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through its built-in REPL environment. Autonomous control will enable future spacecraft to operate at greater distances from Earth and to carry out more sophisticated science-gathering activities in deep space. Components of the Remote Agent software have been used to support other NASA missions. Major components of Remote Agent were a robust planner (EUROPA), a plan-execution system (EXEC) and a model-based diagnostic system (Livingstone). EUROPA was used as a ground-based planner for the
642:. The asteroids in the inner Solar System move in relation to other bodies at a noticeable, predictable speed. Thus a spacecraft can determine its relative position by tracking such asteroids across the star background, which appears fixed over such timescales. Two or more asteroids let the spacecraft triangulate its position; two or more positions in time let the spacecraft determine its trajectory. Existing spacecraft are tracked by their interactions with the transmitters of the
775:
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485:
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27:
1122:. The star tracker determines spacecraft orientation by comparing the star field to its internal charts. The mission was saved when the MICAS camera was reprogrammed to substitute for the star tracker. Although MICAS is more sensitive, its field-of-view is an order of magnitude smaller, creating a greater information processing burden. Ironically, the star tracker was an off-the-shelf component, expected to be highly reliable.
1346:
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879:
898:. Because this band is higher in frequency than bands currently in use by deep-space missions, the same amount of data can be sent by smaller equipment in space and on the ground. Conversely, existing DSN antennas can split time among more missions. At the time of launch, the DSN had a small number of K
1114:
It was thought that the ion engine exhaust might interfere with other spacecraft systems, such as radio communications or the science instruments. The PEPE detectors had a secondary function to monitor such effects from the engine. No interference was found although the flux of ions from the thruster
1110:
The ion propulsion engine initially failed after 4.5 minutes of operation. However, it was later restored to action and performed excellently. Early in the mission, material ejected during launch vehicle separation caused the closely spaced ion extraction grids to short-circuit. The contamination was
1247:
succeeded in its primary and secondary objectives, returning valuable science data and images. DS1's ion engines were shut down on 18 December 2001 at approximately 20:00:00 UTC, signaling the end of the mission. On-board communications were set to remain in active mode in case the craft should
713:
had been used on Soviet and
Russian spacecraft. This lack of a performance history in space meant that despite the potential savings in propellant mass, the technology was considered too experimental to be used for high-cost missions. Furthermore, unforeseen side effects of ion propulsion might in
653:
The
Autonav system can also be used in reverse, tracking the position of bodies relative to the spacecraft. This is used to acquire targets for the scientific instruments. The spacecraft is programmed with the target's coarse location. After initial acquisition, Autonav keeps the subject in frame,
863:
on a predetermined frequency. Without data decoding, the carrier could be detected by much simpler ground antennas and receivers. If DS1 detected an anomaly, it changed the carrier between four tones, based on urgency. Ground receivers then signal operators to divert DSN resources. This prevented
1154:
The MICAS instrument was a design success, but the ultraviolet channel failed due to an electrical fault. Later in the mission, after the star tracker failure, MICAS assumed this duty as well. This caused continual interruptions in its scientific use during the remaining mission, including the
819:
and the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, was the first artificial-intelligence control system to control a spacecraft without human supervision. Remote Agent successfully demonstrated the ability to plan onboard activities and correctly diagnose and respond to simulated faults in spacecraft components
1196:
was intended to perform the flyby at 56,000 km/h (35,000 mph) at only 240 m (790 ft) from the asteroid. Due to technical difficulties, including a software crash shortly before approach, the craft instead passed
Braille at a distance of 26 km (16 mi). This, plus
927:
Once at a target, DS1 senses the particle environment with the PEPE (Plasma
Experiment for Planetary Exploration) instrument. This instrument measured the flux of ions and electrons as a function of their energy and direction. The composition of the ions was determined by using a
1132:
The
Autonav system required occasional manual corrections. Most problems were in identifying objects that were too dim, or were difficult to identify because of brighter objects causing diffraction spikes and reflections in the camera, causing Autonav to misidentify targets.
680:. The activity was sponsored by the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, developed originally for the SSI - Conestoga 1620 payload, METEOR. The concentrating lens technology was combined with dual-junction solar cells, which had considerably better performance than the
554:
and further engineering testing. Problems during its initial stages and with its star tracker led to repeated changes in mission configuration. While the flyby of the asteroid was only a partial success, the encounter with the comet retrieved valuable information.
1111:
eventually cleared, as the material was eroded by electrical arcing, sublimed by outgassing, or simply allowed to drift out. This was achieved by repeatedly restarting the engine in an engine repair mode, arcing across trapped material.
733:
of 1000â3000 seconds. This is an order of magnitude higher than traditional space propulsion methods, resulting in a mass savings of approximately half. This leads to much cheaper launch vehicles. Although the engine produces just 92
1215:
spacecraft. The PEPE instrument reported that the comet's solar wind interaction was offset from the nucleus. This is believed to be due to emission of jets, which were not distributed evenly across the comet's surface.
1070:
being added following the early success of the mission. It achieved an impaired flyby of
Braille and, due to problems with the star tracker, abandoned targeting WilsonâHarrington in order to maintain its flyby of comet
1201:, meant that the asteroid was not bright enough for the Autonav to focus the camera in the right direction, and the picture shoot was delayed by almost an hour. The resulting pictures were disappointingly indistinct.
1228:
fuel for its attitude control thrusters. The highly efficient ion thruster had a sufficient amount of propellant left to perform attitude control in addition to main propulsion, thus allowing the mission to continue.
1146:
an attitude control thruster (a small engine for controlling the spacecraft's orientation) stuck in the "off" position, which Remote Agent detected and compensated for by switching to a mode that did not rely on that
951:
Both PEPE and MICAS were similar in capabilities to larger instruments or suites of instruments on other spacecraft. They were designed to be smaller and require lower power than those used on previous missions.
