Manuel I Komnenos - Knowledge

1304:, which had previously been applied only to the emperor himself. However, two unforeseen dynastic events drastically altered the situation. In 1169, Manuel's young wife gave birth to a son, thus depriving Béla of his status as heir of the Byzantine throne (although Manuel would not renounce the Croatian lands he had taken from Hungary). Then, in 1172, Stephen died childless, and Béla went home to take his throne. Before leaving Constantinople, he swore a solemn oath to Manuel that he would always "keep in mind the interests of the emperor and of the Romans". Béla III kept his word: as long as Manuel lived, he made no attempt to retrieve his Croatian inheritance, which he only afterwards reincorporated into Hungary. 2230:

Manuel's death stability was seriously endangered from within. Some of the foreign enemies of the Empire were lurking on the flanks, waiting for a chance to attack, in particular the Turks in Anatolia, whom Manuel had ultimately failed to defeat, and the Normans in Sicily, who had already tried but failed to invade the Empire on several occasions. Even the Venetians, the single most important western ally of Byzantium, were on bad terms with the empire at Manuel's death in 1180. Given this situation, it would have taken a strong emperor to secure the Empire against the foreign threats it now faced, and to rebuild the depleted imperial treasury. But Manuel's son was a minor, and his unpopular

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emperor; they were not at all willing to fall into a state of dependence from one emperor to the other. Manuel, on the other hand, wanted an official recognition of his secular authority over both East and West. Such conditions would not be accepted by either side. Even if a pro-western emperor such as Manuel agreed, the Greek citizens of the empire would have rejected outright any union of this sort, as they did almost three hundred years later when the Orthodox and Catholic churches were briefly united under the pope. In spite of his friendliness towards the Roman Church and his cordial relations with all the popes, Manuel was never honoured with the title of

825:. Baldwin did not approve of Raynald's attack on Cyprus, and in any case had already made an agreement with Manuel. Thus isolated and abandoned by his allies, Raynald decided that abject submission was his only hope. He appeared dressed in a sack with a rope tied around his neck, and begged for forgiveness. Manuel at first ignored the prostrate Raynald, chatting with his courtiers; William of Tyre commented that this ignominious scene continued for so long that all present were "disgusted" by it. Eventually, Manuel forgave Raynald on condition that he would become a vassal of the Empire, effectively surrendering the independence of Antioch to Byzantium. 3777:

Komnenos, the doctrine expressed in the words: "Thou art the Offeror, the Offered, and the One Who receives" was widely discussed. Some (The heretical party) claimed that the Sacrifice of the Cross was offered to one Father and Spirit, but by no means to the sacrificing Word Itself, saying that if the latter is allowed, then the One Son of God will be completely divided into two persons, which division was introduced by the empty-mouthed Nestorius.” Others (The Orthodox), in agreement with the words of the mentioned prayer, claimed that "the offering was also to the Son Himself, i.e., to the One and Indivisible Being of the Beginningless Trinity.""

2150:, a soldier who fought in Manuel's army, characterised him some years later as the "world saving" and glorious emperor. Manuel would be remembered in France, Italy, and the Crusader states as the most powerful sovereign in the world. A Genoese analyst noted that with the passing of "Lord Manuel of divine memory, the most blessed emperor of Constantinople ... all Christendom incurred great ruin and detriment." William of Tyre called Manuel "a wise and discreet prince of great magnificence, worthy of praise in every respect", "a great-souled man of incomparable energy", whose "memory will ever be held in benediction." Manuel was further extolled by 2252: 677: 829: 2218: 1088: 2134: 2373: In 1155 Hadrian sent legates to Manuel, with a letter for Basil, Archbishop of Thessaloniki, in which he exhorted that bishop to procure the reünion of the churches. Basil answered that there was no division between the Greeks and Latins, since they held the same faith and offered the same sacrifice. "As for the causes of scandal, weak in themselves, that have separated us from each other", he added, "your Holiness can cause them to cease, by your own extended authority and the help of the Emperor of the West." 1414: 1843:, and to have overturned two of the stoutest Italian knights. In one day, he is said to have slain forty Turks with his own hand, and in a battle against the Hungarians he allegedly snatched a banner, and was the first, almost alone, who passed a bridge that separated his army from the enemy. On another occasion, he is said to have cut his way through a squadron of five hundred Turks, without receiving a wound; he had previously posted an ambuscade in a wood and was accompanied only by his brother and Axouch. 1994:

These years had seen Manuel involved in conflict with his neighbours on all sides. Manuel's father and grandfather before him had worked patiently to undo the damage done by the battle of Manzikert and its aftermath. Thanks to their efforts, the empire Manuel inherited was stronger and better organised than at any time for a century. While it is clear that Manuel used these assets to the full, it is not so clear how much he added to them, and there is room for doubt as to whether he used them to best effect.

577: 1585: 1242: 2081:, some five hundred years earlier. There is good evidence from this period of new construction and new churches, even in remote areas, strongly suggesting that wealth was widespread. Trade was also flourishing; it has been estimated that the population of Constantinople, the biggest commercial centre of the Empire, was between half a million and one million during Manuel's reign, making it by far the largest city in Europe. A major source of Manuel's wealth was the 872: 1562:. Manuel was thus able to organise a grand ceremonial reception which both honoured Amalric and underlined his dependence: for the rest of Amalric's reign, Jerusalem was a Byzantine satellite, and Manuel was able to act as a protector of the Holy Places, exerting a growing influence in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1177, a fleet of 150 ships was sent by Manuel I to invade Egypt, but returned home after appearing off Acre due to the refusal of Count 2325:. His unilateral pursuit, however, antagonized the new German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, whose own plans for imperial restoration ruled out any partnership with Byzantium. Manuel was thus obliged to treat Frederick as his main enemy, and to form a web of relationships with other western powers, including the papacy, his old enemy, the Norman kingdom, Hungary, several magnates and cities throughout Italy, and, above all, the crusader states. 2173:." That Manuel's name was placed first was a symbolic, public recognition of Manuel's overlordship as leader of the Christian world. Manuel's role as protector of the Orthodox Christians and Christian holy places in general is also evident in his successful attempts to secure rights over the Holy Land. Manuel participated in the building and decorating of many of the basilicas and Greek monasteries in the Holy Land, including the church of the 750: 58: 1134: 1364:, the future emperor, escaped from captivity in Byzantium and fled to the court of Yaroslav in Galicia. This situation, holding out the alarming prospect of Andronikos making a bid for Manuel's throne sponsored by both Galicia and Hungary, spurred the Byzantines into an unprecedented flurry of diplomacy. Manuel pardoned Andronikos and persuaded him to return to Constantinople in 1165. A mission to Kiev, then ruled by Prince 612:. Raymond realized that immediate help from the west was out of the question. With his eastern flank now dangerously exposed to this new threat, there seemed little option but for him to prepare for a humiliating visit to Constantinople. Swallowing his pride, he made the journey north to submit to Manuel and ask for protection. He was promised the support that he had requested, and his allegiance to Byzantium was secured. 1739: 1554:

particularly affected by famine; Amalric then launched an assault, which he promptly aborted by negotiating a truce with the defenders. On the other hand, William of Tyre remarked that the Greeks were not entirely blameless. Whatever the truth of the allegations of both sides, when the rains came, both the Latin army and the Byzantine fleet returned home, although half of the Byzantine fleet was lost in a sudden storm.

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Constantinople, ready to defend the capital against any acts of aggression. This cautious approach was well advised, but still the numerous incidents of covert and open hostility between the Franks and the Greeks on their line of march, for which it seems both sides were to blame, precipitated conflict between Manuel and his guests. Manuel took the precaution—which his grandfather had not taken—of making repairs to the

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Tzibritze pass), in which his army was ambushed while marching through the narrow mountain pass. The Byzantines were hemmed in by the narrowness of the pass, which allowed the Seljuks to concentrate their attacks on part of the Byzantine army, especially the baggage and siege train, without the rest being able to intervene. The army's siege equipment was quickly destroyed, and Manuel was forced to withdraw—without

1852: 2335: Magdalino underscores that, whereas John had removed the Rupenid princes from power in Cilicia twenty years earlier, Manuel allowed Toros to hold most of his strongholds he had taken, and effectively restored only the coastal area to imperial rule. From Raynald, Manuel secured recognition of imperial suzerainty over Antioch, with the promise to hand over the citadel, to instal a 1676:, over a century earlier, to restore the reputation of the empire. Yet because of his overconfidence, Manuel had demonstrated to the world that Byzantium still could not decisively defeat the Seljuks, despite the advances made during the past century. In Western opinion, Myriokephalon cut Manuel down to a humbler size: not that of Emperor of the Romans but that of King of the Greeks. 1121:

Manuel's reign. The Empire's ability to get involved in Italian affairs had been demonstrated. However, given the enormous quantities of gold which had been lavished on the project, it also demonstrated the limits of what money and diplomacy alone could achieve. The expense of Manuel's involvement in Italy must have cost the treasury a great deal (probably more than 2.16 million

1518: 1660:. Just outside the entrance to the pass at Myriokephalon, Manuel was met by Turkish ambassadors, who offered peace on generous terms. Most of Manuel's generals and experienced courtiers urged him to accept the offer. The younger and more aggressive members of the court urged Manuel to attack, however, and he took their advice and continued his advance. 2165:. In the 1160s the nave was redecorated with mosaics showing the councils of the church. Manuel was one of the patrons of the work. On the south wall, an inscription in Greek reads: "the present work was finished by Ephraim the monk, painter and mosaicist, in the reign of the great emperor Manuel Porphyrogennetos Komnenos and in the time of the great 1052:, where the Normans launched a major counter-attack by both land and sea. At the approach of the enemy, the mercenaries that had been hired with Manuel's gold demanded huge increases in their pay. When this was refused, they deserted. Even the local barons started to melt away, and soon John Doukas was left hopelessly outnumbered. The arrival of 451: 1368:, resulted in a favourable treaty and a pledge to supply the Empire with auxiliary troops; Yaroslav of Galicia was also persuaded to renounce his Hungarian connections and return fully into the imperial fold. As late as 1200 the princes of Galicia were providing invaluable services against the enemies of the Empire, at that time the 953:, with Byzantine troops, ten ships and large quantities of gold to invade Apulia in 1155. The two generals were instructed to enlist the support of Frederick, but he declined because his demoralised army longed to get back north of the Alps as soon as possible. Nevertheless, with the help of disaffected local barons, including Count 713:, and he pressed the two kings for guarantees concerning the security of his territories. Conrad's army was the first to enter the Byzantine territory in the summer of 1147, and it figures more prominently in the Byzantine sources, which imply that it was the more troublesome of the two. Indeed, the contemporary Byzantine historian 1791:

there, that Christ was inferior to his father in his humanity but equal in his divinity. Manuel, on the other hand, perhaps with an eye on the project for Church union, found that the formula made sense, and prevailed over a majority in a synod convened on 2 March 1166 to decide the issue, where he had the support of the patriarch

2069:. His Balkan expeditions are said to have taken great booty in slaves and livestock; Kinnamos was impressed by the amount of arms taken from the Hungarian dead after the battle of 1167. And even if Manuel's wars against the Turks probably realised a net loss, his commanders took livestock and captives on at least two occasions. 502:. John cited Manuel's courage and readiness to take advice, in contrast to Isaac's irascibility and unbending pride, as the reasons for his choice. After John died on 8 April 1143, his son, Manuel, was acclaimed emperor by the armies. Yet his succession was by no means assured: with his father's army in the wilds of 1028:"Alexios Komnenos and Doukas ... had become captive to the Normans' lord again ruined matters. For as they had already pledged to the Sicilians many things not then desired by the emperor, they robbed the Romans of very great and noble achievements. ... very likely deprived the Roman of the cities too soon." 1680:

it was not particularly costly and did not significantly diminish the fighting ability of the Byzantine army. Most of the casualties were borne by the right wing, largely composed of allied troops commanded by Baldwin of Antioch, and also by the baggage train, which was the main target of the Turkish ambush.

533:. A few days later, with nothing more to fear as his position as emperor was now secure, Manuel ordered the release of Isaac. Then he ordered two golden pieces to be given to every householder in Constantinople and 200 pounds of gold (including 200 silver pieces annually) to be given to the Byzantine Church. 798:

what little they had left. Thus enriched with enough booty to make Antioch wealthy for years, the invaders boarded their ships and set sail for home. Raynald also sent some of the mutilated hostages to Constantinople as a vivid demonstration of his disobedience and his contempt for the Byzantine emperor.

