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279:. Hyman further noted that although the overall hit rate of 32% (7% higher than the 25% expectation from randomness) was significant, the hit rate for static targets (pictures) was, in fact, consistent with random and therefore inconsistent with Honorton's previous claims of positive results from the ganzfeld experiments that were conducted prior to 1982. The significance of the results was due entirely to a new set of "dynamic targets" (videos) that participants were able to identify at a rate that was better than random. In the hit rates regarding these dynamic targets, however, patterns were evident that implied visual cues were leaked:
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161:(static) is played. The receiver is in this state of mild sensory deprivation for half an hour. During this time, a "sender" observes a randomly chosen target and tries to mentally send this information to the receiver. The receiver speaks out loud during the 30 minutes, describing what they can "see". This is recorded by the experimenter (who is blind to the target) either by recording onto tape or by taking notes, and is used to help the receiver during the judging procedure.
218:, a psychologist and noted critic of parapsychology, disagreed. Hyman criticized the ganzfeld experiment papers for not describing optimal protocols, nor including the appropriate statistical analysis. He identified three significant flaws, namely, flaws in randomization for choice of target; flaws in randomization in judging procedure; and insufficient documentation. The two men later independently analyzed the same studies, and both presented meta-analyses of them in 1985.
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439:(2000) has noted that during the autoganzfeld experiments the experimenter sat only fourteen feet from the sender's room. Soundproofing tiles were eventually added but they were designed to "absorb sound not to prevent transmission." According to Marks this was inadequate and no different than using any standard internal wall. The door and door frame were also a possible source of sensory leakage and none of these problems were ever eliminated.
230:." Honorton himself had reported that only 36% of the studies used duplicate target sets of pictures to avoid handling cues. Over half of the studies failed to safeguard against sensory leakage and all of the studies contained at least one of the 12 flaws. After considerable back-and-forth over the relevance and importance of the flaws, Honorton came to agree with Hyman the 42 ganzfeld experiments he had included in his 1982
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crept up to 28%. For those that occurred three times it was 38%, and for those targets that occurred six or more times, the hit rate was 52%. Each time a videotape is played its quality can degrade. It is plausible then, that when a frequently used clip is the target for a given session, it may be physically distinguishable from the other three decoy clips that are presented to the subject for judging.
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prejudiced. His co-workers also responded, saying that any deviation from protocol was the result of "random errors" rather than any concerted attempt at fraud. Carl
Sargent stopped working in parapsychology after this and did not respond "in a timely fashion" when the Council of the Parapsychological Association asked for his data, and so his membership of that organization was allowed to lapse.
345:. concluding that the ganzfeld studies have not been independently replicated and had thus failed to produce evidence for psi. According to Hyman, "reliance on meta-analysis as the sole basis for justifying the claim that an anomaly exists and that the evidence for it is consistent and replicable is fallacious. It distorts what scientists mean by confirmatory evidence." Storm
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with Bem at a consciousness conference where she challenged him on his support of
Sargent and Honorton's research, he replied "it did not matter". Blackmore writes, "But it does matter. ... It matters because Bem's continued claims mislead a willing public into believing that there is reputable scientific evidence for ESP in the Ganzfeld when there is not".
401:– When subjects are asked to choose from a variety of selections, there is an inherent bias to choose the first selection they are shown. If the order in which they are shown the selections is randomized each time, this bias will be averaged out. The randomization procedures used in the experiment have been criticized for not randomizing satisfactorily.