1223:
then entered its second extended mission phase, focused on retesting the spacecraft's hardware technologies. The focus of this mission phase was on the ion engine systems. The spacecraft eventually ran out of
1204:
However, the flyby of Comet
Borrelly was a great success and returned extremely detailed images of the comet's surface. Such images were of higher resolution than the only previous pictures of a comet --
676:
to concentrate sunlight onto solar cells. ABLE Engineering developed the concentrator technology and built the solar array for DS1, with Entech Inc, who supplied the
Fresnel optics, and the NASA
944:) instrument combined visible light imaging with infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy to determine chemical composition. All channels share a 10 cm (3.9 in) telescope, which uses a
650:. However, DSN tracking requires many skilled operators, and the DSN is overburdened by its use as a communications network. The use of Autonav reduces mission cost and DSN demands.
2563:
668:
Primary power for the mission was produced by a new solar array technology, the Solar
Concentrator Array with Refractive Linear Element Technology (SCARLET), which uses linear
2857:
1219:
Despite having no debris shields, the spacecraft survived the comet passage intact. Once again, the sparse comet jets did not appear to point towards the spacecraft.
3516:
1302:
328:
5034:
4644:
2099:
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observed Mars with its MICAS instrument. Although this was a very distant flyby, the instrument did succeed in taking multiple infrared spectra of the planet.
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3333:
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be needed in the future. However, attempts to resume contact in March 2002 were unsuccessful. It remains within the Solar System, in orbit around the Sun.
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3526:
2815:
890:(SDST) is a compact and lightweight radio-communications system. Aside from using miniaturized components, the SDST is capable of communicating over the
859:
experiment. During the long cruise periods of the mission, spacecraft operations are essentially suspended. Instead of data, Deep Space 1 transmitted a
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as another extended mission was considered, but ultimately was not advanced due to cost concerns. During the mission, high quality infrared spectra of
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Without a working star tracker, ion thrusting was temporarily suspended. The loss of thrust time forced the cancellation of a flyby past comet
714:
some way interfere with typical scientific experiments, such as fields and particle measurements. Therefore, it was a primary mission of the
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skilled operators and expensive hardware from babysitting an unburdened mission operating nominally. A similar system was used on the
5260:
5239:
4978:
4973:
4826:
4796:
4679:
4559:
1406:
745:) thrust at maximal power (2,100 W on DS1), the craft achieved high speeds because ion engines thrust continuously for long periods.
5255:
1789:
5380:
4963:
3074:
2808:
2757:
1888:
1990:
5395:
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2649:
2481:
1098:
3841:
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1863:
91:
2028:
709:
missions in the 1960s, the technology had not been demonstrated in flight on United States spacecraft, though hundreds of
4419:
1143:
a failed sensor providing false information, which Remote Agent recognized as unreliable and therefore correctly ignored.
63:
1136:
The Remote Agent system was presented with three simulated failures on the spacecraft and correctly handled each event.
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3377:
2971:
2965:
2801:
1445:
4477:
4453:
3865:
3572:
3355:
3302:
3247:
2075:
2059:
1051:
110:
70:
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3420:
3212:
2424:
2341:
1299:
929:
762:
325:
5500:
3439:
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840:
5515:
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2543:
1469:
768:
Technicians installing ion engine #1 in the High Vacuum Tank in the Electric Propulsion Research Building, 1959
48:
77:
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2720:
844:
44:
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2959:
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Overall this constituted a successful demonstration of fully autonomous planning, diagnosis, and recovery.
887:
241:
550:, which was its primary science target. The mission was extended twice to include an encounter with comet
5510:
5350:
4443:
3947:
3813:
3757:
2934:
2290:
1673:
1598:
Rayman, Marc D.; Chadbourne, Pamela A.; Culwell, Jeffery S.; Williams, Steven N. (AugustâNovember 1999).
1440:
1232:
During late October and early November 1999, during the spacecraft's post-Braille encounter coast phase,
179:
59:
1952:
1630:
687:
The SCARLET arrays generated 2.5 kilowatts at 1 AU, with less size and weight than conventional arrays.
5495:
3849:
3392:
3079:
2036:
1577:. Deep Space 1 Technology Validation Symposium. 8â9 February 2000. Pasadena, California. Archived from
1359:
1126:
1067:
726:
3827:
3690:
3307:
3218:
2897:
2824:
2624:
2280:
647:
635:
166:
2174:
1939:
1728:
1545:
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4147:
3717:
3521:
3397:
3224:
3022:
2659:
2419:
2216:
656:
194:
173:
5458:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( ¡ ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
2044:
568:
and were intended to strike the surface of Mars (though contact was lost and the mission failed).
4385:
4311:
3762:
3685:
3382:
3230:
2941:
2868:
2764:
2742:
2679:
2206:
1976:"The Successful Conclusion of the Deep Space 1 Mission: Important Results without a Flashy Title"
1709:
910:
832:
643:
37:
4411:
4284:
4108:
3462:
3150:
3094:
2947:
2923:
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1934:
1848:
1540:
821:
536:
492:
1910:
Rayman, Marc D.; Varghese, Philip; Lehman, David H.; Livesay, Leslie L. (JulyâNovember 2000).
5075:
4406:
4125:
3821:
3725:
3235:
3099:
2634:
2450:
2305:
677:
654:
even commandeering the spacecraft's attitude control. The next spacecraft to use Autonav was
588:
was technology development and validation for future missions; 12 technologies were tested:
5411:
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4352:
4205:
4064:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4011:
3992:
3785:
3410:
3328:
3257:
3200:
3178:
3144:
3112:
3067:
3060:
2915:
2735:
2725:
2556:
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2475:
2364:
2336:
2310:
2300:
1926:
1804:
1614:
825:
816:
710:
1395:
267:
2.1 Ă 11.8 Ă 2.5 m (6.9 Ă 38.6 Ă 8.2 ft)
84:
8:
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4516:
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4501:
4287:
4246:
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2143:
1211:
856:
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1930:
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3614:
3500:
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977:
1948:
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185:
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3015:
2904:
2885:
2747:
2506:
2326:
2135:
2010:
1975:
1539:. AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference. 14â17 August 2000. Denver, Colorado.