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Ten years later, a controversy arose as to whether the saying of Christ, "My Father is greater than I", referred to his divine nature, to his human nature, or to the union of the two. Demetrius of Lampe, a Byzantine diplomat recently returned from the West, ridiculed the way the verse was interpreted

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The defeat at Myriokephalon has often been depicted as a catastrophe in which the entire Byzantine army was destroyed. Manuel himself compared the defeat to Manzikert; it seemed to him that the Byzantine defeat at Myriokephalon complemented the destruction at Manzikert. In reality, although a defeat,

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in 1167, and "swore all that his brother Baldwin had sworn before." A formal alliance was negotiated in 1168, whereby the two rulers arranged for a conquest and partition of Egypt, with Manuel taking the coastal area, and Amalric the interior. In the autumn of 1169 Manuel sent a joint expedition with

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had expressed his eagerness to prompt the reunion of the churches, hopes for a lasting Papal-Byzantine alliance came up against insuperable problems. Adrian IV and his successors demanded recognition of their religious authority over all Christians everywhere and sought superiority over the Byzantine

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to reach a deal if at all possible, since doing so would greatly increase his own influence over the entire Orthodox Christian population. Manuel offered a large sum of money to the Pope for the provision of troops, with the request that the Pope grant the Byzantine emperor lordship of three maritime

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was never on good terms with the Normans, except when under duress by the threat of direct military action. Having the "civilised" Byzantines on its southern border was infinitely preferable to the Papacy than having to constantly deal with the troublesome Normans of Sicily. It was in the interest of

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in Constantinople. Thanks to the diplomacy and campaigning of Alexios, John and Manuel, the empire was a great power, economically prosperous, and secure on its frontiers; but there were serious problems as well. Internally, the Byzantine court required a strong leader to hold it together, and after

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matches, even participating in them, an unusual and discomforting sight for the Byzantines. Endowed with a fine physique, Manuel has been the subject of exaggeration in the Byzantine sources of his era, where he is presented as a man of great personal courage. According to the story of his exploits,

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held at Constantinople in 1157 declared the doctrine of a single sacrifice to the Holy Trinity, producing a formula: "The precious blood of the Only Begotten was offered not only to the Father but also to the Son and the Holy Ghost, the one Godhead", despite the dissent of Patriarch of Antioch-elect

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from their Anatolian emirates. When the Seljuk sultan refused to cede some of the territory he had taken from the Danishmends to the Byzantines, as he was obliged to do as part of his treaty obligations, Manuel decided that it was time to deal with the Turks once and for all. Therefore, he assembled

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Despite the bad feelings generated at Damietta, Amalric still refused to abandon his dream of conquering Egypt, and he continued to seek good relations with the Byzantines in the hopes of another joined attack, which never took place. In 1171 Amalric came to Constantinople in person, after Egypt had

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Satisfied with his efforts thus far, Manuel headed back to Constantinople. On their way back, his troops were surprised in line of march by the Turks. Despite this, they won a complete victory, routing the enemy army from the field and inflicting heavy losses. In the following year, Manuel drove the

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believes that the victory of Christianity against Nur ad-Din was made impossible, since both Greeks and Latins were concerned primarily with their own interests. He characterises the policy of Manuel as "short-sighted", because "he lost a splendid opportunity of recovering the former possessions of

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sent from Constantinople (not actually implemented until 1165–66), and to provide troops for the emperor's service, but nothing seems to have been said about the reversion of Antioch to direct imperial rule. According to Magdalino, this suggests that Manuel had dropped this demand on which both his

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Although such a long-range attack on a state far from the centre of the Empire may seem extraordinary (the last time the Empire had attempted anything on this scale was the failed invasion of Sicily over one hundred and twenty years earlier), it can be explained in terms of Manuel's foreign policy,

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with a fleet of 40 ships to pillage Constantinople's suburbs. Manuel had already agreed with Conrad on a joint invasion and partition of southern Italy and Sicily. The renewal of the German alliance remained the principal orientation of Manuel's foreign policy for the rest of his reign, despite the

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in the 7th century. The revenues that the Empire could have expected to gain from the conquest of Egypt would have been considerable, even if these would have to be shared with the Crusaders. Furthermore, Manuel may have wanted to encourage Amalric's plans, not only to deflect the ambitions of the

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Manuel Komnenos attempted to draw the Russian principalities into his net of diplomacy directed against Hungary, and to a lesser extent Norman Sicily. This polarised the Russian princes into pro- and anti-Byzantine camps. In the late 1140s three princes were competing for primacy in Russia: prince

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deplored this act of war against fellow Christians and described the atrocities committed by Raynald's men in considerable detail. Having ransacked the island and plundered all its wealth, Raynald's army mutilated the survivors before forcing them to buy back their flocks at exorbitant prices with

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As a young man, Manuel had been determined to restore by force of arms the predominance of the Byzantine Empire in the Mediterranean countries. By the time he died in 1180, 37 years had passed since that momentous day in 1143 when, amid the wilds of Cilicia, his father had proclaimed him emperor.

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Pavel Cheremukhin, "The Council of Constantinople, 1157, and Nicholas, Bishop of Methone". "At the beginning of Mai's presentation of the acts of the Council, both opinions on the main issue – subsequently recognized as heretical and Orthodox – are formulated as follows: "In the reign of Manuel

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The final results of the Italian campaign were limited in terms of the advantages gained by the Empire. The city of Ancona became a Byzantine base in Italy, accepting Manuel as sovereign. The Normans of Sicily had been damaged and now came to terms with the Empire, ensuring peace for the rest of

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The empire that Manuel inherited from his father was in a more stable position than it had been a century earlier. In the late 11th century, the Byzantine Empire had faced marked military and political decline, but this decline had been arrested and largely reversed by the leadership of Manuel's

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The continuous warfare had a serious effect upon Manuel's vitality; he declined in health and in 1180 succumbed to a slow fever. Furthermore, like Manzikert, the balance between the two powers began to gradually shift—Manuel never again attacked the Turks, and after his death they began to move

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Manuel made serious tactical errors, such as failing to properly scout out the route ahead. These failings caused him to lead his forces straight into a classic ambush. On 17 September 1176 Manuel was checked by Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan II at the Battle of Myriokephalon (in highlands near the

1349:). Galicia was situated on the northern and north-eastern borders of Hungary and, therefore, was of great strategic importance in the Byzantine-Hungarian conflicts. Following the deaths of both Iziaslav and Vladimirko, the situation became reversed; when Yuri of Suzdal, Manuel's ally, took over 1553:

on 27 October 1169, but the siege was unsuccessful due to the failure of the Crusaders and the Byzantines to co-operate fully. According to Byzantine forces, Amalric, not wanting to share the profits of victory, dragged out the operation until the emperor's men ran short of provisions and were

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The terms by which Kilij Arslan II allowed Manuel and his army to leave were that he should remove his frontier forts and garrisons at Dorylaeum and Sublaeum. Since the Sultan had already failed to keep his side of the earlier treaty of 1162, however, Manuel only ordered the fortifications of

2057:. Had he been more successful in all his ventures, he would have controlled not only the most productive farmland around the Eastern Mediterranean and Adriatic seas, but also the entire trading facilities of the area. Even if he did not achieve his ambitious goals, his wars against Hungary ( 2072:

This allowed the Western provinces to flourish in an economic revival that had begun in the time of his grandfather Alexios I and continued till the close of the century. Indeed, it has been argued that Byzantium in the 12th century was richer and more prosperous than at any time since the

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Many Byzantines feared the Crusade, a view endorsed by the numerous acts of vandalism and theft practised by the unruly armies as they marched through Byzantine territory. Byzantine troops followed the Crusaders, attempting to police their behaviour, and further troops were assembled in

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far from Constantinople, he recognised that it was vital he should return to the capital as soon as possible. He still had to take care of his father's funeral, and tradition demanded he organise the foundation of a monastery on the spot where his father died. Swiftly, he dispatched the

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palace-building, the Komnenian family, and other seekers of patronage. A significant amount of this expenditure was pure financial loss to the Empire, like the subsidies poured into Italy and the crusader states, and the sums spent on the failed expeditions of 1155–1156, 1169 and 1176.

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sources, or the Latin and oriental sources, the impression is consistent with Choniates' picture of an emperor who spent lavishly in all available ways, rarely economising in one sector in order to develop another. Manuel spared no expense on the army, the navy, diplomacy, ceremonial,

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Manuel had proven himself to be an energetic emperor who saw possibilities everywhere, and whose optimistic outlook had shaped his approach to foreign policy. However, in spite of his military prowess Manuel achieved but a slight degree of his object of restoring the Byzantine Empire.

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which was to use the Latins to ensure the survival of the Empire. This focus on the bigger picture of the eastern Mediterranean and even further afield thus led Manuel to intervene in Egypt: it was believed that in the context of the wider struggle between the crusader states and the

1008:, a prospect which would frequently be offered to the Pope during negotiations and plans for alliance. If there was ever a chance of reuniting the eastern and western churches, and coming to reconciliation with the Pope permanently, this was probably the most favourable moment. The 801:

Manuel responded to this outrage in a characteristically energetic way. In the winter of 1158–59, he marched to Cilicia at the head of a huge army; the speed of his advance (Manuel had hurried on ahead of the main army with 500 cavalry) was such that he managed to surprise the

2393: According to Michael Angold, after the controversy of 1166 Manuel took his responsibilities very seriously, and tightened his grip over the church. 1166 was also the year in which Manuel first referred in his legislation to his role as the disciplinarian of the church ( 2024:. Historian Mark C. Bartusis argues that Manuel (and his father as well) tried to rebuild a national army, but his reforms were adequate for neither his ambitions nor his needs; the defeat at Myriokephalon underscored the fundamental weakness of his policies. According to 2016:

Retrospectively, some commentators have criticised some of Manuel's aims as unrealistic, in particular citing the expeditions he sent to Egypt as proof of dreams of grandeur on an unattainable scale. His greatest military campaign, his grand expedition against the Turkish

1177:, demolished by the Germans, were restored with Manuel's aid. Ancona remained important as a centre of Byzantine influence in Italy. The Anconitans made a voluntary submission to Manuel, and the Byzantines maintained representatives in the city. Frederick's defeat at the 1070:

and Kinnamos, the major Byzantine historians of this period, agree, however, that the peace terms Axouch secured from William allowed Manuel to extricate himself from the war with dignity, despite a devastating raid by a Norman fleet of 164 ships (carrying 10,000 men) on

1799:. Those who refused to submit to the synod's decisions had their property confiscated or were exiled. The political dimensions of this controversy are apparent from the fact that a leading dissenter from the Emperor's doctrine was his nephew Alexios Kontostephanos. 2101:, and others opened up the ports of the Aegean to commerce, shipping goods from the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer and Fatimid Egypt to the west and trading with Byzantium via Constantinople. These maritime traders stimulated demand in the towns and cities of 841:

followed on foot. Manuel dispensed justice to the citizens and presided over games and tournaments for the crowd. In May, at the head of a united Christian army, he started on the road to Edessa, but he abandoned the campaign when he secured the release by

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in Jerusalem, where thanks to his efforts the Byzantine clergy were allowed to perform the Greek liturgy each day. All this reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states, with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with

1668:, the conquest of Iconium was impossible. According to Byzantine sources, Manuel lost his nerve both during and after the battle, fluctuating between extremes of self-delusion and self-abasement; according to William of Tyre, he was never the same again. 1065:

to raise another army, but by this time William had already retaken all of the Byzantine conquests in Apulia. The defeat at Brindisi put an end to the restored Byzantine reign in Italy; in 1158 the Byzantine army left Italy and never returned again. Both

850:, of 6,000 Christian prisoners captured in various battles since the second Crusade. Despite the glorious end of the expedition, modern scholars argue that Manuel ultimately achieved much less than he had desired in terms of imperial restoration. 520:

with instant access to the imperial treasure and regalia. Axouch arrived in the capital even before news of the emperor's death had reached it. He quickly secured the loyalty of the city, and when Manuel entered the capital in August 1143, he was

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A successful invasion of Egypt would have several further advantages for the Byzantine Empire. Egypt was a rich province, and in the days of the Roman Empire it had supplied much of the grain for Constantinople before it was lost to the

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against Byzantium. Due to an epidemic, and pursued by 150 Byzantine ships, the fleet was forced to return without great success. In all probability, friendly relations between Byzantium and Venice were not restored in Manuel's lifetime.

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Peace having been restored, a grand ceremonial procession was staged on 12 April 1159 for the triumphant entry of the Byzantine army into the city, with Manuel riding through the streets on horseback, while the Prince of Antioch and the

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needed all the military and financial support he could get for his planned campaign. Amalric also realised that if he were to pursue his ambitions in Egypt, he might have to leave Antioch to the hegemony of Manuel, who had paid 100,000

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between a Byzantine force and part of Conrad's army, outside the walls of Constantinople. The Byzantines defeated the Germans and, in Byzantine eyes, this reverse caused Conrad to agree to have his army speedily ferried across to

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Sublaeum to be dismantled, but not the fortifications of Dorylaeum. Nevertheless, defeat at Myriokephalon was an embarrassment for both Manuel personally and also for his empire. The Komnenian emperors had worked hard since the

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The problems this created were counterbalanced to some extent by his successes, particularly in the Balkans; Manuel extended the frontiers of his Empire in the Balkan region, ensuring security for the whole of Greece and

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Choniates criticised Manuel for raising taxes and pointed to Manuel's reign as a period of excess; according to Choniates, the money thus raised was spent lavishly at the cost of his citizens. Whether one reads the Greek

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During the Italian campaign, and afterwards, during the struggle of the Papal Curia with Frederick, Manuel tried to sway the popes with hints of a possible union between the Eastern and Western churches. Although in 1155

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refused to speak to him. Although the two were reconciled, the campaign had lost some of its momentum: Michael was soon recalled to Constantinople, and his loss was a major blow to the campaign. The turning point was the

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with some ships failed to retrieve the Byzantine position. The naval battle was decided in favour of the Normans, while John Doukas and Alexios Bryennios (along with four Byzantine ships) were captured. Manuel then sent

1687:, who was sent by the Emperor to repel the Turkish invasion, not only brought troops from the capital but also was able to gather an army along the way. Vatatzes caught the Turks in an ambush as they were crossing the 2145:

of his court, Manuel was the "divine emperor". A generation after his death, Choniates referred to him as "the most blessed among emperors", and a century later John Stavrakios described him as "great in fine deeds".

