868:
gyros began spinup. Canopus lock was lost six times within a period of less than three weeks after launch and each time a sequence of radio commands would be required to reacquire the star. After a study of the problem, the investigators concluded that the behavior was due to small dust particles that were being released from the spacecraft by some means and were drifting through the star sensor field-of-view. Sunlight scattered from the particles then appeared as illumination equivalent to that from a bright star. This would cause a roll error transient as the object passed through the field-of-view while the sensor was locked onto
Canopus. When the object was bright enough that it exceeded the high gate limits at eight times the Canopus intensity, the spacecraft would automatically disacquire Canopus and initiate a roll search for a new star. Finally, a radio command was sent on December 17, 1964, that removed the high gate limit. There was no further loss of Canopus lock, although roll transients occurred 38 more times before encounter with Mars.
903:
Mars starting near 40° N, 170° E, down to about 35° S, 200° E, and then across to the terminator at 50° S, 255° E, representing about 1% of the planet's surface. The images taken during the flyby were stored in the on-board tape recorder. At 02:19:11 UTC, Mariner 4 passed behind Mars as seen from Earth and the radio signal ceased. The signal was reacquired at 03:13:04 UTC when the spacecraft reappeared. Cruise mode was then re-established. Transmission of the taped images to Earth began about 8.5 hours after signal reacquisition and continued until August 3. All images were transmitted twice to ensure no data was missing or corrupt. Each individual photograph took approximately six hours to be transmitted back to Earth.
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631:, had sighted onto either the bright face of the home planet or the brightly lit target. During this flight, both the Earth and Mars would be too dim to lock onto. Another bright source at a wide angle away from the Sun was needed and Canopus filled this requirement. Subsequently, Canopus was used as a reference point in many following missions.
848:. The star tracker was set to respond to any object more than one-eighth as, and less than eight times as bright as Canopus. Including Canopus, there were seven such objects visible to the sensor. It took more than a day of "star-hopping" to find Canopus, as the sensor locked on to other stars instead: a stray light pattern from the near Earth,
655:
time-sequence commands using a 38.4 kHz synchronization frequency as a time reference. Temperature control was achieved through the use of adjustable louvers mounted on six of the electronics assemblies, plus multilayer insulating blankets, polished aluminum shields, and surface treatments. Other measurements that could be made included:
877:
degrees, a positive roll turn of 156.08 degrees, and a thrusting time of 20.07 seconds. The turns aimed the motor of the spacecraft back in the general direction of Earth, as the motor was initially pointed along the direction of flight. Both the pitch and roll changes were completed with better than 1%
981:
On
December 7 the gas supply in the attitude control system was exhausted, and between December 10 and 11, a total of 83 micrometeoroid hits were recorded which caused perturbation of the spacecraft's attitude and degradation of the signal strength. On December 21, 1967, communications with Mariner 4
902:
Planetary science mode was turned on at 15:41:49 UTC on July 14. The camera sequence started at 00:18:36 UT on July 15 (7:18:49 p.m. EST on July 14) and 21 pictures using alternate red and green filters, plus 21 lines of a 22nd picture were taken. The images covered a discontinuous swath of
701:
1132:
for centuries. If there was life on Mars, after
Mariner 4 most concluded it would probably be smaller, simpler forms. Others concluded that a search for life on Earth at kilometer resolution, using several thousand photographs, did not reveal a sign of life on the vast majority of these photographs;
906:
The spacecraft performed all programmed activities successfully and returned useful data from launch until 22:05:07 UTC on
October 1, 1965, when the long distance to Earth (309.2 million kilometres (192.1 million miles)) and the imprecise antenna orientation led to a temporary loss of
898:
The
Mariner 4 spacecraft flew by Mars on July 14 and 15, 1965. Its closest approach was 9,846 km (6,118 mi) from the Martian surface at 01:00:57 UT July 15, 1965 (8:00:57 p.m. EST July 14), its distance to Earth was 216 million kilometres (134 million miles), its speed
819:
Testing at JPL confirmed this failure mode and an effort was made to develop a new, all-metal fairing. The downside of this was that the new fairing would be significantly heavier and reduce the Atlas-Agena's lift capacity. Convair and
Lockheed-Martin had to make several performance enhancements to
876:
The 7½ month flight of
Mariner 4 involved one midcourse maneuver on December 5, 1964. The maneuver was initially scheduled for December 4, but due to a loss of lock with Canopus, it was postponed. The maneuver was successfully completed on December 5; it consisted of a negative pitch turn of 39.16
867:
A consistent problem that plagued the spacecraft during the early portion of its mission was that roll error signal transients would occur frequently and on occasion would cause loss of the
Canopus star lock. The first attempt at a midcourse maneuver was aborted by a loss of lock shortly after the
923:
The on-board tape recorder used on
Mariner 4 was a spare, not originally intended for the Mariner 4 flight. Between the failure of Mariner 3, the fact that the Mariner 4 recorder was a spare, and some error readings suggesting an issue with the tape-recorder, it was determined that the team would
439:
in the vicinity of Mars and to provide experience in and knowledge of the engineering capabilities for interplanetary flights of long duration. Initially expected to remain in space for eight months, Mariner 4's mission lasted about three years in solar orbit. On
December 21, 1967, communications
815:
After Mariner 3 was a total loss due to failure of the payload shroud to jettison, JPL engineers suggested that there had been a malfunction caused during separation of the metal fairing exterior from the fiberglass inner lining due to pressure differences between the inner and outer part of the
671:
Mariner 4 was also supposed to carry an ultraviolet photometer on the left side of the aft TV Camera scan platform. Late in testing, it was discovered that the inclusion of the UV photometer produced electrical problems that would have jeopardized the TV Camera. As a result, it was removed and
835:
at 14:27:23 UTC on November 28, 1964. The Agena's first burn took place from 14:28:14 to 14:30:38. The initial burn put the spacecraft into an Earth parking orbit and the second burn from 15:02:53 to 15:04:28 injected the craft into a Mars transfer orbit. Mariner 4 separated from the Agena at
483:
was mounted on a 223.5 cm (7 ft 4.0 in) tall mast next to the high-gain antenna. The overall height of the spacecraft was 2.89 metres (9.5 ft). The octagonal frame housed the electronic equipment, cabling, midcourse propulsion system, and attitude control gas supplies and
1144:
The total cost of the Mariner 4 mission is estimated at $ 83.2 million (equivalent to $ 804 million in 2023). Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Mariner series of spacecraft (Mariners 1 through 10) was approximately $ 554 million (equivalent to $
654:
with a capacity of 5.24 million bits for later transmission. All electronic operations were controlled by a command subsystem which could process any of 29 direct command words or three quantitative word commands for mid-course maneuvers. The central computer and sequencer operated stored
889:
On January 5, 1965, 36 days after launch and 10,261,173 km (6,375,997 mi) from Earth, Mariner 4 reduced its rate of transmission of scientific data from 33 1/3 to 8 1/2 bits per second. This was the first autonomous action the spacecraft had taken since the midcourse maneuver.
