Telepathy - Knowledge

1923:"Let me give an example, such as thought-transference, which is as good as any. When the British SPR was founded, the public was led to believe that at least a scientific survey was to be made, and I have no doubt that even some of those closely associated with the early days thought so too. But Myers, among others, had no such intention and cherished no such illusion. He knew that the primary aim of the Society was not objective experimentation but the establishment of telepathy. (...) What was wanted was proof that mind could communicate with mind apart from the normal avenues, for if mental sharing was a fact when the persons concerned were incarnate it could plausibly be suggested that the same mechanism might operate when death had occurred. Thus the supernatural might be proved by science, and psychical research might become, in the words of Sir William Barrett, a handmaid to religion." 1461:. Psychiatric patients who experience this symptom falsely believe that some of their thoughts are not their own and that others (e.g., other people, aliens, demons or fallen angels, or conspiring intelligence agencies, or artificial intelligences) are putting thoughts into their minds (thought insertion). Some patients feel as if thoughts are being taken out of their minds or deleted (thought removal). Schizophrenic patients suffering from the form of alleged telepathy known as thought broadcasting believe that their private thoughts are being broadcast to other people against their informed consent. Along with other symptoms of psychosis, delusions of thought insertion may be reduced by 1258:

28%. For those that occurred three times it was 38%, and for those targets that occurred six or more times, the hit rate was 52%. Each time a videotape is played its quality can degrade. It is plausible then, that when a frequently used clip is the target for a given session, it may be physically distinguishable from the other three decoy clips that are presented to the subject for judging. Surprisingly, the parapsychological community has not taken this finding seriously. They still include the autoganzfeld series in their meta-analyses and treat it as convincing evidence for the reality of psi.

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would likely predominate, but as these are exhausted, the field of choice narrows and pictures are more likely to be suggested by recent experiences. It is also possible that Sinclair may have given conversational hints during some of the tests—hints which in his strong will to believe, he would promptly forget about. Also, one must not rule out the possibility that in many tests, made across the width of a room, Mrs. Sinclair may have seen the wiggling of the top of a pencil, or arm movements, which would convey to her unconscious a rough notion of the drawing.

2086:"In the early 1900s Gilbert Murray, who died in 1957, carried out some experiments in ESP in which he was in one room and the sender in a hallway, often with an open door between them. These experiments were successful. Most of the time the target was spoken aloud. When it was not, there were negative results. This is suggestive of a hyperacuity of hearing, especially since on at least one occasion Murray complained about noise coming from a milk-cart in the street next to the one in which the experiments were being carried out." 3701:"Precognition violates the principle of antecedence ("causality"), according to which the effect does not happen before the cause. Psychokinesis violates the principle of conservation of energy as well as the postulate that mind cannot act directly on matter. (If it did no experimenter could trust his own readings of his instruments.) Telepathy and precognition are incompatible with the epistemological principle according to which the gaining of factual knowledge requires sense perception at some point." 1022:

and Gloria scored 9410 compared with a chance level of 7420. It was later discovered the results had been tampered with. Gretl Albert who was present during many of the experiments said she had witnessed Soal altering the records during the sessions. Betty Marwick discovered Soal had not used the method of random selection of numbers as he had claimed. Marwick showed that there had been manipulation of the score sheets and all experiments reported by Soal had thereby become discredited.

1145: 1210:. According to Hansel there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target and no other person until the judging of targets had been completed, however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote there had been poor controls in the experiment as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject. 3675:"One of the reasons scientists have difficulty believing that psi effects are real is that there is no known mechanism by which they could occur. PK action-at-a-distance would presumably employ an action-at-a-distance force that is as yet unknown to science... Similarly, there is no known sense (stimulation and receptor) by which thoughts could travel from one person to another by which the mind could project itself elsewhere in the present, future, or past." 4736: 3704:"Parapsychology makes no use of any knowledge gained in other fields, such as physics and physiological psychology. Moreover, its hypotheses are inconsistent with some basic assumptions of factual science. In particular, the very idea of a disembodied mental entity is incompatible with physiological psychology; and the claim that signals can be transmitted across space without fading with distance is inconsistent with physics." 807: 1048:. 1996) 22 believers and 20 skeptics were asked to judge the covariation between transmitted symbols and the corresponding feedback given by a receiver. According to the results the believers overestimated the number of successful transmissions whilst the skeptics made accurate hit judgments. The results from another telepathy experiment involving 48 undergraduate college students (Rudski, 2002) were explained by 4748: 773:. Bishop performed several feats successfully, such as correctly identifying a selected spot on a table and locating a hidden object. During the experiment, Bishop required physical contact with a subject who knew the correct answer. He would hold the hand or wrist of the helper. The scientists concluded that Bishop was not a genuine telepath but was instead using a highly trained skill to detect 1300:. According to Hupp and Jewell there are various behavioral and genetic factors that contribute to the twin telepathy myth "identical twins typically spend a lot of time together and are usually exposed to very similar environments. Thus, it's not at all surprising that they act in similar ways and are adept at anticipating and forecasting each other's reactions to events." 1272:. According to Hyman "reliance on meta-analysis as the sole basis for justifying the claim that an anomaly exists and that the evidence for it is consistent and replicable is fallacious. It distorts what scientists mean by confirmatory evidence." Hyman wrote the ganzfeld studies have not been independently replicated and have failed to produce evidence for telepathy. Storm 984:. The experiment consisted of Sherman and Wilkins at the end of each day to relax and visualise a mental image or "thought impression" of the events or thoughts they had experienced in the day and then to record those images and thoughts on paper in a diary. The results at the end when comparing Sherman's and Wilkins' diaries were claimed to be more than 60 percent. 3932:"Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are aloof and isolated and behave in a bland and apathetic manner. Magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions, and depersonalization are part of their everybody world. Examples include superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or "six sense;" and beliefs that "others can feel my feelings." 2809:. "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing." 1246:, randomization and security as well as possibilities of sensory leakage. Over half of the studies failed to safeguard against sensory leakage and all of the studies contained at least one of the 12 flaws. Because of the flaws, Honorton agreed with Hyman the 42 Ganzfeld studies could not support the claim for the existence of psi. 1755:"Many experiments have attempted to bring scientific methods to bear on the investigation of the subject. Their results based on literally millions of tests, have made it abundantly clear that there exists no such phenomenon as telepathy, and that the seemingly successful scores have relied either on illusion, or on deception." 3654:"Many observers refer to the field as a "pseudoscience". When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated." 946: 928:, his second wife. She attempted to duplicate 290 pictures which were drawn by her husband. Sinclair claimed Mary successfully duplicated 65 of them, with 155 "partial successes" and 70 failures. However, these experiments were not conducted in a controlled scientific laboratory environment. Science writer 1348:

has written that the experiments that have been claimed by parapsychologists to support evidence for the existence of telepathy are based on the use of shaky statistical analysis and poor design, and attempts to duplicate such experiments by the scientific community have failed. Taylor also wrote the