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in science become clearer as more studies are published that describe under what specific condition the particular effect can be demonstrated. This is in opposition to the ganzfeld studies. According to Hines, there was "no clear way to obtain results showing any psychic phenomenon reliably" and that
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and others argue that not all of the studies used soundproof rooms, so it is possible that when videos were playing, the experimenter could have heard it, and later given involuntary cues to the receiver during the selection process. It could even have been possible that the receiver themselves could
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has written "Wiseman and his colleagues identified various different ways in which knowledge of the target could have been leaked to the experimenter. These included cues from the videocassette recorder and sounds from the sender who, of course, knew the target's identity... their conclusions provide
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In the judging procedure, the receiver is taken out of the
Ganzfeld state and given a set of possible targets, from which they select one which most resembled the images they witnessed. Most commonly there are three decoys along with the target, giving an expected rate of 25%, by chance, over several
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Until parapsychologists can provide a positive way to indicate the presence of psi, the different effect sizes that occur in experiments are just as likely to result from many different things rather than one thing called psi. Indeed given the obvious instability and elusiveness of the findings, the
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agree they have no positive theory of psi as it is negatively defined as any effect that cannot be currently explained in terms of chance or normal causes. Hyman saw this as a fallacy, as it encouraged parapsychologists to use any peculiarity in the data as a characteristic of psi. Hyman also wrote
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would "not have a clue that serious doubt had been cast on more than a quarter of the studies involved". When
Blackmore confronted Sargent, he told her "it wouldn't matter if some experiments were unreliable because, after all, we know that psi exists". Blackmore also recounts having a discussion
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The most suspicious pattern was the fact that the hit rate for a given target increased with the frequency of occurrence of that target in the experiment. The hit rate for the targets that occurred only once was right at the chance expectation of 25%. For targets that appeared twice the hit rate
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which agreed on the methodological problems and on ways to fix them. They suggested a computer-automated control, where randomization and the other methodological problems identified were eliminated. Hyman and
Honorton agreed that replication of the studies was necessary before final conclusions
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Critics have pointed out that relying on selection criteria like this can introduce bias in the experimental design, and so generally discussion of any claimed effects has typically included only studies that sample normal populations rather than selecting for "special" participants (see below).
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Another meta-analysis was conducted by Daryl Bem, John Palmer, and
Richard Broughton in which the experiments were sorted according to how closely they adhered to a pre-existing description of the ganzfeld procedure including some experiments that had been published in the time since Milton and
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Lance Storm and
Suitbert Ertel (2001) published a meta-analysis of 79 studies published between 1974 and 1996 and concluded the positive statistically significant overall outcome indicates a psi effect. In response, Milton and Wiseman (2001) wrote the meta-analysis of Storm and Ertel was not an
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Richard
Wiseman, a friend and former colleague of Honorton, has subsequently reanalysed the raw data trial by trial and shown that all the positive results can be attributed to those trials in which one or other of these sources of 'sensory leakage' was at least a possibility. In fact, in the
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Hyman discovered flaws in all of the 42 ganzfeld experiments, and, to assess each experiment, he devised a set of 12 categories of flaws. Six of these concerned statistical defects, the other six "covered procedural flaws such as inadequate randomization, inadequate security, possibilities of
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remained unpublished until 1987 but all were well known in parapsychological circles. Sargent wrote a rebuttal to these criticisms (also not published until 1987) in which he did not deny what
Blackmore had observed, but argued that her conclusions based on those observations were wrong and
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The ganzfeld experiment has continued to be refined over the years. In its current incarnation, an automated computer system is used to select and display the targets ("digital autoganzfeld"). This has the potential to overcome some of the shortcomings of earlier experimental setups, such as
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Hyman analyzed these experiments and wrote they met most, but not all of the "stringent standards" of the joint communiqué. He expressed concerns with the randomization procedure, the reliability of which he was not able to confirm based on the data provided by
Honorton's collaborator,
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We consider in the context of a meta-analysis database of Ganzfeld–telepathy experiments from the field of experimental parapsychology. The Ganzfeld database is particularly suitable for this study, because the parapsychological phenomenon it investigates is widely believed to be
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Hyman wrote these studies were an improvement over their older counterparts, but were not a successful replication of the ganzfeld experiments, nor a confirmation of psi. He concluded the autoganzfeld experiments were flawed because they did not preclude the possibility of
407:– The assumption that any statistical deviation from chance is evidence for telepathy is highly controversial. Strictly speaking, a deviation from chance is only evidence that either this was a rare, statistically unlikely occurrence that happened by chance, or
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with p < .001. Participants selected for personality traits and personal characteristics thought to be psi-conducive were found to perform significantly better than unselected participants in the ganzfeld condition. Hyman (2010) published a rebuttal to Storm
349:. published a response to Hyman claiming the ganzfeld experimental design has proved to be consistent and reliable but parapsychology is a struggling discipline that has not received much attention so further research on the subject is necessary. Rouder
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Honorton, C.; Berger, R.E.; Varvoglis, M.P.; Quant, M.; Derr, P.; Schechter, E.I.; Ferrari, D.C. (1990). "Psi Communication in the Ganzfeld: Experiments with an Automated Testing System and a Comparison with a Meta-Analysis of Earlier Studies".