672:
replaced with a thermal/inertial mass simulator that was designed to emulate the UV photometer's geometry, mass, and other characteristics so that any unintentional problems caused by the removal of the UV photometer would be negated. This spare UV photometer was eventually flown on
928:
set from an art supply store to hand-color (paint-by-numbers style) a numerical printout of the raw pixels. The resulting image provided early verification that the camera was functioning. The hand drawn image compared favorably with the processed image when it became available.
1025:-like cratered terrain, which scientists did not expect, although amateur astronomer Donald Cyr had predicted craters. Later missions showed that the craters were not typical for Mars, but only for the more ancient region imaged by Mariner 4. A surface
619:. Solar pressure vanes, each with an area of 0.65 m (7.0 sq ft), were attached to the tips of the solar panels. Positional information was provided by four Sun sensors, and a sensor for either the Earth, Mars, or the star
1061:
4892:
509:, mounted on the waveguide leading to the omnidirectional antenna nearer the body of the spacecraft, to measure the charged-particle intensity and distribution in interplanetary space and in the vicinity of Mars.
623:, depending on the time in its spaceflight. Mariner 4 was the first space probe that needed a star for a navigational reference object, since earlier missions, which remained near either the Earth, the
5849:
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1133:
thus, based on the 22 photographs taken by Mariner 4, one could not conclude there was no intelligent life on Mars. The solar wind was measured, and compared with simultaneous records from
584:
contained in the four 176 cm à 90 cm (69 in à 35 in) solar panels, which could provide 310 watts at the distance of Mars. A rechargeable 1200 W¡h
2233:
Arvydas Kliore; Dan L. Cain; Gerald S. Levy; et al. (September 10, 1965). "Occultation Experiment: Results of the First Direct Measurement of Mars's Atmosphere and Ionosphere".
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test the camera function definitively. This eventually led to the first digital image being hand drawn. While waiting for the image data to be computer processed, the team used a
3771:
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which translated the optical image into an electrical video signal, and the electronic systems required to convert the analogue signal into a digital bitstream for transmission.
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974:
shower that temporarily changed the spacecraft attitude and probably slightly damaged its thermal shield. Later it was speculated that Mariner 4 passed through debris of
498:, mounted on the waveguide leading to the omnidirectional antenna, to measure the magnitude and other characteristics of the interplanetary and planetary magnetic fields.
5245:
3365:
820:
the booster to wring more power out of it. Despite fears that the work could not be completed before the 1964 Mars window closed, the new shroud was ready by November.
564:, mounted on a scan platform at the bottom center of the spacecraft, to obtain closeup pictures of the surface of Mars. This subsystem consisted of four parts: a
1067:
The first close-up image ever taken of Mars. It shows an area about 330 km (210 mi) across by 1,200 km (750 mi) from limb to bottom of frame.
836:
15:07:09 and began cruise mode operations. The solar panels deployed and the scan platform was unlatched at 15:15:00. Sun acquisition occurred 16 minutes later.
935:
650:
receiver which together could send and receive data via the low- and high-gain antennas at 8â
or 33â
bits per second. Data could also be stored onto a magnetic
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intended for planetary exploration in a flyby mode. It was designed to conduct closeup scientific observations of Mars and to transmit these observations to
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1124:âmuch thinner than expectedâindicating a relatively inactive planet exposed to the harshness of space, generally dissipated hopes of finding intelligent
1085:
1001:(center), JPL's Mariner 4 Project Manager, with a group in the White House presenting the spacecraft's famous picture Number 11 of Mars to US President
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516:, mounted on the body with counter-axes pointing 70° and 135° from the solar direction, to measure the intensity and direction of low-energy particles.
191:
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failure on December 8, 1964, but experimenters were able to recalibrate the instrument and still interpret the data. The images returned showed a
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978:(D/Swift) comet, and even made a flyby of that comet's possibly shattered nucleus at 20 million kilometres (12 million miles).
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with a 1.05° by 1.05° field of view, a shutter and red/green filter assembly with 0.08 and 0.20 second exposure times, a slow scan
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J. J. O'Gallagher; J. A. Simpson (September 10, 1965). "Search for Trapped Electrons and a Magnetic Moment at Mars by Mariner IV".
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427:, returning the first close-up pictures of the Martian surface. It captured the first images of another planet ever returned from
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probe, mounted on the body pointing 10° from the solar direction, to measure the very low energy charged particle flux from the
5553:
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J. A. Van Allen; L. A. Frank; et al. (September 10, 1965). "Absence of Martian Radiation Belts and Implications Thereof".
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shroud and that this could have caused the spring-loaded separation mechanism to become tangled and fail to detach properly.
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of 4.1 to 7.0 millibars (410 to 700 Pa) and daytime temperatures of â100 °C (â148 °F) were estimated. No
783:
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1983:
Robert B. Leighton; Bruce C. Murray; et al. (August 6, 1965). "Mariner IV Photography of Mars: Initial Results".
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telescope, mounted inside the body pointing in anti-solar direction, to measure the direction and energy spectrum of
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Edward J. Smith; Leverett Davis, Jr.; et al. (September 10, 1965). "Magnetic Field Measurements Near Mars".
881:, the velocity change with about 2.5% accuracy. After the maneuver, Mariner 4 was on course for Mars as planned.
762:
2339:
Steven D. Kilston; Robert R. Drummond; Carl Sagan (1966). "A Search for Life on Earth at Kilometer Resolution".
472:
which extended from the ends. A 104.1 cm Ă 66.0 cm (41.0 in Ă 26.0 in) elliptical
6282:
5377:
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3702:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
740:
2447:
5437:
5207:
4800:
3451:
2583:
2467:
1541:
1013:). All instruments operated successfully with the exception of a part of the ionization chamber, namely the
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769:
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3507:
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1451:
Hugh R. Anderson (September 10, 1965). "Initial Results, Spacecraft Description and Encounter Sequence".
