641:
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561:
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679:. The Mars Exploration Program's four principal goals were to determine if the potential for life exists on Mars (in particular, whether recoverable water may be found on Mars), to characterize the Mars climate and its geology, and then to prepare for a potential human mission to Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers were to travel across the Martian surface and perform periodic geologic analyses to determine if water ever existed on Mars as well as the types of minerals available, as well as to corroborate data taken by the
711:
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clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible. However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth. On
November 29, 2009 (sol 2098), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission.
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785:. The launch vehicles were integrated onto pads right next to each other, with MER-A on CCAFS SLC-17A and MER-B on CCAFS SLC-17B. The dual pads allowed for working the 15- and 21-day planetary launch periods close together; the last possible launch day for MER-A was June 19, 2003 and the first day for MER-B was June 25, 2003. NASA's
842:. After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images. These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations. The MER team named the landing site "
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allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries. This was needed to keep some systems operational during the
Martian winter. On March 30, 2010, Spirit skipped a planned communication session and as anticipated from recent power-supply projections, had probably entered a low-power hibernation mode.
907:
experienced a low-power fault and had turned off all sub-systems, including communication, and gone into a deep sleep, trying to recharge its batteries. It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault. If that had happened, the rover would have lost track of time and tried to
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also logged 7.73 km (4.8 mi) of driving instead of the planned 600 m (0.4 mi), allowing more extensive geological analysis of
Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a
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Like Earth, Mars has seasonal variations that reduce sunlight during winter. However, since the
Martian year is longer than that of the Earth, the seasons fully rotate roughly once every 2 Earth years. By 2016, MER-B had endured seven Martian winters, during which times power levels drop which can
1027:
system enabled mobility over rough terrain. Each wheel had its own motor. The vehicle was steered at front and rear and was designed to operate safely at tilts of up to 30 degrees. The maximum speed was 5 centimeters per second (2.0 in/s); 0.18 kilometers per hour (0.11 mph), although the
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On March 13, 2006 (sol 778), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered 4.2 mi (7 km) on Mars. Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel. Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially
920:
until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission. According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold "internal temperatures" due to "inadequate energy to run its survival heaters" that, in turn, was a result of "a stressful
Martian
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The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol 2208) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped. In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above
884:
On
January 26, 2010 (sol 2155), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform. Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to
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remain asleep until enough sunlight struck the solar arrays to wake it. This state is called "Solar Groovy." If the rover woke up from a mission clock fault, it would only listen. Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol 2331), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented.
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stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol 2208). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete. A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters shortly thereafter.
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drives in an attempt to free itself. These efforts continued until
January 26, 2010, when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location.
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became stuck in soft sand. This was not the first of the mission's "embedding events" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make
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Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh
Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners. Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the
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Communications depended on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth. A low-gain antenna was also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars.
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Another factor that can reduce received power is dust in the atmosphere, especially dust storms. Dust storms have occurred quite frequently when Mars is closest to the Sun. Global dust storms in 2007 reduced power levels for
3218:
Gellert, R.; Rieder, R.; Brückner, J.; Clark, B. C.; Dreibus, G.; Klingelhöfer, G.; Lugmair, G.; Ming, D. W.; et al. (2006). "Alpha
Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS): Results from Gusev crater and calibration report".
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2020:
The US space agency (Nasa) has conceded defeat in its battle to free the Spirit rover from its
Martian sand trap. The vehicle became stuck in soft soil back in May last year and all the efforts to extricate it have
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capacity. At the start of the mission the solar panels could provide up to around 900 watt-hours (Wh) per day to recharge the battery and power system in one Sol, but this could vary due to a variety of factors. In
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The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters. The panorama views were usually built up from PanCam images.
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had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover.
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no longer will be a fully mobile robot. NASA has designated the once-roving scientific explorer a stationary science platform after efforts during the past several months to free it from a sand trap have been
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and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick, covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.
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wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets. All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of
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Bertelsen, P.; Goetz, W; Madsen, MB; Kinch, KM; Hviid, SF; Knudsen, JM; Gunnlaugsson, HP; Merrison, J; et al. (2004). "Magnetic Properties on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater".
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mission lasted 20 times longer than its expected lifetime, and its mission was declared ended on May 25, 2011, after it got stuck in soft sand and expended its power reserves trying to free itself.
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1281:. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic. The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like
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Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over. The extended time on the surface, and therefore additional stress on components, resulted in some issues developing.
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mean the rover avoids doing activities that use a lot of power. During its first winter power levels dropped to under 300 Wh per day for two months, but some later winters were not as bad.
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Search for iron-containing minerals, and to identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates.
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sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the
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lasted 55 times longer than its 90 sol planned lifetime, operating for 5498 days from landing to mission end. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the
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have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry. Such processes could include water or wind erosion, sedimentation, hydrothermal mechanisms, volcanism, and cratering.
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799:(SCET) on January 4, 2004. This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010.
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compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the
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robots standing 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) high, 2.3 meters (7.5 ft) wide and 1.6 meters (5.2 ft) long and weighing 180 kilograms (400 lb). Six wheels on a
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Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe
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winter without much sunlight." Many critical components and connections would have been "susceptible to damage from the cold." Assets that had been needed to support
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505:. The rover got stuck in a "sand trap" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was on March 22, 2010.
4694:
222:
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8308:
889:−40 °C (−40 °F), but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to −55 °C (−67 °F). If
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remains silent at its location, called "Troy," on the west side of Home Plate. There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol 2208).
5113:
314:
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8679:
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8185:
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3551:
3153:; Christensen, PR; Chu, P; Crumpler, L; et al. (2004). "Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater".
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881:) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction.
9903:
3584:
1841:
1421:, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays.
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and magnetite. They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).
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Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from
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609:(MRO) instruments. This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit.
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3092:; Cabrol, NA; Christensen, PR; Clark, BC; Crisp, JA; et al. (2004). "Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater".
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obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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The rover uses a combination of solar cells and a rechargeable chemical battery. This class of rover has two rechargeable
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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activity. In particular, samples sought include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as
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The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover,
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2399:"Now A Stationary Research Platform, NASA's Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies"
2035:"Now a Stationary Research Platform, NASA's Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies"
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angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by
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would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while
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3722:: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site.
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Color panorama taken from "Larry's Lookout". On the far left is "Tennessee Valley" and on the right, rover tracks.
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the cells were producing about 840 Wh per day, but by Sol 319 in December 2004, it had dropped to 730 Wh per day.
1103:, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provided additional data about the rover's surroundings.
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851:
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
3394:
Gelbert, R. (2004). "Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer".
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took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons
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5874:
4714:
4709:
1097:– identified promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determined the processes that formed them.
3276:; et al. (2004). "Initial Results from the Mini-TES Experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover".
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Washington – After six years of unprecedented exploration of the Red Planet, NASA's Mars Exploration Rover
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On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration),
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would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit.
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Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present.
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Determine the distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils surrounding the landing sites.
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On May 1, 2009 (sol 1892), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of
781:(CCAFS SLC-17), MER-B was on the heavy version of that launch vehicle, needing the extra energy for
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took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its
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was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater
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770:) were launched on June 10, 2003 and July 7, 2003, respectively. Though both probes launched on
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1040:'s metal on them that were "turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms".
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Christensen, P.; Ruff, SW; Fergason, RL; Knudson, AT; Anwar, S; Arvidson, RE; Bandfield, JL;
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NASA's Opportunity rover is in a deep sleep on Mars – but there's hope it will wake up again
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Solar arrays generated about 140 watts for up to fourteen hours per sol, while rechargeable
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946:. The mission received several extensions and lasted about 2,208 sols. On August 11, 2007,
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1091:– monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving.
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Microscopic Imager (MI) – obtained close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils.
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81:
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1124:(APXS) – close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils.
520:
went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected.
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1438:
1418:
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1295:
1118:– used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.
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501:(MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a
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The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with
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2011:
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Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past
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provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary.
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overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was
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5032:
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4868:
4863:
4721:
4186:
4062:
3503:"NASAʼs Mars rovers and Steve Squyres keep going and going – Cornell Chronicle"
2793:
1967:
1754:
1320:
513:
298:
5964:
1198:
on June 12, but it remained silent after the storm subsided in early October.
1085:– examined the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain.
9827:
9606:
9581:
9571:
9298:
9271:
8754:
8722:
8629:
8508:
8425:
8134:
7929:
7855:
7827:
7712:
7618:
7195:
7167:
6982:
6534:
6332:
6244:
6090:
5939:
5921:
5816:
5806:
5738:
5583:
5216:
4947:
4726:
3937:
2377:
1447:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1371:
1331:
1327:
829:
816:
808:
619:
and textures of rocks and soils to determine the processes that created them.