58:. The receiver is normally asked to choose between a limited number of options for what the transmission was supposed to be and parapsychologists who propose that such telepathy is possible argue that rates of success above the expectation from
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In 1982, Honorton had started a series of "autoganzfeld experiments", that is ganzfeld experiments controlled by a computer, at his Psychophysical Research Laboratories (PRL). The trials continued until September 1989 and in 1990 Honorton
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In a typical ganzfeld experiment, a "receiver" is placed in a room relaxing in a comfortable chair with halved ping-pong balls over the eyes, having a red light shone on them. The receiver also wears a set of headphones through which
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accurate quantitative summary of ganzfeld research as they had included early studies which had been widely recognized as having methodological problems which make it impossible to interpret the results as evidence of a psi effect.
172:
can enhance ESP performance. Such parapsychologists have argued that certain characteristics in the participants could be selected for that would increase the scores of ganzfeld experiments. Such traits have included the following:
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and colleagues have written that the ganzfeld being a reliable technique is far from being resolved. They concluded that ESP has not been successfully demonstrated in experiments for over 150 years so this is hardly encouraging.
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Milton and Wiseman (1999) carried out a meta-analysis of ganzfeld experiments in other laboratories. They found no psi effect; the results showed no effect greater than chance from a database of 30 experiments and a
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that parapsychologists have admitted it is impossible to eliminate the possibility of non-paranormal causes in the ganzfeld experiment. There is no independent method to indicate the presence or absence of psi.
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In 2010, Lance Storm, Patrizio Tressoldi, and Lorenzo Di Risio analyzed 29 ganzfeld studies from 1997 to 2008. Of the 1,498 trials, 483 produced hits, corresponding to a hit rate of 32.2%. This hit rate is
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Rouder, Jeffrey N.; Morey, Richard D.; Province, Jordan M. (2013). "A Bayes factor meta-analysis of recent extrasensory perception experiments: Comment on Storm, Tressoldi, and Di Risio (2010)".
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that presented his summary of the results of the ganzfeld experiments up to that date. Honorton concluded that the results represented sufficient evidence to demonstrate the existence of psi.
271:. published the results of 11 autoganzfeld experiments they claimed met the standards specified by Hyman and Honorton (1986). In these experiments, 240 participants contributed 329 sessions.
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and other parapsychologists. Hansel concluded the ganzfeld studies had not been independently replicated and that "ESP is no nearer to being established than it was a hundred years ago."
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for the existence of any parapsychological phenomena. Ongoing parapsychology research using ganzfeld experiments has been criticized by independent reviewers as having the hallmarks of
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Wiseman's deadline. They obtained results that were significant with a Stouffer Z of 2.59, but their detractors maintained their selection of studies for inclusion was problematic.
27:
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94:(1899–1979) who demonstrated that subjects who were presented with a homogeneous visual field would experience perceptual distortions that could rise to the level of
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Lilienfeld, Scott; Lynn, Steven Jay; Ruscio, John; Beyerstein, Barry L. (2009). "Myth #3 Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Is a Well Established Scientific Phenomenon".
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could be drawn. They also agreed that more stringent standards were necessary for ganzfeld experiments, and they jointly specified what those standards should be.
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relatively few trials (100 in all) where such leakage of information would not have been possible the receivers did no better than chance (26 per cent correct).
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Between 1974 and 1982, 42 ganzfeld experiments were performed by parapsychologists. In 1982, Charles Honorton presented a paper at the annual convention of the
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Bierman, DJ; Spottiswoode, JP; Bijl, A (2016), "Testing for Questionable Research Practices in a Meta-Analysis: An Example from Experimental Parapsychology",
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published a paper discussing a non-psi hypothesis based on possible sender to experimenter acoustic leakage in the autoganzfeld to account for the results.
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A 2016 paper examined questionable research practices in the ganzfeld experiments and simulated how such practices could cause erroneous positive results.
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in 2018, Blackmore states that Sargent "deliberately violated his own protocols and in one trial had almost certainly cheated." Psychologists reading
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was causing a deviation from chance. Flaws in the experimental design are a common cause of this, and so the assumption that it must be telepathy is
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Wiseman, R.; Smith, M.; Kornbrot, D. (1996). "Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments".
