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ship on short notice if it collides with other vessels or runs aground. Mariners also risk injury or death from falling overboard and from hazards associated with working with machinery, heavy loads, and dangerous cargo. However, modern safety management procedures, advanced emergency communications, and effective international rescue systems place modern mariners in a much safer position.
1820:
work 8-hour or 12-hour shifts and go home every day. Others work steadily for a week or a month and then have an extended period off. When working, they usually are on duty for 6 or 12 hours and off for 6 or 12 hours. Those on smaller vessels are normally assigned to one vessel and have steady employment.
1069:
Such restrictions on shore leave coupled with reduced time in port by many ships translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates who for the most part are strangers takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to
943:
Mariners work in all weather conditions. Working in damp and cold conditions often is inevitable, although ships try to avoid severe storms while at sea. It is uncommon for modern vessels to suffer disasters such as fire, explosion, or a sinking. Yet workers face the possibility of having to abandon
1819:
On smaller vessels with a single mate 6 hours on and 6 hours off are common. Mariners employed on Great Lakes ships work 60 days and have 30 days off. They do not work in the winter when the lakes are frozen. Workers on rivers, on canals, and in harbors are more likely to have year-round work. Some
936:
The rate of unionization for these workers in the United States is about 36 percent, much higher than the average for all occupations. Consequently, merchant marine officers and seamen, both veterans and beginners, are hired for voyages through union hiring halls or directly by shipping companies.
457:
Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the successful operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories: the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's
1195:
Barbarossa
Hayrettin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa or Hızır Hayrettin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kaptan-ı Derya (Fleet Admiral) of the Ottoman Navy) (c. 1478 – 4 July 1546) was an Ottoman admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for
947:
Most newer vessels are air conditioned, soundproofed from noisy machinery, and equipped with comfortable living quarters. These amenities have helped ease the sometimes difficult circumstances of long periods away from home. Also, modern communications such as email, instant messaging and social
1056:
Further, the quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only a matter of hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some seafarers entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries deemed high-risk face restrictions on shore leave due to security concerns in a post
1036:
Professional mariners live on the margins of society, with much of their life spent beyond the reach of land. They face cramped, stark, noisy, and dangerous conditions at sea. Yet men and women still go to sea. For some, the attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore.
620:
and first aid. Additional duties include maintaining the ship's boats and performing other nautical tasks. Engineers play a key role in cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers.
1040:
Findings by the
Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families". U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts
615:
and water systems. Engineering staff manages bulk fuel transfers, from a fuel-supply barge in port. When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, to active working tanks. Cleaning of oil purifiers is another regular task.
531:. With some variation, the chief mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the medical officer in case of a medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on the bridge, when underway at sea.
1074:, and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is made possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However, a mariner's off-duty time at sea is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping.
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One's service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. In rare cases, veteran mariners choose never to go ashore when in port.
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increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as
International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute seek improved international standards for mariners.
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The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores.
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A ship's engineering department consists of the members of a ship's crew that operates and maintains the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Marine engineering staff also deal with the "hotel" facilities on board, notably the
1065:
notes a trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Further, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed.
422:
were the main mode of transport at sea, but it now refers to the personnel of all watercraft regardless of the mode of transport, and encompasses people who operate ships professionally, be it for a military
1070:
meet people from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping
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media platforms link modern mariners to their families. Nevertheless, some mariners dislike the long periods away from home and the confinement aboard ship. They consequently leave the profession.
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in order to serve as a chief steward. All chief cooks who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries because of international conventions and agreements.
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The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Galley's roles may include baking.
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Seagoing adventure and a chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at sea invariably confront social isolation.
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Hiring halls fill jobs by the length of time the person has been registered at the hall and by their union seniority. Hiring halls typically are found in major seaports.
1062:
810:. In the USA these jobs are considered administrative positions and are therefore regulated by Certificates of Registry issued by the United States Coast Guard.
1081:. The availability of affordable roaming SIM cards with online top-up facilities have also contributed to improved connection with friends and family at home.
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The only time that steward department staff are charged with duties outside the steward department is during the execution of the fire and boat drill.