573:
330:
316:
7805:
7105:
3415:
3348:
3297:
3249:
3174:
3113:
1842:"Mars Exploration Rover project, NASA/JPL document NSS ISDC 2001 27/05/2001"
8468:
8380:
8273:
8252:
8139:
7883:
7765:
7606:
7521:
7445:
7421:
7287:
7248:
7218:
7205:
7200:
7078:
6997:
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6588:
6583:
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6053:
5786:
5353:
4510:
4067:
4050:
3423:
3356:
3305:
3273:
3182:
3150:
3121:
3089:
2317:, Destination Mars, Rover headed toward hilly vista for martian exploration
1522:
1455:
1167:
1024:
6158:
9637:
9374:
9293:
9072:
8854:
8774:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8514:
8396:
8215:
8209:
7850:
7817:
7355:
7137:
6796:
6633:
4748:
4624:
4495:
4078:
4029:
3803:
3692:
3240:
1554:
1534:
1219:
1162:
1055:
1020:
994:
684:
581:
568:
The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to:
509:
502:
170:
120:
811:
about 10 km (6.2 mi) from the center of the target ellipse at
9523:
9518:
9508:
9503:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9450:
9445:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9401:
9396:
9333:
9287:
8926:
8923:
8502:
8496:
7533:
7451:
6977:
6957:
6872:
6816:
6811:
6781:
6623:
6192:
6103:
5479:
5181:
5174:
4689:
4304:
2669:
Roving Mars: Spirit, Opportunity, and the Exploration of the Red Planet
1451:
1443:
1248:
1136:(RAT) – exposed fresh material for examination by instruments on board.
1028:
average speed was about 1 centimeter per second (0.39 in/s). Both
847:
616:
492:
446:
52:
3377:
Bell, J (ed.) The Martian Surface. 2008. Cambridge University Press.
2406:
9724:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9610:
9530:
9513:
9471:
9455:
9408:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9308:
9303:
9167:
9053:
8943:
8793:
8738:
8564:
8560:
8492:
7844:
7729:
7480:
7473:
7427:
7328:
7322:
7083:
6897:
6857:
6637:
6618:
6603:
6555:
6456:
6278:
6205:
6137:
5896:
5869:
5717:
5629:
5489:
5458:
5451:
5248:
5146:
4900:
4437:
4384:
1274:
1270:
966:
that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars. On March 22, 2010,
687:(92 Earth days) lifetime, but each lasted much longer than expected.
9083:
3462:
869:; it was the highest resolution color image taken on another planet.
9555:
9550:
9545:
9343:
9338:
9328:
9323:
9242:
9155:
9143:
8902:
8845:
8534:
8472:
8459:
8406:
8347:
8277:
8242:
8195:
8099:
7650:
7190:
6882:
6862:
6852:
6729:
6686:
6429:
6406:
6399:
6324:
6319:
6306:
6299:
4056:
4011:
3995:
3990:
1519:
1492:
1432:
to 23:05 UTC. Theoretically, this could have been observed by both
1278:
1215:
1186:
so much they could only run for a few minutes each day. Due to the
1115:
1094:
963:
951:
878:
774:
605:
Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by
208:
3876:
1058:
CPU with 128 MB of DRAM and 3 MB of EEPROM. The rover's
368:
9749:
9318:
9313:
9188:
9183:
9178:
8619:
8525:
8476:
8463:
8312:
8190:
8169:
8114:
8094:
8088:
7924:
7907:
7773:
7736:
7278:
7253:
6867:
6628:
6449:
5411:
5401:
5304:
4743:
4467:
3726:
approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E)
2940:"Mars Rover Opportunity Busy Through Depth of Winter – Mars News"
1705:
1694:
1402:
1282:
1255:
1211:
8977:
3029:"As Massive Storm Rages on Mars, Opportunity Rover Falls Silent"
1765:
Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers
30:
8624:
8455:
8355:
8331:
8237:
8118:
8084:
7742:
7628:
7623:
7243:
7223:
7209:
7185:
6475:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6288:
6283:
6273:
6268:
6225:
6220:
6210:
6200:
5445:
5376:
4873:
4738:
4318:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3585:"'Good Night Oppy' about NASA's rover mission may make you cry"
3148:
2975:"Europe's ExoMars mission arrives in the middle of dust season"
2328:"APOD: 2004 January 14 – A Mars Panorama from the Spirit Rover"
1499:
1207:
1100:
1088:
1082:
771:
232:
4273:
3271:
1750:
Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission
652:
9621:
9047:
8288:
8221:
7706:
7684:
7300:
6791:
6073:
5469:
5242:
5206:
5201:
4992:
3711:
2366:"Mars rover's 5 working wheels are stuck in hidden soft spot"
2172:
2170:
2168:
2118:
2116:
2114:
1442:; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's
1311:
1002:
106:
3087:
2074:
September 30 – October 5, 2010 Spirit Remains Silent at Troy
1991:"Crater was Shaped by Wind and Water, Mars Rover Data Shows"
9647:
7972:
5999:
4564:
4136:
3556:
2128:
2039:
1915:
1882:
488:
483:(JPL). Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater
472:
458:
403:
276:
174:
62:
3217:
3149:
Arvidson, R. E.; Anderson, RC; Bartlett, P; Bell Jf, 3rd;
2165:
2111:
1153:
Mars Exploration Rover § Power and electronic systems
1143:
was 'driven' by several operators throughout its mission.
39:-2 (MER-2) during testing for mobility and maneuverability
8713:
3326:
3059:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Opportunity Updates"
2904:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Opportunity Updates"
2032:
1364:
625:
Assess whether those environments were conducive to life.
8047:
2642:"Martian Robots, Taking Orders From a Manhattan Walk-Up"
2528:
2264:
1446:
angular diameter. They were able to observe transits of
1062:
ranges from −40 to +40 °C (−40 to 104 °F) and
990:
Mars Exploration Rover § Scientific instrumentation
4533:
3800:
of MER progress reports by A.J.S. Rayl at planetary.org
1502:-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days.
1380:
first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet
954:
lander. Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas
512:
mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days). Aided by
4134:
3695:, Interactive access to mission data and documentation
2178:"NASA Concludes Attempts to Contact Mars Rover Spirit"
9801:
8687:
3552:"Arrival at 'Spirit Point' by Mars Rover Opportunity"
2473:
Spirit Sleeps Soundlessly, Opportunity Turns a Corner
683:(MRO). Both rovers were designed with an expected 90
1816:"Launch Event Details – When did the Rovers Launch?"
1657:
1540:
To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near
1409:
watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow. Some of
795:
successfully landed on the surface of Mars on 04:35
516:
that resulted in more energy from its solar panels,
2551:
2250:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission Science Objectives"
1413:s star gazing was designed to look for a predicted
1359:pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a
6917:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
6762:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
1760:List of software bugs related to space exploration
1525:has been named after it. The name was proposed by
1277:, especially magnetite that contained the element
1095:Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES)
980:total odometry is 7,730.50 meters (4.80 mi).
6833:
3550:Greicius, Tony; Dunbar, Brian (August 10, 2011).
2012:"Nasa accepts Spirit Mars rover 'stuck for good'"
1428:took place on January 12, 2005, from about 14:45
1127:Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles.
495:on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin,
9825:
3051:
2842:
2840:
2495:
2493:
2033:Brown, Dwayne; Webster, Guy (January 26, 2010).
564:Delta II lifting off with MER-A on June 10, 2003
5994:
3642:(obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page)
2534:
2429:"Spirit May Have Begun Months-Long Hibernation"
2347:"Mars rover may not escape sand trap for weeks"
2155:"NASA's Spirit Rover Completes Mission on Mars"
2125:"NASA's Spirit Rover Completes Mission on Mars"
1537:discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.
1206:The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of
3637:JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page
3549:
2769:"The Rover's "Eyes" and Other "Senses" - NASA"
2147:
2009:
1988:
1592:transferred 128,224 pictures in its lifetime.
1469:
1107:The rover arm held the following instruments:
916:JPL continued attempts to regain contact with
8993:
8673:
8033:
7135:
7121:
6574:
5980:
4549:
4289:
4120:
3819:
3543:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2837:
2611:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: The Mission"
2490:
2067:
1938:"NASA Spirit Rover Completes Mission on Mars"
1871:
1869:
4154:List of surface features of Mars visited by
3630:
3142:
2848:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Technology"
2344:
2196:
1808:
1717:List of surface features of Mars visited by
1345:on August 26, 2005. For full animation, see
3521:"Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Spotlight"
3203:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3134:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3081:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2817:
1902:
1571:, and their long missions, was directed by
644:Annotated Columbia Hills panorama from the
9000:
8986:
8680:
8666:
8040:
8026:
7128:
7114:
6843:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
5987:
5973:
4928:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
4556:
4542:
4296:
4282:
4127:
4113:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3449:Pancam Projects: Spirit Night-time Imaging
2926:
1982:
1866:
983:
865:First color image compiled from images by
367:
80:
29:
6878:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
5822:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
4506:List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
3608:
3443:
3441:
3248:
3088:McSween, HY; Arvidson, RE; Bell Jf, 3rd;
2937:
2719:"The Rover's Temperature Controls - NASA"
1796:. NASA's Solar System Exploration website
1644:Annotated Apollo Hills panorama from the
1608:Missoula Crater (Sol 105, April 19, 2004)
846:Memorial Station," in honor of the seven
16:NASA Mars rover, active from 2004 to 2010
3780:as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04
3656:, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for
2962:
2818:Venkatraman, Vijaysree (July 13, 2015).