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wrote in 2003 that the ganzfeld studies could not be said to provide evidence for psi as the alleged evidence disappears as the tightness of
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134:, "psi-conductive states" would be enhanced and "psi-mediated information" could be more effectively transmitted.
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discovered weaknesses in the design and possibilities of sensory leakage in the ganzfeld experiments reported by
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reviewed the flaws of the ganzfeld studies and came to the conclusion the technique had failed as evidence for
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that is used in demonstrations of the ganzfeld effect, hypothesizing that it was under such conditions that "
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925:"Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology"
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357:.'s meta-analysis reveals no evidence for psi, no plausible mechanism, and omitted replication failures.
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to denote anomalous psychic abilities) might work. Honorton believed that by reducing the ordinary
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little reassurance that sensory cueing of the experimenter was in any way substantially blocked."
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It now appeared that in one session – number 9 – the following events had taken place.
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in 1974, such "ganzfeld experiments" have remained a mainstay of parapsychological research.
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454:"the most reasonable conclusion" was that the effect did not exist and had never existed.
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Honorton, Charles (1985). "Meta-Analysis of Psi Ganzfeld Research: A Response to Hyman".
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529:. She noticed a number of irregularities in the procedure and wrote about them for the
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Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit
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1363:"Does Psi Exist? Lack of Replication of an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer"
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Hyman, R.; Honorton, C. (1986). "A joint communiqué: the psi ganzfeld controversy".
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Since the first full experiment was published by Honorton and Sharon Harper in the
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1568:"Meta-analysis that conceals more than it reveals: Comment on Storm et al. (2010)"
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Some parapsychologists who accept the existence of psi have proposed that certain
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are evidence for ESP. Consistent, independent replication of ganzfeld experiments
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There are several common criticisms of some or all of the ganzfeld experiments:
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claims. Honorton focused on what he thought was the connection between ESP and
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798:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK/Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 199–200.
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A 'B' went missing from the drawer during the session, instead of afterwards.
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For the perceptual phenomenon when viewing a uniform stimulation field, see
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1532:"The first Digital Autoganzfeld study using a real-time judging procedure"
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was trying to follow in the footsteps of psychical researchers such as
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randomization and experimenter blindness with respect to the targets.
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best guess might very well be that we are dealing with a variety of
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This article, along with further criticisms of Sargent's work from
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Sargent came into the judging and "pushed" the subject towards 'B'.
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An error of addition was made in favour of 'B' and 'B' was chosen.
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The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena
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Goulding, A.; Westerlund, J.; Parker, A.; Wackermann, J. (2004).
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could not in themselves support the claim for the existence of
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who had coined the term "ESP" to elevate the discourse around
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words for "entire" and "field") is an assessment used by
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353:. in 2013 wrote that critical evaluation of Storm
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553:'B' was the target and the session a direct hit.
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241:In 1986, Hyman and Honorton published
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1206:
1128:
771:, Prometheus Books, pp. 97–106,
698:
449:is increased. As research progresses
77:
2810:
2554:Institut MĂ©tapsychique International
1838:. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–127.
735:Psychology: Concepts and Connections
491:50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology
205:
30:Participant in a ganzfeld experiment
1914:
1196:(4). Parapsychology Press: 351–364.
668:
482:Evaluating Parapsychological Claims
192:Emotional closeness with the sender
13:
2615:British College of Psychic Science
2278:
2185:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal
2036:
1539:European Journal of Parapsychology
1306:(2). Parapsychology Press: 97–128.
1249:(2). Parapsychology Press: 99–139.
14:
2864:
2784:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
2728:Journal of Scientific Exploration
2229:
2005:Parapsychology: A Concise History
737:, Cengage Learning, p. 143,
2809:
2798:
2797:
1851:Pseudoscience and the paranormal
1552:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1399:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1324:. London: Vintage. p. 136.
844:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1996:
1977:
1958:
1939:
1875:
1842:
1820:
1799:
1769:
1710:
1667:
1616:
1556:
1487:
1403:
1310:
1233:
1209:The psychology of transcendence
1200:
1181:
1158:
1134:Critical thinking in psychology
1093:
249:
86:was originally introduced into
46:that they contend can test for
2645:Oxford Phasmatological Society
2635:Metropolitan Psychical Society
2589:Society for Psychical Research
2413:Parapsychology research at SRI
835:
820:
726:
692:
662:
626:
512:
262:, Daryl Bem and Victor Benassi
1:
2714:Journal of Near-Death Studies
2574:Parapsychological Association
2423:Plant perception (paranormal)
2104:The Journal of Parapsychology
1806:Carroll, Robert Todd (2005).
