links 5881: 5880: 5879: 5850: 5844: 5830:Andrew Mishkin 5824: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5771: 5738: 5711: 5681: 5649: 5619: 5612: 5584: 5551: 5531: 5508: 5478: 5451: 5418: 5387: 5354: 5324: 5294: 5268: 5238: 5208: 5178: 5152: 5116: 5080: 5058:. 1997-07-14. 5043: 5007: 4977: 4937: 4914:Kindy, David. 4906: 4880: 4844: 4797: 4738: 4708: 4664: 4622: 4572: 4522: 4473: 4421: 4389: 4348: 4311: 4281: 4247: 4215: 4186: 4160: 4134: 4103: 4072: 4049: 4019: 3989: 3959: 3929: 3895: 3824: 3805: 3785: 3782:on 2008-10-22. 3762: 3743: 3732:on 27 May 2010 3703: 3692:on 26 May 2010 3657: 3646:on 26 May 2010 3611: 3579: 3547: 3515: 3474: 3441: 3411: 3362: 3311: 3267: 3234: 3184: 3167:washington.edu 3161:Tillman, J E. 3146: 3116: 3079: 3027: 2983: 2958: 2901: 2872: 2851: 2822: 2793: 2755: 2726: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2648: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2600: 2592: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2555: 2542: 2535: 2517: 2504: 2497: 2479: 2465: 2458: 2440: 2422: 2409: 2402: 2384: 2373: 2366: 2350: 2334: 2318: 2300: 2289: 2282: 2269: 2262: 2244: 2229: 2225: Planned) 2218: Inactive 2204: 2193: 2185:Martian rovers 2165: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2043: 2040: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835:Andrew Mishkin 1831: 1828: 1825: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1795: 1781: 1766: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1743:roving around. 1716:'s 2011 novel 1710: 1685: 1648: 1642: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1528: 1525: 1507: 1504: 1481: 1478: 1441: 1438: 1364: 1361: 1340: 1337: 1262: 1257: 1252:accelerometers 1232:potentiometers 1188: 1187:Control system 1185: 1168:Main article: 1165: 1162: 1129: 1126: 1087:X-ray emission 992:Main article: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 969: 967: 964: 957: 955: 952: 945: 943: 940: 933: 918: 915: 818: 815: 727: 724: 655: 652: 634: 607: 604: 545: 542: 497: 490: 489: 485: 478: 477: 476: 475: 474: 472: 469: 434:Main article: 431: 428: 389:region of the 368: 367: 360: 359: 351: 350:mission patch 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 276: 272: 271: 265: 261: 260: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 235:March 10, 1998 233: 229: 228: 227:End of mission 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180:Cape Canaveral 177: 173: 172: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 89: 87: 83: 82: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 45: 44: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9908: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9812: 9802: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9764: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9738: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9709:Inmarsat-3 F3 9707: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9673:Progress M-33 9671: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565:Inmarsat-3 F2 9563: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9471:Progress M-32 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9372:Gorizont #44L 9370: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9296:Progress M-31 9294: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9245:Inmarsat-3 F1 9243: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9099:Gorizont #43L 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9050: 9039: 9031: 9026: 9024: 9019: 9017: 9012: 9011: 9008: 8995: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8893:Human mission 8891: 8889: 8888:Sample return 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8469: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8233:Mars Observer 8230: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7885: 7883: 7878: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7855: 7854: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7823: 7822:Nikon NASA F4 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:NASA insignia 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687:Lunar plaques 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7639:Pale Blue Dot 7636: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7567:NASA missions 7565: 7563: 7562:NASA aircraft 7560: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484:Space Network 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7228: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7117:Space Shuttle 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:New Frontiers 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6908:Lunar Orbiter 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6849: 6848:Lunar Gateway 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6807:Constellation 6805: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6789:Space Shuttle 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6627:NASA research 6625: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212:Past missions 6210: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6127:Donna Shirley 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110:Key personnel 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5943:Directory of 5941: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5808: 5807:public domain 5789: 5785: 5784:mars.nasa.gov 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5694:mars.nasa.gov 5691: 5685: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5370:mars.nasa.gov 5367: 5361: 5359: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4973:public domain 4955: 4952:. NASA, JPL. 4951: 4947: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4869:on 2012-03-23 4865: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4760:Matijevic, J. 