2003:
1911:"Mapping the Mars Rovers' Landing Sites"
1001:
993:
860:
709:
651:
639:
559:
503:NASA-sponsored student essay competition
9904:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
5907:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
3774:Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on
3481:"JPL.NASA.GOV: Mars Exploration Rovers"
3393:
2665:
2499:
2122:
1968:"Special Issue: Spirit at Gusev Crater"
789:managed the launch of both spacecraft.
9826:
4695:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
3460:
3438:
2985:from the original on November 30, 2016
2858:from the original on December 28, 2016
2811:
1054:s onboard computer uses a 20 MHz
779:Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17
9740:(end of mission; Mar 2010 / May 2011)
8981:
8661:
8021:
7109:
6747:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
5968:
5485:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
4537:
4277:
4108:
3807:
3447:Jim Bell (Cornell University) et al.
2914:from the original on February 1, 2017
2884:from the original on January 18, 2017
2639:
2363:
2242:
2202:
1786:
705:
131:Mobile: 1,892 sols (1,944 days),
126:Actual: 2,208 sols (2,269 days),
5947:
3676:Mission Status updates from NASA JPL
3582:
3371:
2672:. Hyperion Press. pp. 113–117.
1575:, and included support from JPL and
1505:
807:, a possible former lake in a giant
136:Total: 2,623 sols (2,695 days),
3708:, Status Page last updated May 2004
3688:Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings
3069:from the original on March 25, 2018
2640:Chang, Kenneth (November 7, 2004).
2205:"NASA to Abandon Mars Spirit Rover"
2010:Amos, Jonathan (January 26, 2010).
629:
508:The rover completed its planned 90-
13:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6021:List of artificial objects on Mars
4601:National Aeronautics and Space Act
4215:
3039:from the original on June 13, 2018
2950:from the original on July 26, 2016
2537:"End of the Road for Spirit Rover"
2405:. January 26, 2010. Archived from
1875:
1347:Image:Phobos & Deimos full.gif
1161:, each composed of 8 cells with 8
1078:The science instruments included:
1073:
958:is powered by solar arrays. Until
660:landing site (denoted with a star)
14:
9915:
9899:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2011
9007:
8002:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
7034:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
5555:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
5109:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
3706:SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com
3625:
3583:Ross, Rollo (November 22, 2022).
3026:
1908:
1878:"Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit"
1397:. These observations included a "
1238:Annotated panorama of rocks near
1122:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer
911:
453:was operational on Mars for 2208
9811:
9776:
9775:
9764:
9681:
9261:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9029:
7895:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
6722:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
5946:
5935:
5934:
5850:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
5608:Space Flight Operations Facility
4794:Operations and Checkout Building
4395:
3875:
3728:(not working as of June 4, 2008)
2535:Atkinson, Nancy (May 25, 2011).
2278:from the original on May 7, 2009
1978:(5685): 737–900. August 6, 2004.
1660:
1633:
1615:
1597:
1319:
1304:
1227:
1047:stored energy for use at night.
942:was planned to last at least 90
938:The primary surface mission for
9050:(mission to the Moon; Sep 2011)
6893:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
6699:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
5069:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
4303:
3787:by Seán Doran that zooms in on
3663:NASA TV Special Events Schedule
3602:
3576:
3513:
3495:
3473:
3454:
3387:
3320:
3265:
3221:Journal of Geophysical Research
3211:
3033:Scientific American (Space.com)
3020:
2997:
2896:
2870:
2786:
2761:
2736:
2711:
2686:
2659:
2633:
2603:
2577:
2465:
2439:
2421:
2391:
2364:Chang, Kenneth (May 19, 2009).
2357:
2338:
2320:
2308:
2290:
2217:
2203:Chang, Kenneth (May 24, 2011).
2086:
2043:(Press release). Archived from
2026:
1989:Henry Fountain (May 26, 2009).
9854:Mars Exploration Rover mission
3699:
2094:Mars Exploration Rovers Update
1960:
1944:. May 25, 2011. Archived from
1930:
1834:
1201:
92:
1:
9894:Space probes launched in 2003
9849:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
6848:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3672:for MER News Briefings at JPL
2744:"The Rover's Antennas - NASA"
2694:"The Rover's "Brains" - NASA"
2345:Maggie McKee (May 12, 2009).
2123:Webster, Guy (May 25, 2011).
1779:
925:were transitioned to support
555:
525:special issue of the journal
9791:Category:2012 in outer space
9786:Category:2011 in outer space
9781:Category:2010 in outer space
9752:orbital insertion; Jul 2011)
9732:orbital insertion; Apr 2011)
8883:CRISPR genome-editing method
7229:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
5887:Space program on U.S. stamps
5812:Gemini and Apollo medallions
5762:Solar System Family Portrait
5538:Joint Polar Satellite System
5407:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
4661:Vision for Space Exploration
4631:Space Exploration Initiative
4014:(Calibration Target/Plauque)
3712:Cornell's rover site: Athena
3451:. Retrieved October 21, 2008
2298:"Gusev Crater: LandingSites"
2272:"Opportunity Update Archive"
1577:Industrial Light & Magic
1531:Cornelis Johannes van Houten
1527:Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld
1514:s great contribution to the
1426:transit of Mercury from Mars
1289:
1210:. They contain the minerals
449:, active from 2004 to 2010.
7:
9874:Robots of the United States
9703:45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
9075:(mission to Mars; Nov 2011)
9069:(mission to Mars; Nov 2011)
9044:(Jupiter orbiter; Aug 2011)
7992:List of Solar System probes
6772:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
6717:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
6693:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
6061:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5882:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
5839:We choose to go to the Moon
5802:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
5360:International Space Station
5340:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5079:Great Observatories program
4923:International Space Station
4901:Roscosmos State Corporation
4818:Science Mission Directorate
4764:Manned Space Flight Network
1847:. p. 5. Archived from
1653:
1579:. It was released in 2022.
1470:Equipment wear and failures
1376:Transit of Deimos from Mars
681:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
607:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
457:or 3.3 Martian years (2269
162:185 kilograms (408 lb)
10:
9920:
8957:James Webb Space Telescope
5699:NASA cameras on spacecraft
5510:James Webb Space Telescope
5422:Solar Dynamics Observatory
4643:U.S. National Space Policy
3668:December 21, 2014, at the
2794:"The Rover's "Arm" - NASA"
2561:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
2512:(1): 42–45. Archived from
1582:
1326:Night sky of Mars showing
1293:
1273:was caused by the mineral
1150:
1089:Navigation Camera (Navcam)
1036:have pieces of the fallen
1006:Pancam Mast Assembly (PMA)
987:
633:
464:6 years, 77 days
439:Mars Exploration Rover – A
358:7.73 km (4.8 mi)
133:landing to final embedding
9759:
9716:
9679:
9646:
9564:
9257:
9114:Asteroid close approaches
9103:
9080:
9056:(Mars orbiter); Nov 2011)
9025:
9013:
8937:developed at record speed
8698:
8692:Breakthroughs of the Year
8643:
8584:
8543:
8485:
8439:
8389:
8368:
8266:
8230:
8178:
8148:
8127:
8072:
7987:
7873:
7639:
7505:
7494:
7465:
7412:
7347:
7264:
7176:
7155:
7144:
7096:
7047:
7016:
6950:
6941:
6829:
6739:
6657:
6650:
6570:
6533:
6468:
6370:
6261:
6191:
6184:
6155:
6102:
6079:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
6036:
6029:
6006:
5930:
5830:
5707:
5622:
5567:
5530:
5329:
5139:
5126:
5056:
4970:
4960:
4915:
4841:
4830:
4774:Vehicle Assembly Building
4682:
4581:
4571:
4524:
4478:
4453:
4404:
4393:
4311:
4250:
4229:
4195:
4169:
4149:
4021:
3963:
3915:
3884:
3873:
3841:
3681:December 4, 2004, at the
3631:JPL, MSSS, and NASA links
2079:October 11, 2007, at the
1942:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1083:Panoramic Camera (Pancam)
675:program in the long-term
656:An overall view of MER-A
481:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
376:mission patch, featuring
366:
362:
354:
304:
283:
275:
271:
267:
259:
251:
246:
242:
238:
228:
215:
204:
193:
188:
184:
180:
166:
158:
153:
149:
145:
112:
102:
89:
68:
58:
48:
44:
28:
8007:List of space telescopes
7029:Mars Exploration Program
6011:List of missions to Mars
5845:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
5769:The Day the Earth Smiled
5104:Solar Terrestrial Probes
4563:
4486:Rover embedded computers
4007:Rover embedded computers
3955:Surface features visited
3907:Surface features visited
3611:"Mars Exploration Rover"
1146:
929:then still-active twin,
677:Mars Exploration Program
671:rovers were part of the
383:Mars Exploration Program
197:June 10, 2003, 17:58:47
128:landing to final contact
9060:Mars Science Laboratory
8812:Human genetic variation
8747:Whole genome sequencing
6119:Mars Science Laboratory
5902:Other primates in space
5614:Deep Space Atomic Clock
5434:Mars Science Laboratory
5222:Spitzer Space Telescope
4811:Lunar Sample Laboratory
4754:Launch Services Program
4419:Mars Science Laboratory
3615:marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov
3416:10.1126/science.1099913
3349:10.1126/science.1100112
3298:10.1126/science.1100564
3175:10.1126/science.1099922
3114:10.1126/science.3050842
2666:Squyres, Steve (2005).
