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orbiter, which over the course of 1972 to 1973 took thousands of images up to 100m a pixel. Observations from optical ground-based Earth telescopes have to peer through the atmosphere which blurs images, typically limiting them to resolving features about 300 kilometers (190 mi) across even when
75:
The spacecraft they live in on the journey to Mars does the flyby, but the crew separates and goes into a lander. The
Excursion module's ascent stage must rejoin the main spacecraft before it gets too far away. An advantage is that the resources needed for Earth return don't have to enter and leave
71:
with another, uncrewed spacecraft, that was launched separately from Earth, flying by. This would mean the ascent stage of the lander to reach the speed necessary equal to that of the spacecraft flying by, but the resources needed for Earth return would not have to enter or leave Mars orbit.
132:
In July 1965, Mariner 4 achieved a flyby of Mars with a return of data, providing the public and scientists with dramatically closer images of Mars. During the flyby
Mariner 4 took 21 pictures amounting to about 1% of the surface of Mars. Mars was not globally mapped until the
89:
is that a lander and flyby would separate in solar orbit, the lander would accelerate to get to Mars first, then land on Mars meanwhile the other segment does a Mars flyby, then the lander takes off and rendezvous with the flyby segment transferring the crew over. (see also
485:
84:
orbit the Sun in such a way as to pass by Mars and the Earth on regular intervals, performing Mars flybys on regular intervals. The crews would live on the stations during the interplanetary voyages. The concept for
145:
made observations of Mars after its flyby of asteroid
Braille. Although this was a very distant flyby it did succeed in taking multiple infrared spectra with its MICAS instrument of the planet.
86:
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lander during its EDL were launched towards Mars with the cruise stage. Both MarCOs reached Mars and successfully relayed data during the entry, descent, and landing phase of
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or landing on it. Uncrewed space probes have used this method to collect data on Mars, as opposed to orbiting or landing. A spacecraft designed for a
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One application of a Mars flyby is for a human mission, where after landing and staying on the surface for some time the ascent stage has a
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509:"On the status of orbital high-resolution repeat imaging of Mars for the observation of dynamic surface processes"
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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returned data from Mars flybys, mapping about 20% of Mars more closely with a couple hundred images.
1990:
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Alternately, a flyby-only human mission is also possible, without detaching at Mars, but to
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486:"Dennis Tito's mission to Mars: Launching in 2018 for the children (and to beat China)"
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NASA Monographs in
Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as
2017:
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An image taken during the
Mariner 4 Mars flyby is presented to the U.S. President
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233:, also called Mars 1962A or Sputnik 22, which launched in 1962 as part of the
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This shows two of the frames from the
Mariner 4 flyby projected over a grid
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48:
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in solar orbit and the time on Mars is constrained by the need to this.
1939:
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641:"Touchdown on Mars! NASA's InSight Lands to Peer Inside the Red Planet"
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also launched in 1962 but communications failed before it reached Mars.
44:
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Mars 4 achieved a flyby in 1974 and detected a nightside ionosphere.
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Mars 6 and 7 were Mars landers carried by instrumented flyby buses.
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Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of
Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000,
961:
569:
Kiefer, Walter S.; Treiman, Allan H.; Clifford, Stephen M.
205:, mapped 1% of Mars with 21 images and returned other data.
31:
757:, Professor Chris Mihos, Case Western Reserve University
922:
view of Mars during swingby by its comet lander Philae
59:
is also known as a "flyby bus" or "flyby spacecraft".
2067:
787:"Dawn Journal: Aiming away from a bull's eye at Mars"
442:
440:
590:
588:
1879:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
1724:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
506:
437:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
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585:
571:"The Red Planet: A Survey of Mars Second Edition"
568:
376:Page 15-16 in Chapter 3 of David S. F. Portree's
229:The third attempt at a Mars flyby was the Soviet
2091:
416:
222:Two Mars flyby attempts were made in 1960 under
76:Mars orbit, but the ascent stage has to perform
956:
361:
292:, twin flyby relay communication CubeSats for
1536:
942:
600:Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events
852:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
772:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
1805:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
949:
935:
1840:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
835:ESA - Rosetta successfully swings-by Mars
535:
325:, gravity assist in May 2026, enroute to
743:
741:
507:Sidiropoulos, P.; Muller, J.-P. (2015).
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
181:
173:
108:
30:
18:
575:Universities Space Research Association
556:Universities Space Research Association
448:"Flyby-Landing Excursion Module (FLEM)"
2092:
812:"Asteroid-Bound Probe Zooms Past Mars"
552:"Slide 2 Earth Telescope View of Mars"
169:
1709:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
930:
809:
738:
635:
633:
491:
392:
390:
689:"Russia's unmanned missions to Mars"
663:
581:from the original on 7 October 2022.