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are marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated the "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender selects a random card and visualizes the symbol on it, while the receiver attempts to determine that symbol telepathically. Statistically, the receiver has a 20%

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Within the scientific community however, the claim that psi anomalies exist or may exist is in general regarded with skepticism. One reason for this difference between the scientist and the non scientist is that the former relies on his own experiences and anecdotal reports of psi phenomena, whereas

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investigated the claims of twin telepathy. In an experiment with six sets of twins one subject would act as the sender and the other the receiver. The sender was given selected objects, photographs or numbers and would attempt to psychically send the information to the receiver. The results from the

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Hyman wrote the autoganzfeld experiments were flawed because they did not preclude the possibility of sensory leakage. In 2010, Lance Storm, Patrizio Tressoldi, and Lorenzo Di Risio analyzed 29 ganzfeld studies from 1997 to 2008. Of the 1,498 trials, 483 produced hits, corresponding to a hit rate of

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In the first place, an intuitive wife, who knows her husband intimately, may be able to guess with a fair degree of accuracy what he is likely to draw—particularly if the picture is related to some freshly recalled event the two experienced in common. At first, simple pictures like chairs and tables

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feats such as identifying a hidden object in a room that a person had picked out or asking someone to imagine a murder scene and then attempt to read the subject's thoughts and identify the victim and reenact the crime. Cumberland claimed to possess no genuine psychic ability and his thought-reading

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to study paranormal claims concluded that "despite a 130-year record of scientific research on such matters, our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or 'mind over matter' exercises... Evaluation of a large

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The most suspicious pattern was that the hit rate for a given target increased with the frequency of occurrence of that target in the experiment. The hit rate for the targets that occurred only once was right at the chance expectation of 25%. For targets that appeared twice the hit rate crept up to

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had methodological problems that were well documented. Honorton reported only 36% of the studies used duplicate target sets of pictures to avoid handling cues. Hyman discovered flaws in all of the 42 Ganzfeld experiments and to access each experiment, he devised a set of 12 categories of flaws. Six

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examined 160 subjects over 128,000 trials and obtained no evidence for the existence of telepathy. Soal tested Basil Shackleton and Gloria Stewart between 1941 and 1943 in over five hundred sittings and over twenty thousand guesses. Shackleton scored 2890 compared with a chance expectation of 2308

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wrote that the experiment was not an example of telepathy as a high percentage of misses had occurred. Booth wrote it was more likely that the "hits" were the result of "coincidence, law of averages, subconscious expectancy, logical inference or a plain lucky guess". A review of their book in the

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The Turner-Ownbey long distance telepathy experiment was discovered to contain flaws. May Frances Turner positioned herself in the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory whilst Sara Ownbey claimed to receive transmissions 250 miles away. For the experiment Turner would think of a symbol and write it down

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For nearly thirty years the telepathic experiments conducted by Mr. G. A. Smith and myself have been accepted and cited as the basic evidence of the truth of thought transference... ...the whole of those alleged experiments were bogus, and originated in the honest desire of two youths to show how

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has noted that "Despite decades of research trying to prove telepathy, there is no credible scientific evidence that psychic powers exist, either in the general population or among twins specifically. The idea that two people who shared their mother's womb—or even who share the same DNA—have a

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An attempt to replicate the experiments that used picture targets was carried out by Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level. Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also

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made the claim that he could demonstrate telepathy. This intrigued the journalist Arthur Helliwell who wanted to discover his methods. He found that Fogel's mind reading acts were all based on trickery as he relied on information about members of his audience before the show started. Helliwell

2849:. "Despite Rhine's confidence that he had established the reality of extrasensory perception, he had not done so. Methodological problems with his experiments eventually came to light, and as a result parapsychologists no longer run card-guessing studies and rarely even refer to Rhine's work." 1170:

or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues. Once Rhine took precautions in response to criticisms of his methods, he was unable to find any

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We consider in the context of a meta-analysis database of Ganzfeld–telepathy experiments from the field of experimental parapsychology. The Ganzfeld database is particularly suitable for this study, because the parapsychological phenomenon it investigates is widely believed to be

1364:. According to Sutherland, "most stories about this phenomenon concern people who are close to one another—husband and wife or brother and sister. Since such people have much in common, it is highly probable that they will sometimes think the same thought at the same time." 3626:"Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time." 3480:"The trouble is that the history of research into psi is littered with failed experiments, ambiguous experiments, and experiments which are claimed as great successes but are quickly rejected by conventional scientists. There has also been some spectacular cheating." 891:

conducted the first American radio test for telepathy. The results were entirely negative. One of their experiments involved the attempted thought transmission of a chosen number between one and one-thousand. Out of 2,010 replies, none was correct. This is below the

3501:"When an experiment can't be repeated and get the same result, this tends to show that the result was due to some error in experimental procedure, rather than some real causal process. ESP experiments simply have not turned up any repeatable paranormal phenomena." 1249:

Possibilities of sensory leakage in the Ganzfeld experiments included the receivers hearing what was going on in the sender's room next door as the rooms were not soundproof and the sender's fingerprints to be visible on the target object for the receiver to see.

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with p < .001. Participants selected for personality traits and personal characteristics thought to be psi-conducive were found to perform significantly better than unselected participants in the ganzfeld condition. Hyman (2010) published a rebuttal to Storm

965:; however, Ownbey sent them to Turner. Critics pointed out this invalidated the results as she could have simply written her own record to agree with the other. When the experiment was repeated and the records were sent to Rhine the scores dropped to average. 1276:. published a response to Hyman claiming the ganzfeld experimental design has proved to be consistent and reliable but parapsychology is a struggling discipline that has not received much attention so further research on the subject is necessary. Rouder 903:(BBC), V. J. Woolley who was at the time the Research Officer for the SPR, arranged a telepathy experiment in which radio listeners were asked to take part. The experiment involved 'agents' thinking about five selected objects in an office at 1033:. In a series of experiments the EM levels were many orders of magnitude lower than calculated and no paranormal effects were observed. Both Taylor and Balanovski wrote their results were a strong argument against the validity of telepathy. 1156:

chance of randomly guessing the correct symbol, so to demonstrate telepathy, they must repeatedly score a success rate that is significantly higher than 20%. If not conducted properly, this method is vulnerable to sensory leakage and

3911:"Schizotypy refers to a normal personality construct characterised by an enduring tendency to experience attenuated forms of hallucinatory (e.g. hearing one's own thoughts) and delusional experiences (e.g. beliefs in telepathy)." 1379:

Outside of parapsychology, telepathy is generally explained as the result of fraud, self-delusion and/or self-deception and not as a paranormal power. Psychological research has also revealed other explanations such as

1230:, and another person is designated as the sender and is placed in a separate location. The receiver is then required to receive information from the sender. The nature of the information may vary between experiments. 1416:

have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, albeit without claiming paranormal skills. They have identified, described, and developed psychological techniques of cold reading and

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who were searching for genuine cases of telepathy. Cumberland argued that both telepathy and communication with the dead were impossible and that the mind of man cannot be read through telepathy, but only by

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Let me take the example of claims in parapsychology regarding telepathy across spatial or temporal distances, apparently without a mediating physical process. Such claims are at odds with the scientific

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the scientist at least officially requires replicable results from well controlled experiments to believe in such phenomena—results which according to the prevailing view among scientists, do not exist.