1284:
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were attached to the top of the frame with an end-to-end span of 6.88 meters (22.6 ft), including
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was 7 km/s (4.3 mi/s) relative to Mars, 1.7 km/s (1.1 mi/s) relative to Earth.
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65:
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( ¡ ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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4771:
4414:
3831:
3117:
2722:
1017:, which failed in February 1965. In addition, the plasma probe had its performance degraded by a
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detector, mounted on the body with microphone plate approximately perpendicular to the plane of
431:; their depiction of a cratered, dead planet largely changed the scientific community's view of
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frame, 127 cm (50 in) across a diagonal and 45.7 cm (18.0 in) high. Four
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2018:
1496:
Glenn A. Reiff (January 28, 1966). "Mariner IV: Developing the Scientific Experiment".
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It eventually joined its sibling, Mariner 3, dead ... in a large orbit around the sun.
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607:) thrust, installed on one of the sides of the octagonal structure. The space probe's
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detector registered 17 hits in a 15-minute span on September 15, part of an apparent
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Mosaic of frames 1 and 2. The Martian atmosphere is visible over the planet's limb.
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for the instruments and the radio transmitter of Mariner 4 was supplied by 28,224
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The first digital image from Mars hand-colored like a paint-by-numbers picture
435:. Other mission objectives were to perform field and particle measurements in
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The total data returned by the mission was 5.2 million bits (about 634
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Astronautics and Aeronautics: Chronology of Science, Technology, and Policy
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419:. Launched on November 28, 1964, Mariner 4 performed the first successful
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JPL Technical Memorandum No. 33-229, To Mars: The Odyssey of Mariner IV
1121:
743: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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used photographs from Mariner 4 to elucidate Mars' geologic history.
700:
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6245:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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After Sun acquisition, the Canopus star tracker went searching for
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1711:"MAVEN Continues Mars Exploration Begun 50 Years Ago by Mariner 4"
827:, the protective shroud covering Mariner 4 was jettisoned and the
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W. C. Goss (May 1, 1970). "The Mariner Spacecraft Star Sensors".
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The telecommunications equipment on Mariner 4 consisted of dual
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was mounted at the top of the frame as well. An omnidirectional
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Processed images and mosaics from the Mariner 4 mission to Mars
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were terminated. The spacecraft is now derelict in an exterior
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2677:
1348:"Mariner IV â First Flyby of Mars: Some personal experiences"
1318:"Mariner IV â First Flyby of Mars: Some personal experiences"
1138:
647:
628:
550:
416:
272:
262:
1202:(Radio occultation for atmosphere data at Pluto in 2015, on
5695:
4554:
4180:
3858:
2603:
2387:
1950:
1840:
1805:
1748:
1718:
1688:
1654:
1624:
1549:
1418:
1381:
1292:
1234:
1022:
688:
Mariner 4 is prepared for a weight test on November 1, 1963
624:
615:
gas jets mounted on the ends of the solar panels and three
424:
321:
54:
43:
539:
5568:
2286:
Frank B. Salisbury (April 6, 1962). "Martian Biology".
1128:. Life on Mars had been the subject of speculation and
557:, distribution, density, and direction of cosmic dust.
599:, via a four-jet vane vector control motor, with 222-
1916:
Destination Mars: New Explorations of the Red Planet
1152:
1037:
or, again surprisingly, surface water was detected.
2433:
Space Flight Operations Plan Mariner Mars '64 (PDF)
2207:"Bruce C. Murray, NASA space scientist, dies at 81"
3521:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
3366:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
2285:
825:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12
3437:
1939:
884:
16:First successful NASA mission to Mars (1964â1967)
6254:
3740:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
1450:
2598:
2029:
1891:
1495:
907:communication with the spacecraft until 1967.
6241:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
5554:
3725:
3178:
2584:
2468:
1865:
1830:
1785:. Vol. 24, no. 4. pp. 126â136.
1120:Images of craters and measurements of a thin
959:Micrometeoroid hits and end of communications
2204:
1868:"Has the Mariner Meteor Mystery Been Solved"
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1639:
1079:The clearest Mariner 4 image showing craters
443:
277:234,867,290 kilometers (145,939,770 mi)
267:166,052,670 kilometers (103,180,350 mi)
247:199,591,220 kilometers (124,020,230 mi)
2369:
1978:
1976:
1708:
1345:
1315:
6288:Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Agena rockets
5561:
5547:
3732:
3718:
3447:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
2591:
2577:
2475:
2461:
1574:
831:/Mariner 4 combination separated from the
76:
27:
6263:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
3482:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
2279:
2173:
2135:
1859:
1824:
1776:
1763:
1341:
1339:
1311:
1309:
910:
803:Learn how and when to remove this message
4011:
1973:
1913:
1907:
1789:
1678:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
993:
914:
699:
691:
683:
588:was also used for maneuvers and backup.
447:
2332:
2198:
1681:"55 Years Ago: Mariner 4 First to Mars"
1570:
1568:
1566:
1444:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
953:Processed first digital image from Mars
638:transmitters (with either a seven-watt
6255:
2226:
1885:
1732:
1611:
1534:
1425:. 1965. pp. 21â23. Archived from
1336:
1306:
5542:
3713:
3351:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2572:
2456:
2082:
1702:
1672:
871:
487:The scientific instruments included:
2377:"Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars"
1795:
1563:
1489:
1395:
1366:
1248:
1219:
741:adding citations to reliable sources
712:
5523:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
2482:
13:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2625:List of artificial objects on Mars
1892:Paul E. Filmer (January 5, 2004).
1055:The first digital image from Mars
839:
679:
361:Geiger counter/ionization chamber
14:
6299:
3638:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2417:
1866:Tony Phillips (August 24, 2006).
1833:"Mariner Meteor Mystery, Solved?"
1831:Tony Phillips (August 23, 2006).
696:Mariner 4 TV Camera Scan Platform
3326:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
2205:Matt Schudel (August 30, 2013).
1894:"Beagle! Here Beagle, Beagle..."
1709:Bob Granath (November 4, 2014).
1155:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
946:
934:
717:
440:with Mariner 4 were terminated.
413:fourth in a series of spacecraft
307:July 14, 1965, 21:00:57 UTC
5492:International Lunar Observatory
4303:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
3497:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
3303:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
2428:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1957:. March 3, 1965. Archived from
728:needs additional citations for
642:cavity amplifier or a ten watt
1947:"NASA Press Release 1965-0319"
1779:"The Re-Designed Solar System"
1679:John Uri (November 26, 2019).