423:. Infobase Publishing. p. 171.
680:
544:
420:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
270:, closest approach was 549 km.
13:
1135:
1127:
1119:
983:List of artificial objects on Mars
810:Malik, Tariq (February 18, 2009).
784:
707:
657:
630:
398:"Space probe performs Mars fly-by"
387:
14:
2121:
1996:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
888:
691:. RussianSpaecWeb. Archived from
2077:
1684:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
713:
488:, Brian Vastag, 27 February 2013
1855:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
1661:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
862:
840:
828:
803:
778:
760:
686:
606:
259:
190:
101:around Mars and back to Earth.
47:passing in the vicinity of the
562:
478:
467:
410:
286:, flewby at about 1000 km
87:Flyby Excursion Landing Module
1:
1810:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
354:
870:"Every mission to Mars ever"
226:(Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B).
156:to relay communication from
138:Earth and Mars are closest.
7:
1734:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
1679:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
1655:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
1023:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
516:Planetary and Space Science
332:
303:Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera
62:
10:
2126:
614:"MarCO: CubeSats to Mars!"
314:
237:. but it was destroyed in
104:
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2009:
1978:
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1903:
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1612:
1532:
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1430:
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1223:
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1041:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
998:
991:
968:
720:Encyclopedia Astronautica
537:10.1016/j.pss.2015.06.017
417:Joseph A. Angelo (2014).
128:and Mars in February 2007
1991:Mars Exploration Program
973:List of missions to Mars
895:Astronautix - Mars flyby
349:List of planetary flybys
344:List of missions to Mars
209:Mariner 6, and Mariner 7
27:'s flyby on a modern map
1081:Mars Science Laboratory
748:The Soviet Mars program
668:. Jonathan's Space Page
528:2015P&SS..117..207S
1450:Mars Exploration Rover
1140:
1132:
1124:
241:due to rocket failure.
187:
179:
166:on November 26, 2018.
129:
36:
28:
1645:(2024, flyby in 2025)
1637:(2024, flyby in 2025)
1216:(2023, flyby in 2026)
1207:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
1139:
1131:
1123:
978:List of Mars orbiters
874:The Planetary Society
791:The Planetary Society
185:
177:
112:
92:Mars Excursion Module
34:
22:
2105:Spaceflight concepts
2001:Mars Next Generation
1960:Permanent settlement
1850:Mars Surveyor Lander
1316:Mars Climate Orbiter
1302:Mars Global Surveyor
880:on 30 December 2018.
664:McDowell, Jonathan.
406:. February 25, 2007.
339:List of Earth flybys
278:, within 250 km
23:Data collected from
2100:Exploration of Mars
958:Spacecraft missions
170:List of Mars flybys
152:(MarCO), two flyby
51:, but not entering
16:Spacecraft maneuver
1986:Mars Scout Program
1825:Mars 4NM & 5NM
1749:Mars Micro Orbiter
1739:Mars Geyser Hopper
1141:
1133:
1125:
753:2013-10-13 at the
726:on 8 December 2010
188:
186:Mariner 7 lift-off
180:
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122:s ROLIS camera of
37:
29:
2065:
2064:
2054:
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2025:The Case for Mars
1935:Atmospheric entry
1899:
1898:
1830:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
1787:
1786:
1764:Next Mars Orbiter
1672:Rosalind Franklin
1608:
1607:
1528:
1527:
1383:Mars Polar Lander
1115:
1114:
1009:2001 Mars Odyssey
914:Mariner 6 montage
858:on 10 April 2020.
618:www.planetary.org
484:Washington Post,
430:978-1-4381-1018-9
382:NASA SP-2001-4521
141:In October 1999,
43:is a movement of
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2081:
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2031:Inspiration Mars
2018:The Mars Project
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876:. Archived from
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854:. Archived from
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785:Rayman, Marc D.
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722:. Archived from
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602:. 30 April 2004.
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69:space rendezvous
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1729:Mars Base Alpha
1719:Icebreaker Life
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1586:Mars 3MS No.170
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1377:Mars Pathfinder
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755:Wayback Machine
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231:Mars 2MV-4 No.1
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2084:Solar System
2041:Mars Society
2023:
2016:
1970:Terraforming
1965:Colonization
1919:
1891:Voyager Mars
1883:
1871:
1864:
1690:
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1628:Mangalyaan-2
1627:
1546:Mars 1M No.1
1505:
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1406:Schiaparelli
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1387:Deep Space 2
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1199:
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1094:Perseverance
1093:
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1021:
1016:Mars Express
1014:
1007:
919:
901:
878:the original
873:
864:
856:the original
842:
830:
819:. Retrieved
805:
794:. Retrieved
780:
762:
728:. Retrieved
724:the original
714:Wade, Mark.