2615:marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov
2559:"Spirit Update Archive"
2500:Reisert, Sarah (2017).
2099:March 18, 2012, at the
1729:Mars 2020 rover mission
1450:across the Sun, but at
998:Annotated rover diagram
984:Design and construction
787:Launch Services Program
586:sedimentary cementation
479:Mission managed by the
9771:Outer space portal
8916:Single-cell sequencing
8820:Cellular reprogramming
6488:Mars Exploration Rover
6178:
6170:
6162:
5917:National Astronaut Day
5860:The Astronaut Monument
5682:Space Shuttle missions
5382:Mars Exploration Rover
5365:Hubble Space Telescope
5274:Kepler space telescope
5074:Earth Observing System
5048:Mars Exploration Rover
4759:Mercury Control Center
4355:Mars Exploration Rover
4255:Mars Exploration Rover
3867:Scientific information
3835:Mars Exploration Rover
3693:MER Analyst's Notebook
3654:Planetary Photojournal
3647:July 13, 2008, at the
3009:June 14, 2018, at the
2820:"The space roboticist"
2478:April 1, 2012, at the
2449:. NASA. Archived from
2180:. NASA. Archived from
2083:NASA. October 5, 2010.
1496:Mössbauer spectrometer
1401:" (or rather phobian)
1340:Mars Exploration Rover
1112:Mössbauer spectrometer
1007:
999:
870:
777:7925-9.5 rockets from
759:
673:Mars Exploration Rover
661:
649:
565:
477:Mars Exploration Rover
331:14.5684°S 175.472636°E
138:landing to mission end
107:Mars Exploration Rover
37:Mars Exploration Rover
9884:Soft landings on Mars
8731:Accelerating universe
7955:Peregrine Mission One
7499:(by termination date)
7274:Emirates Mars Mission
7149:(deep space missions)
6683:(2024, flyby in 2025)
6675:(2024, flyby in 2025)
6254:(2023, flyby in 2026)
6245:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
6177:
6169:
6161:
6016:List of Mars orbiters
5865:Lunar sample displays
5855:Space Mirror Memorial
5797:Voyager Golden Record
5689:United States rockets
4881: (with the
4789:Launch Control Center
3987:, Microscopic Imager)
3785:High-resolution video
2302:marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov
1382:in early March 2004.
1060:operating temperature
1045:lithium ion batteries
1005:
997:
864:
797:Spacecraft Event Time
713:
655:
643:
590:hydrothermal activity
563:
467:). It was one of two
154:Spacecraft properties
9889:Solar-powered robots
9027:Space probe launches
8864:Cancer immunotherapy
8829:Ardipithecus ramidus
8309:Optus and Defence C1
8056:Orbital launches in
7997:List of lunar probes
7584:Mars Global Surveyor
7496:Completed after 2000
7039:Mars Next Generation
6998:Permanent settlement
6888:Mars Surveyor Lander
6354:Mars Climate Orbiter
6340:Mars Global Surveyor
4883:Soviet space program
4801:Johnson Space Center
4769:Kennedy Space Center
4732:spinoff technologies
4501:Lunar Roving Vehicle
3753:May 8, 2008, at the
3507:www.news.cornell.edu
3241:10.1029/2005JE002555
2591:on February 28, 2014
2409:on November 29, 2014
2332:antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov
1822:on February 18, 2009
1378:). It also took the
1334:(right) in front of
1064:radioisotope heaters
830:14.5718°S 175.4785°E
783:Trans-Mars injection
336:-14.5684; 175.472636
9708:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
9627:SDSS J102915+172927
8907:neutron star merger
8895:gravitational waves
8803:Poincaré conjecture
7146:Active space probes
5996:Spacecraft missions
5892:Apollo 17 Moon mice
5748:Pillars of Creation
5655:Space Shuttle crews
5133:(human and robotic)
5127:Individual featured
4710:Ranks and positions
4094:Exploration of Mars
3736:landing site marked
3525:marsrovers.nasa.gov
3408:2004Sci...305..829G
3341:2004Sci...305..827B
3290:2004Sci...305..837C
3233:2006JGRE..111.2S05G
3167:2004Sci...305..821A
3106:2004Sci...305..842M
2621:on October 13, 2013
2453:on October 11, 2007
2225:"Objectives - NASA"
2184:on October 11, 2011
2135:on February 7, 2023
1890:on January 28, 2018
1700:Exploration of Mars
1682:Composition of Mars
1516:exploration of Mars
1019:) are six-wheeled,
826: /
326: /
25:
9879:Six-wheeled robots
9536:MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb
8948:protein structures
7920:Hakuto-R Mission 1
7466:Interstellar space
7163:Parker Solar Probe
7024:Mars Scout Program
6863:Mars 4NM & 5NM
6787:Mars Micro Orbiter
6777:Mars Geyser Hopper
6179:
6171:
6163:
5694:NASA cancellations
5589:Deep Space Network
5579:Near Earth Network
5064:Living With a Star
5038:Project Prometheus
5018:Planetary Observer
4090:(2022 documentary)
4082:(2006 documentary)
4001:Rock Abrasion Tool
3564:on August 16, 2022
3485:www-b.jpl.nasa.gov
3461:Chamberlin, Alan.
2646:The New York Times
2370:The New York Times
2315:Spaceflightnow.com
2210:The New York Times
1996:The New York Times
1668:Spaceflight portal
1551:, 'Spirit Point'.
1484:Rock Abrasion Tool
1260:Rock Abrasion Tool
1134:Rock Abrasion Tool
1038:World Trade Center
1008:
1000:
903:It is likely that
871:
835:-14.5718; 175.4785
760:
706:Launch and landing
662:
650:
636:Timeline of Spirit
600:geologic processes
566:
447:Mars robotic rover
378:Marvin the Martian
21:
9844:Aeolis quadrangle
9799:
9798:
9717:Space exploration
8975:
8974:
8935:COVID-19 vaccines
8891:First observation
8759:Molecular circuit
8655:
8654:
8015:
8014:
7983:
7982:
7490:
7489:
7295:2001 Mars Odyssey
7103:
7102:
7092:
7091:
7063:The Case for Mars
6973:Atmospheric entry
6937:
6936:
6868:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
6825:
6824:
6802:Next Mars Orbiter
6710:Rosalind Franklin
6646:
6645:
6566:
6565:
6421:Mars Polar Lander
6153:
6152:
6047:2001 Mars Odyssey
5962:
5961:
5875:stolen or missing
5672:uncrewed missions
5650:Apollo astronauts
5645:Gemini astronauts
5563:
5562:
5347:2001 Mars Odyssey
5122:
5121:
4998:Mars Surveyor '98
4956:
4955:
4899: (with
4832:Human spaceflight
4826:
4825:
4784:Launch Complex 48
4779:Launch Complex 39
4531:
4530:
4491:Crewed Mars rover
4462:Rosalind Franklin
4271:
4270:
4177:Bonneville crater
4102:
4101:
4073:39382 Opportunity
3781:
3491:on July 21, 2011.
3463:"HORIZONS System"
3402:(5685): 829–832.
3383:978-0-521-86698-9
3335:(5685): 827–829.
3284:(5685): 837–842.
3161:(5685): 821–824.
3100:(5685): 842–845.
2679:978-1-4013-0149-1
2516:on March 25, 2019
2484:Planetary Society
2435:. March 31, 2010.
2108:November 30, 2010
2105:Planetary Society
2047:on April 12, 2022
1940:(Press release).
1677:Aeolis quadrangle
1506:Legacy and honors
1296:Astronomy on Mars
1159:lithium batteries
875:iron(III) sulfate
702:Update Archive.
