351:
circumstances, identifying her as the greatest
Sicilian queen of the Norman-Swabian era. In the first biography of this queen, Alio describes her as "the most powerful woman in Europe for five eventful years" and "the most important woman of medieval Sicily". Alio also infers that Margaret and Constance, who would also become the queen regent, as sisters-in-law, knew each other, and young Constance had imitated the style of leadership of Margaret, so there might be a sisterhood between them if tenuous. (However, after the death of Henry the youngest son of Margaret in 1172, as the sole heir to William from then on, Constance remained confined to her monastery for the remainder of the lifetime of Margaret, whether out of the will of the latter or not.)
285:
239:. The allegations, concocted by his friends, were, unsurprisingly, completely false. His friends soon convinced him to point the finger at the incestuous Stephen du Perche, equally innocent as Richard of Molise. Around Henry arose a great conspiracy, but Stephen was too quick and the danger was diffused and Margaret eventually convinced (i.e. bribed) Henry to leave Sicily for Spain. Margaret called Stephen "her brother", spoke of him too familiarly and looked at him hungrily, which led to suspicions that they had affection.
26:
200:. Rodrigo, whom bade change his name to Henry, was commonly thought to be a bastard son of Margaret de l'Aigle and King GarcĂa never recognised him. He was destined to be a divisive and dangerous figure in the future of his nephew's reign. For now, however, Margaret moved him off to Apulia with the title of Count of
350:
spoke of her "total unfitness to govern," but the success of
Stephen during his short tenure is undeniable and she is primarily blamed for her refusal to see the disaffection her relatives caused the local nobility. Jacqueline Alio, her biographer, gives Margaret credit for competent rule in trying
115:
During the reign of her husband, Margaret was largely ignored by
William who spent much of his time away from court - often frequenting his many personal harems. However, she is considered to have been a stronger, more apt administrator than her husband, and several times convinced him to act where
146:
nephew of her husband. The new regent also revoked her late husband's least popular act: the imposition of redemption money on rebellious cities. Margaret's first order of business was to appoint a strong hand to the vacant position of admiral (Maio having died). She promoted the
235:. With that, not only the nobility, but also the clergy, now despised the queen mother regent, beloved nevertheless of the populace. Her brother Henry arrived in Sicily at the same time and bred new trouble by accusing the queen mother of being under the spell of her lover
251:
as a nun from childhood due to a prediction that "her marriage would destroy Sicily" to claim the throne, despite the existence of Henry brother of
William. Stephen was forced to go. Then Gilbert of Gravina was banished as well. In 1169, Peter of Blois also left.
327:, petitioning him, an opponent of any other candidate for the Palermitan see besides himself, to work for the cause of the queen mother and Stephen. More interesting than either of these interchanges, however, is the golden pendant now in the
255:
Margaret was now left without any familial relations to save her son and ward in Sicily: the government had been torn from her hands. She protested her cousin's deposition from the archdiocese and sent letters to the pope and to
242:
In 1168, events concerning the rebellious vassals who opposed the
Navarrese and French courtiers came to a head. It was also rumored that William was murdered and Stephen du Perche planned to have his brother to marry
189:. At this juncture, the queen mother's popularity, secured by such populist early acts as mentioned above, had abated considerably and she was known in the street as "the Spanish woman."
989:
212:
with a retinue of thirty seven knights. He decided to stop off in
Palermo first. There he was persuaded to remain and was appointed chancellor in November 1166.