7298: 1919: 2000:"The most singular feature in the character of Manuel is the contrast and vicissitude of labour and sloth, of hardiness and effeminacy. In war he seemed ignorant of peace, in peace he appeared incapable of war." 688:

Manuel was prevented from capitalising on his conquests by events in the Balkans that urgently required his presence. In 1147 he granted a passage through his dominions to two armies of the Second Crusade under

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Furthermore, Constantinople was undergoing expansion. The cosmopolitan character of the city was being reinforced by the arrival of Italian merchants and Crusaders en route to the Holy Land. The Venetians, the

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The restoration of relations with Galicia had an immediate benefit for Manuel when, in 1166, he dispatched two armies to attack the eastern provinces of Hungary in a vast pincer movement. One army crossed the

1259:. In the wars of 1151–1153 and 1163–1168 Manuel led his troops into Hungary and a spectacular raid deep into enemy territory yielded substantial war booty. In 1167, Manuel sent 15,000 men under the command of 2062: 1509:

Latins away from Antioch, but also to create new opportunities for joint military ventures that would keep the King of Jerusalem in his debt, and would also allow the Empire to share in territorial gains.

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he represented. Further, it has also been argued that since Byzantine imperial power declined catastrophically after Manuel's death, it is only natural to look for the causes of this decline in his reign.

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And before all, I anathematize the God of Muhammad about whom he says, "He is God alone, God made of solid, hammer-beaten metal; He begets not and is not begotten, nor is there like unto Him any one."

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At this point, just as the war seemed decided in his favour, events turned against Manuel. Byzantine commander Michael Palaiologos alienated allies with his attitude, stalling the campaign as Count

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rose up in rebellion against the Sicilian Crown and the untried William I. There followed a string of spectacular successes as numerous strongholds yielded either to force or the lure of gold.

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Eager to restore his empire to its past glories as the great power of the Mediterranean world, Manuel pursued an energetic and ambitious foreign policy. In the process he made alliances with

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of Iconium, ended in humiliating defeat, and his greatest diplomatic effort apparently collapsed, when Pope Alexander III became reconciled to the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the

1839:, such was his strength and exercise in arms that Raymond of Antioch was incapable of wielding his lance and buckler. In a famous tournament, he is said to have entered the lists on a fiery 1255:

Manuel forced the rebellious Serbs, and their leader, Uroš II, to vassalage (1150–1152). He then made repeated attacks upon the Hungarians with a view to annexing their territory along the

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for centuries before the arrival of the Normans, opened its gates to the Emperor's army, and the overjoyed citizens tore down the Norman citadel. After the fall of Bari, the cities of

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of Egypt held the key to the fate of the crusader states. If Egypt came out of its isolation and joined forces with the Muslims under Nur ad-Din, the crusader cause was in trouble.

2225:

Manuel died on 24 September 1180, having just celebrated the betrothal of his son Alexios II to the daughter of the king of France. He was laid to rest alongside his father in the

1726:

by the Turks in 1179, forcing Manuel to lead a small cavalry force to save the city, and then, even as late as 1180, the Byzantines succeeded in scoring a victory over the Turks.

4907: 3630: 1205:. In March 1171 Manuel had suddenly broken with Venice, ordering all 20,000 Venetians on imperial territory to be arrested and their property confiscated. Venice, incensed, 2799:

Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Jeffreys, Michael (2015) "A Constantinopolitan Poet Views Frankish Antioch". In: Chrissis, Nikolaos G.; Kedar, Benjamin Z.; Phillips, Jonathan (eds.)

1053: 729:

After 1147, however, the relations between the two leaders became friendlier. By 1148 Manuel had seen the wisdom of securing an alliance with Conrad, whose sister-in-law

1822:

The emperor ordered the deletion of this anathema from the Church's catechetical texts, a measure that provoked vehement opposition from both the Patriarch and bishops.

437:

as well. Some historians have been less enthusiastic about him, however, asserting that the great power he wielded was not his own personal achievement, but that of the

7696: 557:—which presented the Byzantine Empire with new challenges. Now, more than at any time during the preceding centuries, the task facing the emperor was daunting indeed. 429:, in which every virtue is attributed to him. Manuel, who was influenced by his contact with western Crusaders, enjoyed the reputation of "the most blessed emperor of 2117:, the second city of the Empire, hosted a famous summer fair that attracted traders from across the Balkans and even further afield to its bustling market stalls. In 1485:. William of Tyre, who negotiated the alliance, was impressed in particular by the large transport ships that were used to transport the cavalry forces of the army. 911:, who quickly defeated Roger with their powerful fleet. In 1149, Manuel recovered Corfu and prepared to take the offensive against the Normans, while Roger II sent 5384: 935:, launched a campaign against the Normans, but his expedition stalled. These developments encouraged Manuel to take advantage of the multiple instabilities on the 789:, the new Prince of Antioch, claimed that the Byzantine emperor had reneged on his promise to pay him a sum of money and vowed to attack the Byzantine province of 498:

Turks. In 1143 John II lay dying as a result of an infected wound; on his deathbed he chose Manuel as his successor, in preference to his elder surviving brother

2295: 1683:

The limited losses inflicted on native Byzantine troops were quickly recovered, and in the following year Manuel's forces defeated a force of "picked Turks".

1976: 1695:

effectively destroyed them as a fighting force. This is an indication that the Byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western

737:. Unfortunately for the Byzantine emperor, Conrad died in 1152, and despite repeated attempts, Manuel could not reach an agreement with his successor, 2186:, and Amalric, King of Jerusalem respectively. Manuel was also the last Byzantine emperor who, thanks to his military and diplomatic success in the 4703: 3959: 777:. Manuel answers that he is willing to receive the French army and to support it, but he complains about receiving the letter from an envoy of the 1298:, and to make him his heir, thus securing the union of Hungary with the Empire. At court Béla assumed the name Alexius and received the title of 821:

soon reached Antioch. Raynald knew that he had no hope of defeating the emperor, and in addition knew that he could not expect any aid from King

1117:(in 1167 and 1169) offering to reunite the Greek and Latin churches, Alexander refused, under pretext of the troubles that would follow union. 425:, Manuel is known to have inspired intense loyalty in those who served him. He also appears as the hero of a history written by his secretary, 3778: 793:. Raynald arrested the governor of the island, John Komnenos, who was a nephew of Manuel, and the general Michael Branas. The Latin historian 4311: 3109: 2240:. This troubled succession weakened the dynastic continuity and solidarity on which the strength of the Byzantine state had come to rely. 664:

also attributed to Manuel a desire to show off his martial prowess to his new bride. While on this campaign Manuel received a letter from

7046: 2058: 1251:, a Byzantine gold coin, issued by Manuel. One side of the coin (left image) depicts Christ. The other side depicts Manuel (right image). 7151: 7130: 4440: 1018:

cities in return for assistance in expelling William from Sicily. Manuel also promised to pay 5,000 pounds of gold to the Pope and the

4159: 2494: 2065:) brought him control of the Dalmatian coast, the rich agricultural region of Sirmium, and the Danube trade route from Hungary to the 7701: 5370: 1459: 7691: 7198: 5651: 1612:

to recognize his overlordship. Kilij Arslan II used the peace with Byzantium, and the power vacuum caused by the death in 1174 of

1157:

After 1158, under the new conditions, the aims of the Byzantine policy changed. Manuel now decided to oppose the objective of the

7193: 7146: 7092: 6176: 4814: 4629:

Day, Gerald. W. (June 1977). "Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century".

1830:

Manuel is representative of a new kind of Byzantine ruler who was influenced by his contact with western Crusaders. He arranged

7315: 7183: 5550: 2500: 1454:. In 1165, he sent envoys to the Byzantine court to negotiate a marriage alliance (Manuel had already married Amalric's cousin 526: 4200: 1930:, in 1183–1184, and was then blinded by his father-in-law. He lived until at least 1191 and was known personally to Choniates. 1222:

over one hundred years earlier and maintained, sometimes tenuously, ever since. Due to distraction from his neighbours on the

537:

grandfather and father. Nevertheless, the empire continued to face formidable challenges. At the end of the 11th century, the

7336: 7303: 7171: 7113: 6970: 6838: 4829: 4800: 4753:

Porphyrogenita: : Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honor of Julian Chrysostomides

4619: 2808: 2121:, silk production fuelled a thriving economy. All this is a testament to the success of the Komnenian Emperors in securing a 7003:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

300:, during which the Byzantine Empire experienced a resurgence of military and economic power and enjoyed a cultural revival. 7625: 7286: 7281: 7266: 7221: 6183: 5581: 5110: 5034: 4426:), translated by E. A. Babock and A. C. Krey (Columbia University Press, 1943). See the original text in the Latin library. 1871: 1604:

resulted in a treaty favourable to the Empire. According to the agreement, certain frontier regions, including the city of

1295: 656:(Iconium), and ravaged the area around the city, but could not assault its walls. Among Manuel's motives for mounting this 154: 1699:

was still successful. After the victory on the Meander, Manuel himself advanced with a small army to drive the Turks from

7711: 7519: 7309: 6806: 4209: 2383: This probably meant that Amalric repeated Baldwin's assurances regarding the status of Antioch as an imperial fief. 1472: 522: 293: 4860:

Texts, Documents, and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D. S. (Donald Sidney) Richards edited by Chase F. Robinson

1542: 875:

Southern Italy in 1112, at the time of Roger II's coming of age, showing the major states and cities. The border of the

471: 7032: 5266: 1206: 944: 4773:

Hanson, Graig L. (2003). "Manuel I Komnenos and the "God of Muhammad": A Study in Byzantine Ecclesiastical Politics".

1226:, Manuel was kept from his main objective, the subjugation of the Normans of Sicily. Relations had been good with the 7331: 7188: 5555: 5490: 5471: 5414: 5332: 5313: 5285: 5247: 5208: 5189: 5170: 5148: 5077: 5053: 4998: 4948: 4927: 4901: 4867: 4848: 4782: 4763: 4742: 4723: 4667: 4593: 4574: 4526: 4504: 4485: 4466: 4396: 4360: 3969: 3730: 3640: 1294:, was sent to Constantinople to be educated in the emperor's court. Manuel intended the youth to marry his daughter, 1960:

A daughter whose name is unknown. She was born around 1150 and married Theodore Maurozomes before 1170. Her son was

809:, who had participated in the attack on Cyprus. Thoros fled into the mountains, and Cilicia swiftly fell to Manuel. 7271: 7010: 4958: 2698: 2299:), which was probably an imperial commission, and must have been written shortly after the Germans had crossed the 2157:

A telling reminder of the influence that Manuel held in the Crusader states in particular can still be seen in the

1762:

Three major theological controversies occurred during Manuel's reign. In 1156–1157 the question was raised whether

1692: 385: 31: 2321:, one of Manuel's primary goals was a partition of Italy with the German empire, in which Byzantium would get the 7276: 7226: 6772: 6755: 6582: 6570: 5586: 718: 680:

Arrival of the Second Crusade before Constantinople, portrayed in Jean Fouquet's painting from around 1455–1460,

516:

ahead of him, with orders to arrest his most dangerous potential rival, his brother Isaac, who was living in the

499: 376:

However, towards the end of his reign, Manuel's achievements in the east were compromised by a serious defeat at

17: 7108: 6743: 6535: 6497: 6457: 6424: 5400: 2980: 1608:, should be handed over to Manuel in return for some quantity of cash, while it also obliged the Seljuk Sultan 1000:

Encouraged by the success, Manuel dreamed of restoration of the Roman Empire, at the cost of union between the

818: 517: 7215: 6958: 6784: 6611: 6577: 6541: 6430: 3714:

Chapter 6: Patterns of Turkish Migration and Expansion in Byzantine Asia Minor in the 11th and 12th Centuries

1796: 1592:

shows the Turkish ambush at the pass of Myriokephalon. This ambush destroyed Manuel's hope of capturing Konya

1161:

dynasty to directly annex Italy, which Frederick believed should acknowledge his power. When the war between

940: 545:

had removed Italy from the control of the Byzantine emperor. The Seljuk Turks had done the same with central

7406: 6599: 5644: 3779:

https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Istorija_Tserkvi/konstantinopolskij-sobor-1157-goda-i-nikolaj-episkop-mefonskij/

1396:

frontier, they were caught off guard by the Byzantine invasion; this resulted in the Hungarian province of

1235: 806: 393: 879:

in 1154, at the time of Roger's death, is shown by a thicker black line encircling most of southern Italy.

7456: 6680: 6359: 5825: 5218: 3961:"The Latin Empire and Western Contacts in Asia" in Contact and Conflict in Frankish Greece and the Aegean 1949: 1563: 351: 7676: 7392: 6990: 6946: 6924: 6875: 6762: 6553: 6322: 5664: 5611: 4697: 2345:

the Empire, and by his departure threw away most of the actual fruits of his expedition". According to

2303:. Here Conrad is accused of wanting to take Constantinople by force, and to install a Latin patriarch ( 2265: 1493:

powers of the east, control of Egypt would be the deciding factor. It had become clear that the ailing

490:. Manuel favourably impressed his father by his courage and fortitude during the unsuccessful Siege of 229: 48: 5124: 1754:(9th/10th century). The controversy of 1156–57 concerned the interpretation of John's liturgy for the 1640:

Yet Manuel's army of 35,000 men was large and unwieldy—according to a letter that Manuel sent to King

997:

were also captured. William arrived with his army, including 2,000 knights, but was heavily defeated.

676: 644:. There was no attempt at a systematic conquest of territory, but Manuel's army defeated the Turks at 318:, although unsuccessfully, being the last Eastern Roman emperor to attempt reconquests in the western 7706: 6897: 6865: 6690: 5870: 5629: 5305: 4377: 1688: 1260: 1049: 828: 308: 4660:

Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts edited by Brenda Bolton and Anne J. Duggan

2363: Alexios had been ordered to bring soldiers, but he merely brought his empty ships to Brindisi. 7502: 7069: 6907: 6860: 6407: 6054: 3712: 2474: 2289:

to Manuel (one of the poems included in a list transmitted under the name of Theodore Prodromos in

2154:

as "a right worthy man, and richest of all the Christians who ever were, and the most bountiful."