1488:
1478:
1206:
915:
836:
750:
565:
210:
718:
demonstration to show long-duration use of an ion thruster on a scientific mission.
4878:
4528:
4229:
3281:
3242:
2710:
1944:
1843:
1812:
1622:
1550:
1282:
730:
1647:
4393:
4240:
4170:
3185:
3132:
3106:
3053:
2976:
2715:
2233:
2156:
1513:
945:
870:
Pluto probe to keep costs down during its ten-year cruise from Jupiter to Pluto.
3884:
2784:
Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. indicates mission failures.
2391:
2386:
2381:
1871:
815:
Remote Agent (RAX), remote intelligent self-repair software developed at NASA's
132:
4111:
3967:
3297:
3264:
3252:
3195:
3155:
2684:
2398:
2331:
2285:
1278:
1103:
1055:
860:
684:
solar cells that were the state of the art at the time of the mission launch.
5479:
5280:
4836:
4669:
4381:
4307:
4279:
4164:
4070:
3647:
3619:
3173:
3125:
3118:
2705:
2614:
2238:
1140:
a failed electronics unit, which Remote Agent fixed by reactivating the unit.
739:
735:
4257:
3557:
2793:
2376:
2019:
1600:"Mision Design for Deep Space 1: A Low-thrust Technology Validation Mission"
4913:
4664:
4659:
4564:
4335:
4217:
4058:
3897:
3873:
3739:
3700:
3670:
3657:
3652:
3484:
3037:
2664:
2644:
2639:
2500:
2201:
2116:
2079:
1189:
1119:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1036:
1008:
941:
866:
801:
705:
had been developed at NASA since the late 1950s, with the exception of the
669:
573:
560:
551:
547:
499:
415:
391:
774:
5427:
5385:
5245:
5041:
4821:
4816:
4801:
4791:
4553:
4302:
4269:
3807:
3589:
3431:
1734:. Design and Performance Summary Series. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1175:
484:
1554:
1181:
Comet 19P/Borrelly imaged just 160 seconds before DS1's closest approach
1106:
while at distance of 3.7 million km (2.3 million mi)
5316:
5284:
5185:
3985:
3903:
2455:
2123:
702:
524:
1714:
1701:
The Remote Agent Experiment: Debugging Code from 60 Million Miles Away
1058:. Because of the delayed launch, the targets were changed to asteroid
965:
791:
4983:
4533:
4296:
4181:
3932:
3925:
3879:
3780:
3774:
2989:
2982:
2910:
2494:
2488:
2445:
2371:
2275:
1537:
The Deep Space 1 Autonomous Navigation System: A Post-Flight Analysis
1264:
1225:
16:
NASA flyby mission to asteroid Braille and Comet Borrelly (1998â2001)
5466:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
26:
5290:
5275:
5250:
5069:
4943:
4589:
4102:
3642:
3190:
2873:
2852:
2440:
2359:
2248:
2074:
1292:
673:
639:
528:
312:
1492:
5355:
4938:
4831:
4376:
4359:
4225:
4188:
3730:
3705:
3312:
3089:
2879:
2771:
2581:
2295:
2211:
1571:
The Scarlet Solar Array: Technology Validation and Flight Results
891:
5361:
5310:
5301:
4872:
4765:
4684:
4546:
4539:
4194:
4080:
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3695:
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3637:
3207:
2674:
2263:
2258:
2168:
1597:
1198:
706:
564:
probes, which were launched in January 1999 piggybacked on the
338:
1471:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958â2016
1328:
Chief mission engineer and deputy mission manager: Marc Rayman
1274:
Power: 2,500 watts, of which 2,100 watts powers the ion engine
1115:
prevented PEPE from observing ions below approximately 20 eV.
5375:
5370:
5295:
4724:
4158:
4136:
3752:
3048:
2730:
2221:
2083:
1912:"Results from the Deep Space 1 Technology Validation Mission"
1268:
1022:
532:
1727:
Makovsky, Andre; Ilott, Peter; Taylor, Jim (November 2009).
1267:
for attitude control thrusters; 82 kg (181 lb) of
909:
The SDST was later used on other space missions such as the
5235:
5057:
4649:
4424:
3372:
3084:
1909:
1402:
1163:
1087:
971:
Launch of DS1 aboard a Delta II from Cape Canaveral SLC-17A
878:
681:
520:
162:
1729:"Mars Science Laboratory Telecommunications System Design"
1534:
1075:, which was successful. An August 2002 flyby of asteroid
4499:
2100:
List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces
1477:. NASA History Series (2nd ed.). NASA. p. 2.
2095:
List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
1365:
List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
576:
rather than the traditional chemical-powered rockets.
1788:
Rayman, Marc D.; Varghese, Philip (MarchâJune 2001).
2041:
at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node
1341:
987:
trajectory from 24 October 1998 to 31 December 2003
663:
601:
Miniature Integrated Camera and Imaging Spectrometer
1883:
1881:
1726:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
835:. Livingstone2 was flown as an experiment aboard
5477:
1878:
1870:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from
474:Ion Propulsion System (IPS) Diagnostic Subsystem
902:receivers installed on an experimental basis; K
855:Another method for reducing DSN burdens is the
1969:
1967:
1965:
1855:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1377:
539:, dedicated to testing advanced technologies.