885:Data transmission rate reduced
864:were acquired before Canopus.
343:9,846 kilometers (6,118 miles)
88:
1:
5438:High Resolution Stereo Camera
3452:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2257:10.1126/science.149.3689.1243
2166:10.1126/science.149.3689.1228
2113:10.1126/science.149.3689.1241
2060:10.1126/science.149.3689.1233
1475:10.1126/science.149.3689.1226
1212:
893:
133:260.8 kilograms (575 lb)
102:3 years and 23 days
2363:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90010-8
2007:10.1126/science.149.3684.627
1520:10.1126/science.151.3709.413
1145:5.36 billion in 2023).
7:
6278:Spacecraft launched in 1964
4369:Radiation Budget Instrument
3376:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
3321:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
3297:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
2665:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2310:10.1126/science.136.3510.17
1798:"Mariner 4 paint-by-number"
1647:"Mariner 3 - Mars Missions"
1542:"Mariner 4: Mars TV Camera"
1374:"Mariner 4 â Mars Missions"
1350:. p. 2. Archived from
1320:. p. 1. Archived from
1148:
1005:(center right) in July 1965
667:based on precision tracking
367:Trapped radiation detector
162:November 28, 1964, 14:22:01
10:
6304:
4695:Infrared Space Observatory
2443:Ted Stryk's Mariner 4 page
2394:. May 1996. Archived from
1227:"Mariner 4 - NASA Science"
1115:Mosaic of frames 11 and 12
989:
966:resumed in late 1967. The
514:trapped radiation detector
460:consisted of an octagonal
6235:
5593:
5505:
5482:
5461:
5430:
5399:
5364:
5355:
5275:
5265:
5223:
5191:
5184:
5175:
5149:
5133:
5124:
5051:
5035:
5026:
4960:
4926:
4917:
4875:
4866:
4793:
4784:
4662:
4621:
4612:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4540:
4533:
4405:
4259:
4252:
4199:
4020:
4002:
3830:
3745:
3700:
3651:
3620:
3554:
3545:
3433:
3343:
3261:
3254:
3174:
3137:
3072:
2974:
2865:
2795:
2788:
2759:
2706:
2683:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
2640:
2633:
2610:
2548:
2490:
2424:Mariner 4 Mission Profile
1103:Mosaic of frames 9 and 10
708:
444:Spacecraft and subsystems
373:
356:
351:
347:
339:
327:
319:
315:
311:
301:
291:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
231:
226:
222:
218:
210:
205:
201:
197:
184:
174:
158:
153:
149:
145:
137:
129:
124:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
119:
114:
110:
106:
98:
85:
64:
50:
39:
35:
26:
5518:Inertial Stellar Compass
4883:Raman Laser Spectrometer
3633:Mars Exploration Program
2615:List of missions to Mars
1781:. For Your Information.
1777:Willy Lee (April 1966).
1176:List of missions to Mars
646:amplifier) and a single
611:was provided by 12 cold
5513:Deep Space Atomic Clock
4772:Venus Emissivity Mapper
2723:Mars Science Laboratory
1035:Martian radiation belts
919:Mariner 4 tape recorder
452:Mariner 3 and 4 diagram
331:July 15, 1965, 01:00:57
3092:Mars Exploration Rover
2782:
2774:
2766:
1783:Galaxy Science Fiction
1006:
920:
911:First image hand drawn
705:
697:
689:
453:
166:1964-11-28UTC14:22:01Z
6283:Derelict space probes
5528:Plasma Wave Subsystem
4639:Multispectral Scanner
3963:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3767:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3287:(2024, flyby in 2025)
3279:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2858:(2023, flyby in 2026)
2849:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
2781:
2773:
2765:
2620:List of Mars orbiters
997:
918:
703:
695:
687:
451:
363:Helium magnetometer
359:Cosmic ray telescope
357:Cosmic dust detector
232:Reference system
115:Spacecraft properties
5577:Orbital launches in
4496:Mars Climate Orbiter
4138:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
3643:Mars Next Generation
3602:Permanent settlement
3492:Mars Surveyor Lander
2958:Mars Climate Orbiter
2944:Mars Global Surveyor
1812:on December 31, 2022
1354:on December 30, 2008
1346:Bill Momsen (2006).
1316:Bill Momsen (2006).
1027:atmospheric pressure
737:improve this article
566:Cassegrain telescope
470:solar pressure vanes
437:interplanetary space
6197:Surveyor Mass Model
5453:Mars Orbiter Camera
2600:Spacecraft missions
2355:1966Icar....5...79K
2302:1962Sci...136...17S
2249:1965Sci...149.1243K
2243:(3689): 1243â1248.
2212:The Washington Post
2158:1965Sci...149.1228V
2152:(3689): 1228â1233.
2105:1965Sci...149.1241S
2099:(3689): 1241â1242.
2052:1965Sci...149.1233O
2046:(3689): 1233â1239.
1999:1965Sci...149..627L
1961:on October 19, 2008
1627:. 1971. 19720013159
1597:10.1364/AO.9.001056
1589:1970ApOpt...9.1056G
1546:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1512:1966Sci...151..413R
1467:1965Sci...149.1226A
1461:(3689): 1226â1228.
1289:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1171:Exploration of Mars
704:Launch of Mariner 4
665:Celestial mechanics
644:traveling-wave tube
586:silver-zinc battery
365:Solar plasma probe
263:Perihelion altitude
23:
5431:Imagers/telescopes
4579:Spectrophotometers
3628:Mars Scout Program
3467:Mars 4NM & 5NM
3391:Mars Micro Orbiter
3381:Mars Geyser Hopper
2783:
2775:
2767:
2552:Previous mission:
1620:Mariner-Venus 1967
1163:Spaceflight portal
1015:GeigerâMĂźller tube
1007:
984:heliocentric orbit
921:
872:Midcourse maneuver
823:After launch from
706:
698:
690:
503:ionization chamber
454:
287:2.544 degrees
227:Orbital parameters
179:Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
21:
6250:
6249:
5536:
5535:
5473:Rosalind Franklin
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5382:Rosalind Franklin
5357:Mass spectrometer
5351:
5350:
5287:Rosalind Franklin
5261:
5260:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5120:
5119:
5028:Triaxial fluxgate
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4887:Rosalind Franklin
4862:
4861:
4786:UV-visible (UVVS)
4780:
4779:
4676:Rosalind Franklin
4614:Visible-IR (VIRS)
4608:
4607:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4529:
4528:
4248:
4247:
4060:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
3707:
3706:
3696:
3695:
3667:The Case for Mars
3577:Atmospheric entry
3541:
3540:
3472:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
3429:
3428:
3406:Next Mars Orbiter
3314:Rosalind Franklin
3250:
3249:
3170:
3169:
3025:Mars Polar Lander
2757:
2756:
2651:2001 Mars Odyssey
2566:
2565:
1993:(3689): 627â630.
