358:" methodology rather than robust security methods. He also argued that as functions of the body are restored or enhanced by implanted devices, the boundaries of the body (i.e., the human experience of the body's delimitation) become increasingly unclear. As a result, the separation between man and machine simply becomes theoretical, meaning that the technology becomes perceived by the human as being a part of their body and so should be considered as such. He argues that this development in our traditional notion of what constitutes our body and its boundaries has two notable repercussions: Firstly, it becomes possible to talk in terms of a human, albeit a technologically enhanced human, becoming for instance infected by a computer virus or
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a part of their body and so it is evident that you cannot simply separate the human and the technology that easily - "actually having something implanted is extremely different to bench testing a piece of hardware because it adds the person and their experiences into the mix. It is seemingly difficult to get across the psychological impact involved in this type of deployment, and this is why I was so keen to test this on myself ... feeling technology to be a part of you is something you probably need to experience to understand".
246:, in the University of Reading UK to use the subject's neural signals to mimic the subject's hand movements while allowing the subject to perceive what the robot touched from sensors in the robot's finger tips. Further studies also demonstrated a form of extra sensory input and that it was possible to communicate directly between the nervous systems of two individuals, the first direct and purely electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans, with a view to ultimately creating a form of
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man and machine can become theoretical because the technology can be perceived by the human as being a part of their body. Because of this he reasons that, as the boundaries of the human body (the human experience of the body's delimitation) become increasingly unclear, it should be accepted that the technology augmentation is a part of the body.
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Some critics have questioned the need to implant the technology to investigate the issues "...it makes no difference if an RFID chip is injected under your skin or stitched into the lining of your jacket...". Gasson argued that many people with implants, including medical devices, consider them to be
293:
In order to improve control of abnormal spontaneous electrical activity in the brains of patients with movement disorders, as of 2010 they have been developing a combined deep brain recording and stimulating device that will record deep brain signals and from these predict the onset of symptoms such
377:
Gasson is a proponent of human enhancement using technology implanted into the body, and argues that advanced medical device technology will inevitably drift to non-medical augmentation applications in humans. He also strongly argues that with technology implanted in humans, the separation between
349:
In April 2010 following experiments showing the potential vulnerabilities of implantable technology, Gasson's team demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems. Gasson drew parallels with other implantable devices, such as
205:
Gasson obtained his first degree in
Cybernetics and Control Engineering in 1998 from the Department of Cybernetics at Reading. He obtained his Ph.D. for 2002 work on interfacing the nervous system of a human to a computer system in 2005.
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to a bespoke processing unit to allow stimulation of nerve fibers to artificially generate sensation perceivable by the subject and recording of local nerve activity to form control commands for wirelessly connected devices.
307:
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using the
Internet to communicate 'brain-to-brain'. Because of the potentially wide reaching implications for human enhancement of the research discussed by Gasson and his group, the work was dubbed 'Project
342:
device surgically implanted into his left hand. The implant was used as an identification device for the
University of Reading's intelligent building infrastructure to gain building access. Gasson's
381:
Gasson is an advocate of interdisciplinary collaboration and co-authors with social scientists, philosophers, legal researchers and ethicists to consider the wider implications of his field.
362:
by a third party. This forms the basis of his claim to be the first human infected by a computer virus. Secondly, this development of the concept of the is considered a fundamental right.
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project targeting various aspects of digital identity and privacy, in particular emerging technologies used for identification and profiling. As well as authoring reports on
393:
who stated "Predictions of pacemakers and cochlear implants being hit by virus infections is the very worst kind of scaremongering". In 2012 academic Prof Kevin Fu of the
322:, Gasson also went public over privacy concerns related to misuse of location information from GPS devices in smartphones, and was a contributor to FIDIS's controversial
830:
Wu, D.; Warwick, K.; Ma, Z.; Burgess, J. G.; Pan, S.; Aziz, T. Z. (2010). "Prediction of
Parkinson's disease tremor onset using radial basis function neural networks".
803:
Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Schulzrinne, H.; Wu, X. (2004). "Thought communication and control: A first step using radiotelegraphy".
727:
Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Andrews, B.; Teddy, P.; Shad, A. (2003). "The
Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems".
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disclosed an attack which "would have switched off a heart defibrillator" adding "there are vulnerabilities but there is a perceived lack of threats". Similarly
161:. He is known for his experiments transmitting a computer virus into a human implant, and is credited with being the first human infected with a computer virus.
262:
As of 2005, this was the first study in which this type of implant had been used with a human subject and Gasson was subsequently awarded a PhD for this work.
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which criticized
European governments for forcing their citizens to adopt electronic passports which "decrease security and privacy and increase the risk of
515:
Gasson, M.N., Wang, S.Y., Aziz, T.Z., Stein, J.F. and
Warwick, K.: "Towards a Demand Driven Deep-Brain Stimulator for the Treatment of Movement Disorders",
482:
Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Warwick, K. (2004). "Invasive neural prosthesis for neural signal detection and nerve stimulation".
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as tremor and dystonic bursts and deliver a short pulse of high frequency stimulation to stop the symptoms before they have even started.
762:
Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I. (2005). "An
Attempt to Extend Human Sensory Capabilities by Means of Implant Technology".
302:
From 2004 to 2009 Gasson headed a group of academics and industry professionals drawn from 24 institutions across Europe as part of the
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Kosta, E.; Meints, M.; Hansen, M.; Gasson, M. (2007). "An analysis of security and privacy issues relating to RFID enabled e
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From 2000 until 2005 Gasson headed research to invasively interface the nervous system of a human to a computer. In 2002 a
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International
Symposium on Technology and Society 2010 (ISTAS'10) and in 2014 he was entered into the
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640:"Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society". June 2010: i–lv.