231:, then opposing their common enemy, the Emperor Barbarossa. In Autumn of that year, however, she made a horrible blunder. She appointed Stephen to the vacant
142:. This was done and, on the day of William II's coronation, Margaret declared a general amnesty throughout the realm, which covered rebellious barons such as
663:
913:
315:
Interesting is her correspondence with Thomas Becket. Thomas wrote to her "we owe you a debt of gratitude" for her support of him against King
204:. Happily for her, a more favourable familial arrival occurred nearly simultaneously. Rothrude of Rouen had sent word of her plea to
126:, and they were often allied in trying to subvert opponents of the monarchy, though she was once detained with two of three sons by
808:
999:
969:
773:
656:
788:
320:
813:
793:
994:
984:
954:
883:
878:
369:
723:
704:
959:
649:
441:"Power Through Patronage: Examining Margaret of Navarre's Political Influence Through Sicily's Cathedral of Monreale"
415:"Power Through Patronage: Examining Margaret of Navarre's Political Influence Through Sicily's Cathedral of Monreale"
550:
Power
Through Patronage: Examining Margaret of Navarre's Political Influence Through Sicily's Cathedral of Monreale.
743:
633:
284:
16:
This article is about the twelfth-century
Sicilian queen consort. For the sixteenth-century queen of Navarre, see
1014:
873:
672:
69:
903:
193:
93:
1019:
248:
427:
William I was a relatively absent monarch, spending more time in
Palermo's harems than in political contexts
1009:
159:
893:
1004:
974:
979:
964:
328:
244:
162:, asking him to send one of her French relatives, on her mother's side, to help her govern. Her cousin
908:
923:
623:
163:
778:
763:
363:
261:
236:
232:
97:
158:
The queen mother was distrustful of the native-born aristocracy and wrote a letter to her cousin,
833:
918:
381:
301:
944:
898:
848:
340:
139:
122:
34:
17:
689:
949:
858:
823:
783:
694:
375:
186:
81:
8:
868:
768:
758:
728:
591:
347:
316:
182:
101:
73:
173:
It was in this breakdown of relations between court and nobility that Peter defected to
888:
828:
733:
699:
332:
309:
224:
108:. According to the Palermitan archivist Isidoro La Lumia, she was, in her later years,
105:
25:
863:
748:
714:
616:
205:
143:
138:
It was
William's will that his eldest son succeed him and his second son receive the
127:
843:
853:
838:
803:
798:
680:
268:, but she received none from Alexander and little of actual value from Thomas. Her
61:
53:
223:
In 1167, Margaret did her best to send aid (in the form of money) to the besieged
818:
324:
305:
297:
45:
753:
217:
213:
201:
167:
938:
257:
220:
were among the knights, and Peter and Walter served as tutors of William II.
30:
148:
641:
117:
181:. With this, Margaret was forced to declare her traitorous cousin Gilbert
166:, already present in the south, was an enemy of Peter's and, according to
337:
ISTUD REGINE MARGARETE SICULORUM TRANSMITTIT PRESUL RAINAUDUS BATONIORIUM
293:
155:, much to the annoyance of many a highborn nobleman or palace intimate.
567:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, C. 1024–c. 1198, Part II
265:
552:(Publication No. 2679) . ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
185:
and send him to the peninsula to prepare for the coming invasion of
269:
130:
during a revolt, during which her eldest son was killed in a mass.
508:
273:
209:
197:
174:
599:
152:
77:
440:
414:
498:
496:
494:
192:
After the departure of Gilbert to Apulia, Margaret's brother
178:
296:
abbey at the site of Santa Maria in Maniace, constructed by
228:
491:
116:
he was determined to be passive. She worked closely with
29:
Pendant depicting Margaret receiving a gift of relics of
455:
565:
Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2004).
467:
394:
585:
The Kingdom of Sicily, 1100–1250: A Literary History
292:
Margaret lived until 1183, endowing as her legacy a
564:
514:
208:, another cousin. Stephen was then setting off on
990:12th-century nobility from the Kingdom of Navarre
479:
346:In a perception based on earlier historiography,
936:
170:, strongly opposed to his cousin's government.
574:Loud, Graham A.; Metcalfe, Alex, eds. (2002).
914:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
657:
264:, to beg their assistance in reinstating her
671:
573:
556:Kleinhenz, Christopher, ed. (2004). "Etna".
502:
308:'s first castle in Sicily. She is buried in
664:
650:
555:
461:
272:regency ends here, though she was regent
582:
560:. Vol. I:A-K. Taylor & Francis.