991:. In the book, both Sherman and Wilkins had written they believed they had demonstrated that it was possible to send and receive thought impressions from the mind of one person to another. The magician 681:

Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for a lack of proper controls and repeatability. There is no good evidence that telepathy exists, and the topic is generally considered by the

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transmission of information from one person's mind to another's without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction. The term was first coined in 1882 by the classical scholar

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exposed Fogel's methods in a newspaper article. Although Fogel managed to fool some people into believing he could perform genuine telepathy, the majority of his audience knew he was a showman.

1284:.'s meta-analysis reveals no evidence for telepathy, no plausible mechanism and omitted replication failures. A 2016 paper examined questionable research practices in the ganzfeld experiments. 1296:

in psychological literature. Psychologists Stephen Hupp and Jeremy Jewell have noted that all experiments on the subject have failed to provide any scientific evidence for telepathy between

1372:, noted that experiments into telepathy often involve the subject relaxing and reporting the 'messages' to consist of colored geometric shapes. Reed wrote that these are a common type of 3720:

Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician

3525:"It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi phenomenon." 3317:

Rouder, J. N.; Morey, R. D.; Province, J. M. (2013). "A Bayes factor meta-analysis of recent extrasensory perception experiments: Comment on Storm, Tressoldi, and Di Risio (2010)".

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performances could only be demonstrated by holding the hand of his subject to read their muscular movements. He came into dispute with psychical researchers associated with the

27: 4480: 1445:. This similarity might explain how an individual might come to the conclusion that he or she were experiencing telepathy. Thought insertion/removal is a symptom of 1199:. They concluded the results from some of their experiments supported dream telepathy. However, the results have not been independently replicated. The psychologist 311: 1846:"There is no adequate scientific evidence that people can read other people's minds. Research has not identified one single indisputable telepath or clairvoyant." 3352:

Bierman, DJ; Spottiswoode, JP; Bijl, A (2016), "Testing for Questionable Research Practices in a Meta-Analysis: An Example from Experimental Parapsychology",

3197: 1977: 2236:"On his return to Harvard in 1916, one of his first enterprises was an investigation of telepathy in the psychology laboratory, which gave negative results." 1002:

cast doubt on their experiment, noting "the study was published five years after it was conducted, arouses suspicion on the validity of the conclusions.

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A variety of tests have been performed to demonstrate telepathy, but there is no scientific evidence that the power exists. A panel commissioned by the

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had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote that Zancigs performed telepathy. In 1924, Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their

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and believed to have genuine psychic ability. However, during a later experiment they were caught utilizing signal codes and they confessed to

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has written the dream telepathy experiments at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant."

4907: 4804: 4591: 1107:, formerly known as "deferred telepathy", describes a transfer of information with an observable time-lag between transmission and reception. 838:

easily men of scientific mind and training could be deceived when seeking for evidence in support of a theory they were wishful to establish.

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body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist." The scientific community considers

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who carried out their own experiment in telepathy for five and a half months starting in October 1937. This took place when Sherman was in

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conducted 236 experiments into telepathy and reported 36% as successful. However, it was suggested that the results could be explained by

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Hyman also reviewed the autoganzfeld experiments and discovered a pattern in the data that implied a visual cue may have taken place:

5912: 5853: 4576: 4081: 4713: 4207: 1084:". Parapsychologists have reported experiments they use to test for telepathic abilities. Among the most well known are the use of 5817: 4786: 4475: 1325: 1226:

to test for telepathy, one individual is designated as the receiver and is placed inside a controlled environment where they are

1080:(ESP) or "anomalous cognition" that parapsychologists believe is transferred through a hypothetical psychic mechanism they call " 1029:

and Eduardo Balanovski wrote the only scientifically feasible explanation for telepathy could be electromagnetism (EM) involving

4490: 3257: 1119:, also known as remote influence or emotional transfer, describes the transfer of kinesthetic sensations through altered states. 4152: 760:(reading thoughts from unconscious bodily cues). Bishop was investigated by a group of scientists including the editor of the 5011: 1113:

describes the transfer of information about the past, future or present state of an individual's mind to another individual.

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and the claim that "signals can be transmitted across space without fading with distance is inconsistent with physics".

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act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of

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medication. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists believe and empirical findings support the idea that people with

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high-scoring subjects. Due to the methodological problems, parapsychologists no longer utilize card-guessing studies.

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whilst Ownbey would write her guesses. The scores were highly successful and both records were supposed to be sent to

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Storm, L.; Tressoldi, P. E.; Di Risio, L. (2010). "A meta-analysis with nothing to hide: Reply to Hyman (2010)".

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were claimed to be genuine psychics by the Society for Psychical Research but Blackburn confessed to fraud:

5898: 5153: 4671: 4546: 4505: 4495: 4314: 4200: 1486: 733: 667: 4053: 3198:"Meta-Analysis of Free-Response Studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the Noise Reduction Model in Parapsychology" 5946: 5919: 5509: 5226: 4779: 4284: 4176:– a critical evaluation of the Soal-Goldney Experiment, which claimed to prove the existence of telepathy 3183: 2776: 1458: 606: 254: 134: 817:

In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters (Mary, Alice, Maud, Kathleen, and Emily) were tested by the

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arguments used by parapsychologists for the feasibility of such phenomena are based on distortions of

5951: 5519: 4966: 4657: 4607: 4515: 4225: 4159: 1528: 1519:, traditional Japanese concept of unspoken mutual understanding, sometimes translated as "telepathy". 1505: 1184: 2975:(2003). "Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi". 5477: 5371: 5337: 5221: 4706: 4394: 4269: 3901:

Staying Well After Psychosis: A Cognitive Interpersonal Approach to Recovery and Relapse Prevention

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The full results of the experiments were published in 1942 in a book by Sherman and Wilkins titled

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that aimed to demonstrate telepathy have been criticized for lack of replication and poor controls.