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106:
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At sea, on larger vessels members of the deck department usually stand watch for four hours and are off for eight hours, seven days a week.
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Mariners spend extended periods at sea. Most deep-sea mariners are hired for one or more voyages that last for several months. There is no
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as part of its crew, and may work in any one of a number of different fields that are related to the operation and maintenance of a ship.
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Members of the
British Merchant Navy have won the Distinguished Service Cross and have had careers taking them from 'Deck Boy Peter' to
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were the first notable mariners known to sail in a primitive, partly man powered vessel across the Arctic and the North
Atlantic Ocean.
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Various types of staff officer positions may exist on board a ship, including junior assistant purser, senior assistant purser,
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A number of U.S. Merchant
Mariners from World War II later played well known television characters. The list includes
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environment. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact
American seamen as well. For example, the
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1950:
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later became a leading post-impressionist painter and pioneered modern art's synthetist style. American seaman
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Internet accessibility is fast coming to the sea with the advent of cheap satellite communication, mainly from
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after that. The length of time between voyages varies by job availability and personal preference.
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decades. He was born on the island of Lesbos/ Mytilini and died in
Istanbul, the Ottoman capital.
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both won
Olympic medals, though Thorpe did not get his until 30 years after his death. Seamen
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Merchant seamen have gone on to make their mark on the world in a number of interesting ways.
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Since World War II, a number of merchant seamen have become notorious criminals. American
8:
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was an
American mass murderer who claimed 23 victims on a rampage at Luby's Cafeteria in
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officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the deck department are
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went on to become the 39th president of the United States after service in the US Navy.
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A person who is under sail and not on a vessel with motorized power of any kind in the
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An ancient term, the word "sailor" has come to mean many things. Sailor may refer to:
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Merchant sailors have also made a splash in the world of sport. In football, with
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One does not have to look far to find merchant seamen who became war heroes in
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A person who practices the art of controlling the motion of a sailing ship or
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went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics.
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spent 14 days in a lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies
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would not start drawing comics until after returning home from World War II.
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Mariners are well represented in the visual arts. French pilot's assistant
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may refer to any member of the navy even if they are based on land; while
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joined the Merchant Navy in 1751 and 37 years later founded the city of
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are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard.
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Air Marshal Sir Beresford Peter Torrington Horsley KCB, CBE, LVO, AFC
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went on to make his fortune as the bodybuilding and fitness guru of
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744:. All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel.
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were Merchant Mariners. It might be surprising that the writers of
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was already a working comic book artist before he joined up, but
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Person who navigates water-borne vessels or assists in doing so
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1242:. American merchant seamen have won the Medal of Honor in the
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659:(unlicensed Junior Engineer: Qualified member Engine Dept.)
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International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots
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was Muhammad Ali's assistant trainer and cornerman, and
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A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of the
570:(unlicensed Petty Officer: Qualified member Deck Dept.)
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U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
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known for sailing solo around the world, and Briton
183:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1709:as opposed to members of other departments in the
616:Engineering staff is required to have training in
414:The profession of the sailor is old, and the term
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1842:"Maritime seagoing career – offshore and onshore"
1470:It is perhaps not surprising that the writers of
2234:
1900:Seafarer Fatigue: The Cardiff Research Programme
1393:in the U.S. In track and field, American seamen
1281:was convicted as a Nazi spy in World War II and
1026:Portrait of a sailor taken on board the French
624:A common engineering crew for a ship includes:
762:, and other Steward's department crewmembers.
1958:
1344:, the latter for a biography of his shipmate
1285:was convicted as a Nazi war criminal. Briton
790:Seafarer's professions and ranks § Other
687:. Other possible positions include motorman,
103:The examples and perspective in this article
1607:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1133:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
990:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
591:/ unlicensed trainee navigator / Midshipman
83:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1965:
1951:
1289:was hanged for treachery in World War II.