1949:(Press release).
1929:978-1-61614-589-7
1914:Rod Pyle (2012).
1506:(3709): 413â417.
1186:Space exploration
1003:Lyndon B. Johnson
813:
812:
805:
787:
660:Radio occultation
562:television camera
553:, to measure the
477:parabolic antenna
409:Mariner-Mars 1964
398:
397:
273:Aphelion altitude
214:December 21, 1967
6295:
6268:Missions to Mars
5638:Jupiter Nosecone
5582:
5581:
5580:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5540:
5539:
5374:(Europa Clipper)
5362:
5361:
5323:(on ExoMars TGO)
5273:
5272:
5267:Neutral particle
5189:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5131:
5130:
5033:
5032:
5019:(Europa Clipper)
4924:
4923:
4873:
4872:
4791:
4790:
4619:
4618:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4538:
4537:
4534:Ultraviolet (UV)
4257:
4256:
4253:Infrared-visible
4018:
4017:
4009:
4008:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3673:Inspiration Mars
3660:The Mars Project
3552:
3551:
3435:
3434:
3259:
3258:
3176:
3175:
2793:
2792:
2638:
2637:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2448:Mariner 4 photos
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2175:2060/19650024318
2139:
2133:
2132:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1920:Prometheus Books
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1847:on April 6, 2009
1843:. Archived from
1837:science.nasa.gov
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1808:. Archived from
1793:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1583:(5): 1056â1067.
1572:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1408:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1324:on June 20, 2002
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1281:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1231:science.nasa.gov
1223:
1181:Mariner (crater)
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
964:Data acquisition
950:
938:
808:
801:
797:
794:
788:
786:
745:
721:
713:
627:, or the planet
609:attitude control
481:low-gain antenna
334:
328:Closest approach
297:567.11 days
169:
167:
154:Start of mission
99:Mission duration
90:
81:
80:
74:
31:
24:
20:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6273:Mariner program
6253:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6231:
5857:Atlas-Centaur 3
5664:Zond 3MV-1 No.2
5589:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5537:
5532:
5501:
5484:
5478:
5457:
5426:
5387:
5347:
5257:
5219:
5177:
5163:
5158:CassiniâHuygens
5145:
5116:
5060:CassiniâHuygens
5047:
5022:
4956:
4905:
4858:
4806:Mariner 6 and 7
4776:
4722:Mariner 6 and 7
4658:
4604:
4586:Long wavelength
4566:
4525:
4454:Mariner 6 and 7
4401:
4330:MESSR and VTIR
4244:
4214:Electra (radio)
4208:Cassini-Huygens
4195:
3998:
3848:CassiniâHuygens
3826:
3754:CassiniâHuygens
3741:
3738:
3708:
3703:
3692:
3647:
3616:
3537:
3439:
3425:
3371:Mars Base Alpha
3361:Icebreaker Life
3339:
3246:
3228:Mars 3MS No.170
3180:
3166:
3133:
3068:
3019:Mars Pathfinder
2970:
2861:
2820:Mariner 6 and 7
2784:
2776:
2768:
2753:
2702:
2629:
2606:
2597:
2567:
2562:
2556:âNext mission:
2544:
2486:
2484:Mariner program
2481:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2401:on May 25, 2018
2398:
2386:. Fact Sheets.
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2337:
2333:
2296:(3510): 17â26.
2284:
2280:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2140:
2136:
2087:
2083:
2034:
2030:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1922:. p. 348.
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1751:. 1965. SP-4006
1744:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1573:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1494:
1490:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1432:on July 3, 2007
1429:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1130:science fiction
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1041:Bruce C. Murray
992:
961:
954:
951:
942:
939:
913:
896:
887:
874:
842:
840:Lock on Canopus
833:Atlas-D booster
809:
798:
792:
789:
746:
744:
734:
722:
711:
682:
680:Mission profile
529:alpha particles
446:
403:(together with
394:
393:
387:
380:
377:Mariner program
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
332:
243:Semi-major axis
165:
163:
75:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6301:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6248:
6247:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5808:Molniya-1 No.2
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5368:
5366:
5365:Interplanetary
5359:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5279:
5277:
5276:Interplanetary
5270:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5224:Interplanetary
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5153:
5151:
5150:Interplanetary
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5052:Interplanetary
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5010:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4961:Interplanetary
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4890:
4879:
4877:
4876:Interplanetary
4870:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4794:Interplanetary
4788:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4751:Europa Clipper
4736:
4731:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4663:Interplanetary
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4593:Interplanetary
4587:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4406:Interplanetary
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4328:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4203:
4201:
4200:Interplanetary
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3859:ExoMars lander
3856:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Mars Institute
3675:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3508:Northern Light
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3277:Europa Clipper
3274:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Mars 2M No.521
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2919:Phobos program
2916:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2898:Viking program
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2419:
2418:External links
2416:
2413:
2412:
2368:
2349:(1â6): 79â98.
2331:
2292:. New Series.
2278:
2239:. New Series.
2225:
2197:
2148:. New Series.
2134:
2095:. New Series.
2081:
2042:. New Series.
2028:
1989:. New Series.
1972:
1938:
1928:
1906:
1884:
1858:
1823:
1788:
1762:
1731:
1701:
1671:
1638:
1610:
1577:Applied Optics
1562:
1533:
1502:. New Series.
1488:
1457:. New Series.