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Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Volume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World

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of these concerned statistical defects, the other six covered procedural flaws such as inadequate

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Taylor, J. G; Balanovski, E. (1979). "Is There Any Scientific Explanation of the Paranormal?".

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The picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman were criticized by

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Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice

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wrote that cases of telepathy can be explained by people underestimating the probability of

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for trying to "prove" telepathy rather than objectively analyze whether or not it existed.

682: 484: 479: 426: 164: 907:, whilst listeners on the radio were asked to identify the objects from the BBC studio at 8: 5807: 5641: 4951: 4304: 4294: 3175: 2729: 1978:"Chapter 4: George Eliot's Prophecies: Coercive Second Sight and Everyday Though Reading" 1350: 1227: 1223: 1089: 925: 568: 534: 376: 42: 31: 3665:

Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins

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Rudski, J. M. (2002). "Hindsight and confirmation biases in an exercise in telepathy".

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The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900–1939

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a pseudoscience. There is no known mechanism for telepathy. Philosopher and physicist

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Schienle, A.; Vaitl, D.; Stark, R. (1996). "Covariation bias and paranormal belief".

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Belvedere, E.; Foulkes, D. (1971). "Telepathy and Dreams: A Failure to Replicate".

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Psychics, Sensitives and Somnambules: A Biographical Dictionary with Bibliographies

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The Need for Responsibility in Parapsychology: My Sixty Years in Psychical Research

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Assessing possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld

3053: 5797: 5765: 5651: 5626: 5315: 5280: 5275: 5191: 5123: 5043: 5016: 5006: 5001: 4936: 4424: 4389: 4384: 4274: 4156: 4087: 4058:. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. Chapter XII. pp. 131–191. 4035: 3534: 3433: 3374: 3261: 3159: 3109: 3066: 2993: 2859: 2711: 2530: 2393: 2350: 2287: 2201: 1952: 1881: 1855: 1769: 1724: 1492: 1389: 1338: 1304: 1207: 1196: 1180: 1167: 933: 710: 706: 702: 690: 416: 219: 154: 94: 5771: 5746: 5736: 5731: 5696: 5691: 5666: 5359: 5300: 5133: 5098: 4896: 4838: 4828: 4530: 4449: 4434: 4414: 4409: 4216: 3966: 3962: 3942: 3715: 3639: 2907:

Clemmer, E. J. (1986). "Not so anomalous observations question ESP in dreams".

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Lives and Letters in American Parapsychology: A Biographical History, 1850–1897

1771:

Telepathic Group Communication of Emotions as a Function of Belief in Telepathy

1345: 1330: 1065: 1049: 1026: 973: 969: 929: 915: 911:. 24,659 answers were received. The results revealed no evidence of telepathy. 888: 847: 843: 810: 795: 770: 757: 504: 499: 436: 394: 239: 234: 104: 3954: 3587: 3037: 2675: 2632: 858:

which were reported in 1917. The subjects produced below chance expectations.

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The Last Explorer: Hubert Wilkins, Hero of the Great Age of Polar Exploration

2115: 1904: 1663:

Immortal Longings: F.W.H. Myers and the Victorian search for life after death

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mysterious mental connection is an intriguing one not borne out in science."

1243: 1157: 1018: 1006: 945: 729: 686: 663: 529: 441: 284: 229: 209: 159: 114: 5847:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

1980:. In Nicola Bown; Carolyn Burdett; Pamela Thurschwell; Gillian Beer (eds.). 1400:. Virtually all of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena, such as 5726: 5646: 5604: 5544: 5436: 5387: 5270: 5088: 5033: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4931: 4860: 4685: 4419: 4369: 4259: 4025: 3995: 3863: 3840: 3539:

How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life

3393: 3338: 3295: 3224: 2972: 2834: 2704: 2683: 2377: 2020: 1717: 1413: 1405: 1200: 1166:'s experiments with Zener cards were discredited due to the discovery that 1073: 1069: 920: 767: 753: 554: 544: 524: 519: 459: 336: 269: 204: 89: 3045: 2640: 1860:

The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914

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The establishment of data manipulation in the Soal-Shackleton experiments

2365: 1522: 1418: 1409: 1361: 1334: 1152: 1139: 1014: 962: 893: 549: 274: 3254:

Meta-analysis that conceals more than it reveals: Comment on Storm et al

1513:, the concept that things frequently used by the mind become part of it. 5871: 5701: 5681: 5676: 5564: 5559: 5534: 5529: 5419: 5354: 5285: 5160: 5128: 5068: 4865: 4454: 4344: 4319: 4254: 4164: 3958: 3179: 3000: 2551: 2496:

Extraordinary Beliefs: A Historical Approach to a Psychological Problem

1589:. In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007). 1466: 1401: 1373: 1085: 1041: 908: 722: 659: 647: 509: 329: 264: 169: 124: 79: 50: 4173: 1429:

The notion of telepathy is not dissimilar to three clinical concepts:

1144: 5756: 5574: 5524: 5492: 5467: 5332: 5138: 5113: 5078: 4880: 4823: 3330: 3287: 3216: 3196:

Storm, Lance; Tressoldi, Patrizio E.; Di Risio, Lorenzo (July 2010).

3139:

in Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007).

3132: 2953:

Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination

2935: 2589: 2038:

Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination

2004: 1582: 1446: 1430: 1234: 914:

A famous experiment in telepathy was recorded by the American author

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phenomena. The modern concept of telepathy emerged in this context.

5514: 5073: 5048: 4996: 4956: 4875: 2438:

Thoughts through Space: A Remarkable Adventure in the Realm of Mind

1690: 1638: 1188: 1129:

to access the collective wisdom of the human species for knowledge.

514: 421: 346: 149: 139: 3785: 3644:

Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem

1040:

has discovered that in some cases telepathy can be explained by a

752:

would perform "thought reading" demonstrations. Bishop claimed no

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The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena

1645: 1308:

experiment were negative, no evidence of telepathy was observed.

850:

as he could hear what was being said by the sender. Psychologist

806: 674:(SPR), and has remained more popular than the earlier expression 643: 494: 289: 214: 174: 5761: 4764: 2009:

The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research

713:

can be traced to the late 19th century and the formation of the

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The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

2302:

The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research

2097:

The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research

981: 411: 179: 84: 4040:

The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited

3071:

The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited

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The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited

1353:

as well as "complete ignorance" of relevant areas of physics.