5462:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
4485:
3587:
3573:
3522:Deep Space 4/Space Technology 4 (Champollion)
3447:
2823:
2809:
2060:
1830:
748:The next spacecraft to use NSTAR engines was
2016:by NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1693:
1691:
1062:(at the time called 1992 KD) and comet
3517:Deep Space 3/Space Technology 3 (StarLight)
1962:
1903:
1770:
1093:
940:The MICAS (Miniature Integrated Camera And
723:NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
697:NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
558:The Deep Space series was continued by the
546:spacecraft carried out a flyby of asteroid
466:Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration
220:3 years, 1 month and 24 days
4492:
4478:
3580:
3566:
3461:
3454:
3440:
2816:
2802:
2067:
2053:
184:
2584:(multiple flybys and sample return, 2026)
2497:(multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)
2025:by NASA / New Millennium Program
1938:
1836:
1688:
1544:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1257:Launch mass: 486 kg (1,071 lb)
1097:
906:operations and missions are increasing.
877:
634:The Autonav system, developed by NASA's
458:Miniature Integrated Camera-Spectrometer
5506:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
1467:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
5478:
1996:from the original on 21 November 2016.
1973:
1861:
1745:
1712:from the original on 11 December 2021.
1697:
1567:
1528:
729:, developed at NASA Glenn, achieves a
4473:
3561:
3435:
2954:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
2797:
2048:
1412:from the original on 16 November 2001
572:was the first NASA spacecraft to use
1837:Schactman, Noah (18 December 2001).
1593:
1591:
1424:
1118:Another failure was the loss of the
824:. EUROPA II was used to support the
622:Power Actuation and Switching Module
426:22 September 2001, 22:29:33 UTC
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2503:(multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)
1889:"Deep Space 1: Mission Information"
1790:"The Deep Space 1 Extended Mission"
1535:Bhaskaran, S.; et al. (2000).
1502:from the original on 24 April 2019.
1260:Dry mass: 373 kg (822 lb)
955:
690:
610:Ka-Band Solid State Power Amplifier
13:
2966:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
1446:National Space Science Data Center
14:
5527:
4454:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
3356:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3303:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2004:
1862:Rayman, Marc (18 December 2001).
1741:from the original on 27 May 2010.
1588:
1263:Fuel: 31 kg (68 lb) of
1239:
850:
664:SCARLET concentrating solar array
542:Launched on 24 October 1998, the
4347:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
3421:Space Flight Operations Facility
3213:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
1839:"End of the Line for NASA Probe"
1698:Garret, Ron (14 February 2012).
1650:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1516:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1344:
1331:Project scientist: Robert Nelson
1325:Mission manager: Philip Varghese
1300:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1174:
1162:
976:
964:
930:time-of-flight mass spectrometer
790:
773:
761:
483:
131:
25:
3270:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
2271:International Cometary Explorer
1720:
810:
638:, takes images of known bright
579:
36:needs additional citations for
2590:(spacecraft refueling concept)
1662:
1640:
1561:
1506:
1461:
882:A Small Deep Space Transponder
754:, with three redundant units.
196:
1:
3350:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1949:10.1016/S0094-5765(00)00087-4
1868:Dr. Marc Rayman's Mission Log
1817:10.1016/S0094-5765(01)00044-3
1627:10.1016/S0094-5765(99)00157-5
1396:"Deep Space 1 Asteroid Flyby"
1370:
1322:Project manager: David Lehman
1251:
1169:9969 Braille as imaged by DS1
845:Dryden Flight Research Center
604:Ion and Electron Spectrometer
435:2,171 km (1,349 mi)
3681:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3416:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
3276:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
2960:Soil Moisture Active Passive
2863:Atmospheric infrared sounder
2546:(multiple flybys, 2026â2029)
2038:Deep Space 1 Mission Archive
2033:by Encyclopedia Astronautica
1287:Orbital Sciences Corporation
1192:was only a partial success.
1050:was intended to visit comet
888:Small Deep Space Transponder
646:(DSN), in effect an inverse
607:Small Deep Space Transponder
401:29 July 1999, 04:46 UTC
7:
5486:Spacecraft launched in 1998
4444:List of Solar System probes
2935:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1337:
800:experimental solar-powered
251:486 kg (1,071 lb)
10:
5532:
3393:Table Mountain Observatory
2572:(nuclear impactor concept)
1360:Solar panels on spacecraft
1188:The flyby of the asteroid
1155:Comet Borrelly encounter.
1102:Deep Space-1 as seen from
727:electrostatic ion thruster
694:
629:
598:Multi-functional Structure
5456:
4524:
4439:
4325:
4091:
3957:
3946:
3917:
3864:
3799:
3716:
3628:
3607:
3596:
3532:Earth Observing 3 (GIFTS)
3509:
3469:
3406:
3365:
3342:
3321:
3308:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
3290:
3219:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
3001:
2898:Large Binocular Telescope
2831:
2825:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2780:
2743:Small Solar System bodies
2721:Colonization of asteroids
2698:
2625:Asteroid Redirect Mission
2605:
2516:
2468:
2433:
2412:
2352:
2319:
2189:
2182:
2153:
2108:
2090:
1891:. NASA. 29 September 2003
1568:Murphy, David M. (2000).
1468:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018).
1052:76P/WestâKohoutekâIkemura
636:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
613:Beacon Monitor Operations
595:Solar Concentrator Arrays
592:Solar Electric Propulsion
523:technology demonstration
482:
470:
462:
454:
447:
443:
439:
431:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
385:
381:
365:
357:
352:
348:
344:
334:
321:
308:
292:
287:
283:
279:
271:
263:
259:373 kg (822 lb)
255:
247:
237:
232:
228:
224:
216:
206:
193:
172:
158:
150:
146:
130:
4459:List of space telescopes
3398:Solar System Ambassadors
3225:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
1974:Rayman, Marc D. (2003).