1975:

A daughter whose name is unknown, born around 1155. She was the maternal grandmother of the author

1948:("cupbearer"), who fled Constantinople in 1184 and was a figurehead of the Norman invasion and the 1338: 1334: 954: 822: 1022:. Negotiations were hurriedly carried out, and an alliance was formed between Manuel and Hadrian. 697:. At this time, there were still members of the Byzantine court who remembered the passage of the 7548: 7525: 7431: 6715: 6695: 6469: 6349: 5637: 4963: 4879:"The "Wild Beast from the West": Immediate Literary Reactions in Byzantium to the Second Crusade" 2257: 1922:(born in the early 1160s), who was recognised as the emperor's son, and indeed received a title ( 1579: 1044: 1001: 762: 710: 381: 377: 2179: 786: 7608: 7578: 7495: 7349: 7238: 7025: 6985: 6964: 6870: 5660: 5345:, Vol. 1, Longmans, Green & Co., London (reprinted Wipf & Stock, Eugene, Oregon, 2006). 2158: 1784: 1684: 1342: 1291: 1218:

On his northern frontier Manuel expended considerable effort to preserve the conquests made by

487: 4918:

Každan, Alexander P.; Epstein, Ann Wharton (1990). "Popular and Aristocratic Popular Trends".

1287: 1181:, on 29 May 1176, seemed rather to improve Manuel's position in Italy. According to Kinnamos, 733:

he had earlier married; he actually persuaded the German king to renew their alliance against

7477: 7399: 7374: 7244: 6919: 6914: 6890: 6885: 6801: 6638: 6626: 6397: 6022: 2341: 2226: 1927: 1723: 1645: 1361: 904: 690: 652:, removing its remaining Christian population. The Byzantine forces reached Masud's capital, 297: 261: 250: 4446: 1517: 1441:

Control of Egypt was a decades-old dream of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and its king

1318: 1137:

Frederick Barbarossa submits to the authority of Pope Alexander III after his defeat at the

486:, so it seemed very unlikely that he would succeed his father. His maternal grandfather was 7686: 7681: 7566: 7531: 7438: 7413: 7261: 7156: 6902: 6850: 6710: 6685: 6650: 6565: 6479: 6329: 6160: 5096: 5020: 4755:, edited by Charalambos Dendrinos, Jonathan Harris, Eirene Harvalia-Crook and Judith Herrin 4156: 2336: 2217: 2170: 1935: 1898: 1875: 1775: 1644:, the advancing column was ten miles (16 km) long. Manuel marched against Iconium via 1567: 1442: 1413: 1385: 1384:), while the other army made a wide circuit to Galicia and, with Galician aid, crossed the 1381: 1193:" cities went over to Manuel; his relations were also particularly favourable in regard to 1162: 1087: 932: 738: 530: 434: 347: 4536:

Brand, Charles M. (1989). "The Turkish Element in Byzantium, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries".

1283:

were ceded. By 1168 nearly the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast lay in Manuel's hands.

931:, leading to the presence of Apulian refugees at the Byzantine court. Conrad's successor, 701:, a defining event in the collective memory of the age that had fascinated Manuel's aunt, 8: 7367: 7292: 7064: 7050: 6833: 6818: 6796: 6731: 6720: 6675: 6621: 6111: 6049: 6012: 5621: 5424:

Zeitler, Barbara (1994). "Cross-cultural Interpretations of Imagery in the Middle Ages".

5158: 4959:"Letter by the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos To Pope Eugene III on the Issue of the Crusades" 1905: 1894: 1673: 1641: 1365: 1314: 1095: 974: 920: 766: 694: 665: 625: 589: 158: 104: 4938: 1969: 1601: 660:

there included a wish to be seen in the West as actively espousing the crusading ideal;

7585: 7572: 7463: 7119: 6880: 6823: 6767: 6749: 6738: 6700: 6670: 6548: 6266: 6170: 5920: 5889: 5882: 5441: 5404: 4646: 4608: 4553: 4231: 3736: 2761: 2106: 1864: 1657: 1268: 1202: 1114: 908: 884: 734: 730: 366: 281: 138: 1286:

Efforts were also made towards a diplomatic annexation of Hungary. The Hungarian heir

373:

and campaigning aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east.

7125: 7018: 6845: 6632: 6530: 6505: 6354: 6216: 5952: 5937: 5815: 5783: 5521: 5507: 5486: 5467: 5410: 5388: 5328: 5309: 5281: 5262: 5243: 5204: 5185: 5166: 5144: 5106: 5073: 5049: 5030: 4994: 4988: 4944: 4923: 4897: 4863: 4844: 4825: 4810: 4796: 4778: 4759: 4738: 4719: 4663: 4650: 4615: 4589: 4570: 4522: 4500: 4481: 4462: 4392: 4356: 4346: 3965: 3740: 3726: 3636: 2804: 2183: 2166: 2118: 1961: 1802:

A third controversy sprung up in 1180, when Manuel objected to the formula of solemn

1792: 1354: 1264: 1178: 1138: 1067: 936: 924: 912: 876: 838: 657: 609: 593: 454:

Death of John II Komnenos, and crowning of Manuel I Komnenos (from the Manuscript of

315: 285: 199: 149: 76: 7040: 3446: 2831: 2750: 2236: 7470: 7177: 7161: 7086: 6975: 6952: 6855: 6828: 6813: 6779: 6705: 6665: 6655: 6380: 6307: 6277: 6140: 6095: 6090: 5962: 5604: 5568: 5433: 5295: 5222: 4984: 4638: 4545: 3718: 3004: 2110: 2102: 1886: 1710:

In 1178, however, a Byzantine army retreated after encountering a Turkish force at

1613: 1455: 1150: 1109: 843: 633: 601: 509: 483: 479: 289: 219: 209: 142: 94: 63: 4937:

Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1860). "Dogmatic Controversies, 12th and 14th Centuries".

1458:

in 1161). After a long interval of two years, Amalric married Manuel's grandniece

668:

announcing his intention of leading an army to the relief of the crusader states.

588:

The first test of Manuel's reign came in 1144, when he was faced with a demand by

450: 6616: 6606: 6515: 6302: 6210: 6198: 6192: 6044: 5865: 5835: 5778: 5758: 5299: 5235: 5138: 5067: 4442:

The Papacy: Its Historic Origin and Primitive Relations with the Eastern Churches

4415: 4405: 4350: 4163: 2702: 2349:, Manuel's deal with Nur ad-Din was for the Latins another expression of Greeks' 2346: 2285: The mood that prevailed before the end of 1147 is best conveyed by a verse 2151: 2074: 2021: 1856: 1840: 1747: 1609: 1526: 1422: 1377: 1276: 1166: 1005: 896: 794: 754: 554: 455: 389: 331: 162: 67: 5088: 5012: 3185: 3061: 2988: 1589: 7653: 7602: 7342: 6510: 6474: 6419: 6312: 6235: 6133: 6127: 6059: 6039: 5793: 5753: 5092: 5063: 5016: 5008: 4987:(2005). "The Decline of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade". 4889: 4885: 4454: 4224: 4220: 2322: 2318: 2174: 2133: 1767: 1322: 1238:, being so induced by Roger II of Sicily, invaded Byzantine territory in 1149. 1170: 1103: 1091: 1058: 1014: 958: 892: 778: 758: 645: 566: 430: 401: 380:, which in large part resulted from his arrogance in attacking a well-defended 323: 304: 288:

of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of

273: 241: 4775:

Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam: A Book of Essays edited by John Tolan

4642: 3722: 2028:, Manuel's victories were not productive of any permanent or useful conquest. 1584: 916:

gradual divergence of interests between the two empires after Conrad's death.

576: 7670: 7656:

who are independently notable are shown. Rulers and co-rulers are denoted in

7641: 6980: 6940: 6484: 6292: 6100: 5563: 5392: 5350: 4711: 4369: 2540: 2486: 2469: 2109:, and the Greek Islands, generating new sources of wealth in a predominantly 2032: 2025: 1418: 1241: 978: 698: 661: 426: 319: 5100: 5024: 3163:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1.

957:, Manuel's expedition achieved astonishingly rapid progress as the whole of 7166: 6725: 6520: 6452: 6447: 6437: 6260: 6122: 5763: 5259:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1

5134: 4678: 4603: 4514: 4384: 4383: 4355:. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 3859: 2114: 1965: 1751: 1665: 1597: 1538: 1451: 1397: 1158: 723: 702: 636:, who had been repeatedly violating the frontiers of the Empire in western 495: 467: 2085:, a customs duty levied at Constantinople on all imports and exports. The 1634: 765:): with this document, the Emperor answers a previous papal letter asking 6589: 6464: 6414: 6339: 5913: 5860: 5803: 5120: 2147: 1771: 1617: 1125:

or 30,000 pounds of gold), and yet it produced only limited solid gains.

1019: 649: 513: 491: 4968: 4858:

Hillenbrand, Carole (2003). "The Imprisonment of Raynald of Châtillon".

4805:

Harris, Jonathan and Tolstoy, Dmitri, 'Alexander III and Byzantium', in

2695: 2221:

Manuel I Komnenos receiving Agnes of France, wife of his son Alexios II.

1867:, a sister-in-law of Conrad III of Germany. She died in 1159. Children: 6645: 6560: 6525: 6490: 6402: 6317: 6077: 6070: 6017: 5997: 5942: 5907: 5900: 5845: 5810: 5673: 5445: 4557: 4175: 1803: 1696: 1477: 1267:

and enabling the Empire to conclude a very advantageous peace with the

1247: 1231: 982: 5659: 4751:

Hamilton, Bernard (2003). "William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire".

1926:). He was briefly married to Eirene Komnene, illegitimate daughter of 1173:

with money subsidies, agents, and, occasionally, troops. The walls of

871: 255: 6392: 6344: 6254: 6241: 6028: 5957: 5930: 5925: 5894: 5840: 5788: 5723: 5718: 4227: 2415:

N. Choniates, O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, p.70

2162: 2078: 2066: 2017: 1944: 1810:

of this abjuration was that directed against the deity worshipped by

1755: 1715: 1630: 1497: 1300: 803: 770: 581: 418: 343: 5437: 4716:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Volume III)

4549: 4389:

The Alexiad of Anna Comnena translated by Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter

1766:

had offered Himself as a sacrifice for the sins of the world to the

1637:, and then to use them to strike as quickly as possible at Iconium. 1434: 1388:. Since the Hungarians had most of their forces concentrated on the 749: 57: 7042: 6660: 6442: 6334: 6287: 6247: 6229: 6149: 6084: 6064: 6034: 6007: 6002: 5987: 5977: 5947: 5855: 5850: 5798: 5773: 5768: 5733: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5102:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 1

5026:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 1

4894:

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World

4495:

Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). "The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos".

2300: 2286: 2207: 2191: 2054: 2045: 1836: 1831: 1811: 1807: 1806:, which was exacted from Muslim converts. One of the more striking 1719: 1704: 1653: 1596:

Between 1158 and 1162, a series of Byzantine campaigns against the

1550: 1522: 1393: 1280: 1219: 1133: 994: 949: 714: 637: 621: 546: 438: 397: 370: 335: 5140:

Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations

4387:; Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter (1969). "XLVIII: The First Crusade". 2031:

His advisors on western church affairs included the Pisan scholar

6594: 6297: 6204: 6117: 5972: 5748: 4920:

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

3200:, Papers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 52, pp. 195–216, 211 2350: 2231: 2211: 2199: 2187: 1855:

Manuscript miniature of Maria of Antioch with Manuel I Komnenos,

1738: 1622: 1559: 1494: 1482: 1464: 1463:

Amalric to Egypt: a Byzantine army and a naval force of 20 large

1389: 1223: 1190: 1182: 1076: 990: 855: 641: 629: 597: 538: 503: 362: 355: 312: 194: 1851: 1234:

since 1129, so the Serb rebellion came as a shock. The Serbs of

478:

Born on 28 November 1118, Manuel Komnenos was the fourth son of

6366: 6223: 6105: 5877: 5743: 5276:

Rogers, Randal (1997). "The Capture of the Palestinian Coast".

4809:, ed. P. Clarke and A. Duggan, Ashgate, 2012, pp. 301–13. 2203: 2195: 2142: 1763: 1743: 1711: 1649: 1621:

the full imperial army and marched against the Seljuk capital,

1521:

Manuel and the envoys of Amalric – arrival of the crusaders in

1468: 1369: 1326: 1272: 1142: 1072: 1062: 1009: 986: 928: 903:

attack in the Balkans, in 1148 Manuel enlisted the alliance of

790: 774: 580:

The County of Edessa in the context of the other states of the

550: 542: 422: 339: 62:

Manuscript miniature of Manuel I (part of double portrait with

5967: 5738: 5728: 5708: 4261:

Melvani, N., (2018) 'The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors',

2098: 1779: 1700: 1626: 1605: 1505: 1490: 1447: 1227: 1194: 1186: 1174: 1146: 900: 888: 847: 653: 605: 412: 358: 181: 4841:

Byzantine Armies 1118–1461 AD (Illustrated by Angus McBride)

4459:

Church and Society in Byzantium Under the Comneni, 1081–1261

1972:, and her descendants ruled the sultanate from 1220 to 1246. 1714:, allowing the Turks to capture many livestock. The city of 1417:

The marriage of Amalric I of Jerusalem and Maria Comnena at

1357:, the new ruler of Galicia, adopted a pro-Hungarian stance. 785:

Manuel's attention was again drawn to Antioch in 1156, when

5713: 5703: 5105:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 644–674. 5029:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 611–643. 4679:"Bertha-Irene of Sulzbach, first wife of Manuel I Comnenus" 4565:

Brooke, Zachary Nugent (2004). "East and West: 1155–1198".

