Iran–Contra affair

837:, claiming power after an election full of irregularities. The dealings with the Iranians were conducted via the NSC with Admiral Poindexter and his deputy Colonel North, with the US historians Malcolm Byrne and Peter Kornbluh writing that Poindexter granted much power to North "who made the most of the situation, often deciding important matters on his own, striking outlandish deals with the Iranians, and acting in the name of the president on issues that were far beyond his competence. All of these activities continued to take place within the framework of the president's broad authorization. Until the press reported on the existence of the operation, nobody in the administration questioned the authority of Poindexter's and North's team to implement the president's decisions". North proposed a $ 15 million markup, while contracted arms broker Ghorbanifar added a 41-percent markup of his own. Other members of the NSC were in favor of North's plan; with large support, Poindexter authorized it without notifying President Reagan, and it went into effect. At first, the Iranians refused to buy the arms at the inflated price because of the excessive markup imposed by North and Ghorbanifar. They eventually relented, and, in February 1986, 1,000 TOW missiles were shipped to the country. From May to November 1986, there were additional shipments of miscellaneous weapons and parts. 1081:, which created the NSC, gave it the vague right to perform "such other functions and duties related to the intelligence as the National Security Council may from time to time direct." However, the NSC had usually, although not always, acted as an advisory agency until the Reagan administration when the NSC had "gone operational", a situation that was condemned by both the Tower Commission and by Congress as a departure from the norm. The American historian John Canham-Clyne asserted that the Iran–Contra affair and the NSC "going operational" were not departures from the norm, but were the logical and natural consequence of the existence of the "national security state", the plethora of shadowy government agencies with multi-million dollar budgets operating with little oversight from Congress, the courts or the media, and for whom upholding national security justified almost everything. Canham-Clyne argued that for the "national security state", the law was an obstacle to be surmounted rather than something to uphold and that the Iran–Contra affair was just "business as usual", something he asserted that the media missed by focusing on the NSC having "gone operational." 916:, head of the CIA, requested that the US authorize sending a shipment of small missile parts to Iranian military forces as a way of expressing gratitude. Casey also justified this request by stating that the contact in the Iranian government might otherwise lose face or be executed, and hostages might be killed. Reagan authorized the shipment to ensure that those potential events would not occur. North used this release to persuade Reagan to switch over to a "sequential" policy of freeing the hostages one by one, instead of the "all or nothing" policy that the Americans had pursued until then. By this point, the Americans had grown tired of Ghorbanifar who had proven himself a dishonest intermediary who played off both sides to his own commercial advantage. In August 1986, the Americans had established a new contact in the Iranian government, Ali Hashemi Bahramani, the nephew of Rafsanjani and an officer in the Revolutionary Guard. The fact that the Revolutionary Guard was deeply involved in international terrorism seemed only to attract the Americans more to Bahramani, who was seen as someone with the influence to change Iran's policies. 1148: 699:, Reagan claimed that he was deeply committed to securing the release of the hostages; it was this compassion that supposedly motivated his support for the arms initiatives. The president requested that the "moderate" Iranians do everything in their capability to free the hostages held by Hezbollah. Reagan always publicly insisted after the scandal broke in late 1986 that the purpose behind the arms-for-hostages trade was to establish a working relationship with the "moderate" faction associated with Rafsanjani to facilitate the reestablishment of the US–Iranian alliance after the soon to be expected death of Khomeini, to end the Iran–Iraq War and end Iranian support for Islamic terrorism while downplaying the importance of freeing the hostages in Lebanon as a secondary issue. By contrast, when testifying before the Tower Commission, Reagan declared that hostage issue was the main reason for selling arms to Iran. 643:

back within the US sphere of influence. It remains unclear if Rafsanjani really wanted a rapprochement with the US or was just deceiving Reagan administration officials who were willing to believe that he was a moderate who would effect a rapprochement. Rafsanjani, whose nickname is "the Shark", was described by the UK journalist Patrick Brogan as a man of great charm and formidable intelligence known for his subtlety and ruthlessness whose motives in the Iran–Contra affair remain completely mysterious. The Israeli government required that the sale of arms meet high-level approval from the US government, and, when McFarlane convinced them that the US government approved the sale, Israel obliged by agreeing to sell the arms.