1171:The Journal of Parapsychology
768:The Psychology of the Psychic
620:
595:List of parapsychology topics
436:The Psychology of the Psychic
212:Parapsychological Association
2610:American Psychical Institute
2569:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
2559:Institute of Noetic Sciences
1740:10.1371/journal.pone.0153049
1020:(3): 207–218. Archived from
521:visited the laboratories of
363:
126:" (a catch-all term used in
7:
2348:Electronic voice phenomenon
2061:Controversies in Psychology
1481:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.434
1424:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.424
1382:10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.387
765:; Kammann, Richard (2000),
588:
177:Positive belief in psi; ESP
10:
2871:
2676:Skeptics of parapsychology
2630:London Dialectical Society
2549:College of Psychic Studies
2125:(November–December 1999).
1793:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.19
1282:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.19
18:
2793:
2721:Journal of Parapsychology
2684:
2671:List of parapsychologists
2663:
2602:
2579:Parapsychology Foundation
2531:
2295:
2286:
1300:Journal of Parapsychology
1243:Journal of Parapsychology
1190:Journal of Parapsychology
1105:Journal of Parapsychology
1079:. Paraview Pocket Books.
1062:Journal of Parapsychology
1040:Journal of Parapsychology
1014:Journal of Parapsychology
891:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.4
338:statistically significant
104:Maimonides Medical Center
2770:The Roots of Coincidence
2333:Dermo-optical perception
2242:The Skeptic's Dictionary
733:Rathus, Spencer (2011),
2700:Extrasensory Perception
2693:An Experiment with Time
2620:Cambridge Ghost Society
2353:Extrasensory perception
2303:Apparitional experience
2059:Andrew Colman. (1995).
1849:Hines, Terence (2003).
258:Ray Hyman in 1983 with
88:experimental psychology
48:extrasensory perception
2848:Psychology experiments
2398:Out-of-body experience
2144:. Dover Publications.
1781:Psychological Bulletin
1676:Psychological Bulletin
1625:Psychological Bulletin
1575:Psychological Bulletin
1459:Psychological Bulletin
1412:Psychological Bulletin
1370:Psychological Bulletin
1270:Psychological Bulletin
1207:Neher, Andrew (2011).
932:Psychological Bulletin
879:Psychological Bulletin
678:The Skeptical Inquirer
582:Psychological Bulletin
556:
487:
380:
375:has suggested various
286:
263:
148:Experimental procedure
98:. In the early 1970s,
31:
2603:Defunct organizations
2584:Rhine Research Center
2388:Near-death experience
2063:. Longman Pub Group.
2003:Beloff, John (1997).
535:
468:
447:experimental controls
371:
327:Contemporary research
281:
257:
180:Prior psi experiences
64:has not been achieved
29:
2532:Active organizations
2418:Past life regression
2218:. Psychology Press.
2204:. Prometheus Books.
2187:. Prometheus Books.
2056:, December 14, 2000.
1075:Radin, Dean (2006).
699:Smith, J.C. (2009).
68:scientific community
2368:Kirlian photography
2358:Ganzfeld experiment
2123:Scott O. Lilienfeld
1731:2016PLoSO..1153049B
705:. Wiley-Blackwell.
501:In a 2013 podcast,
495:Scott O. Lilienfeld
201:Analysis of results
120:sensory deprivation
56:sensory deprivation
36:ganzfeld experiment
2328:Deathbed phenomena
2138:Neher, A. (2011).
2131:Skeptical Inquirer
2048:2005-12-09 at the
2023:Skeptical Inquirer
1318:Humphrey, Nicholas
573:Skeptical Inquirer
457:In a 2007 review,
405:The psi assumption
381:
264:
243:A Joint Communiqué
170:personality traits
165:dozens of trials.