400:
283:
24:
276:until her son's coming of age in 1171.
937:
438:
412:
300:over a century prior, and a church at
288:Tomb of Margaret in Monreale Cathedral
645:
339:and an effigy of Margaret and Bishop
539:
530:
485:
473:
247:aunt of William who was confined to
100:. She was married at a young age to
587:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
216:, his younger brother William, and
112:("still beautiful, proud, light").
13:
92:Margaret was the daughter of King
14:
1031:
68:) (c. 1135 – 12 August 1183) was
596:The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194
87:
80:during the minority of her son,
558:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
515:Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004
110:bella ancora, superba, leggiera
904:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
628:26 February 1154 – 7 May 1166
432:
406:
183:catapan of Apulia and Campania
1:
1000:12th-century Italian nobility
970:Burials at Monreale Cathedral
569:. Cambridge University Press.
387:
249:Santissimo Salvatore, Palermo
104:, in 1149, the fourth son of
160:Rothrud, Archbishop of Rouen
7:
576:The Society of Norman Italy
548:Huston, Emmaleigh. (2021).
359:Margaret and William had:
335:. It bears the inscription
10:
1036:
995:12th-century Italian women
985:12th-century Spanish women
955:12th-century women regents
542:Queens of Sicily 1061–1266
524:
439:Huston, Emmaleigh (2021).
413:Huston, Emmaleigh (2021).
329:Metropolitan Museum of Art
15:
924:Maria Carolina of Austria
713:
679:
630:
621:
613:
608:
540:Alio, Jacqueline (2018).
533:Margaret, Queen of Sicily
531:Alio, Jacqueline (2016).
354:
279:
164:Gilbert, Count of Gravina
151:, a Moslem convert and a
133:
94:GarcĂa RamĂrez of Navarre
960:Royal consorts of Sicily
779:Helena Angelina Doukaina
764:Isabella II of Jerusalem
673:Royal consorts of Sicily
583:Mallette, Karla (2005).
503:Loud & Metcalfe 2002
372:, predeceased his father
366:, predeceased his father
364:Roger IV, Duke of Apulia
262:Archbishop of Canterbury
237:Richard, Count of Molise
233:archbishopric of Palermo
834:Eleanor of Alburquerque
624:Queen consort of Sicily
370:Robert, Prince of Capua
319:. Thomas also wrote to
1015:Sicilian queen mothers
919:Maria Amalia of Saxony
894:Marie Louise d'Orléans
809:Elizabeth of Carinthia
544:. Trinacria, New York.
535:. Trinacria, New York.
382:Henry, Prince of Capua
289:
65:
57:
49:
38:
899:Maria Anna of Neuburg
849:Isabella I of Castile
287:
140:principality of Capua
123:ammiratus ammiratorum
98:Marguerite de l'Aigle
28:
18:Marguerite de Navarre
1020:12th-century regents
909:Anne Marie d'Orléans
859:Isabella of Portugal
824:Blanche I of Navarre
789:Margaret of Burgundy
784:Beatrice of Provence
774:Elisabeth of Bavaria
695:Eremburga of Mortain
592:Norwich, John Julius
376:William II of Sicily
187:Frederick Barbarossa
76:(1154–1166) and the
1010:Duchesses of Apulia
884:Elisabeth of France
879:Margaret of Austria
869:Elisabeth of Valois
814:Constance of Aragon
794:Isabella of Castile
769:Isabella of England
759:Constance of Aragon
739:Margaret of Navarre
729:Sibylla of Burgundy
348:John Julius Norwich
317:Henry II of England
302:San Marco d'Alunzio
177:and reconverted to
102:William I of Sicily
42:Margaret of Navarre
1005:Daughters of kings
975:Navarrese infantas
889:Mariana of Austria
829:Margaret of Prades
734:Beatrice of Rethel
700:Adelaide del Vasto
310:Monreale Cathedral
290:
245:Princess Constance
225:Pope Alexander III
106:Roger II of Sicily
39:
980:Hauteville family
965:Regents of Sicily
932:
931:
864:Mary I of England
749:Sibylla of Acerra
724:Elvira of Castile
715:Kingdom of Sicily
705:Elvira of Castile
640:
639:
631:Succeeded by
617:Beatrix of Rethel
476:, p. x, 164.