615:Characterize the
466:
426:
425:
9911:
9869:Missions to Mars
9816:
9815:
9814:
9807:
9779:
9778:
9769:
9768:
9767:
9697:
9685:
9633:moons of Jupiter
9618:
9616:
9615:
9541:PSR J1719−1438 b
9292:habitability of
9265:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9231:(549948) 2011 WL
9226:
9224:
9223:
9219:(308635) 2005 YU
9214:
9212:
9211:
9207:(436724) 2011 UW
9202:
9200:
9199:
9195:(415029) 2011 UL
9175:
9173:
9172:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9132:(471240) 2011 BT
9127:
9125:
9124:
9120:(367789) 2011 AG
9098:
9092:
9086:
9033:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8979:
8978:
8968:
8960:
8951:
8938:
8929:
8918:
8910:
8897:
8885:
8877:
8866:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8832:
8822:
8814:
8806:
8797:
8788:
8777:
8769:
8767:RNA interference
8761:
8749:
8741:
8733:
8725:
8717:
8682:
8675:
8668:
8659:
8658:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8019:
8018:
7503:
7502:
7153:
7152:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7107:
7106:
7069:Inspiration Mars
7056:The Mars Project
6948:
6947:
6831:
6830:
6655:
6654:
6572:
6571:
6189:
6188:
6034:
6033:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5950:
5949:
5938:
5937:
5776:Fallen Astronaut
5417:Van Allen Probes
5137:
5136:
5043:Mars Exploration
4968:
4967:
4839:
4838:
4607:Space Task Group
4579:
4578:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4454:Planned missions
4405:Current missions
4399:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4105:
3948:Endeavour crater
3933:Meridiani Planum
3879:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3794:s final location
3793:
3779:
3757:, March 15, 2005
3732:Google map with
3714:last update 2006
3619:
3618:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3560:. Archived from
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3527:. Archived from
3517:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3487:. Archived from
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
3458:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3391:
3385:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3250:2060/20080026124
3215:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3024:
3018:
3017:. June 13, 2018.
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2971:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2824:Science magazine
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2617:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2587:. Archived from
2585:"Spirit Updates"
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2539:. Universe Today
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2497:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2131:. Archived from
2120:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:on June 11, 2011
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1886:. Archived from
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1637:
1619:
1601:
1544:explored by the
1542:Endeavour Crater
1323:
1308:
1231:
1196:hibernation mode
1188:2018 dust storms
1053:
974:Update Archive.
841:
840:
838:
837:
836:
831:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
758:
756:
747:
745:
736:
734:
725:
723:
693:
630:Mission timeline
462:
433:, also known as
371:
350:
349:
347:
346:
345:
343:
338:
337:
332:
327:
324:
323:
322:
319:
287:January 4, 2004,
189:Start of mission
113:Mission duration
94:
85:
84:
78:
33:
26:
20:
9919:
9918:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9812:
9810:
9802:
9800:
9795:
9765:
9763:
9755:
9712:
9696:
9692:
9675:
9642:
9613:
9612:
9609:
9597:Kerberos (moon)
9592:ULAS J1120+0641
9560:
9253:
9245:
9244:
9241:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9170:
9169:
9166:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9146:
9145:
9142:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9122:
9121:
9118:
9099:
9093:
9087:
9078:
9021:
9020:
9009:
9006:
8976:
8971:
8963:
8954:
8941:
8932:
8921:
8913:
8900:
8888:
8880:
8869:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8838:quantum machine
8835:
8825:
8817:
8809:
8800:
8791:
8780:
8772:
8764:
8752:
8744:
8736:
8728:
8723:Dolly the sheep
8720:
8711:
8704:
8694:
8686:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8639:
8580:
8539:
8481:
8435:
8385:
8364:
8318:Molniya-3 No.53
8262:
8226:
8186:Molniya-1 No.92
8174:
8144:
8123:
8068:
8067:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8046:
8016:
8011:
7979:
7869:
7789:LISA Pathfinder
7635:
7498:
7486:
7461:
7408:
7343:
7260:
7172:
7148:
7140:
7134:
7104:
7099:
7088:
7043:
7012:
6933:
6835:
6821:
6767:Mars Base Alpha
6757:Icebreaker Life
6735:
6642:
6624:Mars 3MS No.170
6576:
6562:
6529:
6464:
6415:Mars Pathfinder
6366:
6257:
6216:Mariner 6 and 7
6180:
6172:
6164:
6149:
6098:
6025:
6002:
5993:
5963:
5958:
5926:
5826:
5817:Mission patches
5792:Pioneer plaques
5755:Mystic Mountain
5732:Family Portrait
5725:The Blue Marble
5709:
5703:
5677:Apollo missions
5618:
5570:
5559:
5526:
5331:
5325:
5162:Mercury-Atlas 6
5132:
5128:
5118:
5052:
4988:Mariner Mark II
4952:
4933:Commercial Crew
4911:
4834:
4822:
4806:Mission Control
4705:Astronaut Corps
4700:Chief Scientist
4678:
4583:
4567:
4562:
4532:
4527:
4520:
4474:
4449:
4400:
4391:
4334:Mars Pathfinder
4307:
4302:
4272:
4267:
4246:
4237:Larry's Lookout
4225:
4191:
4165:
4145:
4133:
4103:
4098:
4087:Good Night Oppy
4017:
3959:
3911:
3880:
3871:
3837:
3832:
3791:
3770:, April 3, 2006
3755:Wayback Machine
3702:
3683:Wayback Machine
3670:Wayback Machine
3649:Wayback Machine
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3609:mars.nasa.gov.
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3531:on May 11, 2008
3519:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3392:
3388:
3376:
3372:
3325:
3321:
3270:
3266:
3216:
3212:
3196:
3195:
3147:
3143:
3127:
3126:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3021:
3013:. Loren Grush,
3011:Wayback Machine
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2938:mars.nasa.gov.
2936:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2565:on June 9, 2014
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2498:
2491:
2480:Wayback Machine
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2447:"Spirit status"
2445:
2444:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2362:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2252:. mars.nasa.gov
2248:
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2233:
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2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2112:
2101:Wayback Machine
2091:
2087:
2081:Wayback Machine
2072:
2068:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2027:
2008:
2004:
1987:
1983:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1854:on May 27, 2010
1851:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
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1777:
1666:
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1659:
1656:
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1643:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1585:
1560:Good Night Oppy
1529:who along with
1510:To commemorate
1508:
1472:
1458:indicates that
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1204:
1155:
1149:
1076:
1074:Science payload
1051:
1013:(and its twin,
992:
986:
914:
834:
832:
828:
825:
820:
817:
815:
813:
812:
754:
753:
743:
742:
732:
731:
721:
720:
719:
708:
691:
638:
632:
598:Determine what
558:
514:cleaning events
422:
421:
415:
408:
400:
399:
393:
386:
372:
355:Distance driven
341:
339:
335:
333:
329:
328:
325:
320:
317:
315:
313:
312:
311:
293:
288:
141:
137:
132:
127:
123:(~92 days)
79:
74:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9917:
9907:
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9896:
9891:
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9652:
9650:
9644:
9643:
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9635:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9604:
9602:PSR J1719−1438
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9577:Swift J1644+57
9574:
9568:
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8961:
8952:
8939:
8930:
8919:
8911:
8898:
8886:
8878:
8867:
8859:
8850:
8848:clinical trial
8841:
8833:
8823:
8815:
8807:
8798:
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8778:
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8762:
8750:
8742:
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8708:
8706:
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8684:
8677:
8670:
8662:
8653:
8652:
8648:Crewed flights
8644:
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8370:
8366:
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8362:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8294:Progress M1-10
8291:
8286:
8281:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8263:
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8260:
8255:
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8240:
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7868:
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7865:
7853:
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7841:
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7822:
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7808:
7800:
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7565:
7564:
7563:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7516:NEAR Shoemaker
7509:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7477:
7469:
7467:
7463:
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7460:
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7442:
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7424:
7418:
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7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7326:
7319:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7246:
7244:Tiandu 1 and 2
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Mars Institute
7071:
7066:
7059:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6904:Northern Light
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6714:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6676:
6673:Europa Clipper
6670:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6609:Mars 2M No.521
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6485:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6315:Phobos program
6312:
6311:
6310:
6303:
6294:Viking program
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
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6195:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5944:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5912:Astronauts Day
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5571:and navigation
5569:Communications
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5549:Europa Clipper
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5245:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
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5199:
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5197:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5003:New Millennium
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
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4909:
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4808:
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4776:
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4756:
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4724:
4719:
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4712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
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4684:
4680:
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4676:
4670:
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4658:
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4604:
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4457:
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4428:
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4426:
4421:
4408:
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4401:
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4388:
4387:
4375:
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4373:
4365:
4357:
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4337:
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4321:
4315:
4313:
4309:
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4300:
4293:
4286:
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4265:
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4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
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4200:
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4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:Cleaning event
4060:
4057:Delta II Heavy
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
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3950:
3945:
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3899:
3893:
3891:
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3874:
3872:
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3855:
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3839:
3838:
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3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3771:
3758:
3738:
3729:
3715:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3673:
3660:
3651:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:External links
3624:
3621:
3620:
3601:
3575:
3542:
3512:
3494:
3472:
3453:
3437:
3386:
3370:
3319:
3264:
3210:
3141:
3080:
3050:
3027:Malik, Tariq.