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Parapsychology: Science or Magic? A Psychological Perspective

822: 189: 4018:

Telepathy: An Outline of its Facts, Theory, and Implications

968:

Another example is the experiment carried out by the author

4481:

Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena

1297: 1293: 351: 26: 3941: 2742:

Plazo, Joseph R., (2002) "Psychic Seduction." pp. 112–114

1404:, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as 1292:

Twin telepathy is a belief that has been described as a

924:

which documents Sinclair's test of psychic abilities of

3890:. Volume 11, Number 2, Number 2/March 2006. pp. 117–192 3351: 2888:

States of Mind: ESP and Altered States of Consciousness

2840:

Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair

2322:

Miracles of the Mind: An Introduction to Parapsychology

3574:(1987). "Why Parapsychology Cannot Become a Science". 3273: 3195: 2300:

Mauskopf, Seymour H; McVaugh, Michael Rogers. (1980).

2095:

Mauskopf, Seymour H; McVaugh, Michael Rogers. (1980).

1233:

The Ganzfeld experiment studies that were examined by

748:

In the late 19th century, the magician and mentalist,

1111:

Retrocognitive, precognitive, and intuitive telepathy

3116:. The Journal of Parapsychology. Volume 66: 183–186. 2938:. (1986). "Maimonides dream-telepathy experiments". 2864:

Psychoanalysis and the paranormal: lands of darkness

1688: 721:), with the hope that this would help to understand 4587:

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory

3799:

Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking

3316: 3264:. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136. pp. 486–490. 2758:

St. Claire, David., (1989) "Instant ESP." pp. 40–50

2120:

Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking

3083: 2618: 4693:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives 2521:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 54–55 1473:are particularly likely to believe in telepathy. 5933: 4501:International Association for Near-Death Studies 3023: 2567: 1877: 1875: 1100:Several forms of telepathy have been suggested: 3166:. Journal of Parapsychology. Volume 60: 97–128. 2770: 2535:ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation 2345:(Courier Dover Publications, 1957) Chapter 25: 1984:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–108. 1796: 1718:Glossary of Parapsychological terms – Telepathy 1376:and not evidence for telepathic communication. 1280:. 2013 wrote that critical evaluation of Storm 899:In February 1927, with the co-operation of the 780:Another famous thought reader was the magician 4562:International Institute for Psychical Research 3600:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3251:Hyman, R. (2010). 2513: 2511: 2361: 2359: 2332: 2330: 1763: 1761: 936:during the experiment had not been ruled out: 4805:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 4780: 4592:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures 4201: 3935: 3899:Andrew Gumley, Matthias Schwannauer. (2006). 3189: 2304:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 36–38. 1872: 1803:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–. 576: 4700:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind 3824:. Ian Rowland Limited: 4th Revised edition. 3663:Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins. (2001). 3409: 3407: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 2122:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 155. 1969: 1767: 1739: 1737: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1525:, a horse that appeared to answer questions. 1337:has written that telepathy would contradict 896:of two correct replies in such a situation. 854:had carried out experiments in telepathy at 3178:. (2014). 3143:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–231. 2766: 2764: 2727:Rennie, John (1845), "Test for Telepathy", 2508: 2485: 2356: 2342:Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science 2327: 2076:Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox 1975: 1862:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–249. 1774:. Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm University 1758: 4787: 4773: 4208: 4194: 3438:Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There 2249:. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 362–364. 2099:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 331. 1957:Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There 1684: 1682: 1654: 709:the origin of the concept of telepathy in 583: 569: 5913:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 5854:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 4577:National Laboratory of Psychical Research 3404: 3383: 3373: 3162:, Matthew Smith, Diana Kornbrot. (1996). 3119: 2852: 2705:Glossary of Parapsychological terms – ESP 1790: 1734: 1704: 696: 4714:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation 3797:Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones. (1989). 3468:Simon Hoggart, Mike Hutchinson. (1995). 2761: 2698: 1660: 1143: 944: 805: 25: 5818:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 4476:American Society for Psychical Research 4182:– article in Science and Psychoanalysis 4030:The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense 3550:Daisie Radner, Michael Radner. (1982). 3493:. University Press of America. p. 227. 3413:Hupp, Stephen; Jewell, Jeremy. (2015). 2906: 2519:Delusions and the Madness of the Masses 2382:The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense 1679: 1326:United States National Research Council 1319: 5934: 4113:The Psychology of Anomalous Experience 4055:The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism 3767:The Psychology of Anomalous Experience 3646:. University Of Chicago Press p. 158. 3005:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology 2858: 2721: 2661: 2556:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology 2498:. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. 2228:. State History Publications. p. 526. 1913:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology 1217: 813:conducted early telepathy experiments. 4768: 4189: 3570: 2997:The Search for a Demonstration of ESP 2971: 2206:The Invention of Telepathy: 1870–1901 1888:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–51. 1886:The Invention of Telepathy, 1870–1901 1691:"The Skeptic's Dictionary; Telepathy" 367:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal 4747: 4491:Institut Métapsychique International 3114:A Response to Storm and Ertel (2002) 1934:The Invention of Telepathy: 18701901 1836:Psychology: Concepts and Connections 1797:Willem B. Drees (28 November 1998). 1059: 3972:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 3822:The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading 3137:Evaluating Parapsychological Claims 2479:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2226:Connecticut Biographical Dictionary 2208:. Oxford University Press. p. 269. 1587:Evaluating Parapsychological Claims 999:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 13: 5867:James Randi Educational Foundation 4552:British College of Psychic Science 4215: 3989: 2825:. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 28 2025:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal 1936:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 1174: 932:suggested that the possibility of 756:powers and ascribed his powers to 743: 357:James Randi Educational Foundation 14: 5993: 4794: 4721:Varieties of Anomalous Experience 4665:Journal of Scientific Exploration 4143: 4070:(2nd Edition). Prometheus Books. 3073:. Prometheus Books. pp. 141–152. 2281:Gault, Robert H. (August, 1924). 1915:. Prometheus Books. pp. 161–174. 1665:. Imprint Academic. p. 121. 1476: 1287: 689:. Telepathy is a common theme in 5264:Strauss–Howe generational theory 5242:Moon landing conspiracy theories 5039:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 4746: 4735: 4734: 3914: 3614:Michael W. Friedlander. (1998). 3515:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 3415:Great Myths of Child Development 3007:. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–127. 2977:Journal of Consciousness Studies 2474:Review of Thoughts Through Space 2420:. Arcade Publishing. pp. 267–268 1800:Religion, Science and Naturalism 1566:. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–106. 1471:schizotypal personality disorder 901:British Broadcasting Corporation 732:criticized SPR founding members 701:According to historians such as 5892:The Natural History of Quackery 5834:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4130:Irrationality: The Enemy Within 3924:. F. A. Davis Company. p. 613. 3893: 3880: 3857: 3834: 3811: 3791: 3779: 3769:. Prometheus Books. pp. 38–42. 3756: 3744:Irrationality: The Enemy Within 3733: 3709: 3678: 3657: 3629: 3608: 3564: 3544: 3528: 3504: 3491:Critical Thinking: Step by Step 3483: 3472:. Richard Cohen Books. p. 145. 3462: 3450: 3427: 3345: 3310: 3267: 3245: 3169: 3153: 3141:Critical Thinking in Psychology 3102: 3060: 3017: 2987: 2965: 2945: 2929: 2900: 2880: 2828: 2812: 2789: 2752: 2736: 2655: 2612: 2561: 2558:. Prometheus Books. pp. 287–312 2540: 2524: 2466: 2450: 2423: 2410: 2400:. Prometheus Books. pp. 56–58. 2387: 2371: 2314: 2294: 2275: 2259: 2239: 2224:Hannan, Caryn. (2008 edition). 2218: 2195: 2175: 2152: 2132: 2109: 2089: 2068: 2056:Payne, Kenneth Wilcox. (1928). 2050: 2030: 2014: 1998: 1946: 1926: 1898: 1849: 1828: 1591:Critical Thinking in Psychology 1491:Telepathy is a common theme in 1179:Parapsychological studies into 1076:, is described as an aspect of 801: 784:. He was famous for performing 342:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4582:Oxford Phasmatological Society 4572:Metropolitan Psychical Society 4526:Society for Psychical Research 4350:Parapsychology research at SRI 4080:Kenneth Wilcox Payne. (1928). 3788:. Retrieved February 22, 2007. 3667:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 165. 3457:"The Riddle of Twin Telepathy" 3092:by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, 2955:. Dover Publications. p. 145. 2923:10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1173.b 2771:Carroll, Robert (2006-02-17). 2718:. Retrieved December 19, 2006. 2040:. Dover Publications. p. 220. 2011:. Prometheus Books. pp. 99–106 1731:. Retrieved December 19, 2006. 