418:has its etymological roots in a time when
371:Three types of mariners, seen here in the
1972:
1627:Learn how and when to remove this message
1424:Other sporting notables include Dutchman
1301:own murderous rampage was made famous in
1153:Learn how and when to remove this message
1010:Learn how and when to remove this message
685:qualified member of the engine department
595:
480:lookout on the bow of the freighter USNS
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
141:Learn how and when to remove this message
1915:Sea no evil: the life of a modern sailor
1638:
1451:. Members of the American Beat Movement
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1164:
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695:, refrigeration engineer and tankerman.
534:A common deck crew for a ship includes:
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1169:Statue dedicated to Italian sailors at
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349:, civilian companies and organizations
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1895:Survey of Water Transport Occupations
1432:who was the first person to swim the
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435:, there may be further distinctions:
431:, as a sport or recreationally. In a
1605:adding citations to reliable sources
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1234:. Canadian merchant seamen have won
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988:adding citations to reliable sources
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181:adding citations to reliable sources
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1684:A member of a military naval force,
1647:sailor at the Naval History Museum.
1436:without the use of artificial aid.
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24:
1868:"Water Transportation Occupations"
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1409:went on to Major League Baseball.
806:, marine physician assistant, and
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64:This article has multiple issues.
1930:
1780:Seafarer's professions and ranks
1760:Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)
1755:Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)
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1479:The American Practical Navigator
1250:, and one went on to become the
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507:include but are not limited to:
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1348:. British Merchant Navy member
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407:is a person who works aboard a
168:needs additional citations for
72:or discuss these issues on the
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1324:led the first expedition that
1252:"Father of the American Navy."
1203:, who started his career as a
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484:during a re-supply mission to
13:
1:
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1795:United States Merchant Marine
1568:
1352:later directed films such as
1207:in 1976 was the president of
767:United States Merchant Marine
679:/ unlicensed Trainee engineer
666:(unlicensed qualified rating)
577:(unlicensed qualified rating)
493:
44:The Seafarer (disambiguation)
1690:Anyone from a recruit to an
1467:were all Merchant Mariners.
1385:in England and the likes of
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919:
916:
880:
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683:American ships also carry a
7:
1765:Glossary of oilfield jargon
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1439:Irish Merchant Navy member
771:Merchant Mariner's Document
645:/ Second Assistant Engineer
117:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2279:
1905:Sailor at Etymology Online
1389:and Heisman Trophy winner
1367:The Lair of the White Worm
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787:
713:A crew with a cook on the
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652:/ Third Assistant Engineer
638:/ First Assistant Engineer
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1989:
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1485:Two Years Before the Mast
775:United States Coast Guard
503:Officer positions in the
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311:
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278:
1806:
1091:List of notable mariners
458:department, and others.
445:may refer to a specific
40:Mariner (disambiguation)
36:Boatman (disambiguation)
1681:across a body of water,
1515:The Beverly Hillbillies
1328:the globe in 1519–1522.
669:(2) Entry-level rating
32:Sailor (disambiguation)
1662:A person who goes out
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1033:
732:for a cargo ship is a
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602:Engineering department
596:Engineering department
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476:An able seaman stands
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1973:Shipboard occupations
1735:British Merchant Navy
1642:
1445:Never Say Never Again
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1089:Further information:
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788:Further information:
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703:Further information:
600:Further information:
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466:Further information:
453:Professional mariners
370:
2258:Military specialisms
2243:Nautical terminology
2002:Officer of the watch
1997:Shipmaster (captain)
1601:improve this section
1555:The Dukes of Hazzard
1127:improve this section
1095:List of sea captains
984:improve this section
730:steward's department
705:Steward's department
699:Steward's department
584:(entry-level rating)
177:improve this article
123:create a new article
115:improve this article
105:may not represent a
2222:Nautical operations
1219:. Merchant mariner
1211:from 2004 to 2014.