338:
206:Stephen du Perche
128:Matthew Bonnellus
1027:
854:Germaine of Foix
839:Maria of Castile
804:Eleanor of Anjou
799:Blanche of Anjou
681:County of Sicily
666:
659:
652:
643:
642:
614:Preceded by
606:
605:
588:
579:
570:
561:
545:
536:
518:
512:
506:
500:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
452:
450:
448:
436:
430:
429:
424:
422:
410:
404:
398:
341:Reginald of Bath
336:
35:Reginald of Bath
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
935:
934:
933:
928:
874:Anna of Austria
819:Antonia of Baux
744:Joan of England
709:
690:Judith d'Évreux
675:
670:
636:
634:Joan of England
627:
619:
527:
522:
521:
513:
509:
501:
492:
484:
480:
472:
468:
460:
456:
446:
444:
437:
433:
420:
418:
411:
407:
399:
395:
390:
378:, the successor
357:
306:Robert Guiscard
298:Giorgio Maniace
282:
136:
90:
72:as the wife of
70:Queen of Sicily
21:
12:
11:
5:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
930:
929:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
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891:
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876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:Juana EnrĂquez
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:Irene Angelina
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
720:
718:
711:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
684:
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661:
654:
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615:
611:
610:
604:
603:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
546:
537:
526:
523:
520:
519:
517:, p. 760.
507:
505:, p. xxi.
490:
478:
466:
464:, p. 320.
462:Kleinhenz 2004
454:
431:
405:
392:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
379:
373:
367:
356:
353:
321:Richard Palmer
281:
278:
218:Walter Ophamil
214:Peter of Blois
202:Montescaglioso
168:Hugo Falcandus
135:
132:
89:
86:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
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626:
625:
618:
612:
609:Royal titles
607:
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586:
581:
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559:
554:
551:
547:
543:
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534:
529:
528:
516:
511:
504:
499:
497:
495:
488:, p. xi.
487:
482:
475:
470:
463:
458:
442:
435:
428:
416:
409:
403:, p. 94.
402:
401:Mallette 2005
397:
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383:
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258:Thomas Becket
253:
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145:
141:
131:
129:
125:
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120:, the king's
119:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:Queen consort
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
31:Thomas Becket
27:
23:
19:
945:1120s births
738:
622:
595:
584:
575:
566:
557:
549:
541:
532:
510:
481:
469:
457:
445:. Retrieved
434:
426:
419:. Retrieved
408:
396:
358:
345:
323:, bishop of
314:
312:in Palermo.
291:
254:
241:
222:
191:
172:
157:
137:
121:
118:Maio of Bari
114:
109:
91:
41:
40:
33:from Bishop
22:
950:1183 deaths
717:(1130–1816)
683:(1071–1130)
598:. Longman:
443:. p. 9
417:. p. 9
294:Benedictine
196:arrived in
939:Categories
447:1 November
421:1 November
388:References
149:caĂŻd Peter
82:William II
66:Margherita
50:Marguerite
486:Alio 2016
474:Alio 2018
266:favourite
74:William I
58:Margarita
37:, c. 1177
578:. Brill.
333:New York
325:Syracuse
270:de facto
602:, 1970.
525:Sources
274:de jure
210:Crusade
198:Palermo
194:Rodrigo
175:Tunisia
144:Tancred
62:Italian
54:Spanish
600:London
355:Family
280:Legacy
153:eunuch
134:Regent
78:regent
46:French
179:Islam
449:2023
423:2023
229:Rome
96:and
331:in
227:in
941::
594:.
493:^
425:.
343:.
304:,
260:,
84:.
64::
60:,
56::
52:,
48::
665:e
658:t
651:v
451:.
44:(
20:.
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