1303:Space Launch Complex 17A
1271:for the NSTAR ion engine
1094:Results and achievements
935:
141:firing its ion thrusters
3383:NASA Deep Space Network
3231:Spitzer Space Telescope
3151:Mars Exploration Rovers
2942:Mars Science Laboratory
2869:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2532:(flyby of Pallas, 2022)
2491:(multiple flybys, 2025)
1514:"Advanced Technologies"
1291:Launch vehicle: Boeing
922:
911:Mars Science Laboratory
873:
833:Mars Science Laboratory
822:Mars Exploration Rovers
644:NASA Deep Space Network
616:Autonomous Remote Agent
409:26 km (16 mi)
369:18 December 2001, 20:00
154:Technology demonstrator
5501:New Millennium Program
3463:New Millennium Program
2948:Microwave limb sounder
2753:Trans-Neptunian object
1753:"Comet Space Missions"
1672:. NASA. Archived from
1127:107P/WilsonâHarrington
1107:
1068:107P/WilsonâHarrington
883:
537:New Millennium Program
493:New Millennium program
296:24 October 1998, 12:08
5516:Missions to asteroids
5491:Derelict space probes
4407:Peregrine Mission One
3951:(by termination date)
3726:Emirates Mars Mission
3601:(deep space missions)
3366:Related organizations
1708:. Google Tech Talks.
1101:
881:
802:ion propulsion engine
678:Glenn Research Center
625:Autonomous Navigation
619:Low Power Electronics
535:. It was part of the
233:Spacecraft properties
5412:Mars Climate Orbiter
4508:Orbital launches in
4449:List of lunar probes
4036:Mars Global Surveyor
3948:Completed after 2000
3411:JPL Science Division
3145:Mars Global Surveyor
3113:Mars Climate Orbiter
1285:, and later sold to
1281:, later acquired by
817:Ames Research Center
780:The fully assembled
45:improve this article
3598:Active space probes
2588:World Is Not Enough
2076:Spacecraft missions
1931:2000AcAau..47..475R
1809:2001AcAau..48..693R
1619:1999AcAau..45..381R
1584:on 15 October 2011.
1555:10.2514/6.2000-3935
711:Hall-effect engines
127:
5511:Missions to comets
4372:Hakuto-R Mission 1
3918:Interstellar space
3615:Parker Solar Probe
3547:Space Technology 9
3542:Space Technology 8
3537:Space Technology 7
3501:Space Technology 6
3496:Space Technology 5
2598:(flyby, 2030â2042)
2595:Interstellar Probe
1874:on 13 August 2009.
1648:"Dawn: Spacecraft"
1352:Spaceflight portal
1313:Development cost:
1277:Prime contractor:
1108:
884:
300:1998-10-24UTC12:08
137:Artist concept of
123:
5496:NASA space probes
5471:
5470:
4969:Gurwin Techsat 1B
4467:
4466:
4435:
4434:
3942:
3941:
3747:2001 Mars Odyssey
3555:
3554:
3527:Earth Observing-2
3491:Earth Observing-1
3429:
3428:
3388:Goldstone Complex
3343:Canceled missions
3322:Proposed missions
3139:Mars Polar Lander
2791:
2790:
2748:Near-Earth object
2578:(multiple flybys)
2507:Comet Interceptor
2464:
2463:
2140:(multiple flybys)
2120:(multiple flybys)
1958:on 15 April 2012.
1919:Acta Astronautica
1803:(5â12): 693â705.
1797:Acta Astronautica
1607:Acta Astronautica
1557:. AIAA-2000-3935.
1484:978-1-62683-042-4
1309:US$ 149.7 million
1090:were also taken.
1046:Prior to launch,
837:Earth Observing-1
566:Mars Polar Lander
527:which flew by an
508:
507:
489:DS1 mission logo
478:
477:
121:
120:
113:
95:
5523:
5076:KwangmyĹngsĹng-1
4529:Lunar Prospector
4513:
4512:
4511:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4470:
3955:
3954:
3605:
3604:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3291:Planned missions
3282:Lunar Flashlight
2893:Keck observatory
2832:Current missions
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2711:Asteroid capture
2478:(orbiter, 2024)
2382:Rover-1A / HIBOU
2187:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2045:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1983:Space Technology
1980:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1942:
1925:(2â9): 475â487.
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1864:"Mission Update"
1859:
1853:
1852:
1851:on 17 June 2008.
1847:. Archived from
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1819:. Archived from
1794:
1785:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1676:on 13 April 2010
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1629:. Archived from
1613:(4â9): 381â388.
1604:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1495:. SP-2018-4041.
1476:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1437:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1405:. 26 July 1999.
1400:
1392:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1316:
1315:US$ 94.8 million
1310:
1283:General Dynamics
1197:Braille's lower
1178:
1166:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1006:
997:
992:
986:
983:Animation of DS1
980:
968:
956:Mission overview
913:(the Mars rover
794:
785:
777:
765:
731:specific impulse
691:NSTAR ion engine
487:
450:
445:
444:
427:
422:Closest approach
398:Closest approach
376:
374:
303:
301:
288:Start of mission
242:Orbital Sciences
217:Mission duration
198:
189:
188:
182:
135:
128:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5531:
5530:
5526:
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5522:
5521:
5520:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5452:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4468:
4463:
4431:
4321:
4241:LISA Pathfinder
4087:
3950:
3938:
3913:
3860:
3795:
3712:
3624:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3556:
3551:
3505:
3465:
3460:
3430:
3425:
3402:
3361:
3338:
3317:
3286:
3133:Mars Pathfinder
3010:Cassini-Huygens
2997:
2977:Voyager program
2827:
2822:
2792:
2787:
2776:
2716:Asteroid mining
2694:
2607:
2601:
2566:(sample return)
2560:(orbiter, 2025)
2526:(orbiter, 2021)
2512:
2460:
2429:
2408:
2348:
2315:
2197:CassiniâHuygens
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2104:
2086:
2073:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1955:
1940:10.1.1.504.9572
1914:
1908:
1904:
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1835:
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1646:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1546:10.1.1.457.7850
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1485:
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1466:
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1345:
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1340:
1314:
1308:
1254:
1242:
1209:, taken by the
1186:
1185:
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1167:
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1080:
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1003:
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988:
984:
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958:
946:silicon carbide
938:
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905:
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795:
787:
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769:
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699:
693:
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632:
584:The purpose of
582:
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503:
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448:
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373:2001-12-18UTC21
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5288:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5233:
5231:Molniya-1T #99
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
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5183:
5176:
5169:
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4015:
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4003:
3996:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3968:NEAR Shoemaker
3961:
3959:
3952:
3944:
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3940:
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3937:
3936:
3929:
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3711:
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3709:
3708:
3698:
3696:Tiandu 1 and 2
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3655:
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3645:
3640:
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3632:
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3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
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3316:
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3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Europa Clipper
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3253:TOPEX/Poseidon
3250:
3245:
3240:
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3228:
3222:
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3210:
3205:
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2685:New Horizons 2
2682:
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2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:(flybys, 2024)
2533:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:NEAR Shoemaker
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2387:Rover-1B / OWL
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2332:NEAR Shoemaker
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:NEAR Shoemaker
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2006:
2005:External links
2003:
2000:
1999:
1989:(2): 185â196.