1443:
1394:
1365:
1335:
1305:
1247:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1147:
1137:which went to
1118:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1031:magnetic field
991:
988:
972:micrometeoroid
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
945:
943:
940:
933:
912:
909:
895:
892:
886:
883:
873:
870:
841:
838:
811:
810:
725:
723:
716:
710:
707:
681:
678:
669:
668:
662:
590:Monopropellant
578:electric power
574:
573:
558:
543:
532:
517:
510:
507:Geiger counter
499:
456:The Mariner 4
445:
442:
423:of the planet
396:
395:
388:
382:
381:
374:
371:
370:
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
329:
325:
324:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
206:End of mission
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:Cape Canaveral
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:310 watts
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
83:
82:
68:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6300:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:Strela-1 No.8
6101:
6099:
6098:
6097:Strela-1 No.7
6094:
6092:
6091:
6090:Strela-1 No.6
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:Apollo AS-102
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Apollo AS-101
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5754:Transit 5BN-3
5751:
5749:
5748:
5747:Luna E-6 No.5
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5703:Luna E-6 No.6
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:Venus Express
5301:ASPERA-4 (on
5300:
5297:
5296:
5292:ASPERA-3 (on
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:Ion detectors
5183:
5180:
5174:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5111:Venus Express
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
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4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4351:(Terra, Aqua)
4350:
4347:
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4342:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
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4323:
4319:
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4088:
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4078:
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4068:
4066:
4065:DMSP 5D-2/F16
4063:
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4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
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4031:
4029:
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4019:
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4005:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:Venus Express
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
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3855:
3852:
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3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3832:Radio science
3829:
3823:
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3813:
3810:
3808:
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3803:
3800:
3798:
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3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Human mission
3595:
3593:
3592:Sample return
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
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2937:Mars Observer
2934:
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2250:
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2201:
2193:
2189:
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2176:
2171:
2167:
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2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
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2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1888:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Directed Play
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1720:
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1407:
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1399:
1383:
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1312:
1310:
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1274:
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1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
999:Jack N. James
996:
987:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
949:
944:
937:
932:
931:
930:
927:
917:
908:
904:
900:
891:
882:
880:
869:
865:
863:
862:Gamma Velorum
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
807:
804:
796:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754: â
753:
749:
748:Find sources:
742:
738:
732:
731:
726:This section
724:
720:
715:
714:
702:
694:
686:
677:
675:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
652:tape recorder
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:was used for
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
489:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
450:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392: →
391:
386:
383:←
379:
378:
372:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
326:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
84:
79:
73:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
6242:
6238:
6207:Transit 5E-5
6174:
6164:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6071:
6059:
6055:Dragsphere 2
6050:Dragsphere 1
5992:
5855:
5848:
5806:
5761:Transit 5E-4
5759:
5752:
5745:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5662:
5483:Astronomical
5472:
5469:MicrOmega-IR
5419:
5412:
5409:(on InSight)
5400:Seismometers
5381:
5340:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5295:Mars Express
5293:
5286:
5250:
5156:
5126:Helium vapor
5109:
5102:
5095:
5080:
5058:
5004:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4919:Magnetometer
4898:Perseverance
4897:
4886:
4851:
4844:
4817:
4810:
4726:
4704:
4700:
4675:
4518:
4511:
4487:
4480:
4458:
4415:Schiaparelli
4413:
4412:COMARS+ (on
4327:Kanopus-V-IK
4237:
4229:
4218:
4206:
3991:
3984:
3972:
3955:
3948:
3936:
3929:
3924:Mars Express
3922:
3897:
3880:
3863:
3846:
3839:
3759:
3752:
3683:Mars Society
3665:
3658:
3612:Terraforming
3607:Colonization
3533:Voyager Mars
3525:
3513:
3506:
3332:
3312:
3283:
3270:Mangalyaan-2
3269:
3188:Mars 1M No.1
3147:
3127:
3111:
3097:
3085:
3061:
3054:
3048:Schiaparelli
3047:
3039:
3029:Deep Space 2
3018:
3011:
3004:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2909:
2902:
2854:
2841:
2834:
2809:
2736:Perseverance
2735:
2716:
2695:
2688:
2663:
2658:Mars Express
2656:
2649:
2509:
2405:September 2,
2403:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2384:jpl.nasa.gov
2383:
2371:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2210:
2200:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2043:
2037:
2031:
1990:
1984:
1965:February 13,
1963:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1941:
1933:
1915:
1909:
1899:February 12,
1887:
1877:February 11,
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1861:
1851:February 11,
1849:. Retrieved
1845:the original
1836:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1801:
1791:
1782:
1753:. Retrieved
1740:
1734:
1724:December 19,
1722:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1684:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1651:jpl.nasa.gov
1650:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1619:
1613:
1580:
1576:
1553:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1385:. Retrieved
1378:jpl.nasa.gov
1377:
1368:
1358:February 11,
1356:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1328:February 11,
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1296:. Retrieved
1288:
1240:November 30,
1238:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1205:New Horizons
1203:
1198:New Horizons
1197:
1143:
1126:life on Mars
1119:
1039:
1008:
980:
962:
922:
905:
901:
897:
888:
875:
866:
843:
822:
818:
814:
799:
790:
780:
773:
766:
759:
747:
735:Please help
730:verification
727:
670:
633:
575:
570:vidicon tube
496:magnetometer
486:
484:regulators.
466:solar panels
455:
433:life on Mars
408:
400:
399:
375:
253:Eccentricity
236:Heliocentric
211:Last contact
120:Manufacturer
40:Mission type
18:
6222:Explorer 26
6212:San Marco 1
6160:Explorer 25
6155:Explorer 24
6145:Explorer 23
6067:Explorer 22
6030:Explorer 21
5485:instruments
5462:Microscopes
4128:Meteor-M2-1
4117:Meteor-3M-1
3547:Exploration
3396:MELOS rover
3299:(mid 2020s)
3238:Fobos-Grunt
3112:Opportunity
1436:February 1,
1285:"Mariner 4"
1208:spacecraft)
1191:Space probe
968:cosmic dust
752:"Mariner 4"
582:solar cells
547:cosmic dust
352:Instruments
283:Inclination
185:Launch site
159:Launch date
130:Launch mass
6257:Categories
6192:Titan 3A-1
5994:Titan 3A-2
5888:Elektron 4
5883:Elektron 3
5648:Elektron 2
5643:Elektron 1
5192:Near-Earth
5134:Near-Earth
5104:Pioneer 11
5036:Near-Earth
4974:Pioneer 10
4927:Near-Earth
4812:Mariner 10
4622:Near-Earth
4541:Near-Earth
4494:PMIRR (on
4482:Pioneer 10
4460:Mariner 10
4382:Sentinel-3
4260:Near-Earth
4151:Sentinel-3
4122:MTVZA-GYa
4085:Kanopus-ST
4034:Sentinel-6
4021:Near-Earth
4004:Radiometer
3854:Europa-UVS
3621:Strategies
3515:Red Dragon
3477:Mars-Aster
3421:Sky-Sailor
3416:Phootprint
3386:Mars-Grunt
3203:2MV-3 No.1
3198:2MV-4 No.1
3150:helicopter
2965:Mangalyaan
2540:Mariner 10
2218:August 31,
1897:Retrieved
1872:Mars Daily
1816:January 4,
1796:Dan Good.