1631: 1607: 1576: 1551: 1133: 1125:describes use of the supposed 1068:, telepathy, often along with 954:Society for Psychical Research 819:Society for Psychical Research 791:Society for Psychical Research 715:Society for Psychical Research 672:Society for Psychical Research 1: 4651:Journal of Near-Death Studies 4511:Parapsychological Association 4360:Plant perception (paranormal) 4067:The Psychology of the Psychic 3576:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2716:Parapsychological Association 2078:. Lutterworth Press. p. 129. 1729:Parapsychological Association 1689:Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). 1563:The Psychology of the Psychic 1424: 1044:. In an experiment (Schienle 296:Reportedly haunted locations: 5899:The Psychology of the Occult 5154:Traditional Chinese medicine 5029:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 4886:Superseded scientific theory 4547:American Psychical Institute 4506:Koestler Parapsychology Unit 4496:Institute of Noetic Sciences 3517:. Prometheus Books. p. 144. 3375:10.1371/journal.pone.0153049 2440:. Hampton Roads Publishing. 1976:Thurschwell, Pamela (2004). 1838:. Cengage Learning. p. 143. 1560:; Kammann, Richard. (2000). 952:who was investigated by the 883:In 1924, Robert H. Gault of 619: 'distant' and 7: 5510:Electronic voice phenomenon 5367:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 5227:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 4285:Electronic voice phenomenon 3026:Perceptual and Motor Skills 2795:Jonathan C. Smith. (2009). 2118:; Jones, Warren H. (1989). 1498: 1459:substance-induced psychosis 1311:The skeptical investigator 1013:In a series of experiments 135:Electronic voice phenomenon 10: 5998: 5906:The Ragged Edge of Science 5637:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 5580:Pseudoscientific metrology 5104:Miracle Mineral Supplement 4613:Skeptics of parapsychology 4567:London Dialectical Society 4486:College of Psychic Studies 3847:. Channel 4: New edition. 3618:. Westview Press. p. 119. 2537:. Prometheus Books. p. 165 2181:Berger, Arthur S. (1988). 2138:Anderson, Rodger. (2006). 2027:. Prometheus Books. p. 688 1982:The Victorian Supernatural 1959:. Macmillan. pp. 140–142. 1595:Cambridge University Press 1480: 1137: 1005:In 1948, on the BBC radio 868:were duped into believing 628: 622: 605: 21:Telepathy (disambiguation) 18: 5826: 5790: 5617: 5520:Facilitated communication 5450: 5380: 5184: 4919: 4906: 4811: 4802: 4730: 4658:Journal of Parapsychology 4621: 4608:List of parapsychologists 4600: 4539: 4516:Parapsychology Foundation 4468: 4232: 4223: 3888:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 3870:. Facts on File. p. 359. 3746:. p. 314. Penguin Books. 3691:. Springer. pp. 225–226. 3616:At the Fringes of Science 3588:10.1017/s0140525x00054595 3038:10.2466/pms.1971.33.3.783 2823:ESP, Seers & Psychics 2676:10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.899 2633:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.291 2463:. Prometheus Books. p. 69 2353:; accessed July 25, 2010. 2324:. C. C. Thomas. pp. 26–28 2320:Edmunds, Simeon. (1965). 2283:Telepathy Put to the Test 2163:ESP, Seers & Psychics 1932:Roger Luckhurst. (2002). 1661:Hamilton, Trevor (2009). 1529:Microwave auditory effect 1265:statistically significant 1228:deprived of sensory input 1185:Maimonides Medical Center 894:theoretical chance figure 5920:The Skeptic's Dictionary 5478:Biological transmutation 5398:Faster-than-light travel 5372:Enneagram of Personality 5338:Recovered-memory therapy 5222:9/11 conspiracy theories 4707:The Roots of Coincidence 4270:Dermo-optical perception 3554:. Wadsworth. pp. 38–66. 3184:The Skeptic's Dictionary 2886:Parker, Adrian. (1975). 2777:The Skeptic's Dictionary 2546:Betty Markwick. (1985). 2472:Steiner, Lee R. (1942). 2272:. Prometheus Books. p. 8 1834:Spencer Rathus. (2011). 1545: 1481:See also the categories 1455:schizoaffective disorder 1263:32.2%. This hit rate is 1183:were carried out at the 1123:Superconscious telepathy 1095: 750:Washington Irving Bishop 407:Apparitional experiences 5885:The Demon-Haunted World 5803:Bourgeois pseudoscience 5237:COVID-19 misinformation 5176:Young blood transfusion 4947:Anthroposophic medicine 4637:Extrasensory Perception 4630:An Experiment with Time 4557:Cambridge Ghost Society 4290:Extrasensory perception 4240:Apparitional experience 4174:Soal-Goldney Experiment 3920:Mary Townsend. (2013). 3886:Graham Pickup. (2006). 3722:. Temple Smith. p. 84. 3489:Robert Cogan. (1998). 3459:. Retrieved 2014-06-06. 2951:Neher, Andrew. (2011). 2517:Lawrie Reznek. (2010). 2062:Popular Science Monthly 2036:Neher, Andrew. (2011). 1637:Following the model of 1483:Fiction about telepathy 1078:extrasensory perception 1025:In 1979 the physicists 980:and Wilkins was in the 956:in the late 1930–1940s. 885:Northwestern University 880:in a London newspaper. 870:Julius and Agnes Zancig 842:Between 1916 and 1924, 763:British Medical Journal 465:Argument from ignorance 432:Out-of-body experiences 145:Extrasensory perception 5977:Science fiction themes 5967:Paranormal terminology 5717:Corentin Louis Kervran 5585:Rapid prompting method 5473:Biodynamic agriculture 5463:Aquatic ape hypothesis 5321:Historical negationism 5024:Doctrine of signatures 4891:True-believer syndrome 4335:Out-of-body experience 4150:The Intuitive Magician 4094:Felix Planer. (1980). 4083:Is Telepathy All Bunk? 3590:(inactive 2024-08-17). 3319:Psychological Bulletin 3276:Psychological Bulletin 3205:Psychological Bulletin 2245:Asprem, Egil. (2014). 2159:Christopher, Milbourne 2074:Couttie, Bob. (1988). 2058:Is Telepathy all Bunk? 1743:Felix Planer. (1980). 1370:anomalistic psychology 1260: 1149: 1038:anomalistic psychology 989:Thoughts Through Space 957: 943: 840: 814: 697:Origins of the concept 490:Communal reinforcement 35: 5722:The Light (newspaper) 5707:William Donald Kelley 5600:Voice stress analysis 5232:Climate change denial 5171:Wind turbine syndrome 5166:Vertebral subluxation 5059:Germ theory denialism 4540:Defunct organizations 4521:Rhine Research Center 4325:Near-death experience 4052:Walter Mann. (1919). 2910:American Psychologist 2819:Milbourne Christopher 2664:Psychological Reports 2621:Psychological Reports 2416:Simon Nasht. (2006). 2142:. McFarland. p. 126. 1768:Jan Dalkvist (1994). 1620:CollinsDictionary.com 1506:Brain–brain interface 1394:subjective validation 1255: 1147: 948: 938: 835: 809: 728:Psychical researcher 470:Argumentum ad populum 402:Anomalous experiences 382:Scientific skepticism 200:Paranormal television 29: 5712:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 5672:Ignatius L. Donnelly 5343:Past life regression 5202:Arabian Judah theory 5149:Traditional medicine 4942:Alternative medicine 4871:Pathological science 4469:Active organizations 4355:Past life regression 4169:Skeptic's Dictionary 4115:. Prometheus Books. 4042:. Prometheus Books. 3801:. Psychology Press. 3552:Science and Unreason 3541:. Free Press. p. 160 3440:. Macmillan. p. 54. 3417:. Wiley. pp. 10–16. 2890:. Taplinger. p. 90. 2185:. McFarland. p. 66. 1533:subvocal recognition 1443:thought broadcasting 1408:. Magicians such as 1320:Scientific reception 758:muscular sensitivity 734:Frederic W. H. Myers 711:Western civilization 683:scientific community 676:thought-transference 668:Frederic W. H. Myers 662:') is the purported 485:Cognitive dissonance 480:Begging the question 427:Ideomotor phenomenon 32:Ganzfeld experiments 19:For other uses, see 5808:Demarcation problem 5642:Brigitte Boisselier 5271:Hollow Earth theory 5254:Generational theory 4952:Applied kinesiology 4305:Kirlian photography 4295:Ganzfeld experiment 4180:Dream and Telepathy 3366:2016PLoSO..1153049B 3176:Robert Todd Carroll 2801:. Wiley-Blackwell. 2733:, V3#1 (1847-09-25) 2730:Scientific American 2582:1979Natur.279..631T 1747:. Cassell. p. 218. 1539:Synthetic telepathy 1487:Fictional telepaths 1351:theoretical physics 1224:Ganzfeld experiment 1218:Ganzfeld experiment 1090:Ganzfeld experiment 926:Mary Craig Sinclair 827:George Albert Smith 775:ideomotor movements 670:, a founder of the 535:Scientific evidence 377:Scientific literacy 5947:1882 introductions 5878:Skeptical Inquirer 5777:Paul Joseph Watson 5752:Hans Alfred Nieper 5590:Statement analysis 5540:Intelligent design 5415:Reactionless drive 5249:Conversion therapy 5197:Ancient astronauts 5084:Leaky gut syndrome 5064:HIV/AIDS denialism 4819:Cargo cult science 4265:Deathbed phenomena 4155:2021-07-20 at the 4002:. Pergamon Press. 3845:Tricks of the Mind 3786:Skepdic.com on ESP 3740:Sutherland, Stuart 3260:2013-11-03 at the 2940:Skeptical Inquirer 2846:Skeptical Inquirer 2710:2011-01-11 at the 2165:. Crowell. p. 19. 