1961:
1902:
1877:
1854:
1829:
1826:on 9 May 2009.
1769:
1744:
1719:
1687:
1670:"Remote Agent"
1661:
1639:
1636:on 9 May 2015.
1587:
1560:
1527:
1505:
1483:
1460:
1441:"Deep Space 1"
1423:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1279:Spectrum Astro
1275:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1241:
1240:Current status
1238:
1207:Halley's Comet
1180:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1104:Hale Telescope
1095:
1092:
1056:3352 McAuliffe
982:
975:
974:
970:
963:
962:
961:
960:
959:
957:
954:
937:
934:
924:
921:
903:
899:
893:
875:
872:
861:carrier signal
857:Beacon Monitor
852:
851:Beacon Monitor
849:
812:
809:
796:
789:
788:
779:
772:
771:
767:
760:
759:
758:
757:
756:
741:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
670:Fresnel lenses
665:
662:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
581:
578:
574:ion propulsion
506:
505:
498:
497:
490:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
367:
363:
362:
361:Decommissioned
359:
355:
354:
353:End of mission
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:Cape Canaveral
323:
319:
318:
310:
306:
305:
294:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
200:
191:
190:
176:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
143:
136:
119:
118:
60:"Deep Space 1"
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5528:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5474:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5281:Progress M-40
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5180:Globalstar 21
5177:
5175:
5174:
5173:Globalstar 20
5170:
5168:
5167:
5166:Globalstar 18
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:Globalstar 17
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:Globalstar 16
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:Globalstar 13
5142:
5140:
5139:
5138:Globalstar 12
5135:
5133:
5132:
5131:Globalstar 11
5128:
5126:
5125:
5124:Globalstar 10
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Progress M-39
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Globalstar 15
4785:
4783:
4782:Globalstar 14
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4670:Progress M-38
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Inmarsat-3 F5
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4382:Chandrayaan-3
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:Chandrayaan-2
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:Venus Express
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Chandrayaan-1
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3866:Minor planets
3863:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:Other planets
3798:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Chandrayaan-2
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3620:Solar Orbiter
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:21st-century
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Europa Lander
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:Mars Observer
3123:
3120:
3119:Mars Cube One
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:Past missions
3000:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Asteroid belt
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:not developed
2606:Cancelled or
2604:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:(flyby, 2029)
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:Sample return
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
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2080:minor planets
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2018:
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2009:
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1401:(Press kit).
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1298:Launch site:
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1066:, with comet
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:and asteroid
1053:
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841:F/A-18 Hornet
838:
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62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
5473:
5463:
5459:
5410:
5360:
5300:
5271:Deep Space 1
5270:
5226:Orbcomm FM28
5221:Orbcomm FM27
5216:Orbcomm FM26
5211:Orbcomm FM25
5206:Orbcomm FM24
5201:Orbcomm FM23
5196:Orbcomm FM22
5191:Orbcomm FM21
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5117:Globalstar 9
5115:
5110:Globalstar 7
5108:
5103:Globalstar 5
5101:
5074:
5062:
5040:
5033:
5029:Orbcomm FM20
5024:Orbcomm FM19
5019:Orbcomm FM18
5014:Orbcomm FM17
5009:Orbcomm FM16
5004:Orbcomm FM15
4999:Orbcomm FM14
4994:Orbcomm FM13
4954:Resurs-O1 #4
4929:Molniya 3-49
4914:Intelsat 805
4871:
4777:Globalstar 8
4772:Globalstar 6
4764:
4665:Intelsat 806
4610:Globalstar 4
4605:Globalstar 3
4600:Globalstar 2
4595:Globalstar 1
4565:Brasilsat B3
4552:
4545:
4538:
4412:
4394:
4386:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4312:
4295:
4288:
4262:
4245:
4230:Schiaparelli
4228:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4187:
4180:
4171:Chang'e 5-T1
4163:
4146:
4124:
4112:
4101:
4063:
4046:
4034:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3974:Deep Space 1
3973:
3972:
3931:
3924:
3898:New Horizons
3896:
3889:
3878:
3848:
3834:
3820:
3806:
3787:Perseverance
3786:
3773:
3766:
3745:
3740:Mars Express
3738:
3662:
3590:space probes
3485:Deep Space 2
3483:
3478:Deep Space 1
3477:
3476:
3258:
3236:
3201:
3179:
3164:
3156:
3143:
3131:
3124:
3111:
3100:
3068:
3054:
3038:Deep Space 2
3036:
3031:Deep Space 1
3030:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3009:
2988:
2981:
2933:
2924:
2917:Perseverance
2916:
2905:Mars Odyssey
2903:
2886:
2878:
2845:
2838:
2758:Colonization
2665:Hayabusa Mk2
2645:Comet Hopper
2640:Clementine 2
2593:
2555:
2535:
2501:MBR Explorer
2229:Deep Space 1
2228:
2144:
2136:
2117:New Horizons
2115:
2037:
2030:Deep Space 1
2029:
2021:Deep Space 1
2020:
2012:Deep Space 1
2011:
1986:
1982:
1953:the original
1922:
1918:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1867:
1857:
1849:the original
1842:
1832:
1821:the original
1800:
1796:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1722:
1705:
1700:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1642:
1631:the original
1610:
1606:
1579:the original
1570:
1563:
1536:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1508:
1470:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1444:
1414:. Retrieved
1307:Total cost:
1245:Deep Space 1
1244:
1243:
1234:Deep Space 1
1233:
1231:
1221:Deep Space 1
1220:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1194:Deep Space 1
1193:
1190:9969 Braille
1187:
1153:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:star tracker
1117:
1113:
1109:
1073:19P/Borrelly
1064:19P/Borrelly
1060:9969 Braille
1048:Deep Space 1
1047:
1045:
1037:19P/Borrelly
1027:
1013:
1009:9969 Braille
999:
995:Deep Space 1
994:
950:
942:Spectrometer
939:
926:
914:
908:
885:
867:New Horizons
865:
854:
826:
814:
811:Remote Agent
798:Deep Space 1
797:
783:Deep Space 1
782:
749:
747:
736:millinewtons
720:
716:Deep Space 1
715:
700:
686:
667:
655:
652:
633:
586:Deep Space 1
585:
583:
580:Technologies
570:Deep Space 1
569:
561:Deep Space 2
559:
557:
552:19P/Borrelly
548:9969 Braille
544:Deep Space 1
543:
541:
516:
512:Deep Space 1
511:
510:
509:
500:Deep Space 2
491:
416:19P/Borrelly
392:9969 Braille
238:Manufacturer
211:jpl.nasa.gov
165: /
151:Mission type
139:Deep Space 1
138:
125:Deep Space 1
124:
107:
101:October 2012
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
5448:Kosmos 2364
5443:Kosmos 2363
5438:Kosmos 2362
5433:Kosmos 2361
5386:MightySat-1
5307:SPARTAN-201
5246:Eutelsat W2
5042:Soyuz TM-28
4989:Kosmos 2360
4959:Fasat-Bravo
4924:Kosmos 2359
4919:Kosmos 2358
4909:Kosmos 2357
4904:Kosmos 2356
4899:Kosmos 2355
4894:Kosmos 2354
4889:Kosmos 2353
4884:Kosmos 2352
4822:EchoStar IV
4817:Kosmos 2351
4802:Kosmos 2350
4792:Nilesat 101
4655:Teledesic 1
4615:Kosmos 2349
4580:Orbcomm FM4
4575:Orbcomm FM3
4554:Soyuz TM-27
4303:Longjiang-2
4289:Opportunity
4270:Longjiang-1
4148:Deep Impact
3808:BepiColombo
3165:Opportunity
3024:Deep Impact
2736:Exploration
2660:Don Quijote
2420:Deep Impact
2217:Deep Impact
2124:OSIRIS-APEX
1895:20 November
1762:20 November
1706:YouTube.com
1654:20 November
1520:20 November
1453:20 November
1416:20 November
1319:Personnel:
829:Mars lander
738:(0.33
703:ion engines
657:Deep Impact
449:Instruments
366:Deactivated
322:Launch site
293:Launch date
275:2,500 watts
248:Launch mass
5480:Categories
5423:Iridium 20
5418:Iridium 11
5401:Nadezhda 5
5342:Iridium 86
5337:Iridium 85
5332:Iridium 84
5327:Iridium 83
5285:Sputnik 41
5256:Hot Bird 5
5097:Iridium 82
5092:Iridium 81
5087:Iridium 80
5082:Iridium 79
5053:Iridium 76
4867:Zhongwei 1
4862:Iridium 75
4857:Iridium 74
4852:Iridium 73
4847:Iridium 72
4842:Iridium 70
4812:Iridium 71
4807:Iridium 69
4760:Iridium 68
4755:Iridium 67
4750:Iridium 66
4745:Iridium 65
4740:Iridium 64
4735:Iridium 63
4730:Iridium 62
4720:Iridium 60
4715:Iridium 59
4710:Iridium 58
4705:Iridium 57
4700:Iridium 55
4695:Iridium 61
4690:Iridium 51
4660:Hot Bird 4
4640:Iridium 56
4635:Iridium 54
4630:Iridium 53
4625:Iridium 52
4620:Iridium 50
4415:helicopter
4354:Mangalyaan
3986:Pioneer 10
3904:OSIRIS-REx
3885:MINERVA-II
3061:spacecraft
2927:helicopter
2680:Marco Polo
2456:OSIRIS-REx
2207:Clementine
2130:Hayabusa2âŻ
1493:2017059404
1371:References
1252:Statistics
843:at NASA's
839:and on an
525:spacecraft
335:Contractor
264:Dimensions
71:newspapers
5460:underline
5322:Iridium 2
5064:Galaxy 10
5048:Iridium 3
5035:Mercury 3
4984:Sinosat-1
4949:Tubsat-N1
4645:Kakehashi
4534:Skynet 4D
4413:Ingenuity
4336:Chang'e 5
4297:Beresheet
4182:MESSENGER
4059:Chang'e 1
3933:Voyager 2
3926:Voyager 1
3880:Hayabusa2
3874:Chang'e 2
3781:Mars 2020
3775:Tianwen-1
3767:Curiosity
3701:Chang'e 6
3691:Queqiao 2
3671:Chang'e 5
3658:Chang'e 4
3653:Chang'e 3
3510:Cancelled
3044:Explorers
2990:Voyager 2
2983:Voyager 1
2925:Ingenuity
2911:Mars 2020
2544:Centaurus
2495:Tianwen-2
2446:Hayabusa2
2413:Impactors
2372:Hayabusa2
2291:Pioneer 7
2281:NEA Scout
2276:LICIACube
2202:Chang'e 2
2148:(orbiter)
2126:(orbiter)
1935:CiteSeerX
1541:CiteSeerX
1265:hydrazine
1226:hydrazine
1147:thruster.