1350: 1256: 1198: 970: 5044:

Magdalino, Paul (2002). "The Medieval Empire (780–1204)".

4917: 2853: 2851: 1863:

Manuel had two wives. His first marriage, in 1146, was to

1629:). Manuel's strategy was to prepare the advanced bases of 1263:

against the Hungarians, scoring a decisive victory at the

560: 4544:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 1–25. 3860:

Bertha-Irene of Sulzbach, first wife of Manuel I Comnenus

2340:

grandfather and father insisted. For his part, historian

1481:

Andronikos Kontostephanos, joined forces with Amalric at

1408: 5385:

Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki

5217: 4876: 648:, before capturing and destroying the fortified town of 5577:

Andronikos Komnenos (son of Alexios I) (until 1130/31),

4457:(1995). "Church and Politics under Manuel I Komnenos". 4100: 3632:

Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert

2848: 1758:, "Thou art He who offers and is offered and receives." 1573: 1128: 620:

In 1146 Manuel assembled his army at the military base

388:

and Manuel concluded an advantageous peace with Sultan

365:

and the eastern Mediterranean, placing the kingdoms of

1733: 1549:

The joined forces of Manuel and Amalric laid siege to

1307: 1113:

by the popes. And although he twice sent embassies to

923:, who faced widespread rebellions against his rule in 30:"Manuel Komnenos" redirects here. For other uses, see 5480: 2506:. "Ioannes post diebus moritus... octavo die mensis". 1835:

which appear as a model or a copy of the romances of

1094:, who negotiated with Manuel against the Norman king 5240:

The Templars (translated in Greek by G. Kousounelou)

5157: 4658:

Duggan, Anne J. (2003). "The Pope and the Princes".

2247: 1380:

and entered Hungary through the Transylvanian Alps (

5201:

The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe 500–1453

887:, whose fleet had captured the Byzantine island of 600:territories. However, later that year the crusader 5229:(in Greek). Vol. Db. Athens: Eleftheroudakis. 4940:History of the Christian Church to the Reformation 4896:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 4607: 4155:Robert of Clari, "Account of the Fourth Crusade", 3765:History of the Christian Church to the Restoration 2836: 1400:being thoroughly ravaged by the Byzantine armies. 5325:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 5046:The Oxford History of Byzantium By Cyril A. Mango 3405:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 2137:Map of the Byzantine Empire under Manuel, c. 1180 1901:, in 1161. By this marriage, Manuel had one son: 919:Roger died in February 1154 and was succeeded by 7668: 4610:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 4497:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180 4420:Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum 4352:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs 3993:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates 604:was engulfed by the tide of a resurgent Islamic 326:through his empire was adroitly managed. Manuel 5343:A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist 4453: 3661: 3659: 1988: 1730:further west, deeper into Byzantine territory. 5129:(6 ed.). London: George Philip & Son. 4877:Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Jeffreys Michael (2001). 1082: 973:, which had been the capital of the Byzantine 947:, both of whom held the high imperial rank of 832:Antioch under Byzantine protection (1159–1180) 7697:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars 7026: 5645: 5399: 3789:Stone, D. (1909, reprinted 2006), pp. 163-164 3198:Ancona, Byzantium and the Adriatic, 1155–1173 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 5483:Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204 5461: 5301:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 4702:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4438: 3667:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 3656: 3141:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 2603:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 1512: 781:and not from an ambassador sent by the Pope. 361:. Manuel reshaped the political maps of the 5403:(1928–1935). "Byzantium and the Crusades". 5323:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). "Foreign Affairs". 4857: 4807:Alexander III (1159–81: The Art of Survival 4519:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 4494: 3825:Manuel I Komnenos and the "God of Muhammad" 3819: 3817: 3759: 3757: 3628: 2597: 2595: 964: 671: 615: 322:. The passage of the potentially dangerous 7603:Theodora Megale Komnene ("Despina Khatun") 7033: 7019: 5652: 5638: 5278:Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century 5069:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 4676: 4038: 4036: 3430:Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century 3146: 2870: 2868: 2866: 1912:Manuel had several illegitimate children: 445: 296:. His reign saw the last flowering of the 5294: 5198: 5143:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5072:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5062: 5043: 5007: 4614:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4586:Papyros-Larousse-Britannica (Volume XIII) 4345: 4180: 4087: 3710: 3279: 3277: 899:. However, despite being distracted by a 396:by the empire to recover the interior of 260:; 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180), 4750: 4714:(1995). "XLVIII: The Decline and Fall". 4513: 4244: 4242: 4240: 3985: 3957: 3933:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 3838:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 3814: 3754: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3549: 3547: 3133: 2956: 2822:William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire 2766:The Imprisonment of Raynald of Châtillon 2592: 2530:The decline and fall of the Roman Empire 2517:The decline and fall of the Roman Empire 2216: 2132: 1850: 1737: 1583: 1516: 1412: 1290:, younger brother of the Hungarian king 1240: 1132: 1086: 870: 827: 748: 675: 575: 449: 7573:Maria Megale Komnene, Byzantine Empress 5423: 5383:(in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: 5179: 4990:The New Concise History of the Crusades 4033: 4009: 4007: 3472:The New Concise History of the Crusades 3464: 3459:The New Concise History of the Crusades 3410: 3374:Alexander III and the Jerusalem Crusade 3248: 3027: 3025: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2926: 2924: 2897: 2895: 2863: 2772:The New Concise History of the Crusades 2728: 2726: 2724: 2696:Letter by the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos 2678: 2676: 2674: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2234:government was overthrown in a violent 1825: 1169:started, Manuel actively supported the 561:Second Crusade and Raynald of Châtillon 14: 7669: 5551:Andronikos Komnenos (son of Alexios I) 5368: 5322: 5275: 5256: 4983: 4819: 4772: 4732: 4710: 4657: 4564: 4475: 4424:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea 4287: 4188:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 3927: 3925: 3711:Beihammer, Alexander (23 April 2020). 3569: 3422: 3418:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea 3386: 3384: 3382: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3285:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 3274: 3256:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 2857: 2782: 2780: 2501:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 1409:Alliance with the Kingdom of Jerusalem 817:Meanwhile, news of the advance of the 327: 7532:Eudokia Megale Komnene, Lady of Sinop 7520:Anna Megale Komnene, Queen of Georgia 7337:Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch 7162:Adrianos/John IV, Archbishop of Ohrid 7014: 5633: 5355:Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 5133: 5086: 4936: 4838: 4683:Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 4602: 4567:A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198 4535: 4316: 4300: 4295:A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198 4237: 4061: 3854: 3852: 3699:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3691: 3680:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3582: 3555:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3544: 3397: 3269:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3128:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3115:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3093:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3052:The Development of the Komnenian Army 3033:The Development of the Komnenian Army 2993: 2945:The Development of the Komnenian Army 2876:A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198 2640: 1321:and was hostile to Byzantium; Prince 883:In 1147 Manuel was faced with war by 866: 726:on the Asian shore of the Bosphoros. 7626:Eudokia Komnene, Lady of Montpellier 7282:Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem 7267:Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria 5582:Andronikos Komnenos (son of John II) 5351:"Manuel I Comnenus (A.D. 1143–1180)" 5234: 5119: 4822:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium 4439:Abbé Guettée (1866). "Chapter VII". 4431: 4324:Church and Society under the Komneni 4268: 4149: 4106: 4074: 4048: 4004: 3938: 3909: 3877: 3864: 3801: 3531: 3477: 3451: 3360: 3235: 3222: 3168: 3120: 3066: 3022: 2969: 2921: 2892: 2842: 2721: 2708: 2671: 2573: 2509: 2447: 2423: 2421: 2089:was stated to have collected 20,000 1574:Kilij Arslan II and the Seljuk Turks 1403: 1129:Byzantine policy in Italy after 1158 812: 682:Arrivée des croisés à Constantinople 571: 328:established a Byzantine protectorate 5261:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5203:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 5137:(1988). "The Parting of the Ways". 4628: 4210:Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 4193: 4130: 4112: 3922: 3672: 3609: 3379: 3329: 3203: 3098: 2908: 2777: 2689: 2558: 2545: 2434: 2038: 1908:, who succeeded as emperor in 1180. 1734:Doctrinal controversies (1156–1180) 1429:, painted in Paris c. 1295 – 1300, 1345:) is described as Manuel's vassal ( 1308:Relations with Kievan Rus' (Russia) 861: 352:participated in a combined invasion 27:Byzantine emperor from 1143 to 1180 24: 5579:Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I), 5454: 5327:. University of Washington Press. 5013:"The Byzantine Empire (1118–1204)" 4922:. University of California Press. 4338: 4263:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 3917:Genealogy of the Komnenian Dynasty 3872:Genealogy of the Komnenian Dynasty 3849: 2522: 1934:By Maria Taronitissa, the wife of 1787:, who was subsequently dismissed. 1213: 49:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans 25: 7723: 7332:Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem 5594:Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I) 5556:Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I) 5501: 5401:Vasiliev, Alexander Alexandrovich 5348: 4374:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 4202:Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken 4028:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 3211:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 3017:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 2616:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 2581:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 2418: 1778:(i.e., to Himself). In the end a 1616:the ruler of Syria, to expel the 1566:and many important nobles of the 744: 392:, Myriokephalon proved to be the 7702:Christians of the Second Crusade 4255: 4168: 3898:The Turkish Element in Byzantium 2250: 2125:in these heartland territories. 1996: 1885:Manuel's second marriage was to 1693:Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir 1543:Bibliothèque nationale de France 1024: 472:Bibliothèque nationale de France 346:, he made common cause with the 86:8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180 56: 32:Manuel Komnenos (disambiguation) 7692:12th-century Byzantine emperors 7277:Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary 5596:Isaac Komnenos (son of John II) 5587:Isaac Komnenos (son of John II) 5406:History of the Byzantine Empire 5182:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 4677:Garland, Lynda, Stone, Andrew. 4631:The Journal of Economic History 4478:The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 4282:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 4144:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 4125:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 4095:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 4044:The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 4020: 4015:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3999:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3951: 3904:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3890: 3830: 3809:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3792: 3783: 3770: 3704: 3622: 3617:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3600: 3560: 3522: 3509: 3496: 3485:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3435: 3392:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3368:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3347: 3342:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3324:The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 3316: 3303: 3290: 3261: 3243:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 3230:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3217:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3190: 3182:History of the Byzantine Empire 3176:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3085: 3080:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 3074:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 3058:History of the Byzantine Empire 3044: 3039:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 3009: 2985:History of the Byzantine Empire 2964:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 2951:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 2937: 2916:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 2882:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2814: 2793: 2788:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2755: 2739: 2662: 2653: 2635:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2627: 2622:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2608: 2587:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2553:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 2442:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2429:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 2190:, could call himself "ruler of 753:Letter by Manuel I Komnenos to 553:, a new force had appeared—the 5481:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1988). 5227:History of the Hellenic Nation 4461:. Cambridge University Press. 4276:The "Wild Beast from the West" 4176:Cross-cultural interpretations 2480: 2409: 1983: 1421:in 1167 (from a manuscript of 757:on the issue of the crusades ( 13: 1: 7457:Andronikos III Megas Komnenos 5377:The Genealogy of the Komnenoi 5369:Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). 4862:. Brill Academic Publishers. 4795:, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. 4499:. Brill Academic Publishers. 4410:Account of the Fourth Crusade 3635:. Edinburgh UP. p. 154. 2490: 2402: 2291:Codex Marcianus graecus XI.22 2077:invasion during the reign of 369:and Outremer under Byzantine 7393:Andronikos II Megas Komnenos 5257:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). 5219:Paparrigopoulos, Constantine 5163:A Short History of Byzantium 4993:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3629:Hillenbrand, Carole (2007). 2888:A short history of Byzantium 2536:A short history of Byzantium 2385: 2375: 2365: 2355: 2327: 2309: 2277: 1989:Foreign and military affairs 7: 5485:. Oxford University Press. 5280:. Oxford University Press. 5199:Obolensky, Dimitri (1971). 5089:"The Latin East, 1098–1205" 5048:. Oxford University Press. 4758:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 4662:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 4517:(2006). "Military events". 4376:, trans. Charles M. Brand. 4223:τού σεπτεμβρίου μηνός, τής 3885:Change in Byzantine Culture 3844:History of the Greek Nation 3686:History of the Greek Nation 3539:History of the Greek Nation 3528:Magdalino, pp. 78 and 95–96 2903:History of the Greek Nation 2567:Papyros-Larousse-Britannica 2243: 2159:church of the Holy Nativity 1475:, under the command of the 1360:In 1164–65 Manuel's cousin 1145:in the Palazzo Pubblico in 1083:Failure of the Church union 256: 10: 7728: 7712:Sons of Byzantine emperors 7503:Alexios III Megas Komnenos 6925:Constantine XI Palaiologos 6876:Andronikos III Palaiologos 6763:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 4793:Byzantium and the Crusades 4333: 4120:Byzantium and the Crusades 4069:Byzantium and the Crusades 4056:Byzantium and the Crusades 3958:Hamilton, Bernard (2014). 3504:Byzantium and The Crusades 3355:Byzantium and The Crusades 3311:The Byzantine Commonwealth 3298:The Byzantine Commonwealth 2705:, Vatican Secret Archives. 2266:List of Byzantine emperors 1577: 1054:Alexios Komnenos Bryennios 564: 413: 394:final, unsuccessful effort 230:Eastern Orthodox Christian 182: 29: 7650: 7634: 7618: 7595: 7558: 7549:Alexios IV Megas Komnenos 7540: 7526:Manuel III Megas Komnenos 7512: 7487: 7448: 7432:Alexios II Megas Komnenos 7423: 7384: 7359: 7324: 7254: 7207: 7139: 7101: 7078: 7057: 7001: 6933: 6898:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 6866:Andronikos II Palaiologos 6691:Constantine IX Monomachos 6379: 6276: 6159: 5986: 5824: 5672: 5618: 5609: 5601: 5591: 5560: 5547: 5542: 5515: 5372:Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών 5306:Stanford University Press 5180:Norwich, John J. (1995). 4824:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4820:Harris, Jonathan (2017). 4643:10.1017/S0022050700096947 4378:Columbia University Press 4199:Schreiner, Peter (1975). 3723:10.1163/9789004425613_007 2128: 1964:, whose daughter married 1881:Anna Komnene (1154–1158). 1846: 1513:Failure of the expedition 1261:Andronikos Kontostephanos 1207:sent a fleet of 120 ships 277: 245: 225: 215: 205: 193: 178: 173: 169: 148: 134: 122: 114: 110: 100: 90: 82: 75: 55: 46: 41: 7609:Alexios V Megas Komnenos 7579:Alexander Megas Komnenos 7496:Manuel II Megas Komnenos 7350:Alexios I Megas Komnenos 7070:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos 6861:Michael VIII Palaiologos 5304:. Stanford, California: 5184:. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 4476:Angold, Michael (1997). 4162:13 February 2005 at the 3964:. Ashgate. p. 220. 3606:Haldon 2001, pp. 142–143 2932:The Pope and the Princes 2271: 1525:(from the Manuscript of 965:Papal-Byzantine alliance 823:Baldwin III of Jerusalem 672:Arrival of the Crusaders 616:Expedition against Konya 7478:John III Megas Komnenos 7400:Theodora Megale Komnene 7375:Manuel I Megas Komnenos 6716:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 6350:Tiberius II Constantine 5341:Stone, Darwell, (1909) 5126:Muir's Historical Atlas 4964:Vatican Secret Archives 4385:Komnene (Comnena), Anna 3946:The Late Byzantine Army 3593:D. MacGillivray Nicol, 2701:2 February 2007 at the 2258:Byzantine Empire portal 1915:By Theodora Vatatzina: 1580:Battle of Myriokephalon 1535:Old French Continuation 1431:Bibliothèque Municipale 1189:and a number of other " 1045:Robert III of Loritello 763:Vatican Secret Archives 717:describes a full-scale 464:Old French Continuation 446:Accession to the throne 384:position. Although the 7567:John IV Megas Komnenos 7439:Michael Megas Komnenos 7414:John II Megas Komnenos 7239:John Tzelepes Komnenos 6871:Michael IX Palaiologos 4606:(2006). "Chronology". 4521:. Read Country Books. 4138:Manuel and the Genoese 4082:Manuel and the Genoese 3842:* K. Paparrigopoulos, 3684:* K. Paparrigopoulos, 2222: 2138: 1860: 1820: 1785:Soterichos Panteugenos 1759: 1685:John Komnenos Vatatzes 1593: 1546: 1438: 1343:Principality of Halych 1252: 1154: 1098: 907:, and the help of the 880: 833: 782: 685: 585: 475: 7654:male-line descendants 7586:David Megas Komnenos 7407:George Megas Komnenos 7245:Andronikos I Komnenos 6965:Thessalonian emperors 6959:Trapezuntine emperors 6920:John VIII Palaiologos 6915:Manuel II Palaiologos 6886:John VI Kantakouzenos 6802:Andronikos I Komnenos 6639:Constantine Lekapenos 5667:and empresses regnant 5464:Byzantium – A History 5462:Haldon, John (2002). 