1755:January 2,
1417:(Report).
1387:August 30,
1213:References
1122:atmosphere
894:Mars flyby
763:newspapers
597:propulsion
521:cosmic ray
458:spacecraft
429:deep space
411:) was the
6239:underline
6187:Kosmos 51
6176:DS-2 No.2
6165:Mariner 4
6140:Mariner 3
6125:Kosmos 50
6120:Kosmos 49
6079:Kosmos 48
6073:Voskhod 1
6040:Kosmos 47
6025:Kosmos 46
6005:Kosmos 45
5988:Kosmos 44
5983:Kosmos 43
5978:Kosmos 42
5973:Kosmos 41
5958:Kosmos 40
5953:Kosmos 39
5948:Kosmos 38
5933:Kosmos 37
5923:Kosmos 36
5898:Kosmos 35
5863:Kosmos 34
5844:Kosmos 33
5834:OPS 4467B
5829:OPS 4467A
5819:Kosmos 32
5814:Kosmos 31
5782:Kosmos 30
5772:Kosmos 29
5731:Kosmos 28
5716:Kosmos 27
5690:Kosmos 26
5670:Kosmos 25
5623:OPS 3367B
5618:OPS 3367A
5608:SOLRAD 7A
5497:MoonLIGHT
5335:Mariner 2
5315:Curiosity
5241:Mariner 2
5178:detectors
5097:MESSENGER
5076:Mariner 2
4988:Voyager 1
4846:Voyager 1
4819:MESSENGER
4728:MESSENGER
4713:(on Juno)
4701:Voyager 1
4644:SCIAMACHY
4513:Voyager 1
4476:2M No.522
4471:2M No.521
4392:Suomi NPP
4220:Mariner 2
4125:Meteor-M2
4112:, MOS-1b)
4013:Microwave
3986:Voyager 1
3944:Pioneer 7
3931:MESSENGER
3888:Mariner 2
3688:Mars race
3502:NetLander
3462:Marsokhod
3440:proposals
3438:Cancelled
3242:Yinghuo-1
3223:Mariner 8
3218:2M No.522
3208:Mariner 3
3160:Mars 2020
3148:Ingenuity
3086:Sojourner
3062:Tianwen-1
2883:Mariner 9
2810:Mariner 4
2742:Mars 2020
2717:Curiosity
2696:Tianwen-1
2558:Mariner 5
2554:Mariner 3
2535:Mariner 9
2530:Mariner 8
2525:Mariner 7
2520:Mariner 6
2515:Mariner 5
2510:Mariner 4
2505:Mariner 3
2500:Mariner 2
2495:Mariner 1
1694:August 5,
1555:April 29,
1135:Mariner 5
976:D/1895 Q1
850:Alderamin
793:July 2019
676:in 1967.
674:Mariner 5
603:(50
593:hydrazine
474:high-gain
462:magnesium
407:known as
405:Mariner 3
401:Mariner 4
390:Mariner 5
385:Mariner 3
369:TV camera
320:Flyby of
72:1964-077A
66:COSPAR ID
22:Mariner 4
6227:OPS 3762
6217:OPS 3358
6202:OPS 6582
6182:OPS 4439
6150:OPS 3360
6135:OPS 3062
6130:OPS 5434
6115:OPS 5063
6110:OPS 4384
6084:OPS 3559
6061:OPS 4036
6045:OPS 5798
6035:OPS 3333
6020:OPS 4262
6010:OPS 3497
5968:OPS 2739
5963:Syncom 3
5943:OPS 3216
5938:OPS 3802
5928:OPS 3042
5918:Ranger 7
5893:OPS 3491
5878:OPS 4923
5873:OPS 3684
5868:OPS 3395
5839:OPS 3754
5824:OPS 3236
5802:OPS 3483
5797:OPS 4412
5787:OPS 3592
5777:OPS 2921
5767:OPS 3743
5741:Polyot 2
5736:Gemini 1
5710:OPS 3467
5685:OPS 3435
5680:OPS 3722
5675:OPS 2423
5658:OPS 3444
5653:Ranger 6
5414:Viking 1
5333:SPS (on
5283:ADRON-RM
5269:detector
5236:ASPERA-4
5231:ASPERA-3
5176:Particle
4939:QuakeSat
4739:E-THEMIS
4502:Venera 9
4344:Meteor-2
4322:ADEOS II
4134:Nimbus 7
4080:GPM Core
4047:ADEOS II
3980:Venera 9
3968:Sakigake
3882:Magellan
3841:Akatsuki
3792:Venera 4
3761:Magellan
3652:Advocacy
3587:Aircraft
3555:Concepts
3487:Mars One
3457:Beagle 3
3344:Proposed
3334:Kazachok
3317:) (2028)
3291:EscaPADE
3181:launches
3139:Aircraft
3118:timeline
3104:timeline
3046:ExoMars
3034:Beagle 2
3012:Viking 2
3005:Viking 1
2929:Phobos 2
2924:Phobos 1
2911:Viking 2
2904:Viking 1
2866:Orbiters
2747:timeline
2728:timeline
2671:timeline
2642:Orbiters
2326:39512870
2318:17779780
2273:34369864
2265:17747455
2192:29117648
2184:17747451
2129:43466009
2121:17747454
2076:21249845
2068:17747452
2023:43407530
2015:17747569
1715:nasa.gov
1685:nasa.gov
1664:July 13,
1631:July 29,
1605:20076329
1528:17798511
1483:17747450
1149:See also
1019:resistor
879:accuracy
613:nitrogen
555:momentum
534:A solar
340:Distance
51:Operator
6243:italics
5908:Vela 2B
5903:Vela 2A
5721:Ariel 2
5628:Relay 2
5613:SECOR 1
5598:Poppy 3
5342:Ulysses
5252:Ulysses
5213:Proba-2
5199:DEMETER
4950:Proba-2
4941:1 and 2
4893:SHERLOC
4683:MA-MISS
4560:Proba-2
4466:Mars 96
4449:Luna 13
4436:InSight
4422:Diviner
4396:NOAA-21
4380:SLSTR (
4305:NOAA-20
4296:AVNIR-2
4239:Rosetta
4191:Zond-PP
4140:Sich-1M
4115:MTVZA (
4075:Envisat
4054:Shizuku
4052:AMSR2 (
4032:AMR-C (
3871:InSight
3865:Galileo
3572:Landing
3567:Orbiter
3356:DePhine
3309:ExoMars
3262:Planned
3233:Mars 96
3193:1M No.2
3155:flights
3128:Zhurong
3055:InSight
3040:Phoenix
2976:Landers
2836:Rosetta
2698:orbiter
2351:Bibcode
2298:Bibcode
2289:Science
2245:Bibcode