3019:
2996:
2961:
2925:
2895:
2869:
2836:
2810:
2785:
2760:
2735:
2710:
2685:
2678:
2658:
2632:
2602:
2576:
2550:
2527:
2502:"Life on Mars"
2489:
2464:
2438:
2420:
2390:
2356:
2337:
2319:
2307:
2289:
2263:
2241:
2216:
2195:
2164:
2146:
2110:
2085:
2066:
2025:
2002:
1981:
1959:
1929:
1901:
1865:
1833:
1807:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Viking program
1752:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1655:
1652:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1507:
1504:
1471:
1468:
1419:Halley's Comet
1385:In late 2005,
1325:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1200:
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1075:
1072:
988:Main article:
985:
982:
913:
912:End of mission
910:
852:Space Shuttle
850:killed in the
757: Spirit
707:
704:
634:Main article:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
620:
613:
610:
603:
596:
593:
557:
554:
424:
423:
416:
410:
409:
401:
394:
388:
387:
380:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
306:
302:
301:
285:
281:
280:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
263:March 22, 2010
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
247:End of mission
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:Cape Canaveral
217:
213:
212:
206:
202:
201:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
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178:
177:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
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150:
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143:
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140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
116:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
87:
86:
72:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
41:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9916:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9819:
9809:
9808:
9805:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9782:
9774:
9772:
9762:
9761:
9758:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9734:
9731:
9727:
9726:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9715:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9678:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
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9651:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9608:
9607:Uranus trojan
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9582:Kronberger 61
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9572:UDFj-39546284
9570:
9569:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9554:
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9512:
9510:
9507:
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9495:
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9480:
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9440:
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9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
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9400:
9398:
9395:
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9390:
9388:
9385:
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9380:
9376:
9373:
9370:
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9360:
9357:
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9350:
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9340:
9337:
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9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9299:Gliese 3634 b
9297:
9295:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9272:82 G. Eridani
9270:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9249:
9240:
9237:
9228:
9225:
9216:
9213:
9204:
9201:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9165:
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9153:
9150:
9141:
9138:
9129:
9126:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9091:
9085:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9008:2011 in space
9003:
8998:
8996:
8991:
8989:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8936:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8920:
8917:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8884:
8879:
8876:
8875:comet mission
8874:
8868:
8865:
8860:
8856:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8839:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8816:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8776:
8771:
8768:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8748:
8743:
8740:
8735:
8732:
8727:
8724:
8719:
8716:understanding
8715:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8691:
8683:
8678:
8676:
8671:
8669:
8664:
8663:
8660:
8649:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8630:Ekspress AM22
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8512:
8510:
8509:Resourcesat-1
8507:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8426:Progress M-48
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8360:Cubesat XI-IV
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8328:Monitor-E GVM
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8265:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8135:Progress M-47
8133:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8051:
8043:
8038:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7931:
7930:Chandrayaan-3
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7864:
7862:
7857:
7856:Chandrayaan-2
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7713:Venus Express
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:Chandrayaan-1
7617:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7414:Minor planets
7411:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:Other planets
7346:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:Chandrayaan-2
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7168:Solar Orbiter
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7136:21st-century
7131:
7126:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7095:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6993:Human mission
6991:
6989:
6988:Sample return
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:Mars Observer
6330:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5923:
5922:Nikon NASA F4
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:NASA insignia
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Lunar plaques
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5739:Pale Blue Dot
5736:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5667:NASA missions
5665:
5663:
5662:NASA aircraft
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:Space Network
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Space Shuttle
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:New Frontiers
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:Lunar Orbiter
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4948:Lunar Gateway
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4907:Constellation
4905:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4889:Space Shuttle
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:NASA research
4725:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:Past missions
4310:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4242:Sleepy Hollow
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:New Scientist
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:New Scientist
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3068:
3064:
3063:mars.nasa.gov
3060:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2888:September 20,
2883:
2879:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2799:
2798:mars.nasa.gov
2795:
2789:
2774:
2773:mars.nasa.gov
2770:
2764:
2749:
2748:mars.nasa.gov
2745:
2739:
2724:
2723:mars.nasa.gov
2720:
2714:
2699:
2698:mars.nasa.gov
2695:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:Distillations
2503:
2496:
2494:
2487:July 31, 2010
2486:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2351:New Scientist
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2230:
2229:mars.nasa.gov
2226:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2062:unsuccessful.
2060:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:Nelson, Jon.
1872:
1870:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:meteor shower
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:, as seen by
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1242:(April, 2006)
1241:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:solar-powered
1018:
1017:
1012:
1004:
996:
991:
981:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
933:
928:
924:
919:
909:
906:
901:
899:
895:
892:
886:
882:
880:
876:
868:
863:
859:
857:
855:
849:
845:
839:
810:
809:impact crater
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:) and MER-B (
765:
751:
740:
729:
717:
714:Animation of
712:
703:
701:
697:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
654:
647:
642:
637:
624:
621:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:precipitation
575:
571:
570:
569:
562:
553:
550:
545:
542:
537:
532:
530:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
420: →
419:
414:
411:←
407:
405:
398: →
397:
392:
389:←
385:
384:
379:
375:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
135:
130:
125:
122:
118:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
95:
88:
83:
77:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
24:
19:
9839:2004 on Mars
9818:Solar System
9784:
9744:
9736:
9735:
9723:
9288:Gliese 433 b
9064:
9040:
8927:made visible
8872:
8836:2010: First
8827:
8783:
8782:
8755:Nanocircuits
8699:
8689:
8647:
8569:
8530:Chuang Xin 1
8513:
8501:
8303:
8274:Mars Express
8253:Hellas Sat 2
8214:
8140:Intelsat 907
8100:SpaceHab RDM
8093:
7960:
7942:
7934:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7860:
7843:
7836:
7810:
7793:
7778:Schiaparelli
7776:
7766:
7758:
7752:
7735:
7728:
7719:Chang'e 5-T1
7711:
7694:
7672:
7660:
7659:
7649:
7611:
7594:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7522:Deep Space 1
7520:
7479:
7472:
7446:New Horizons
7444:
7437:
7426:
7396:
7382:
7368:
7354:
7335:Perseverance
7334:
7321:
7314:
7293:
7288:Mars Express
7286:
7210:
7138:space probes
7079:Mars Society
7061:
7054:
7008:Terraforming
7003:Colonization
6929:Voyager Mars
6921:
6909:
6902:
6728:
6708:
6679:
6666:Mangalyaan-2
6665:
6584:Mars 1M No.1
6543:
6523:
6507:
6493:
6492:
6481:
6457:
6450:
6444:Schiaparelli
6443:
6435:
6425:Deep Space 2
6414:
6407:
6400:
6360:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6305:
6298:
6250:
6237:
6230:
6132:Perseverance
6131:
6112:
6091:
6084:
6059:
6054:Mars Express
6052:
6045:
5952:
5940:
5774:
5767:
5761:
5753:
5746:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5547:
5496:Perseverance
5495:
5457:
5450:
5427:
5387:
5370:
5354:New Horizons
5352:
5345:
5338:
5311:
5303:
5279:
5267:
5260:
5247:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5188:
5180:
5173:
5166:
4895:
4879:Apollo–Soyuz
4511:Mars landing
4460:
4432:Perseverance
4430:
4411:
4377:
4369:
4368:Timeline of
4361:
4360:Timeline of
4347:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4261:
4260:Timeline of
4187:Thira crater
4182:Gusev crater
4159:
4155:
4141:
4140:
4135:Features on
4085:
4077:
4068:37452 Spirit
4051:Rocker-bogie
3943:Eagle crater
3917:
3902:Gusev crater
3886:
3885:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3788:
3775:
3768:wheel status
3765:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3723:
3719:
3657:
3614:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3588:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3555:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3489:the original
3484:
3475:
3466:
3456:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3373:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3199:cite journal
3158:
3154:
3144:
3130:cite journal
3097:
3093:
3083:
3073:February 10,
3071:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3032:
3022:
3014:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2978:
2952:. Retrieved
2943:
2916:. Retrieved
2907:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2851:
2829:February 14,
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2614:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:the original
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2509:
2505:
2482:
2471:A.J.S. Rayl
2467:
2457:February 28,
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2441:
2432:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2402:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2369:
2359:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2274:. NASA/JPL.
