227:. The plot was exposed, and hundreds of officers were arrested at Nojeh Air Base on 9ā10 July 1980. Ghorbanifar had owned a shipping company and headed the logistics branch of the Niqab network which organised the civilian part of the plot. He had been recommended for the role by Bakhtiar. Some Iranian sources later accused Ghorbanifar of leaking information to the Iranian government which helped thwart the coup plot. In December 1985
361:, Ghorbanifar's links with the CIA led to internal disputes, with the counter-terrorism division supporting him and Middle East officers attempting to discredit him. Ghorbanifar's anger at being labelled a liar may have led him to urge Iranian contacts to leak the Iran-Contra story. The affair first became public in a Lebanese newspaper, apparently leaked by
496:
characterized the meetings as insignificant, saying, "There wasn't anything there that was of substance or of value that needed to be pursued further." News reports also indicated that
Ghorbanifar sought to be paid for the middleman role. Subsequent contacts with Ghorbanifar were abandoned.
254:
targeting Ronald Reagan and other senior US figures; in 1986 he said he had created the story "To hurt Libya, an enemy of Israel". Ghorbanifar's contribution to the Libyan story contributed to the CIA's 1984 decision to issue a
799:
346:, the national-security adviser who approved the IranāContra arms trades, once described Ghorbanifar as "one of the most despicable characters I have ever met." Former CIA official and Iran-Contra figure
470:
that "enriched uranium was smuggled from Iraq into Iran and some may remain hidden in Iraq" which the CIA later discovered to be a fabrication created by
Ghorbanifar. Ghorbanifar was linked to the
989:
212:
intelligence service, and a partner in an
Israeli-Iranian shipping company, Starline Iran, which shipped oil from Iran to Israel. Ghorbanifar knew Israel's military attache in Tehran,
266:
to Israel to arrange a $ 50m arms shipment, codenamed "Cosmos", to Iran. The deal was cancelled at the last minute with much of the equipment already loaded onto a ship in Eilat.
867:
1406:
1241:
721:
332:
818:
331:(or "Fabricator Notice") on Ghorbanifar in 1984, meaning he was regarded as an unreliable source of intelligence, and a 1987 congressional report on IranāContra by the
669:
1279:
911:
1351:
633:
1311:
1330:
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1191:
1401:
524:
578:
1055:
1411:
1426:
1136:
350:, who was involved in the 1984 decision to issue the burn notice, has described Ghorbanifar as "the most totally amoral person I have ever met".
1307:
1275:
764:
486:
509:
Countdown to Terror: The Top-Secret
Information that Could Prevent the Next Terrorist Attack on America... and How the CIA has Ignored it
327:
tests, all of which he failed. Iranian officials also suspected
Ghorbanifar of passing them forged American documents. The CIA issued a
1034:
864:
354:, Chief of the Near East Division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations at the time, said of him: "This is a guy who lies with zest."
287:
883:
1263:
1228:
823:
145:
441:
338:
His own cohorts in the arms-for-hostages affair were also incredulous. "I knew him to be a liar," North eventually acknowledged.
275:
192:
source "in order to report on any interaction and attempts at negotiations between
Iranian officials and US ambassador to Iraq,
343:
290:
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America's
Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors
842:
The Secret War with Iran: The 30-Year
Clandestine Struggle Against the World's Most Dangerous Terrorist Power
426:
223:, in exile in Paris, and conspirators in the Iranian armed forces organising what is sometimes known as the
1366:
655:
The Iran
Deception : REAGAN'S GREATEST CRISIS : CHAPTER 3 : Enough to Make a Middleman Smile
467:
1015:
335:
cites the CIA warning that
Ghorbanifar "should be regarded as an intelligence fabricator and a nuisance".
485:
Summer 2003 news reports of the meetings prompted an internal review, as well as an investigation by the
410:
316:
1221:
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1052:
560:
1431:
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631:
Cheney has tapped Iranian expatriate, arms dealer to surveil discussions with Iran, officials say
471:
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347:
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385:, during his meetings with the deputy Iranian foreign minister to negotiate the release of the
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Spurious attempt to tie Iran, Iraq to nuclear arms plot bypassed U.S. intelligence channels
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8:
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1323:
548:
http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-31.pdf
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232:
1028:
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512:
205:
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Double-Dealing Over Iran: CIA squabbling may have led to the arms-for-hostages scandal
796:
1157:
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889:
649:
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516:
220:
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Manucher Ghorbanifar has emerged as the probable origin of the information cited by
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121:
1007:
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later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from
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said in an interview that Ghorbanifar was head of European intelligence under
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The United States and Iran Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment
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339:
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177:
173:
162:
105:
1073:
The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era
698:
The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era
219:
In 1980 Ghorbanifar was the liaison between the Shah's last Prime Minister,
1092:
1023:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. B-53.