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4693: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4337:on 2012-03-23 4333: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4295:mars.nasa.gov 4292: 4285: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4231:mars.nasa.gov 4228: 4222: 4220: 4204: 4200: 4199:mars.nasa.gov 4196: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4117:Microsoft.com 4114: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4086:Microsoft.com 4083: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4058:New Scientist 4053: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3942:mars.nasa.gov 3939: 3933: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3753: 3747: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3642: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3563:mars.nasa.gov 3560: 3554: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3531:mars.nasa.gov 3528: 3522: 3520: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3458: 3457:mars.nasa.gov 3454: 3448: 3446: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3271: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3230:public domain 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:Matijevic, J. 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2890: 2886: 2885:mars.nasa.gov 2882: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2835:mars.nasa.gov 2832: 2826: 2811: 2807: 2806:mars.nasa.gov 2803: 2797: 2782: 2778: 2777:mars.nasa.gov 2774: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2501: 2494: 2491: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2444: 2437: 2434: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2370: 2363: 2354: 2347: 2338: 2331: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2304: 2297: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2238: 2234: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2152: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870:Donna Shirley 1867: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1811:Key personnel 1805: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:orthopyroxene 1597: 1592: 1589: 1588:sedimentation 1585: 1584:conglomerates 1580: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1546:Barnacle Bill 1542: 1533: 1527:Rock analysis 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1423: 1422:Space Shuttle 1419: 1418:Judith Resnik 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Civil War era 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1000: 995: 973: 968: 961: 956: 949: 944: 937: 932: 931: 930: 927: 923: 914: 912: 907: 905: 900: 897: 895: 894:zinc selenide 891: 887: 883: 879: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 855:auto-exposure 852: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 823: 814: 812: 808: 804: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 745:(CPU) was an 744: 740: 732: 723: 720: 718: 713: 711: 710: 705: 704: 697: 694: 690: 684: 681: 677: 668: 660: 651: 649: 645: 640: 632: 628: 621: 617: 612: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 580: 578: 573: 568: 564: 555: 550: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 494: 482: 468: 466: 462: 456: 453: 446: 442: 437: 427: 425: 420: 416: 414: 408: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377:is a robotic 376: 375: 364: → 363: 357: 355: 349: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 284: 280: 277: 273: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 206: 205: 201: 199:Deployed from 197: 194: 191: 187: 184: 181: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 111: 107: 98: 96:(7 days) 95: 91: 90: 88: 84: 79: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 57: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 32: 27: 24: 19: 9891:1997 on Mars 9828: 9811:Solar System 9736: 9697: 9656: 9613:Molniya 3-62 9584: 9509: 9496:Molniya 1-79 9418: 9411: 9407:Intelsat 709 9387: 9346: 9325: 9221: 9207:Intelsat 707 9173: 9166: 9157:Gonets-D1 #3 9153:Gonets-D1 #2 9149:Gonets-D1 #1 9126:Intelsat 708 9124: 9067: 8979:Mars Society 8961: 8954: 8908:Terraforming 8903:Colonization 8829:Voyager Mars 8821: 8809: 8802: 8628: 8608: 8579: 8566:Mangalyaan-2 8565: 8484:Mars 1M No.1 8443: 8423: 8407: 8393: 8381: 8380: 8357: 8350: 8344:Schiaparelli 8343: 8335: 8325:Deep Space 2 8314: 8307: 8300: 8260: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8205: 8198: 8150: 8137: 8130: 8032:Perseverance 8031: 8012: 7991: 7984: 7959: 7954:Mars Express 7952: 7945: 7852: 7840: 7674: 7667: 7661: 7653: 7646: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7447: 7396:Perseverance 7395: 7357: 7350: 7327: 7287: 7270: 7254:New Horizons 7252: 7245: 7238: 7211: 7203: 7179: 7167: 7160: 7147: 7135: 7127: 7126: 7088: 7080: 7073: 7066: 6795: 6779:Apollo–Soyuz 6411:Mars landing 6360: 6332:Perseverance 6330: 6311: 6277: 6269: 6268:Timeline of 6261: 6260:Timeline of 6247: 6241: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6101:Rocker-bogie 6076: 6035: 6034: 6020: 6010: 5966: 5944: 5920:24 September 5918:. 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