2266:
2256:February 19,
2254:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2208:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:the original
2158:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2103:
2092:A.J.S. Rayl
2088:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2038:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1994:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1914:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1881:
1856:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1788:
1770:
1743:Perseverance
1742:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1712:Life on Mars
1704:
1687:
1648:landing site
1645:
1589:
1586:
1568:
1564:
1563:, about the
1558:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1523:37452 Spirit
1511:
1509:
1491:s life, the
1488:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1456:JPL Horizons
1437:
1433:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1386:
1384:
1356:
1355:
1342:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1205:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:Eagle crater
1156:
1140:
1139:
1106:
1077:
1068:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:rocker-bogie
1014:
1010:
1009:
977:
976:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
939:
937:
931:
926:
922:
917:
915:
904:
902:
897:
896:
890:
887:
883:
872:
866:
853:
843:
800:
792:
791:
767:
763:
761:
749:
738:
735: Earth
727:
715:
699:
695:
688:
668:
664:
663:
657:
648:landing site
645:
567:
548:
546:
535:
533:
527:
521:
517:
507:
496:
463:
450:
442:
438:
434:
429:
428:
427:
402:
391:Mars Odyssey
381:
373:
342:Spirit rover
309:Gusev Crater
305:Landing site
297:46216 03:35
284:Landing date
260:Last contact
255:May 25, 2011
171:Solar panels
119:Planned: 90
49:Mission type
22:
18:
9864:Mars rovers
9859:Mars robots
9834:2003 robots
9638:GRB 111209A
9587:WD 0806−661
9565:Discoveries
9359:HD 137388 b
9354:HD 131496 b
9349:HD 100655 b
9294:Gliese 581d
9073:Fobos-Grunt
8966:GLP-1 Drugs
8855:Higgs boson
8775:Dark energy
8610:Kosmos 2404
8606:Kosmos 2403
8602:Kosmos 2402
8556:Shen Tong 1
8515:Soyuz TMA-3
8416:Kosmos 2401
8412:Kosmos 2400
8402:Kosmos 2399
8397:EchoStar IX
8376:Opportunity
8352:AAU-Cubesat
8284:Kosmos 2398
8216:Soyuz TMA-2
8210:Kosmos 2397
7851:Longjiang-2
7837:Opportunity
7818:Longjiang-1
7696:Deep Impact
7356:BepiColombo
6943:Exploration
6792:MELOS rover
6695:(mid 2020s)
6634:Fobos-Grunt
6508:Opportunity
5782:Deep fields
5710:and artwork
5708:NASA images
5280:Opportunity
4749:NASA Social
4575:and history
4496:Lunar rover
4362:Opportunity
4349:Opportunity
4305:Mars rovers
4221:Pot of Gold
4160:Opportunity
4139:visited by
4079:Roving Mars
4030:IBM RAD6000
4028:Computers (
3964:Instruments
3938:Argo crater
3918:Opportunity
3859:Opportunity
3748:Dust Devils
3700:Other links
3568:February 2,
3227:(E2): n/a.
2625:January 25,
2139:October 12,
2051:January 26,
1894:February 2,
1800:December 2,
1735:Opportunity
1723:Opportunity
1565:Opportunity
1555:Documentary
1547:Opportunity
1535:Tom Gehrels
1460:Opportunity
1439:Opportunity
1336:Sagittarius
1330:(left) and
1220:plagioclase
1202:Discoveries
1192:Opportunity
1180:Opportunity
1034:Opportunity
1016:Opportunity
960:Opportunity
932:Opportunity
833: /
821:175°28′43″E
768:Opportunity
762:The MER-A (
746: Mars
700:Opportunity
696:Opportunity
665:Opportunity
582:evaporation
541:extrication
498:Opportunity
418:Opportunity
406:Mars rovers
396:Opportunity
334: /
321:175°28′21″E
216:Launch site
194:Launch date
9828:Categories
9509:Kepler-39b
9504:Kepler-22b
9451:Kepler-16b
9446:Kepler-14b
9344:HD 98219 b
9339:HD 96063 b
9334:HD 85512 b
9329:HD 82886 b
9324:HD 30856 b
9259:Exoplanets
8924:black hole
8597:Gruzomaket
8503:Shenzhou 5
8497:Horizons-1
7963:helicopter
7902:Mangalyaan
7534:Pioneer 10
7452:OSIRIS-REx
7433:MINERVA-II
7017:Strategies
6911:Red Dragon
6873:Mars-Aster
6817:Sky-Sailor
6812:Phootprint
6782:Mars-Grunt
6599:2MV-3 No.1
6594:2MV-4 No.1
6546:helicopter
6361:Mangalyaan
5870:Moon rocks
5630:Astronauts
5623:NASA lists
5480:OSIRIS-REx
5314:helicopter
5182:Pioneer 11
5175:Pioneer 10
4978:Hitchhiker
4853:suborbital
4690:Space Race
4211:Home Plate
4206:Adirondack
3274:Blaney, DL
2989:January 5,
2954:January 5,
2918:January 5,
2862:January 5,
1780:References
1573:Ryan White
1417:caused by
1294:See also:
1269:found the
1249:meteorites
848:astronauts
818:14°34′18″S
724: Sun
617:mineralogy
556:Objectives
493:Ground UTC
340: (
318:14°34′06″S
289:04:35 UTC
229:Contractor
53:Mars rover
9725:MESSENGER
9693:P/2011 NO
9671:SN 2011fe
9666:SN 2011dh
9661:SN 2011by
9656:SN 2010lt
9531:LkCa 15 b
9514:Kepler-70
9472:Kepler-20
9456:Kepler-18
9409:Kepler-11
9392:Kepler-10
9387:Kepler-9d
9382:HR 7722 c
9364:HIP 57274
9319:HD 7199 b
9314:HD 1502 b
9309:HAT-P-33b
9304:HAT-P-32b
9104:Selected
9065:Curiosity
9054:Yinghuo-1
8857:discovery
8796:in action
8794:Evolution
8739:Stem cell
8565:Yamal-202
8561:Yamal-201
8493:Galaxy 13
8440:September
8381:Rainbow 1
8323:Orbview-3
8299:Thuraya 2
8258:Beidou 1C
8205:AsiaSat-4
8200:Galaxy 12
7961:Ingenuity
7884:Chang'e 5
7845:Beresheet
7730:MESSENGER
7607:Chang'e 1
7481:Voyager 2
7474:Voyager 1
7428:Hayabusa2
7422:Chang'e 2
7329:Mars 2020
7323:Tianwen-1
7315:Curiosity
7249:Chang'e 6
7239:Queqiao 2
7219:Chang'e 5
7206:Chang'e 4
7201:Chang'e 3
7084:Mars race
6898:NetLander
6858:Marsokhod
6836:proposals
6834:Cancelled
6638:Yinghuo-1
6619:Mariner 8
6614:2M No.522
6604:Mariner 3
6556:Mars 2020
6544:Ingenuity
6482:Sojourner
6458:Tianwen-1
6279:Mariner 9
6206:Mariner 4
6138:Mars 2020
6113:Curiosity
6092:Tianwen-1
5897:Moon tree
5718:Earthrise
5593:Goldstone
5490:Mars 2020
5459:Voyager 2
5452:Voyager 1
5388:Curiosity
5332:operating
5330:Currently
5312:Ingenuity
5249:MESSENGER
5228:Sojourner
5157:Mercury 3
5147:Apollo 11
5094:Discovery
5084:Explorers
4673:Augustine
4637:Augustine
4516:Sky crane
4438:Mars 2020
4413:Curiosity
4385:Tianwen-1
4327:Sojourner
4055:Rockets (
3975:Cameras (
3594:April 23,
3259:129432577
3151:Blaney, D
3090:Blaney, D
3015:The Verge
2803:April 23,
2778:April 23,
2753:April 23,
2728:April 23,
2703:April 23,
2520:April 13,
2378:0362-4331
2234:April 23,
1858:April 28,
1826:April 25,
1688:Curiosity
1367:by Mars'
1314:from Mars
1290:Astronomy
1275:magnetite
1271:magnetism
1190:on Mars,
491:at 04:35
413:Sojourner