2236:Science
2154:Bibcode
2145:Science
2101:Bibcode
2092:Science
2048:Bibcode
2039:Science
1995:Bibcode
1986:Science
1585:Bibcode
1508:Bibcode
1499:Science
1463:Bibcode
1454:Science
990:Results
854:Regulus
846:Canopus
829:Agena-D
777:scholar
621:Canopus
525:protons
257:0.17322
164: (
87:SATCAT
6170:Zond 2
5913:ERS-13
5726:Zond 1
5633:Echo 2
5603:GGSE-1
5586:1965 â
5571:â 1963
5475:rover)
5443:HiRISE
5384:rover)
5372:MASPEX
5328:Nozomi
5289:rover)
5071:Magsat
5066:FIELDS
5013:ICEMAG
4968:FIELDS
4889:rover)
4835:SPICAV
4830:SPICAM
4767:SPICAV
4762:SPICAM
4699:IRIS (
4549:EURECA
4375:GCOM-C
4373:SGLI (
4363:EURECA
4356:JERS-1
4146:Seasat
4099:MOPITT
4045:AMSR (
4042:(AQUA)
4040:AMSR-E
3938:Nozomi
3876:Kaguya
3822:WISDOM
3787:MARSIS
3782:SHARAD
3777:SELENE
3772:REASON
3401:MetNet
3305:(2026)
3293:(2024)
3273:(2024)
3255:Future
3179:Failed
3098:Spirit
3080:PrOP-M
3073:Rovers
3064:lander
2999:Mars 7
2994:Mars 6
2989:Mars 3
2984:Mars 2
2951:Nozomi
2893:Mars 5
2888:Mars 4
2878:Mars 3
2873:Mars 2
2855:Psyche
2830:Mars 7
2825:Mars 6
2815:Zond 2
2805:Mars 1
2797:Flybys
2708:Rovers
2634:Active
2342:Icarus
2324:
2316:
2271:
2263:
2190:
2182:
2127:
2119:
2074:
2066:
2021:
2013:
1926:
1603:
1526:
1481:
1298:May 3,
926:pastel
860:, and
779:
772:
765:
758:
750:
709:Launch
640:triode
636:S-band
601:newton
536:plasma
493:helium
333:
293:Period
175:Rocket
6000:OGO-1
5448:LORRI
5321:FREND
5141:Swarm
5043:Swarm
4900:rover
4868:Raman
4825:NOMAD
4801:Alice
4757:Ralph
4734:MERIS
4711:JIRAM
4678:rover
4670:AKARI
4547:ORI (
4388:VIIRS
4361:ORI (
4354:OPS (
4349:MODIS
4334:MOS-1
4320:GLI (
4301:CERES
4291:AVNIR
4280:Terra
4272:ASTER
4267:AVHRR
4186:WSF-M
4176:SSMIS
4171:SSM/I
4110:MOS-1
4108:MSR (
4103:Terra
4090:MIRAS
3746:Radar
3582:Rover
3562:Flyby
3527:Vesta
3411:PADME
2678:MAVEN
2399:(PDF)
2380:(PDF)
2322:S2CID
2269:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2125:S2CID
2072:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1745:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1415:(PDF)
1196:REX (
1139:Venus
784:JSTOR
770:books
648:radio
629:Venus
617:gyros
551:orbit
421:flyby
417:Earth
303:Epoch
192:LC-12
138:Power
46:flyby
5850:ESRS
5696:BE-A
5579:1964
5506:Misc
5407:SEIS
5378:MOMA
5313:(on
5208:DSLP
5206:and
5204:TPMU
5017:PIMS
5015:and
5006:Juno
4945:SGVM
4934:GOES
4749:(on
4747:SUDA
4743:MISE
4703:and
4688:ISEM
4654:TRMM
4634:MOMS
4629:CASE
4555:LYRA
4444:IRIS
4434:(on
4424:(on
4316:ERSS
4311:ERBS
4286:AIRS
4276:MISR
4231:Juno
4181:TRMM
4166:SMOS
4161:SMMR
4156:SMAP
4095:MISR
4070:ERSS
4028:AQUA
3908:6, 7
3284:Hera
2843:Dawn
2789:Past
2689:Hope
2604:Mars
2407:2014
2388:NASA
2314:PMID
2261:PMID
2220:2013
2180:PMID
2117:PMID
2064:PMID
2011:PMID
1967:2009
1951:NASA
1924:ISBN
1901:2009
1879:2009
1853:2009
1841:NASA
1818:2023
1806:NASA
1757:2019
1749:NASA
1726:2015
1719:NASA
1696:2022
1689:NASA
1666:2024
1655:NASA
1633:2022
1625:NASA
1601:PMID
1557:2012
1550:NASA
1524:PMID
1479:PMID
1438:2009
1419:NASA
1389:2022
1382:NASA
1360:2009
1330:2009
1300:2018
1293:NASA
1242:2022
1235:NASA
1023:Moon
858:Naos
756:news
625:Moon
576:The
527:and
425:Mars
322:Mars
55:NASA
44:Mars
5311:DAN
5246:SPS
5001:MAG
4840:UVS
4649:TES
4600:ISO
4432:HP3
4426:LRO
4226:MWR
2602:to
2426:by
2392:JPL
2359:doi
2306:doi
2294:136
2253:doi
2241:149
2170:hdl
2162:doi
2150:149
2109:doi
2097:149
2056:doi
2044:149
2003:doi
1991:149
1955:JPL
1659:JPL
1593:doi
1516:doi
1504:151
1471:doi
1459:149
1423:JPL
1033:or
739:by
605:lbf
540:Sun
501:An
335:UTC
170:UTC
94:942
89:no.
59:JPL
6259::
5091:10
4981:11
4745:,
4741:,
4507:10
4489:11
4394:,
4338:1b
4274:,
4097:,
3957:11
3950:10
3918:10
3817:16
3812:15
3807:10
3240:/
3027:/
2390:/
2382:.
2357:.
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2320:.
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2304:.
2267:.
2259:.
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2168:.
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1291:.
1287:.
1250:^
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1229:.
1141:.
1011:kB
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852:,
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