108:Joseph Banks Rhine
78:Historical context
32:
2825:
2824:
2443:Psychic detective
2403:Pam Reynolds case
2308:Astral projection
2054:The Straight Dope
1218:978-0-486-26167-6
634:Frazier, Kendrick
463:parapsychologists
419:Writing in 1985,
226:, and inadequate
206:Early experiments
44:parapsychologists
2860:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2800:
2742:Life Before Life
2707:Irreducible Mind
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2177:
2155:
2134:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2106:. Archived from
2082:Prometheus Books
2031:
2030:
2019:Blackmore, Susan
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1846:
1840:
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1824:
1818:
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1815:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1742:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1688:10.1037/a0029008
1671:
1665:
1664:
1637:10.1037/a0019840
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1605:. Archived from
1587:10.1037/a0019676
1572:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1455:Wiseman, Richard
1450:
1444:
1443:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1367:
1359:Wiseman, Richard
1354:
1348:
1347:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1167:Wiseman, Richard
1162:
1156:
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1126:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1091:
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1072:
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1065:
1057:
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1029:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1002:
993:
992:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
968:
962:. Archived from
944:10.1037/a0019457
929:
920:
909:
908:
906:
905:
899:
893:. Archived from
876:
867:
852:
851:
839:
833:
832:
824:
818:
817:
791:
782:
781:
759:
748:
747:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
680:. pp. 24–26
666:
660:
659:
630:
485:
189:Artistic ability
100:Charles Honorton
92:Wolfgang Metzger
2870:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2789:
2735:Life After Life
2680:
2659:
2598:
2527:
2488:Sensory leakage
2453:Psychic surgery
2448:Psychic reading
2378:Materialization
2338:Dream telepathy
2291:
2282:
2277:
2232:
2174:
2152:
2113:
2111:
2074:C. E. M. Hansel
2050:Wayback Machine
2039:
2037:Further reading
2034:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1909:
1894:
1880:
1876:
1861:
1847:
1843:
1828:Hansel, C. E. M
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1774:
1770:
1715:
1711:
1672:
1668:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1492:
1488:
1472:10.1.1.377.1535
1453:Milton, Julie;
1451:
1447:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1365:
1357:Milton, Julie;
1355:
1351:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1289:
1263:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1219:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1165:Milton, Julie;
1163:
1159:
1144:
1127:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1009:
1003:
996:
985:
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927:
921:
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901:
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874:
868:
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840:
836:
825:
821:
806:
792:
785:
779:
760:
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745:
731:
727:
717:
715:
713:
697:
693:
683:
681:
667:
663:
648:
631:
627:
623:
591:
519:Susan Blackmore
515:
486:
479:
421:C. E. M. Hansel
395:hear the video.
392:Richard Wiseman
377:sensory leakage
373:Richard Wiseman
366:
329:
297:Richard Wiseman
291:sensory leakage
252:
224:sensory leakage
208:
203:
150:
139:Journal of the
84:ganzfeld effect
80:
24:
21:Ganzfeld effect
17:
12:
11:
5:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Parapsychology
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
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2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
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2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:The Ghost Club
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
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2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:Thoughtography
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Superconscious
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Retrocognition
2475:
2473:Remote viewing
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
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2284:
2283:
2280:Parapsychology
2276:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2230:External links
2228:
2227:
2226:
2224:978-0805805086
2212:
2210:978-0879755751
2198:Victor Stenger
2195:
2193:978-1573920216
2178:
2173:978-0062515025
2172:
2156:
2151:978-0486144863
2150:
2135:
2119:
2092:
2090:978-0879755331
2071:
2069:978-0582278035
2057:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2010:
1995:
1976:
1957:
1938:
1916:Dunning, Brian
1907:
1893:978-1405131124
1892:
1874:
1860:978-1573929790
1859:
1841:
1819:
1798:
1768:
1709:
1666:
1615:
1612:on 2013-11-03.
1581:(4): 486–490.
1555:
1522:
1507:
1486:
1465:(3): 434–438.
1445:
1402:
1376:(4): 387–391.
1349:
1331:978-0099273417
1330:
1309:
1287:
1252:
1232:
1217:
1199:
1180:
1157:
1143:978-0521608343
1142:
1110:
1092:
1086:978-1416516774
1085:
1067:
1049:
1030:
1027:on 2006-09-14.
994:
979:
910:
853:
834:
831:(68): 156–168.
819:
805:978-1405168236
804:
783:
777:
749:
744:978-1111344856
743:
725:
712:978-1444358940
711:
691:
661:
647:978-0879756550
646:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
612:
610:Remote viewing
607:
602:
597:
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555:
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514:
511:
489:In their book
477:
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128:parapsychology
96:hallucinations
79:
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9:
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2:
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2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Pseudoscience
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2166:. HarperOne.