1182:. The 200-page report was the most comprehensive of any released, criticizing the actions of Oliver North, John Poindexter, Caspar Weinberger, and others. It determined that President Reagan did not have knowledge of the extent of the program, especially about the diversion of funds to the Contras, although it argued that the president ought to have had better control of the National Security Council staff. The report heavily criticized Reagan for not properly supervising his subordinates or being aware of their actions. A major result of the Tower Commission was the consensus that Reagan should have listened to his National Security Advisor more, thereby placing more power in the hands of that chair. 52: 676:

Regan since the surgery. The meeting took place five days after the surgery and only three days after doctors gave the news that his polyp had been malignant. The three participants of this meeting had very different recollections of what was discussed during its 23-minute duration. Months later, Reagan even stated that he "had no recollection of a meeting in the hospital in July with McFarlane and that he had no notes which would show such a meeting". This does not come as a surprise considering the possible short and long-term effects of anesthesia on patients above the age of 60, in addition to his already weakened physical and mental state.

306:" After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the U.S. did not trade arms for hostages. The investigation was impeded when large volumes of documents relating to the affair were destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan administration officials. On 4 March 1987, Reagan made a further nationally televised address, saying he was taking full responsibility for the affair and stating that "what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages." 936:

politics decided to get all the groups involved and give them a role to play". Thus, all the factions in the Iranian government would be jointly responsible for the talks with the Americans and "there would not be an internal war". This demand of Behramani caused much dismay on the US side as it made clear to them that they would not be dealing solely with a "moderate" faction in the Islamic Republic, as the Americans liked to pretend to themselves, but rather with all the factions in the Iranian government—including those who were very much involved in terrorism. Despite this, the talks were not broken off.

1573:, who headed the investigation of Reagan administration officials' criminal conduct in the Iran–Contra scandal, stated that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh noted that in issuing the pardons Bush appears to have been preempting being implicated himself in the crimes of Iran–Contra by evidence that was to come to light during the Weinberger trial, and noted that there was a pattern of "deception and obstruction" by Bush, Weinberger and other senior Reagan administration officials. 892:, which the US rejected. More importantly, McFarlane refused to ship spare parts for the Hawk missiles until the Iranians had Hezbollah release the US hostages, whereas the Iranians wanted to reverse that sequence with the spare parts being shipped first before the hostages were freed. The differing negotiating positions led to McFarlane's mission going home after four days. After the failure of the secret visit to Tehran, McFarlane advised Reagan not to talk to the Iranians anymore, advice that was disregarded. 1443:. A former CIA clandestine service officer. According to Special Prosecutor Walsh, he earned nearly $ 883,000 helping retired Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord and Albert Hakim carry out the secret operations of "the Enterprise". He was indicted for concealing the full amount of his Enterprise profits for the 1985 and 1986 tax years, and for failing to declare his foreign financial accounts. He was convicted and served 16 months in prison, the only Iran–Contra defendant to have served a prison sentence. 9333: 1437:. A businessman, he pleaded guilty in November 1989 to supplementing the salary of North by buying a $ 13,800 fence for North with money from "the Enterprise," which was a set of foreign companies Hakim used in Iran–Contra. In addition, Swiss company Lake Resources Inc., used for storing money from arms sales to Iran to give to the Contras, plead guilty to stealing government property. Hakim was given two years of probation and a $ 5,000 fine, while Lake Resources Inc. was ordered to dissolve. 332:, who had been vice president at the time of the affair. Former Independent Counsel Walsh noted that, in issuing the pardons, Bush appeared to have been preempting being implicated himself by evidence that came to light during the Weinberger trial and noted that there was a pattern of "deception and obstruction" by Bush, Weinberger, and other senior Reagan administration officials. Walsh submitted his final report on 4 August 1993 and later wrote an account of his experiences as counsel, 888:, and a CIA communicator. They arrived in Tehran in an Israeli plane carrying forged Irish passports on 25 May 1986. This meeting also failed. Much to McFarlane's disgust, he did not meet ministers, and instead met in his words "third and fourth level officials". At one point, an angry McFarlane shouted: "As I am a Minister, I expect to meet with decision-makers. Otherwise, you can work with my staff." The Iranians requested concessions such as Israel's withdrawal from the 1246:

approved it. Enthusiastically." Handwritten notes by Defense Secretary Weinberger indicate that the President was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to what he was told were "moderate elements" within Iran. Notes taken by Weinberger on 7 December 1985 record that Reagan said that "he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charge that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages

1298: 780:. Two days later, Reagan met with his advisors at the White House, where a new plan was introduced. This called for a slight change in the arms transactions: instead of the weapons going to the "moderate" Iranian group, they would go to "moderate" Iranian army leaders. As each weapons delivery was made from Israel by air, hostages held by Hezbollah would be released. Israel would continue to be reimbursed by the US for the weapons. Though staunchly opposed by 10652: 9265: 9229: 1691: 9275: 9323: 660:

formally recognized by the White House. It was later revealed that this decision was made on the grounds that "Mr. Reagan and his advisors did not want his actions to establish a definition of incapacitation that would bind future presidents." Reagan expressed this transfer of power in two identical letters that were sent to the speaker of the House of Representatives, Representative

1431:. Former Air Force major general, who was involved in arms transfers to Iran and diversion of funds to Contras, he pleaded guilty in November 1989 to making false statements to Congress and was sentenced to two years of probation. As part of his plea bargain, Secord agreed to provide further truthful testimony in exchange for the dismissal of remaining criminal charges against him. 703: 864:

within the Iranian government, so, with the hope of the release of the hostages, Reagan approved this plan as well. Throughout February 1986, weapons were shipped directly to Iran by the US (as part of Oliver North's plan), but none of the hostages were released. Retired National Security Advisor McFarlane conducted another international voyage, this one to

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realization for Reagan. From seeing the recovery process of other patients, as well as medical “experts” on television predicting his death to be soon, Reagan's typical optimistic outlook was dampened. These factors were bound to contribute to psychological distress in the midst of an already distressing situation. Additionally, Reagan's invocation of the

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group of senior Reagan administration officials in the Senior Interdepartmental Group conducted a secret study on 21 July 1981 and concluded that the arms embargo was ineffective because Iran could always buy arms and spare parts for its U.S. weapons elsewhere, while, at the same time, the arms embargo opened the door for Iran to fall into the

814:] that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages'." Now retired National Security Advisor McFarlane flew to London to meet with Israelis and Ghorbanifar in an attempt to persuade the Iranian to use his influence to release the hostages before any arms transactions occurred; this plan was rejected by Ghorbanifar. 423:, the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984 aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to Contra militants. By 1984, funding for the Contras had run out; and, in October of that year, a total ban came into effect. The second Boland Amendment, in effect from 3 October 1984 to 3 December 1985, stated: 1105:

was aware of the operation as well and strongly opposed it, in particular the diversion of funds allotted to the Afghan operation. According to his Middle Eastern experts, the operation was pointless because the moderates in Iran were not in a position to challenge the fundamentalists. However, he was overruled by Clair George.

396:, a wide-ranging diplomatic effort to persuade other nations all over the world not to sell arms or spare parts for weapons to Iran. This was at least part of the reason the Iran–Contra affair proved so humiliating for the U.S. when the story first broke in November 1986 that the U.S. itself was selling arms to Iran. 537:

Administration secretly and abruptly changed United States policy." Secret Israeli arms sales and shipments to Iran began in that year, even as, in public, "the Reagan Administration" presented a different face, and "aggressively promoted a public campaign to stop worldwide transfers of military goods to Iran".

844:. Administration officials argued that, regardless of Congress restricting funds for the Contras, or any affair, the President (or in this case the administration) could carry on by seeking alternative means of funding such as private entities and foreign governments. Funding from one foreign country, 1507:

Although Bush publicly insisted that he knew little about the operation, his statements were contradicted by excerpts of his diary released by the White House in January 1993. An entry dated 5 November 1986 stated: "On the news at this time is the question of the hostages... I'm one of the few people

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In January 1987, Congress announced it was opening an investigation into the Iran–Contra affair. Depending upon one's political perspective, the Congressional investigation into the Iran–Contra affair was either an attempt by the legislative arm to gain control over an out-of-control executive arm, a

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What is involved is that in the course of the arms transfers, which involved the United States providing the arms to Israel and Israel in turn transferring the arms -- in effect, selling the arms to representatives of Iran. Certain monies which were received in the transaction between representatives

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explains: "Iran at that time was in dire need of arms and spare parts for its American-made arsenal to defend itself against Iraq, which had attacked it in September 1980", while "Israel was interested in keeping the war between Iran and Iraq going to ensure that these two potential enemies remained

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that supplied arms to the Contras. It was ostensibly a private sector operation, but in fact was controlled by the NSC. To fund "the Enterprise", the Reagan administration was constantly on the look-out for funds that came from outside the U.S. government in order not to explicitly violate the letter

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A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not. As the Tower board reported, what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into