930:
Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair
418:
324:
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279:
150:
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854:
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Senate Report Calls Iranian Middleman in Arms Sales A 'Suspect Character'
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Ghorbanifar's suspected duplicity during the IranāContra deal led
962:(Podcast). International Spy Museum. Event occurs at 11:07-11:58
738:
Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War
466:
Prior to the Iraq War, Ghorbanifar had passed allegations to the
447:. The meeting concerned a secret offer from reportedly dissident
1178:"CIA investigated tip on WMD from previously discredited source"
440:. The 2001 meeting took place with the approval of then-Deputy
154:
990:"GATES'S MEMORY GAPS CONTRAST WITH OTHERS' IRAN-CONTRA RECALL"
722:
Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair
475:
422:
406:
333:
Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair
248:
209:
137:
73:
448:
402:
374:
274:
In the 1980s, Ghorbanifar's initial American contacts were
133:
45:
775:. 34 (2002), 645ā666. DOI: 10.1017.S0020743802004038, p652
523:. Weldon cites an anonymous source, "Ali," believed to be
1070:
Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987),
695:
Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter (1987),
478:
that would later be used partly as justification for the
158:
381:, the right-hand man of former French Interior Minister
373:
Ghorbanifar has been suspected of being a former French
1014:
President's Special Review Board (February 26, 1987).
865:
How a Shady Iranian Deal Maker Kept the Pentagon's Ear
1407:
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States
927:
Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (November 1995).
742:
Chapter 5: Thou Shalt Not Threaten American Interest
342:
had described Ghorbanifar as a ādevious character.ā
1248:"Arms dealer in talks with US officials about Iran"
527:, a former Iranian minister of commerce before the
474:which were forged documents initially released by
429:, Ledeen was working as a consultant to then U.S.
980:
451:officials to provide information relevant to the
368:
1373:
165:believed that Ghorbanifar was an Israeli agent.
1137:At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA
667:Early Background Report on Manucher Ghorbanifar
421:. Also present were two officials from Italy's
1229:"Regime Change in Iran? One Man's Secret Plan"
1017:Report of the President's Special Review Board
926:
953:
1093:Iskandar Safa and the French Hostage Scandal
558:
1242:How a Shady Iranian Kept the Pentagon's Ear
1149:
754:
678:Secret, Report, c. September 1, 1981, 1 pp.
262:In the early 1980s Ghorbanifar accompanied
238:In 1981 Ghorbanifar was the source for the
1402:Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in France
1367:Three Days in Rome (Mother Jones magazine)
787:
785:
783:
781:
594:
592:
590:
588:
727:
531:who is a close associate of Ghorbanifar.
888:. Simon and Schuster. 15 November 1990.
824:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
565:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
146:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
1412:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
778:
585:
168:He is best known as a middleman in the
1427:Iranian emigrants to the United States
1374:
1033:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
762:"The Nuzhih Plot and Iranian Politics"
956:"Our Man in the Middle East (Part 2)"
947:
676:, Declassified document described as
286:. Ledeen vouched for Ghorbanifar to
269:
132:, born May 9, 1945) is an expatriate
1219:, with reply by Theodore H. Draper.
1150:Fayazmanesh, Sasan (31 March 2008).
689:
623:Larisa Alexandrovna, 20 April 2006,
431:Undersecretary of Defense for Policy
409:between Manucher Ghorbanifar and US
377:informer, and allegedly accompanied
425:. In addition to a position at the
392:
208:Ghorbanifar was an agent of Iran's
184:during the first term of President
180:politics during the lead-up to the
125:
13:
1244:, New York Times, 7 December 2003.
1140:, p. 311ā314 (HarperCollins 2007).
885:An American Life The Autobiography
617:
487:U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee
14:
1443:
1206:
1105:Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
401:organized a three-day meeting in
1349:Ghorbanifar Back on U.S. Payroll
561:"Khomeini's Iran: Israel's Ally"
1296:"Lawmaker's Book Warns of Iran"
1184:
1170:
1143:
1128:
1114:
1086:
1064:
1041:
920:
909:Article | The American Prospect
902:
876:
848:
830:
808:
954:Peter Earnest (July 9, 2012).