916:Curiosity
701:Although
640:asteroids
414:Flyby of
390:Flyby of
377: UTC
304: UTC
180:1998-061A
174:COSPAR ID
5406:Astrid 2
5391:Satmex 5
5291:AfriStar
5276:SEDSAT-1
5266:Maqsat 3
5251:Sirius 3
5070:Astra 2A
4944:Tubsat-N
4590:Ad Astra
4126:Stardust
4103:Hayabusa
3822:Akatsuki
3643:CAPSTONE
3470:Launched
3243:Surveyor
3237:Stardust
3191:QuikSCAT
3101:Magellan
3080:Herschel
2874:GRACE-FO
2853:ACRIMSAT
2635:Castalia
2517:Proposed
2489:DESTINY+
2451:Stardust
2441:Hayabusa
2360:Hayabusa
2342:Timeline
2320:Orbiters
2306:Stardust
2249:Sakigake
2132:(lander)
1991:Archived
1757:SEDS.org
1736:Archived
1710:Archived
1680:22 April
1497:Archived
1407:Archived
1338:See also
1293:Delta II
948:mirror.
831:and the
725:(NSTAR)
674:silicone
672:made of
529:asteroid
519:) was a
432:Distance
406:Distance
358:Disposal
313:Delta II
256:Dry mass
159:Operator
5464:italics
5356:Bonum 1
5261:USA-140
5240:USA-141
4979:SAFIR-2
4974:WESTPAC
4939:Shtil-1
4832:NOAA-15
4827:USA-139
4797:BSat-1B
4680:USA-138
4560:USA-137
4395:Zhurong
4387:Pragyan
4377:Luna 25
4361:InSight
4313:Pragyan
4247:Cassini
4226:ExoMars
4206:Rosetta
4189:PROCYON
4065:Ulysses
4048:Phoenix
4024:Huygens
4012:Genesis
3993:Galileo
3855:Jupiter
3842:Jupiter
3814:Mercury
3731:ExoMars
3706:ICUBE-Q
3686:Queqiao
3638:ARTEMIS
3378:Caltech
3358:(MAX-C)
3334:FINESSE
3313:SPHEREx
3259:Ulysses
3202:Rosetta
3186:Pioneer
3180:Phoenix
3121:(MarCO)
3107:Mariner
3090:Jason-1
3069:Genesis
3055:Galileo
2880:InSight
2699:Related
2582:OKEANOS
2564:CORSAIR
2557:Chimera
2537:Shensuo
2469:Planned
2392:Rover-2
2365:MINERVA
2353:Landers
2337:Rosetta
2311:Ulysses
2301:Rosetta
2296:PROCYON
2234:Galileo
2212:CONTOUR
2023:website
2014:website
1927:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1615:Bibcode
1078:1999 KK
827:Phoenix
630:Autonav
371: (
329:SLC-17A
298: (
207:Website
195:SATCAT
85:scholar
5428:PAS-6B
5362:STS-88
5311:PANSAT
5302:STS-95
4934:Nozomi
4879:Thor 3
4873:STS-91
4766:STS-90
4685:SPOT 4
4547:STS-89
4540:Ofek-4
4517:1999 â
4502:â 1997
4258:MASCOT
4212:Philae
4195:IKAROS
4113:Spirit
4081:LCROSS
4076:SELENE
4000:Nozomi
3909:Psyche
3676:Danuri
3663:Yutu-2
3278:(WIRE)
3272:(WFPC)
3265:Viking
3215:(SRTM)
3208:Seasat
3196:Ranger
3157:Spirit
3095:Kepler
2962:(SMAP)
2956:(MISR)
2865:(AIRS)
2847:Psyche
2840:Euclid
2765:Trojan
2675:MAOSEP
2650:CONDOR
2630:CAESAR
2576:MANTIS
2570:HAMMER
2552:(2029)
2550:Ramses
2530:Athena
2404:Philae
2377:MASCOT
2264:Vega 2
2259:Vega 1
2254:Suisei
2244:Giotto
2190:Flybys
2145:Psyche
2109:Active
2084:comets
1937:
1715:Slides
1543:
1491:
1481:
1449:. NASA
1212:Giotto
1199:albedo
1035:
1033:
1028:·
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:·
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:·
998:
993:
991:
985:'s
531:and a
339:Boeing
309:Rocket
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
5381:SAC-A
5376:PMA-2
5371:PMA-1
5367:Unity
5347:Zarya
5317:PAS-8
5186:PAS-7
4964:TMSAT
4725:TRACE
4674:VDU-2
4403:2024
4397:rover
4389:rover
4368:2023
4342:2022
4332:2020
4326:2020s
4315:rover
4291:rover
4280:MarCO
4276:2019
4254:2018
4237:2017
4221:rover
4201:2016
4177:2015
4159:LADEE
4155:2014
4143:2013
4137:GRAIL
4133:2012
4121:2011
4115:rover
4098:2010
4092:2010s
4055:2009
4043:2008
4031:2006
4019:2005
4007:2004
3981:2003
3964:2001
3958:2000s
3850:Juice
3828:Venus
3789:rover
3769:rover
3753:MAVEN
3665:rover
3352:(AFL)
3248:SVLBI
3227:(SIR)
3221:(SME)
3174:NSCAT
3167:rover
3159:rover
3075:GRACE
3049:GALEX
2968:(TES)
2950:(MLS)
2944:(MSL)
2938:(MRO)
2919:rover
2900:(LBT)
2858:ASTER
2772:Vesta
2731:Pluto
2726:Ceres
2690:Vesta
2670:Janus
2615:AGORA
2524:ASTER
2222:EPOXI
1994:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1844:Wired
1824:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1732:(PDF)
1634:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1575:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1269:xenon
1030:
1023:Earth
1016:
1002:
936:MICAS
533:comet
455:MICAS
317:D-261
272:Power
202:25508
92:JSTOR
78:books
5396:SWAS
5296:GE-5
5236:STEX
5058:ST-1
4650:SNOE
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