709:
697:. Retrieved
693:the original
682:
670:. Retrieved
666:"Launch Log"
659:
648:. Retrieved
644:
621:. Retrieved
617:
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564:
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519:
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480:
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457:. Retrieved
451:
419:
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320:
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293:
281:
273:
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260:21st century
235:Mars program
217:Mars program
191:20th century
163:
157:
147:
143:Deep Space 1
140:
131:
123:
114:
96:
82:Mars cyclers
74:
66:
40:
38:
1905:Exploration
1754:MELOS rover
1657:(mid 2020s)
1596:Fobos-Grunt
1470:Opportunity
522:: 207–222.
459:December 5,
453:Astronautix
219:spacecraft
199:spacecraft
49:planet Mars
2094:Categories
1979:Strategies
1873:Red Dragon
1835:Mars-Aster
1779:Sky-Sailor
1774:Phootprint
1744:Mars-Grunt
1561:2MV-3 No.1
1556:2MV-4 No.1
1508:helicopter
1323:Mangalyaan
909:ESA source
821:2010-03-21
796:2010-03-21
650:2018-11-26
623:2018-11-26
474:W.I.R.E.D.
355:References
45:spacecraft
41:Mars flyby
2046:Mars race
1860:NetLander
1820:Marsokhod
1798:proposals
1796:Cancelled
1600:Yinghuo-1
1581:Mariner 8
1576:2M No.522
1566:Mariner 3
1518:Mars 2020
1506:Ingenuity
1444:Sojourner
1420:Tianwen-1
1241:Mariner 9
1168:Mariner 4
1100:Mars 2020
1075:Curiosity
1054:Tianwen-1
906:Annotated
816:Space.com
645:Space.com
327:16 Psyche
308:Tianwen-1
203:Mariner 4
148:In 2018,
135:Mariner 9
99:slingshot
25:Mariner 4
2010:Advocacy
1945:Aircraft
1913:Concepts
1845:Mars One
1815:Beagle 3
1702:Proposed
1692:Kazachok
1675:) (2028)
1649:EscaPADE
1539:launches
1497:Aircraft
1476:timeline
1462:timeline
1404:ExoMars
1392:Beagle 2
1370:Viking 2
1363:Viking 1
1287:Phobos 2
1282:Phobos 1
1269:Viking 2
1262:Viking 1
1224:Orbiters
1105:timeline
1086:timeline
1029:timeline
1000:Orbiters
900:Mars by
848:"Nozomi"
768:"Mars 6"
751:Archived
579:Archived
403:BBC News
333:See also
306:,imaged
154:CubeSats
63:Concepts
1930:Landing
1925:Orbiter
1714:DePhine
1667:ExoMars
1620:Planned
1591:Mars 96
1551:1M No.2
1513:flights
1486:Zhurong
1413:InSight
1398:Phoenix
1334:Landers
1194:Rosetta
1056:orbiter
920:Rosetta
902:Rosetta
730:29 July
699:29 July
672:29 July
524:Bibcode
315:Enroute
298:lander.
295:InSight
275:Rosetta
224:Mars 1M
164:Insight
159:InSight
125:Rosetta
105:History
94:(MEM))
2110:Flybys
2070:Portal
1759:MetNet
1663:(2026)
1651:(2024)
1631:(2024)
1613:Future
1537:Failed
1456:Spirit
1438:PrOP-M
1431:Rovers
1422:lander
1357:Mars 7
1352:Mars 6
1347:Mars 3
1342:Mars 2
1309:Nozomi
1251:Mars 5
1246:Mars 4
1236:Mars 3
1231:Mars 2
1213:Psyche
1188:Mars 7
1183:Mars 6
1173:Zond 2
1163:Mars 1
1155:Flybys
1066:Rovers
992:Active
716:"Mars"
427:
322:Psyche
283:Nozomi
245:Mars 1
116:Philae
1940:Rover
1920:Flyby
1885:Vesta
1769:PADME
1036:MAVEN
512:(PDF)
120:'
57:flyby
53:orbit
1642:Hera
1201:Dawn
1147:Past
1047:Hope
962:Mars
732:2010
701:2010
674:2010
461:2022
425:ISBN
267:Dawn
960:to
532:doi
520:117
2096::
1598:/
1385:/
872:.
850:.
814:.
789:.
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740:^
718:.
643:.
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493:^
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389:^
363:^
39:A
2072::
1669:(
950:e
943:t
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384:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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