5097:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 5021:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 4943:. T. & T. Clark. 4890:Roy Parviz Mottahedeh 4843:. Osprey Publishing. 4733:Haldon, John (2001), 4538:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 3798:P. Magdalino, p. 279. 3113:* J. W. Birkenmeier, 2342:Zachary Nugent Brooke 2227:Pantokrator Monastery 2220: 2136: 1950:siege of Thessalonica 1928:Andronikos I Komnenos 1874:(1152–1182), wife of 1854: 1816: 1774:only, or also to the 1741: 1587: 1578:Further information: 1520: 1416: 1244: 1136: 1090: 905:Conrad III of Germany 874: 831: 752: 691:Conrad III of Germany 679: 596:, for the cession of 579: 565:Further information: 453: 298:Komnenian restoration 7619:Uncertain generation 7464:Basil Megas Komnenos 7262:John Doukas Komnenos 7157:Constantine Komnenos 6903:John VII Palaiologos 6851:Theodore II Laskaris 6711:Constantine X Doukas 6651:Nikephoros II Phokas 5159:Norwich, John Julius 5087:Mayer, Hans (2004). 4718:. Penguin Classics. 4391:. Penguin Classics. 3595:Byzantium and Venice 3566:Birkenmeier, p. 132. 3537:K. Paparrigopoulos, 3196:Abulafia, D. (1984) 3161:Rogers, Clifford J, 2901:K. Paparrigopoulos, 2684:The Byzantine Empire 2305:Manganeios Prodromos 2296:Manganeios Prodromos 1942:Alexios Komnenos, a 1936:John Doukas Komnenos 1899:Constance of Antioch 1876:Renier of Montferrat 1826:Chivalric narrations 1795:and later Patriarch 1568:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1386:Carpathian Mountains 1382:Southern Carpathians 1163:Frederick Barbarossa 933:Frederick Barbarossa 787:Raynald of Châtillon 739:Frederick Barbarossa 531:Michael II Kourkouas 494:(1140), against the 386:Byzantines recovered 348:Kingdom of Jerusalem 7293:Alexios II Komnenos 7222:Andronikos Komnenos 7184:Andronikos Komnenos 7131:Nikephoros Komnenos 7065:Nikephoros Komnenos 7051:Empire of Trebizond 6834:Theodore I Laskaris 6819:Alexios III Angelos 6797:Alexios II Komnenos 6721:Romanos IV Diogenes 6676:Romanos III Argyros 6622:Romanos I Lekapenos 5622:Alexios II Komnenos 4839:Heath, Ian (1995). 4449:on 27 October 2009. 4274:Jeffreys-Jeffreys, 4265:, 42 (2) pp.237-260 4250:The Medieval Empire 3697:J. W. Birkenmeier, 3678:J. W. Birkenmeier, 3553:J. W. Birkenmeier, 3267:J. W. Birkenmeier, 3091:J. W. Birkenmeier, 3050:J. W. Birkenmeier, 3031:J. W. Birkenmeier, 2943:J. W. Birkenmeier, 2826:* William of Tyre, 2668:Birkenmeier, p. 110 2659:Kinnamos, pp. 65–67 2317: According to 1906:Alexios II Komnenos 1814:and his followers: 1674:Battle of Manzikert 1642:Henry II of England 1450:for the release of 1329:was Manuel's ally ( 1315:Iziaslav II of Kiev 1096:William I of Sicily 975:Catapanate of Italy 955:Robert of Loritello 941:Michael Palaiologos 767:Louis VII of France 695:Louis VII of France 666:Louis VII of France 626:punitive expedition 159:Alexios II Komnenos 105:Alexios II Komnenos 7120:Alexios I Komnenos 6953:Britannic emperors 6947:Palmyrene emperors 6881:John V Palaiologos 6824:Alexios IV Angelos 6773:Constantine Doukas 6768:Alexios I Komnenos 6756:Constantine Doukas 6739:Michael VII Doukas 6701:Michael VI Bringas 6267:Romulus Augustulus 5890:Trebonianus Gallus 5883:Herennius Etruscus 5665:Byzantine emperors 5517:Manuel I Komnenos 4971:on 2 February 2007 4791:Harris, Jonathan, 4737:, Stroud: Tempus, 4735:The Byzantine Wars 4588:(in Greek). 2006. 4569:. Routledge (UK). 4347:Choniates, Nicetas 4109:, pp. 16, 18. 3180:* A. A. Vasiliev, 3056:* A. A. Vasiliev, 2223: 2139: 1977:Demetrios Tornikes 1865:Bertha of Sulzbach 1861: 1760: 1594: 1564:Philip of Flanders 1547: 1439: 1319:Géza II of Hungary 1269:Kingdom of Hungary 1253: 1155: 1115:Pope Alexander III 1099: 1050:Battle of Brindisi 885:Roger II of Sicily 881: 867:Roger II of Sicily 834: 783: 735:Roger II of Sicily 731:Bertha of Sulzbach 686: 586: 476: 433:" in parts of the 307:and the resurgent 282:born in the purple 139:Bertha of Sulzbach 7677:Manuel I Komnenos 7664: 7663: 7233:Manuel I Komnenos 7126:Adrianos Komnenos 7008: 7007: 6846:John III Vatatzes 6792:Manuel I Komnenos 6531:Michael I Rangabe 6375: 6374: 6217:Petronius Maximus 5816:Severus Alexander 5784:Septimius Severus 5628: 5627: 5619:Succeeded by 5612:Byzantine emperor 5592:Succeeded by 5573:1122–1143 5537:24 September 1180 5522:Komnenian dynasty 5296:Treadgold, Warren 5223:Karolidis, Pavlos 4985:Madden, Thomas F. 4886:Angeliki E. Laiou 4831:978-1-4742-5467-0 4801:978-1-78093-767-0 4698:cite encyclopedia 4621:978-0-521-81539-0 4432:Secondary sources 3441:William of Tyre, 3416:William of Tyre, 2999:William of Tyre, 2886:* J. H. Norwich, 2809:978-1-472-46841-3 2745:William of Tyre, 2541:Manuel I Comnenus 2534:* J. H. Norwich, 2470:Manuel I Comnenus 2184:Prince of Antioch 2167:king of Jerusalem 2013: 2012: 1962:Manuel Maurozomes 1956:By other lovers: 1893:), a daughter of 1793:Luke Chrysoberges 1691:; the subsequent 1404:Invasion of Egypt 1265:Battle of Sirmium 1179:Battle of Legnano 1165:and the northern 1139:Battle of Legnano 1068:Nicetas Choniates 1041: 1040: 937:Italian peninsula 913:George of Antioch 877:Kingdom of Sicily 839:King of Jerusalem 813:Manuel in Antioch 807:Thoros of Cilicia 624:and set out on a 610:Imad ad-Din Zengi 594:Prince of Antioch 572:Prince of Antioch 417:, translated as " 316:Kingdom of Sicily 311:. He invaded the 286:Byzantine emperor 254: 238:Manuel I Komnenos 235: 234: 200:Komnenian dynasty 189: 188: 126:24 September 1180 77:Byzantine emperor 42:Manuel I Komnenos 16:(Redirected from 7719: 7707:Komnenos dynasty 7635:Related subjects 7471:Anna Anachoutlou 7316:Alexios Komnenos 7299:Alexios Komnenos 7272:Alexios Komnenos 7216:Alexios Komnenos 7199:Theodora Komnene 7178:John II Komnenos 7152:Alexios Komnenos 7087:Isaac I Komnenos 7047:Byzantine Empire 7035: 7028: 7021: 7012: 7011: 6856:John IV Laskaris 6829:Alexios V Doukas 6814:Isaac II Angelos 6780:John II Komnenos 6706:Isaac I Komnenos 6666:Constantine VIII 6656:John I Tzimiskes 6383:Byzantine Empire 6157: 6156: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5605:John II Komnenos 5602:Preceded by 5569:Byzantine Empire 5548:Preceded by 5538: 5531: 5530:28 November 1118 5513: 5512: 5496: 5477: 5449: 5426:The Art Bulletin 5420: 5396: 5382: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5338: 5319: 5291: 5272: 5253: 5236:Read, Piers Paul 5230: 5214: 5195: 5176: 5154: 5135:Nicol, Donald M. 5130: 5116: 5112:978-1-13905402-7 5083: 5059: 5040: 5036:978-1-13905402-7 5004: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4967:. Archived from 4954: 4933: 4914: 4912: 4906:. Archived from 4883: 4873: 4854: 4835: 4815:978 07546 6288 4 4788: 4769: 4747: 4729: 4707: 4701: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4673: 4654: 4625: 4613: 4599: 4580: 4561: 4532: 4510: 4491: 4472: 4450: 4445:. Archived from 4402: 4366: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4280:* P. Magdalino, 4272: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4235: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4153: 4147: 4142:* P. Magdalino, 4134: 4128: 4123:* P. Magdalino, 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4002: 3997:* P. Magdalino, 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3902:* P. Magdalino, 3894: 3888: 3883:Každan-Epstein, 3881: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3626: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3580: 3577:Medieval Warfare 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517:Byzantine Armies 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3377: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3215:* P. Magdalino, 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3126:J. Birkenmeier, 3124: 3118: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3078:* P. Magdalino, 3070: 3064: 3048: 3042: 3029: 3020: 3013: 3007: 2997: 2991: 2978: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2890: 2880:* P. Magdalino, 2872: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2818: 2812: 2811:, vol. 14, p. 53 2797: 2791: 2784: 2775: 2770:* T. F. Madden, 2759: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2620:* P. Magdalino, 2612: 2606: 2599: 2590: 2585:* P. Magdalino, 2577: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2526: 2520: 2513: 2507: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2468:A. Stone (2007) 2466: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2416: 2413: 2388: 2378: 2368: 2358: 2330: 2312: 2280: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2111:agrarian economy 2039:Internal affairs 1997: 1970:Sultanate of Rûm 1920:Alexios Komnenos 1887:Maria of Antioch 1614:Nur ad-Din Zangi 1602:Sultanate of Rûm 1541:, 13th century, 1456:Maria of Antioch 1167:Italian communes 1151:Spinello Aretino 1025: 862:Italian campaign 632:, the Sultan of 602:County of Edessa 510:megas domestikos 484:Irene of Hungary 480:John II Komnenos 470:, 13th century, 416: 415: 342:advances in the 279: 259: 257:Manouḗl Komnēnós 249: 247: 246:Μανουήλ Κομνηνός 220:Irene of Hungary 210:John II Komnenos 185: 184: 183:Μανουήλ Κομνηνός 171: 170: 143:Maria of Antioch 129: 118:28 November 1118 95:John II Komnenos 64:Maria of Antioch 60: 39: 38: 21: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7646: 7630: 7614: 7596:16th generation 7591: 7559:15th generation 7554: 7541:14th generation 7536: 7513:13th generation 7508: 7488:12th generation 7483: 7449:11th generation 7444: 7424:10th generation 7419: 7380: 7368:John I Axouchos 7355: 7320: 7304:Manuel Komnenos 7250: 7203: 7194:Eudokia Komnene 7135: 7109:Manuel Komnenos 7097: 7074: 7053: 7039: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6941:Gallic emperors 6929: 6617:Constantine VII 6398:Constantine III 6385: 6382: 6371: 6280: 6272: 6211:Valentinian III 6199:Constantius III 6193:Priscus Attalus 6177:Constantine III 6163: 6155: 6045:Valerius Valens 5990: 5982: 5828: 5820: 5779:Didius Julianus 5759:Marcus Aurelius 5676: 5668: 5658: 5624: 5615: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5558: 5554: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5474: 5457: 5455:Further reading 5452: 5438:10.2307/3046063 5417: 5380: 5359: 5357: 5349:Stone, Andrew. 5335: 5316: 5288: 5269: 5250: 5211: 5192: 5173: 5151: 5113: 5093:Luscombe, David 5080: 5064:Magdalino, Paul 5056: 5037: 5017:Luscombe, David 5009:Magdalino, Paul 5001: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4930: 4913:on 10 May 2017. 4910: 4904: 4881: 4870: 4851: 4832: 4785: 4766: 4745: 4726: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4622: 4596: 4583: 4577: 4550:10.2307/1291603 4529: 4507: 4488: 4469: 4455:Angold, Michael 4434: 4429: 4416:William of Tyre 4406:Robert of Clari 4399: 4363: 4341: 4339:Primary sources 4336: 4331: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164:Wayback Machine 4154: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4005: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3858:Garland-Stone, 3857: 3850: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3489:* H. E. Mayer, 3488: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3147: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3090: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3014: 3010: 2998: 2994: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2703:Wayback Machine 2694: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2593: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2485: 2481: 2467: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2395:epistemonarkhes 2384: 2374: 2364: 2354: 2347:Piers Paul Read 2326: 2308: 2274: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2152:Robert of Clari 2131: 2041: 2022:Peace of Venice 1991: 1986: 1857:Vatican Library 1849: 1828: 1748:John Chrysostom 1736: 1610:Kilij Arslan II 1582: 1576: 1527:William of Tyre 1515: 1423:William of Tyre 1411: 1406: 1378:Walachian Plain 1317:was related to 1310: 1224:Balkan frontier 1216: 1214:Balkan frontier 1131: 1085: 1006:Catholic Church 967: 869: 864: 846:, the ruler of 815: 795:William of Tyre 755:Pope Eugene III 747: 674: 618: 574: 569: 563: 555:Crusader states 456:William of Tyre 448: 390:Kilij Arslan II 332:Crusader states 278:Πορφυρογέννητος 270:Porphyrogenitus 180: 179:Manuel Komnenos 163:Kilij Arslan II 161: 157: 141: 127: 71: 68:Vatican Library 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Manuel Comnenus 15: 12: 11: 5: 7725: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7662: 7661: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7570: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7388: 7386: 7385:9th generation 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7361: 7360:8th generation 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7343:David Komnenos 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7325:7th generation 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7255:6th generation 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7227:Isaac Komnenos 7224: 7219: 7211: 7209: 7208:5th generation 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7189:Isaac Komnenos 7186: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7140:4th generation 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7116: 7114:Isaac Komnenos 7111: 7105: 7103: 7102:3rd generation 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7079:2nd generation 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7058:1st generation 7055: 7054: 7038: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6900: 6895: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6760: 6736: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6696:Theodora (III) 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6592: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6558: 6546: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Constantine VI 6508: 6503: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6475:Theodosius III 6472: 6467: 6462: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6420:Constantine IV 6417: 6412: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6278:Eastern Empire 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6161:Western Empire 6154: 6153: 6146: 6134:Magnus Maximus 6130: 6128:Valentinian II 6125: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6060:Constantius II 6057: 6055:Constantine II 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5923: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:Antoninus Pius 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5677:27 BC – AD 235 5670: 5669: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5590: 5559: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5543:Regnal titles 5540: 5539: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5508:Manuel coinage 5503: 5502:External links 5500: 5498: 5497: 5491: 5478: 5472: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5432:(4): 680–694. 5421: 5415: 5397: 5366: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5320: 5314: 5292: 5286: 5273: 5268:978-0195334036 5267: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5215: 5209: 5196: 5190: 5177: 5171: 5155: 5149: 5131: 5117: 5111: 5084: 5078: 5060: 5054: 5041: 5035: 5005: 4999: 4981: 4955: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4915: 4902: 4874: 4868: 4855: 4849: 4836: 4830: 4817: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4770: 4764: 4748: 4743: 4730: 4724: 4712:Gibbon, Edward 4708: 4674: 4668: 4655: 4637:(2): 289–301. 4626: 4620: 4600: 4594: 4581: 4575: 4562: 4533: 4527: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4486: 4473: 4467: 4451: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4370:Cinammus, John 4367: 4361: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4315: 4306:Abbé Guettée, 4299: 4293:Z. N. Brooke, 4286: 4267: 4254: 4248:P. Magdalino, 4236: 4192: 4186:J. W. Sedlar, 4179: 4167: 4148: 4129: 4111: 4099: 4093:P. Magdalino, 4086: 4073: 4060: 4047: 4032: 4019: 4013:P. Magdalino, 4003: 3991:N. Choniates, 3984: 3970: 3950: 3937: 3921: 3908: 3889: 3876: 3863: 3848: 3829: 3823:G. L. Hanson, 3813: 3807:P. Magdalino, 3800: 3791: 3782: 3769: 3753: 3731: 3703: 3690: 3671: 3665:W. Treadgold, 3655: 3641: 3621: 3615:P. Magdalino, 3608: 3599: 3581: 3568: 3559: 3543: 3530: 3521: 3508: 3495: 3491:The Latin East 3483:P. Magdalino, 3476: 3470:T. F. Madden, 3463: 3457:T. F. Madden, 3450: 3434: 3421: 3409: 3396: 3390:P. Magdalino, 3378: 3372:* J. G. Rowe, 3366:P. Magdalino, 3359: 3346: 3340:P. Magdalino, 3328: 3315: 3309:D. Obolensky, 3302: 3296:D. Obolensky, 3289: 3283:J. W. Sedlar, 3273: 3260: 3247: 3234: 3228:P. Magdalino, 3221: 3202: 3189: 3174:P. Magdalino, 3167: 3145: 3139:W. Treadgold, 3132: 3119: 3104:Abbé Guettée, 3097: 3084: 3065: 3043: 3037:* J. Norwich, 3021: 3008: 2992: 2981:A. A. Vasiliev 2968: 2955: 2949:* J. Norwich, 2936: 2920: 2907: 2891: 2874:Z. N. Brooke, 2862: 2847: 2835: 2813: 2792: 2786:P. Magdalino, 2776: 2762:C. Hillenbrand 2754: 2738: 2720: 2707: 2688: 2682:P. Magdalino, 2670: 2661: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2607: 2601:W. Treadgold, 2591: 2572: 2557: 2544: 2521: 2508: 2479: 2446: 2440:P. Magdalino, 2433: 2427:P. Magdalino, 2417: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2323:Adriatic coast 2319:Paul Magdalino 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2245: 2242: 2175:Holy Sepulchre 2130: 2127: 2040: 2037: 2011: 2010: 2002: 2001: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1954: 1953: 1932: 1931: 1910: 1909: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1848: 1845: 1827: 1824: 1735: 1732: 1588:This image by 1575: 1572: 1514: 1511: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1323:Yuri Dolgoruki 1309: 1306: 1215: 1212: 1171:Lombard League 1130: 1127: 1104:Pope Adrian IV 1092:Pope Adrian IV 1084: 1081: 1059:Alexios Axouch 1039: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1015:Pope Adrian IV 966: 963: 959:southern Italy 891:and plundered 868: 865: 863: 860: 819:Byzantine army 814: 811: 779:King of France 773:and reconquer 759:Constantinople 746: 745:Cyprus invaded 743: 673: 670: 617: 614: 573: 570: 567:Second Crusade 562: 559: 447: 444: 431:Constantinople 324:Second Crusade 305:Pope Adrian IV 268:, also called 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 191: 190: 187: 186: 176: 175: 167: 166: 152: 146: 145: 136: 132: 131: 130:(aged 61) 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 73: 72: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7724: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7642:AIMA prophecy 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7310:John Komnenos 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7288: 7287:Maria Komnene 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7173: 7172:Maria Komnene 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147:John Komnenos 7145: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7093:John Komnenos 7091: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7031: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7000: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6578:Theodora (II) 6576: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6485:Constantine V 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470:Anastasius II 6468: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:Theodosius II 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Valentinian I 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6023:Constantine I 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Constantius I 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5564:Sebastokrator 5557: 5552: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5494: 5492:0-19-820407-8 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5473:0-7524-2343-6 5469: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5416:0-299-80925-0 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5334:0-295-97290-4 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5315:0-8047-2630-2 5311: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5287:0-19-820689-5 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5249:960-536-143-4 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5210:1-84212-019-0 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5191:0-679-41650-1 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5172:0-14-025960-0 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5150:0-521-34157-4 5146: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5079:0-521-52653-1 5075: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5055:0-19-814098-3 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5000:0-7425-3822-2 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4950:0-548-06187-4 4946: 4942: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4929:0-520-06962-5 4925: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4903:0-88402-277-3 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4869:90-04-10865-3 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4850:1-85532-347-8 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4784:0-415-92892-3 4780: 4777:. Routledge. 