1723:2006-09-27 at the 1449:, particularly of 1368:, a specialist in 1189:Brooklyn, New York 1150: 1017:and his assistant 972:with the explorer 958: 862:Arthur Conan Doyle 856:Harvard University 852:Leonard T. Troland 815: 738:William F. Barrett 245:Spirit photography 195:Paranormal fiction 120:Demonic possession 36: 5929: 5928: 5840:Cults of Unreason 5813:Scientific method 5742:Ministry of Ayush 5687:Nicholas Gonzalez 5613: 5612: 5550:Law of attraction 5530:Flat Earth theory 5410:Quantum mysticism 5350:Scientific racism 5306:Pseudoarchaeology 5212:Conspiracy theory 4910:characterized as 4854:Pseudomathematics 4844:Pseudoarchaeology 4762: 4761: 4380:Psychic detective 4340:Pam Reynolds case 4245:Astral projection 4132:. Penguin Books. 4126:Stuart Sutherland 4022:Methuen & Co. 4013:Whately Carington 3951:Stableford, Brian 3903:. Wiley. p. 187. 3636:Massimo Pigliucci 2917:(10): 1173–1174. 2773:"Zener ESP Cards" 2576:(5714): 631–633. 2461:Psychic Paradoxes 2270:Psychic Paradoxes 1435:thought insertion 1382:confirmation bias 1358:Stuart Sutherland 1117:Emotive telepathy 1060:In parapsychology 831:Douglas Blackburn 782:Stuart Cumberland 593: 592: 540:Scientific method 250:Spirit possession 65:Astral projection 5989: 5952:1880s neologisms 5782:Andrew Wakefield 5483:Creation science 5442:Water-fueled car 5404:Perpetual motion 5326:Holocaust denial 5296:Nibiru cataclysm 5291:Nazi archaeology 5094:Macrobiotic diet 4917: 4916: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4750: 4749: 4738: 4737: 4679:Life Before Life 4644:Irreducible Mind 4210: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4186: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3939: 3933: 3918: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3861: 3855: 3838: 3832: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3760: 3754: 3737: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3682: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3633: 3627: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3568: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3532: 3526: 3508: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3434:Wiseman, Richard 3431: 3425: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3387: 3377: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3331:10.1037/a0029008 3314: 3308: 3307: 3288:10.1037/a0019840 3271: 3265: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3227:. 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E. M. Hansel 3992: 3990:Further reading 3987: 3978: 3976: 3967:Sleight, Graham 3963:Langford, David 3947:Nicholls, Peter 3943:Langford, David 3940: 3936: 3919: 3915: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3862: 3858: 3839: 3835: 3816: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3761: 3757: 3738: 3734: 3714: 3710: 3683: 3679: 3662: 3658: 3634: 3630: 3613: 3609: 3593: 3592: 3569: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3535:Thomas Gilovich 3533: 3529: 3509: 3505: 3488: 3484: 3470:Bizarre Beliefs 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3432: 3428: 3412: 3405: 3350: 3346: 3315: 3311: 3272: 3268: 3262:Wayback Machine 3250: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3174: 3170: 3160:Richard Wiseman 3158: 3154: 3131: 3120: 3110:Richard Wiseman 3107: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3067:Hansel, C. E. 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Hansel 1197:Montague Ullman 1181:dream telepathy 1177: 1175:Dream telepathy 1168:sensory leakage 1142: 1136: 1098: 1062: 934:sensory leakage 804: 746: 744:Thought reading 707:Janet Oppenheim 703:Roger Luckhurst 699: 691:science fiction 637:páthos/-pátheia 589: 560: 559: 455: 447: 446: 417:False awakening 397: 387: 386: 332: 322: 321: 220:Psychic reading 155:Fortune-telling 95:Close encounter 60: 24: 17: 16:Psychic ability 12: 11: 5: 5995: 5985: 5984: 5982:Fantasy tropes 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5962:Psychic powers 5959: 5957:Parapsychology 5954: 5949: 5944: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5791:Related topics 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5772:Randolph Stone 5769: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5747:Theodor Morell 5744: 5739: 5737:Joseph Mercola 5734: 5732:Jenny McCarthy 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5697:Graham Hancock 5694: 5692:Goop (company) 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Vernon Coleman 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5432:Teleportation‎ 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5360:Melanin theory 5357: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5308: 5303: 5301:Parapsychology 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5185:Social science 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5134:Primal therapy 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5099:Magnet therapy 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5012:Detoxification 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4914: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4897:Voodoo Science 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4839:Fringe science 4831: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4744: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4531:The Ghost Club 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Thoughtography 4447: 4442: 4437: 4435:Superconscious 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Retrocognition 4412: 4410:Remote viewing 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4217:Parapsychology 4213: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4162: 4145: 4144:External links 4142: 4141: 4140: 4123: 4106: 4092: 4078: 4059: 4050: 4033: 4023: 4010: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3975:(4th ed.) 3934: 3930:978-0803638761 3913: 3909:978-0470021859 3892: 3879: 3876:978-0816064052 3856: 3853:978-1905026357 3833: 3830:978-0955847608 3810: 3807:978-0805805086 3790: 3778: 3755: 3732: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3697:978-9027716347 3677: 3673:978-0309073097 3656: 3652:978-0226051963 3640:Maarten Boudry 3628: 3607: 3582:(4): 576–577. 3563: 3543: 3527: 3523:978-1573929790 3503: 3499:978-0761810674 3482: 3478:978-1573921565 3461: 3449: 3446:978-0230752986 3426: 3423:978-1118521229 3403: 3344: 3325:(1): 241–247. 3309: 3282:(4): 491–494. 3266: 3244: 3188: 3168: 3152: 3149:978-0521608343 3118: 3108:Julie Milton, 3101: 3082: 3059: 3032:(3): 783–789. 3016: 2986: 2964: 2944: 2928: 2899: 2879: 2873:978-1855759855 2872: 2851: 2827: 2811: 2807:978-1405181228 2788: 2760: 2751: 2735: 2720: 2697: 2670:(3): 899–906. 2654: 2627:(1): 291–305. 2611: 2560: 2539: 2523: 2507: 2504:978-1107019331 2484: 2465: 2449: 2434:Harold Sherman 2430:Hubert Wilkins 2422: 2409: 2386: 2384:. Knopf. p. 24 2370: 2355: 2337:Martin Gardner 2326: 2313: 2310:978-0801823312 2293: 2274: 2258: 2255:978-9004251922 2238: 2217: 2214:978-0199249626 2194: 2174: 2171:978-0690268157 2151: 2131: 2128:978-0805805079 2116:Zusne, Leonard 2108: 2105:978-0801823312 2088: 2084:978-0718826864 2067: 2049: 2029: 2013: 1997: 1991:978-0521810159 1990: 1968: 1965:978-0230752986 1945: 1942:978-0199249626 1925: 1905:Dingwall, Eric 1897: 1894:978-0199249626 1871: 1868:978-0521265058 1848: 1844:978-1111344856 1827: 1810:978-0521645621 1809: 1789: 1757: 1733: 1703: 1678: 1672:978-1845402488 1671: 1653: 1630: 1606: 1603:978-0521608343 1575: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1478: 1477:Use in fiction 1475: 1426: 1423: 1331:parapsychology 1321: 1318: 1289: 1288:Twin telepathy 1286: 1219: 1216: 1176: 1173: 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127:superconscious 1120: 1114: 1108: 1097: 1094: 1066:parapsychology 1061: 1058: 1027:John G. Taylor 974:Hubert Wilkins 970:Harold Sherman 930:Martin Gardner 916:Upton Sinclair 889:Gardner Murphy 848:hyperaesthesia 844:Gilbert Murray 811:Gilbert Murray 803: 800: 796:muscle reading 771:Francis Galton 745: 742: 698: 695: 591: 590: 588: 587: 580: 573: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 505:Fringe science 502: 500:Falsifiability 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 439: 437:Parapsychology 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 398: 395:Parapsychology 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 333: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 309: 307:United Kingdom 304: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 240:Retrocognition 237: 235:Remote viewing 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 105:Crystal gazing 102: 97: 92: 87: 85:Breatharianism 82: 77: 72: 67: 61: 58: 57: 54: 53: 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