711:
659:
642:
571:
552:
541:
369:FrenchāLebanese hostage crisis
1:
534:
455:and Iran's relationship with
427:American Enterprise Institute
305:missile sales to Iran to the
176:presidency. He re-emerged in
1122:"Harold Rhode - SourceWatch"
845:, Simon & Schuster, p144
760:Mark J. Gasiorowski (2002),
235:(Prime Minister from 1981).
7:
1422:Iranian emigrants to France
1312:"Curt Weldon's Deep Throat"
819:The Libyan 'Hit Squad' Hoax
598:Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer,
559:Bahram Alavi (April 1988),
411:Defense Intelligence Agency
10:
1448:
1222:New York Times Book Review
1098:February 14, 2006, at the
708:, Black Rose Books, p. 178
387:French hostages in Lebanon
216:, who helped build SAVAK.
1225:36, no. 7, 27 April 1989.
1217:"Truth About Ghorbanifar"
442:National Security Advisor
357:According to a report in
288:National Security Adviser
276:National Security Council
199:
111:
101:
87:
79:
69:
62:
52:
28:
21:
1264:"Iran-contra Revisited?"
1156:. Taylor & Francis.
1078:January 3, 2014, at the
773:Int. J. Middle East Stud
703:January 3, 2014, at the
323:to order three separate
1083:, Black Rose Books, 223
914:April 12, 2007, at the
636:August 7, 2016, at the
579:"NORTH ON CASEY'S ROLE"
472:Niger uranium forgeries
438:Office of Special Plans
259:" against Ghorbanifar.
136:arms dealer and former
1058:March 4, 2016, at the
988:(September 23, 1991).
870:March 6, 2016, at the
802:March 5, 2016, at the
767:March 3, 2016, at the
672:March 4, 2016, at the
611:March 4, 2016, at the
379:Jean-Charles Marchiani
1317:The American Prospect
1285:The American Prospect
1253:Sydney Morning Herald
182:2003 invasion of Iraq
747:May 3, 2016, at the
734:Kenneth R. Timmerman
683:May 5, 2016, at the
653:, 28 December 1986,
491:Secretary of Defense
149:, Ghorbanifar was a
118:Manucher Ghorbanifar
23:Manucher Ghorbanifar
1345:Larisa Alexandrovna
1324:Larisa Alexandrovna
1304:, 9 June 2005: A08.
1237:, 22 December 2002.
1051:, 2 February 1987,
994:The Washington Post
986:Lardner Jr., George
863:, 7 December 2003,
795:, 1 February 1987,
468:Bush administration
233:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
70:Service branch
16:Iranian arms trader
1417:IranāContra affair
1354:2016-08-07 at the
1341:, 11 January 2006.
1333:2006-01-15 at the
529:Iranian Revolution
513:Regnery Publishing
436:, who oversaw the
389:in the mid-1980s.
270:IranāContra affair
206:Iranian Revolution
204:Prior to the 1979
188:as a back-channel
170:IranāContra Affair
96:IranāContra affair
80:Service years
64:Espionage activity
1272:, 14 August 2003.
960:www.spymuseum.org
650:Los Angeles Times
604:, 20 March 2005,
601:American Prospect
525:Fereidoun Mahdavi
397:In December 2001
221:Shahpour Bakhtiar
143:According to the
115:
114:
1439:
1362:, 20 April 2006.
1256:, 9 August 2003.
1200:
1199:
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1108:, February 2002
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751:, The Iran Brief
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453:War on Terrorism
393:War on terrorism
344:Robert McFarlane
291:Robert McFarlane
247:s stories about
246:
194:Zalmay Khalilzad
127:
126:Ł
ŁŁŚŁŲ± ŁŲ±ŲØŲ§ŁŪāŁŲ±
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38:
36:
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1447:
1446:
1442:
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1440:
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1437:
1436:
1432:People of SAVAK
1372:
1371:
1356:Wayback Machine
1335:Wayback Machine
1320:, 10 June 2005.
1301:Washington Post
1288:, 1 April 2005.
1278:and Jeet Heer,
1269:National Review
1209:
1204:
1203:
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1190:
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827:, December 2000
815:Andrew Killgore
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804:Wayback Machine
791:Bryan Brumley,
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241:Washington Post
229:Adnan Khashoggi
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1260:Michael Ledeen
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1213:Michael Ledeen
1208:
1207:External links
1205:
1202:
1201:
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1169:
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1134:George Tenet,
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724:, 1987, p. 527
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567:, pp. 4ā6
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445:Stephen Hadley
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399:Michael Ledeen
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383:Charles Pasqua
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284:Michael Ledeen
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1387:Living people
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