76:2003-027A
70:COSPAR ID
9698:(Elenin)
9556:WASP-44b
9551:WASP-43b
9546:WASP-39b
9019: »
8922:2019: A
8903:GW170817
8846:HPTN 052
8635:Tan Ce 1
8585:December
8544:November
8535:SERVIS-1
8473:INSAT-3E
8460:BILSAT-1
8407:SCISAT-1
8348:QuakeSat
8278:Beagle 2
8243:Hayabusa
8196:INSAT-3A
8128:February
8080:Coriolis
7674:Stardust
7651:Hayabusa
7370:Akatsuki
7191:CAPSTONE
7048:Advocacy
6983:Aircraft
6951:Concepts
6883:Mars One
6853:Beagle 3
6740:Proposed
6730:Kazachok
6713:) (2028)
6687:EscaPADE
6577:launches
6535:Aircraft
6514:timeline
6500:timeline
6442:ExoMars
6430:Beagle 2
6408:Viking 2
6401:Viking 1
6325:Phobos 2
6320:Phobos 1
6307:Viking 2
6300:Viking 1
6262:Orbiters
6143:timeline
6124:timeline
6067:timeline
6038:Orbiters
5941:Category
5603:Canberra
5515:timeline
5503:timeline
5439:timeline
5395:timeline
5292:observed
5287:timeline
5255:Aquarius
5195:timeline
5168:Magellan
5130:missions
5028:Surveyor
4964:programs
4894:Shuttle–
4835:programs
4667:Aldridge
4586:creation
4443:timeline
4424:timeline
4216:Humphrey
4012:MarsDial
3996:Mini-TES
3991:MIMOS II
3928:Timeline
3897:Timeline
3751:Archived
3718:Finding
3679:Archived
3666:Archived
3645:Archived
3535:June 30,
3432:30195269
3424:15297665
3365:41811443
3357:15297664
3314:34983664
3306:15297667
3191:31102951
3183:15297662
3122:15297668
3067:Archived
3043:June 13,
3037:Archived
3007:Archived
2983:Archived
2979:phys.org
2948:Archived
2944:nasa.gov
2912:Archived
2908:nasa.gov
2882:Archived
2856:Archived
2852:nasa.gov
2651:April 9,
2476:Archived
2413:June 26,
2276:Archived
2159:NASA/JPL
2097:Archived
2077:Archived
2016:BBC News
1794:"Spirit"
1654:See also
1520:asteroid
1493:MIMOS II
1279:titanium
1216:pyroxene
1194:entered
1163:amp-hour
1116:MIMOS II
978:Spirit's
964:Viking 1
952:Viking 2
927:Spirit's
879:jarosite
856:disaster
854:Columbia
844:Columbia
775:Delta II
252:Declared
211:7925-9.5
209:Delta II
159:Dry mass
59:Operator
9730:Mercury
9680:Comets
9611:2011 QF
9243:2011 XC
9189:2011 MD
9184:2009 BD
9179:2011 GA
9168:2011 EO
9156:2011 ES
9144:2011 CQ
8946:brings
8873:Rosetta
8705:journal
8701:Science
8690:Science
8620:USA-175
8615:USA-174
8592:USA-173
8551:FSW-3 1
8526:CBERS-2
8521:USA-172
8486:October
8477:SMART-1
8464:STSat-1
8451:Orion 5
8447:USA-171
8431:USA-170
8421:Spitzer
8313:BSAT-2c
8247:Minerva
8191:USA-169
8170:USA-168
8156:USA-167
8115:USA-166
8095:STS-107
8089:CHIPSat
8073:January
7943:Zhurong
7935:Pragyan
7925:Luna 25
7909:InSight
7861:Pragyan
7795:Cassini
7774:ExoMars
7754:Rosetta
7737:PROCYON
7613:Ulysses
7596:Phoenix
7572:Huygens
7560:Genesis
7541:Galileo
7403:Jupiter
7390:Jupiter
7362:Mercury
7279:ExoMars
7254:ICUBE-Q
7234:Queqiao
7186:ARTEMIS
6968:Landing
6963:Orbiter
6752:DePhine
6705:ExoMars
6658:Planned
6629:Mars 96
6589:1M No.2
6551:flights
6524:Zhurong
6451:InSight
6436:Phoenix
6372:Landers
6232:Rosetta
6094:orbiter
5953:Commons
5831:Related
5640:by year
5635:by name
5412:GOES 15
5402:GOES 14
5319:flights
5305:InSight
5261:Cassini
5189:Galileo
5114:SIMPLEx
5089:Voyager
5057:Current
5013:Pioneer
4983:Mariner
4962:Robotic
4943:Artemis
4916:Current
4859:Mercury
4851: (
4744:NASA TV
4683:General
4582:History
4479:Related
4468:ExoMars
4379:Zhurong
4170:Craters
4046:Maestro
4022:Related
3863:(MER-B)
3854:(MER-A)
3842:General
3798:Archive
3589:Reuters
3404:Bibcode
3396:Science
3337:Bibcode
3329:Science
3286:Bibcode
3278:Science
3229:Bibcode
3163:Bibcode
3155:Science
3102:Bibcode
3094:Science
2878:"Power"
2595:May 14,
2543:May 25,
2383:May 19,
2188:May 25,
2021:failed.
1972:Science
1952:May 26,
1909:Staff.
1773:(rover)
1771:Zhurong
1706:InSight
1695:ExoMars
1583:Gallery
1512:Spirit'
1489:Spirit'
1411:Spirit'
1403:eclipse
1363:of the
1361:transit
1283:Tharsis
1262:(RAT).
1256:bromine
1212:olivine
1101:Hazcams
1056:RAD6000
718:orbit.
528:Science
445:, is a
223:SLC-17A
103:Website
91:SATCAT
23:Spirit
9804:Portal
9737:Spirit
8964:2023:
8955:2022:
8950:to all
8942:2021:
8933:2020:
8914:2018:
8901:2017:
8889:2016:
8881:2015:
8870:2014:
8862:2013:
8853:2012:
8844:2011:
8826:2009:
8818:2008:
8810:2007:
8801:2006:
8792:2005:
8784:Spirit
8781:2004:
8773:2003:
8765:2002:
8753:2001:
8745:2000:
8737:1999:
8729:1998:
8721:1997:
8712:1996:
8625:Amos-2
8575:IGS-2B
8571:IGS-2A
8469:e-Bird
8456:UK-DMC
8390:August
8356:CanX-1
8344:Cute-I
8336:DTUSat
8332:MIMOSA
8304:Spirit
8238:GSAT-2
8165:IGS-1B
8161:IGS-1A
8119:XSS-10
8085:ICESat
8065:2004 →
8050:← 2002
7806:MASCOT
7760:Philae
7743:IKAROS
7661:Spirit
7629:LCROSS
7624:SELENE
7548:Nozomi
7457:Psyche
7224:Danuri
7211:Yutu-2
6797:MetNet
6701:(2026)
6689:(2024)
6669:(2024)
6651:Future
6575:Failed
6494:Spirit
6476:PrOP-M
6469:Rovers
6460:lander
6395:Mars 7
6390:Mars 6
6385:Mars 3
6380:Mars 2
6347:Nozomi
6289:Mars 5
6284:Mars 4
6274:Mars 3
6269:Mars 2
6251:Psyche
6226:Mars 7
6221:Mars 6
6211:Zond 2
6201:Mars 1
6193:Flybys
6104:Rovers
6030:Active
5598:Madrid
5531:Future
5446:NuSTAR
5377:THEMIS
5299:RHESSI
5236:Spirit
5033:Viking
5023:Ranger
4874:Skylab
4869:Apollo
4864:Gemini
4722:Budget
4675:(2009)
4669:(2004)
4663:(2004)
4657:(2003)
4651:(2002)
4649:CFUSAI
4645:(1996)
4639:(1990)
4633:(1989)
4627:(1987)
4621:(1986)
4619:Rogers
4615:(1986)
4609:(1958)
4603:(1958)
4597:(1915)
4573:Policy
4370:Spirit
4343:Spirit
4319:PrOP-M
4262:Spirit
4198:(list)
4196:Rocks
4156:Spirit
4142:Spirit
3985:Pancam
3981:Navcam
3977:Hazcam
3887:Spirit
3850:Spirit
3789:Spirit
3776:Spirit
3766:Spirit
3746:Spirit
3734:Spirit
3724:Spirit
3720:Spirit
3658:Spirit
3430:
3422:
3381:
3363:
3355:
3312:
3304:
3257:
3189:
3181:
3120:
2676:
2569:May 4,
2376:
2282:May 4,
2059:Spirit
1922:May 4,
1719:Spirit
1646:Spirit
1590:Spirit
1569:Spirit
1557:film,
1518:, the
1500:cobalt
1464:Spirit
1448:Deimos
1434:Spirit
1407:Spirit
1395:Deimos
1391:Phobos
1387:Spirit
1372:Deimos
1357:Spirit
1343:Spirit
1332:Phobos
1328:Deimos
1267:Spirit
1240:Spirit
1208:basalt
1184:Spirit
1141:Spirit
1049:Spirit
1030:Spirit
1011:Spirit
972:Spirit
968:Spirit
956:Spirit
948:Spirit
940:Spirit
923:Spirit
918:Spirit
905:Spirit
898:Spirit
891:Spirit
867:Spirit
801:Spirit
793:Spirit
772:Boeing
764:Spirit
755:
750:·
748:
744:
739:·
737:
733:
728:·
726:
722:
716:Spirit
692:'s
689:Spirit
669:Spirit
658:Spirit
646:Spirit
549:Spirit
536:Spirit
522:Spirit
518:Spirit
469:rovers
451:Spirit
430:Spirit
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