4776: 4771: 4767: 4765:0-7546-3696-8 4761: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4744:0-7524-1777-0 4740: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4725:0-14-043395-3 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4669:0-7546-0708-9 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4604:Curta, Florin 4601: 4597: 4595:960-8322-84-7 4591: 4587: 4584:"Byzantium". 4582: 4578: 4576:0-415-22126-9 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4528:1-84664-983-8 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515:Bradbury, Jim 4512: 4508: 4506:90-04-11710-5 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4487:0-582-29468-1 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4468:0-521-26432-4 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4398:0-14-044215-4 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4362:0-8143-1764-2 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215:(1). p. 146. 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4026:J. Cinnamus, 4023: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3973: 3971:9781409439264 3967: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3944:M. Bartusis, 3941: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3896:C. M. Brand, 3893: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3763:J. H. Kurtz, 3760: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3732:9789004425613 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3644: 3642:9780748631155 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3575:J. Bradbury, 3572: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3403:J. Phillips, 3400: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3209:J. Cinnamus, 3206: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3018: 3015:J. Cinnamus, 3012: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2845:, p. 16. 2844: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820:B. Hamilton, 2817: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2614:J. Cinnamus, 2611: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2582: 2579:J. Cinnamus, 2576: 2568: 2565:"Byzantium". 2561: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2487:John Kinnamos 2483: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2123:Pax Byzantina 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2036: 2034: 2033:Hugh Eteriano 2029: 2027: 2026:Edward Gibbon 2023: 2019: 2009: 2008: 2007:Edward Gibbon 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968:, the Seljuk 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1924:sebastokrator 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872:Maria Komnene 1870: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1858: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Meander River 1686: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1669: 1667: 1666:siege engines 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1537:, painted in 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1460:Maria Komnene 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1201:, but not to 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1037: 1036: 1035:John Cinnamus 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 951: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 878: 873: 859: 857: 854:Turks out of 851: 849: 845: 840: 830: 826: 824: 820: 810: 808: 805: 799: 796: 792: 788: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 742: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 720: 716: 712: 706: 704: 700: 699:First Crusade 696: 692: 683: 678: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 583: 578: 568: 558: 556: 552: 549:. And in the 548: 544: 540: 534: 532: 528: 524: 519: 515: 512: 511: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:St. Ladislaus 485: 481: 473: 469: 466:, painted in 465: 461: 457: 452: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:John Kinnamos 424: 420: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Myriokephalon 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:Mediterranean 317: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 294:Mediterranean 291: 287: 283: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 252: 243: 239: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 196: 192: 177: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 155:Maria Komnene 153: 151: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 69: 65: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7657: 7607: 7584: 7577: 7565: 7547: 7524: 7501: 7494: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7437: 7430: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7373: 7366: 7348: 7341: 7308: 7291: 7243: 7232: 7231: 7214: 7176: 7167:Anna Komnene 7118: 7085: 6908:Andronikos V 6906: 6889: 6837: 6805: 6791: 6783: 6771: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6730: 6724: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6598: 6581: 6569: 6552: 6540: 6534: 6521:Nikephoros I 6496: 6495: 6489: 6456: 6453:Justinian II 6448:Tiberius III 6438:Justinian II 6429: 6423: 6406: 6358: 6330:Anastasius I 6321: 6265: 6261:Julius Nepos 6253: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6123:Theodosius I 6110: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6040:Maximinus II 6027: 5929: 5912: 5899: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5802: 5764:Lucius Verus 5610: 5584:(1122–1142), 5576: 5562: 5561: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5482: 5463: 5429: 5425: 5405: 5376: 5371: 5358:. Retrieved 5354: 5342: 5324: 5300: 5277: 5258: 5239: 5226: 5200: 5181: 5162: 5139: 5125: 5121:Muir, Ramsay 5101: 5068: 5045: 5025: 4989: 4973:. Retrieved 4969:the original 4962: 4939: 4919: 4908:the original 4893: 4859: 4840: 4821: 4806: 4792: 4774: 4756: 4752: 4734: 4715: 4686:. Retrieved 4682: 4659: 4634: 4630: 4609: 4585: 4566: 4541: 4537: 4518: 4496: 4477: 4458: 4447:the original 4441: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4388: 4373: 4351: 4323: 4318: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4249: 4219:14, 80, 4: " 4216: 4212: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4174:B. Zeitler, 4170: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4102: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4027: 4022: 4014: 3998: 3992: 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3960: 3953: 3945: 3940: 3932: 3916: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3892: 3884: 3879: 3871: 3866: 3843: 3837: 3832: 3824: 3808: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3772: 3764: 3744:. Retrieved 3713: 3706: 3698: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3674: 3666: 3646:. Retrieved 3631: 3624: 3616: 3611: 3602: 3594: 3576: 3571: 3562: 3554: 3538: 3533: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3503: 3498: 3490: 3484: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3442: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3391: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3297: 3292: 3284: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3242: 3241:J. Norwich, 3237: 3229: 3224: 3216: 3210: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3140: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3114: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3079: 3073: 3072:J. Norwich, 3068: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3011: 3000: 2995: 2984: 2963: 2962:J. Norwich, 2958: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2918:, 98 and 103 2915: 2914:J. Norwich, 2910: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2816: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2771: 2765: 2757: 2746: 2741: 2734:The Templars 2733: 2732:P. P. Read, 2716:The Templars 2715: 2714:P. P. Read, 2710: 2691: 2683: 2664: 2655: 2647: 2646:A. Komnene, 2642: 2634: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2610: 2602: 2586: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2551:J. Norwich, 2547: 2539:* A. Stone, 2535: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2503: 2495: 2482: 2473: 2441: 2436: 2428: 2411: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2332: 2328: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2235: 2224: 2156: 2140: 2122: 2115:Thessalonica 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2071: 2051: 2042: 2030: 2014: 2006: 2005: 1992: 1966:Kaykhusraw I 1955: 1943: 1933: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1890: 1884: 1862: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1801: 1789: 1761: 1752:Hagia Sophia 1742:A Byzantine 1728: 1716:Claudiopolis 1709: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1662: 1656:, Choma and 1639: 1598:Seljuk Turks 1595: 1590:Gustave Doré 1556: 1548: 1534: 1530: 1502: 1487: 1476: 1452:Bohemond III 1440: 1430: 1426: 1398:Transylvania 1374: 1359: 1346: 1330: 1311: 1299: 1285: 1254: 1246: 1217: 1159:Hohenstaufen 1156: 1122: 1119: 1108: 1100: 1042: 1034: 1033: 999: 969:The city of 968: 948: 918: 882: 852: 835: 816: 800: 784: 769:to free the 728: 707: 703:Anna Komnene 687: 681: 619: 587: 535: 518:Great Palace 508: 496:Danishmendid 477: 468:Acre, Israel 463: 459: 408: 406: 375: 302: 269: 265: 237: 236: 128:(1180-09-24) 47: 36: 7687:1180 deaths 7682:1118 births 6967:(1224–1242) 6961:(1204–1461) 6750:Konstantios 6627:Christopher 6600:Constantine 6590:Michael III 6571:Constantine 6554:Constantine 6536:Theophylact 6465:Philippicus 6415:Constans II 6340:Justinian I 6236:Severus III 6184:Constans II 5938:Claudius II 5914:Silbannacus 5861:Gordian III 5836:Maximinus I 5804:Diadumenian 5242:. Enalios. 5165:. Penguin. 4480:. Longman. 4408:(c. 1208). 4322:M. Angold, 4312:Chapter VII 4228:ίνδικτίώvoς 4136:G. W. Day, 4118:J. Harris, 4080:G. W. Day, 4067:J. Harris, 4054:J. Harris, 4042:M. Angold, 3977:15 December 3915:K. Varzos, 3870:K. Varzos, 3746:15 December 3648:15 December 3515:I. Health, 3502:J. Harris, 3428:R. Rogers, 3353:J. Harris, 3322:M. Angold, 3110:Chapter VII 2930:J. Duggan, 2858:Angold 1997 2803:, Ashgate, 2648:The Alexiad 2633:Magdalino, 2307:, no 20.1). 2237:coup d'état 2148:John Phokas 2046:encomiastic 1984:Assessments 1889:(nicknamed 1797:Michael III 1772:Holy Spirit 1770:and to the 1703:, south of 1618:Danishmends 1347:hypospondos 1292:Stephen III 945:John Doukas 650:Philomelion 525:by the new 514:John Axouch 492:Neocaesarea 435:Latin world 91:Predecessor 7671:Categories 6744:Andronikos 6732:Nikephoros 6681:Michael IV 6646:Romanos II 6566:Theophilos 6561:Michael II 6542:Staurakios 6526:Staurakios 6498:Nikephoros 6491:Artabasdos 6403:Heraclonas 6360:Theodosius 6318:Basiliscus 6078:Nepotianus 6071:Magnentius 6065:Constans I 6018:Severus II 5998:Diocletian 5943:Quintillus 5908:Aemilianus 5901:Volusianus 5846:Gordian II 5811:Elagabalus 5674:Principate 5616:1143–1180 5466:. Tempus. 5360:5 February 4975:5 February 4688:5 February 4308:The Papacy 3313:, 300–302. 3300:, 299–300. 3106:The Papacy 2403:References 2093:each day. 2087:kommerkion 2083:kommerkion 2079:Herakleios 1804:abjuration 1697:Asia Minor 1558:fallen to 1478:megas doux 1473:transports 1362:Andronikos 1335:Vladimirko 1248:hyperpyron 1232:Hungarians 983:Giovinazzo 939:. He sent 844:Nur ad-Din 711:city walls 421:") by the 284:"), was a 6986:Classical 6971:Empresses 6955:(286–296) 6949:(267–273) 6943:(260–274) 6686:Michael V 6612:Alexander 6425:Heraclius 6393:Heraclius 6345:Justin II 6255:Glycerius 6242:Anthemius 6112:Procopius 6050:Martinian 6029:Maxentius 5958:Florianus 5931:Saloninus 5926:Gallienus 5895:Hostilian 5871:Philip II 5841:Gordian I 5789:Caracalla 5724:Vespasian 5719:Vitellius 5393:834784634 5238:(2003) . 5066:(2002) . 4651:155065665 4190:, 372–373 4140:, 289–290 4107:Muir 1963 4097:, 143–144 4084:, 289–290 3846:, Db, 121 3767:, 265–266 3741:218994025 3717:. Brill. 3688:, Db, 141 3541:, Db, 140 3054:, 115–116 3003:, XVIII, 2966:, 112–113 2905:, Db, 134 2843:Muir 1963 2830:, XVIII, 2749:, XVIII, 2337:patriarch 2293:known as 2163:Bethlehem 2107:Macedonia 2091:hyperpyra 2067:Black Sea 2063:1162–1167 2059:1149–1155 2018:Sultanate 1945:pinkernes 1808:anathemas 1756:Eucharist 1750:from the 1652:, Lampe, 1631:Dorylaeum 1606:Sebasteia 1570:to help. 1498:Caliphate 1471:, and 60 1443:Amalric I 1366:Rostislav 1331:symmachos 1271:by which 1123:hyperpyra 1079:in 1156. 921:William I 909:Venetians 771:Holy Land 582:Near East 527:patriarch 419:the Great 400:from the 344:Holy Land 338:. Facing 330:over the 290:Byzantium 262:Latinized 251:romanized 165:(adopted) 101:Successor 7049:and the 7043:Komnenoi 6981:Usurpers 6976:Augustae 6934:See also 6839:Nicholas 6661:Basil II 6458:Tiberius 6443:Leontius 6431:Tiberius 6408:Tiberius 6386:610–1453 6381:Eastern/ 6335:Justin I 6288:Arcadius 6248:Olybrius 6230:Majorian 6171:Honorius 6150:Eugenius 6085:Vetranio 6035:Licinius 6008:Galerius 6003:Maximian 5988:Dominate 5978:Numerian 5948:Aurelian 5921:Valerian 5866:Philip I 5856:Balbinus 5851:Pupienus 5799:Macrinus 5774:Pertinax 5769:Commodus 5734:Domitian 5699:Claudius 5694:Caligula 5689:Tiberius 5684:Augustus 5298:(1997). 5225:(1925). 5161:(1998). 5123:(1963). 5099:(eds.). 5023:(eds.). 5011:(2004). 4892:(eds.). 4349:(1984). 4160:Archived 3935:, p. 74. 3931:Gibbon, 3836:Gibbon, 3443:Historia 3001:Historia 2860:, map 3. 2828:Historia 2801:Crusades 2747:Historia 2699:Archived 2528:Gibbon, 2515:Gibbon, 2301:Bosporus 2287:encomium 2244:See also 2208:Bulgaria 2192:Dalmatia 2055:Bulgaria 1952:in 1185. 1837:chivalry 1832:jousting 1812:Muhammad 1724:besieged 1720:Bithynia 1705:Cotyaeum 1701:Panasium 1654:Celaenae 1646:Laodicea 1635:Sublaeum 1551:Damietta 1531:Historia 1523:Pelusium 1465:warships 1427:Historia 1394:Belgrade 1355:Yaroslav 1281:Dalmatia 1220:Basil II 1191:Ligurian 1110:augustus 1004:and the 1002:Orthodox 995:Brindisi 950:sebastos 804:Armenian 761:, 1146, 715:Kinnamos 662:Kinnamos 646:Acroënus 638:Anatolia 628:against 622:Lopadion 598:Cilician 547:Anatolia 460:Historia 409:ho Megas 398:Anatolia 371:hegemony 336:Outremer 292:and the 266:Comnenus 226:Religion 7045:of the 6991:Eastern 6891:Matthew 6785:Alexios 6633:Stephen 6595:Basil I 6480:Leo III 6355:Maurice 6298:Marcian 6281:395–610 6205:Joannes 6164:395–480 6118:Gratian 5991:284–610 5973:Carinus 5953:Tacitus 5829:235–285 5749:Hadrian 5567:of the 5446:3046063 4558:1291603 4380:, 1976. 4334:Sources 4234:έτους". 4217:Chronik 3995:, 96–97 3474:, 68–69 3432:, 84–86 3258:, xxiii 3254:Curta, 2637:, p. 42 2583:, 33–35 2569:. 2006. 2555:, 87–88 2496:History 2351:perfidy 2232:regency 2212:Hungary 2200:Croatia 2188:Balkans 2180:Raynald 2171:Amalric 2143:rhetors 2141:To the 2119:Corinth 2099:Genoese 2075:Persian 1895:Raymond 1841:courser 1658:Antioch 1623:Iconium 1600:of the 1560:Saladin 1495:Fatimid 1491:Islamic 1483:Ascalon 1469:galleys 1390:Sirmium 1339:Galicia 1333:), and 1183:Cremona 991:Taranto 897:Corinth 856:Isauria 724:Damalis 642:Cilicia 590:Raymond 584:in 1135 539:Normans 523:crowned 504:Cilicia 439:dynasty 414:ὁ Μέγας 407:Called 367:Hungary 363:Balkans 356:Fatimid 253:: 135:Spouses 70:, Rome) 6753:& 6729:& 6636:& 6607:Leo VI 6583:Thekla 6539:& 6506:Leo IV 6428:& 6367:Phocas 6323:Marcus 6308:Leo II 6224:Avitus 6141:Victor 6106:Valens 6096:Jovian 6091:Julian 5963:Probus 5898:& 5878:Decius 5826:Crisis 5744:Trajan 5575:With: 5533: 5489: 5470: 5444: 5413: 5391: 5379:] 5331: 5312: 5284: 5265: 5246: 5207: 5188: 5169: 5147: 5109: 5076: 5052: 5033: 4997: 4947: 4926: 4900: 4866: 4847: 4828: 4813: 4799: 4781: 4762: 4741: 4722: 4666: 4649: 4618: 4592: 4573: 4556: 4525: 4503: 4484: 4465: 4395: 4359: 3968: 3919:, 157a 3739: 3729: 3639: 3326:, 177. 2807: 2493:1118) 2389: 2379: 2369: 2359: 2331: 2313: 2281: 2204:Serbia 2196:Bosnia 2129:Legacy 2103:Greece 1859:, Rome 1847:Family 1768:Father 1764:Christ 1744:mosaic 1712:Charax 1650:Chonae 1467:, 150 1448:dinars 1435:Épinal 1370:Cumans 1327:Suzdal 1301:despot 1277:Bosnia 1273:Syrmia 1236:Rascia 1203:Venice 1143:fresco 1077:Almira 1073:Euboea 1063:Ancona 1010:Papacy 987:Andria 929:Apulia 925:Sicily 893:Thebes 791:Cyprus 775:Edessa 658:razzia 630:Mas'ud 608:under 551:Levant 543:Sicily 423:Greeks 382:Seljuk 340:Muslim 313:Norman 216:Mother 206:Father 7652:Only 6549:Leo V 6516:Irene 6303:Leo I 5968:Carus 5739:Nerva 5729:Titus 5709:Galba 5661:Roman 5535:Died: 5528:Born: 5442:JSTOR 5381:(PDF) 5375:[ 5091:. 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