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was also augmented with a reader so that the phone would only function when he was holding it.
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903:. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. Vol. 232. p. 467.
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is a
British scientist and visiting research fellow at the Cybernetics Research Group,
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3rd IEE International Seminar on Medical Applications of Signal Processing (MASP 2005)
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During clinical evaluation of the implant, the nervous system of the human subject,
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Human implants: from invasive to pervasive: Mark Gasson at TEDxGoodenoughCollege
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1040:"Bad science: Human computer virus experiment is scaremongering, says Sophos"
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New Approaches for Security, Privacy and Trust in Complex Environments
939:"Human Enhancement: Could you become infected with a computer virus?"
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between computer systems and the human nervous system, has developed
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International Symposium on Technology and Society 2010 (ISTAS'10).
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2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
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The research attracted criticism from computer security blogger
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Human ICT Implants: Technical, Legal and Ethical Considerations
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International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing
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988:. Information Technology and Law Series. Vol. 23. 2012.
859:"Deliverables: Future of IDentity in the Information Society"
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2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society
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Gasson has featured on television documentaries including
684:"FIDIS urges mobile users to be aware of data disclosure"
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Dr Mark Gasson - Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman
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Budapest Declaration on Machine Readable Travel Documents
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Extending human interaction via invasive neural implants
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Extending human interaction via invasive neural implants
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demonstrated an attack on an implantable insulin pump.
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Gasson and his colleagues, together with neurosurgeon
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for his experimental work on implantable microchips.
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1096:"Could you become infected with a Computer Virus?"
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282:of the University of Oxford, have been working on
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620:"General (conference) chair duties - Admin Wiki"
334:First human infected with computer virus (2009)
178:. In 2010 Gasson was the General chair for the
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365:In 2010 Gasson was the General chair for the
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534:"First human 'infected with computer virus'"
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338:In March 2009 Gasson had a glass capsule
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149:and is active in the research fields of
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234:, was connected onto the internet in
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716:(PhD thesis). University of Reading.
1078:"Warnings on medical implant hacks"
395:University of Massachusetts Amherst
141:, UK. He pioneered developments in
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298:The Future of Identity (2004–2009)
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1109:
1059:"Fears over future medical hacks"
222:of a healthy human and connected
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832:Expert Systems with Applications
805:IEE Proceedings - Communications
266:Invasive brain interfaces (2005)
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286:for movement disorders such as
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401:a researcher at security firm
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1:
766:. Vol. 2. p. 1663.
432:Mathematics Genealogy Project
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1076:Ward, Mark (10 April 2012).
1057:Ward, Mark (10 April 2012).
909:10.1007/978-0-387-72367-9_42
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741:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369
582:"7.30 Report - 15-Jun-2010"
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278:, Oxford, and physiologist
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1100:www.personal.reading.ac.uk
1017:Mark Gasson's publications
954:10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514651
844:10.1016/j.eswa.2009.09.045
772:10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571387
646:10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514657
356:security through obscurity
16:British research scientist
994:10.1007/978-90-6704-870-5
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189:He is currently based in
147:brain–computer interfaces
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1023:bibliographic database.
693:. 6 May 2009. p. 5.
201:Early life and education
184:Guinness Book of Records
151:human microchip implants
143:direct neural interfaces
85:Direct neural interfaces
1025:(subscription required)
817:10.1049/ip-com:20040409
465:"University of Reading"
447:"University of Reading"
276:John Radcliffe Hospital
937:Gasson, M. N. (2010).
661:Cite journal requires
284:Deep brain stimulation
238:, New York enabling a
90:Implantable technology
1123:at Wikimedia Commons
729:Archives of Neurology
469:University of Reading
451:University of Reading
218:was implanted in the
139:University of Reading
64:University of Reading
316:ambient intelligence
216:microelectrode array
167:Through the wormhole
304:European Commission
288:Parkinson's disease
236:Columbia University
948:. pp. 61–68.
857:(DR), FIDISCoord.
530:Cellan-Jones, Rory
352:cardiac pacemakers
37:Gasson in May 2009
1119:Media related to
1003:978-90-6704-869-9
963:978-1-4244-7777-7
918:978-0-387-72366-2
781:978-0-7803-9298-4
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72:Scientific career
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159:digital identity
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838:(4): 2923.
567:15 December
428:Mark Gasson
385:Controversy
191:Los Angeles
52:West Sussex
25:Mark Gasson
1130:Categories
811:(3): 185.
624:aclweb.org
413:References
344:smartphone
280:John Stein
195:California
66:(BSc, PhD)
897:Passports
500:108963531
312:profiling
272:Tipu Aziz
248:telepathy
240:robot arm
54:, England
1082:BBC News
1063:BBC News
882:BBC News
790:25108318
749:14568806
710:(2005).
373:Research
972:3098538
605:YouTube
430:at the
306:funded
252:empathy
1021:Scopus
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544:26 May
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403:McAfee
360:hacked
257:Cyborg
210:Career
111:(2005)
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100:Thesis
78:Fields
968:S2CID
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786:S2CID
691:FIDIS
687:(PDF)
540:. BBC
496:S2CID
308:FIDIS
170:with
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569:2022
546:2010
367:IEEE
340:RFID
318:and
180:IEEE
176:TEDx
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