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2110:on 2017-06-16
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1495:Alcock, James
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969:on 2011-01-24
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2749:Mental Radio
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2685:Publications
2483:Second sight
2433:Precognition
2357:
2323:Clairvoyance
2244:: "Ganzfeld"
2241:
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2201:
2184:
2181:Gordon Stein
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2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
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1929:. Retrieved
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1811:. Retrieved
1801:
1787:(1): 19–24.
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1764:nonexistent.
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895:the original
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763:Marks, David
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570:Writing for
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564:Nils Wiklund
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523:Carl Sargent
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473:Murphy's Law
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35:
33:
2523:Zener cards
2503:Telekinesis
2463:Pyrokinesis
2458:Psychometry
2428:Poltergeist
2029:(3): 44–45.
1931:November 1,
1832:Kurtz, Paul
885:(1): 4–18.
718:November 1,
684:November 4,
615:Zener cards
513:Controversy
480:Ray Hyman,
461:wrote that
431:David Marks
310:significant
301:David Marks
2832:Categories
2518:Xenoglossy
2408:Paranormal
2383:Mediumship
2373:Levitation
2318:Bilocation
2200:. (1990).
2183:. (1996).
2160:Dean Radin
2114:2007-01-10
2076:. (1989).
1992:: 199–207.
1973:: 208–218.
1954:: 186–198.
1813:2006-06-23
1777:Hyman, Ray
1508:0907845487
1266:Hyman, Ray
1177:: 183–186.
1130:Hyman, Ray
1101:Hyman, Ray
1046:: 209–226.
973:2010-08-18
904:2007-07-31
778:1573927988
670:Ray, Hyman
621:References
413:fallacious
313:Stouffer Z
186:Creativity
159:pink noise
112:paranormal
60:randomness
38:(from the
2853:Telepathy
2508:Telepathy
2343:Ectoplasm
2096:Ray Hyman
1902:396172891
1696:1939-1455
1645:1939-1455
1595:1939-1455
1545:: 66–97.
1467:CiteSeerX
1432:1939-1455
952:1939-1455
814:683247699
578:Daryl Bem
527:Cambridge
517:In 1979,
459:Ray Hyman
451:variables
409:something
388:Isolation
364:Criticism
315:of 0.70.
277:Daryl Bem
216:Ray Hyman
52:telepathy
50:(ESP) or
2804:Category
2162:(1997).
2098:(1995).
2046:Archived
1925:Skeptoid
1869:50124260
1759:27144889
1725:(5): 1,
1719:PLOS ONE
1704:23294092
1661:21103309
1653:20565166
1603:20565165
1566:(2010).
1564:Hyman R.
1547:Archived
1517:53963000
1440:11393304
1394:Archived
1390:10414223
1361:(1999).
1340:36160610
1320:(1996).
1227:20562986
1152:69423179
991:: 75–86.
960:20565164
672:(1996).
656:22909893
636:(1991).
605:Noumenon
589:See also
493:(2011),
478:—
260:Lee Ross
2816:Commons
2438:Psychic
2289:Outline
1834:(ed.).
1750:4856278
1727:Bibcode
102:at the
2664:People
2363:Ghosts
2296:Topics
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850:(6–7).
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709:
654:
644:
484:, 2007
116:dreams
40:German
2313:Auras
1657:S2CID
1610:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1107:(49).
1064:(49).
1025:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
928:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
355:et al
351:et al
347:et al
343:et al
269:et al
155:white
2220:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2065:ISBN
1933:2013
1898:OCLC
1888:ISBN
1865:OCLC
1855:ISBN
1755:PMID
1700:PMID
1692:ISSN
1649:PMID
1641:ISSN
1599:PMID
1591:ISSN
1513:OCLC
1503:ISBN
1436:PMID
1428:ISSN
1386:PMID
1336:OCLC
1326:ISBN
1223:OCLC
1213:ISBN
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
1081:ISBN
956:PMID
948:ISSN
810:OCLC
800:ISBN
773:ISBN
739:ISBN
720:2013
707:ISBN
686:2013
652:OCLC
642:ISBN
562:and
308:non-
82:The
2393:Orb
1789:doi
1785:115
1745:PMC
1735:doi
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