827:
756:steward's assistant
742:steward's assistant
275:
2263:Marine occupations
1790:The Marine Society
1649:
1539:The Rockford Files
1497:A Hard Day's Night
1411:Drew Bundini Brown
1370:. Merchant seaman
1330:
1322:Ferdinand Magellan
1236:the Victoria Cross
1183:
1050:
1034:
823:Standard merchant
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818:Working conditions
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42:, and
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1687:Anyone on a boat,
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1523:All in the Family
1395:Cornelius Johnson
1307:non-fiction novel
1287:Duncan Scott-Ford
1279:William Colepaugh
1217:Sydney, Australia
1163:
1162:
1155:
1048:Sailors on a ship
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808:hospital corpsman
784:Other departments
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16:(Redirected from
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1844:. Archived from
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1551:Uncle Jesse Duke
1511:Milburn Drysdale
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1085:Notable mariners
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2050:Ordinary seaman
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1705:Members of the
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1434:English Channel
1376:Ernie Schroeder
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529:ordinary seaman
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1846:the original
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1800:Ocean rowing
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1645:Mexican Navy
1643:Statue of a
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1599:Please help
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1188:and his son
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355:Related jobs
317:Competencies
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233:January 2013
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175:Please help
170:verification
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131:October 2012
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66:Please help
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2045:Able seaman
2012:Second mate
1775:Sailor suit
1700:coast guard
1617:August 2021
1461:Bob Kaufman
1449:Thunderball
1350:Ken Russell
1264:New Zealand
1248:Vietnam War
1143:August 2021
1072:sea stories
1000:August 2021
952:Life at sea
693:electrician
575:Able seamen
525:able seaman
497: 1981
381:able seaman
347:Coast Guard
312:Description
2237:Categories
2171:Chief cook
2140:department
2138:Steward's
2066:department
2017:Third mate
2007:Chief mate
1982:department
1877:2007-03-31
1852:2014-02-16
1828:References
1657:Royal Navy
1569:Other uses
1527:Peter Falk
1419:Gold's Gym
1399:Jim Thorpe
1387:Dan Devine
1244:Korean War
1205:third mate
760:chief cook
738:chief cook
728:A typical
589:Deck cadet
490:Antarctica
409:watercraft
373:wheelhouse
338:employment
290:Profession
279:Occupation
203:newspapers
69:improve it
2040:Boatswain
1937:Transport
1770:Roughneck
1730:Astronaut
1588:does not
1473:Moby Dick
1114:does not
971:does not
722:Kajaani I
718:steamboat
689:machinist
568:Boatswain
336:Fields of
119:talk page
75:talk page
2114:Motorman
1718:See also
1679:sailboat
1672:yachting
1563:Cheyenne
1415:Joe Gold
1256:Scotland
1238:and the
1079:Inmarsat
657:Motorman
542:/ Master
511:and his
405:seafarer
360:Maritime
321:Physical
306:civilian
302:Military
192:"Sailor"
113:You may
2248:Sailors
2215:Related
2181:Steward
1745:Sailing
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1692:admiral
1668:boating
1664:sailing
1609:removed
1594:sources
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1272:Denmark
1209:Romania
1175:Liguria
1135:removed
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920:Team 3
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864:Team 2
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850:Team 1
847:Team 1
724:in 1953
715:Finnish
540:Captain
478:iceberg
401:mariner
329:Mindset
325:Stamina
217:scholar
18:Mariner
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2194:Others
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2064:Engine
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1785:Seaman
1725:Airman
1506:were.
1500:, and
1482:, and
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1297:. And
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839:Day 3
812:Pilots
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740:and a
675:(0–1)
609:sewage
587:(0-1)
517:second
509:master
442:seaman
437:sailor
416:sailor
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393:sailor
383:, and
377:master
274:Sailor
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38:,
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2124:Wiper
2119:Oiler
2024:Cadet
1807:Notes
1694:in a
1491:Borat
1355:Tommy
1270:, or
1179:Italy
1029:aviso
836:Day 2
833:Day 1
804:nurse
671:Wiper
664:Oiler
521:third
513:chief
403:, or
224:JSTOR
210:books
121:, or
1980:Deck
1696:navy
1592:any
1590:cite
1557:and
1447:and
1405:and
1397:and
1364:and
1268:Peru
1246:and
1118:any
1116:cite
1093:and
1059:9/11
975:any
973:cite
736:, a
720:S/S
662:(2)
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527:and
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425:navy
343:Navy
304:and
196:news
1698:or
1670:or
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