1227:

First, let me say I take full responsibility for my own actions and for those of my administration. As angry as I may be about activities undertaken without my knowledge, I am still accountable for those activities. As disappointed as I may be in some who served me, I'm still the one who must answer

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President Reagan appeared before the Tower Commission on 2 December 1986, to answer questions regarding his involvement in the affair. When asked about his role in authorizing the arms deals, he first stated that he had; later, he appeared to contradict himself by stating that he had no recollection

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later wrote: "Independent Counsel obtained no documentary evidence showing Casey knew about or approved the diversion. The only direct testimony linking Casey to early knowledge of the diversion came from North." Gust Avrakodos, who was responsible for the arms supplies to the Afghans at this time,

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My purpose was to send a signal that the United States was prepared to replace the animosity between with a new relationship . At the same time we undertook this initiative, we made clear that Iran must oppose all forms of international terrorism as a condition of progress in our relationship. The

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who was seen as a leading potential successor to Khomeini and who was alleged to want a rapprochement with the US. The Americans believed that Rafsanjani had the power to order Hezbollah to free the US hostages and establishing a relationship with him by selling Iran arms would ultimately place Iran

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The Reagan administration's policy toward Nicaragua produced a major clash between the executive and legislative branches as Congress sought to limit, if not curb altogether, the ability of the White House to support the Contras. Direct U.S. funding of the Contras insurgency was made illegal through

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In 1994, just five years after leaving office, President Reagan announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Lawrence Walsh, who was appointed Independent Counsel in 1986 to investigate the transactions later implied Reagan's declining health may have played a role in his handling

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The reason I haven't spoken to you before now is this: You deserve the truth. And as frustrating as the waiting has been, I felt it was improper to come to you with sketchy reports, or possibly even erroneous statements, which would then have to be corrected, creating even more doubt and confusion.

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According to Reagan, these Iranians sought to establish a quiet relationship with the US, before establishing formal relationships upon the death of the aging Ayatollah. In Reagan's account, McFarlane told Reagan that the Iranians, to demonstrate their seriousness, offered to persuade the Hezbollah

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When the story broke, many legal and constitutional scholars expressed dismay that the NSC, which was supposed to be just an advisory body to assist the President with formulating foreign policy, had "gone operational" by becoming an executive body covertly executing foreign policy on its own. The

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On 7 January 1986, John Poindexter proposed to Reagan a modification of the approved plan: instead of negotiating with the "moderate" Iranian political group, the US would negotiate with "moderate" members of the Iranian government. Poindexter told Reagan that Ghorbanifar had important connections

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to pass on confidential information from what Reagan later described as the "moderate" Iranian faction headed by Rafsanjani opposed to the Ayatollah's hardline anti-US policies. The visit from McFarlane in Reagan's hospital room was the first visit from an administration official outside of Donald

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as a staging ground for operations against the FSLN and offering to train Contras in Panama, but this would later be overshadowed by the Iran–Contra affair itself. At around the same time, the Soviet Bloc also engaged in arms deals with ideologically opponent buyers, possibly involving some of the

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During the fiscal year 1985 no funds available to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose of or which may have the effect of supporting directly or

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to the executive, its efforts to overthrow the government of Nicaragua were a presidential prerogative that Congress had no right to try to halt via the Boland Amendments. By contrast, Congressional leaders argued that the constitution had assigned Congress control of the budget, and Congress had

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and Iran desperately needed weapons and spare parts for its current weapons. After Ronald Reagan took office as president on 20 January 1981 and the hostages were released, he vowed to continue Carter's policy of blocking arms sales to Iran on the grounds that Iran supported terrorism. However, a

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wrote that "Ronald Reagan knew of and approved a great deal of what went on with both the Iranian initiative and private efforts on behalf of the contras and he received regular, detailed briefings on both...I have no doubt that he was told about the use of residuals for the Contras, and that he

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surgery. Reagan's recovery was nothing short of miserable, as the 74-year-old President admitted having little sleep for days in addition to his immense physical discomfort. While doctors seemed to be confident that the surgery was successful, the discovery of his localized cancer was a daunting

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Dynamic political evolution is taking place inside Iran. Instability caused by the pressures of the Iraq-Iran war, economic deterioration and regime in-fighting create the potential for major changes inside Iran. The Soviet Union is better positioned than the U.S. to exploit and benefit from any

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wrote, "U.S. willingness to engage in concessions with Iran and the Hezbollah not only signaled to its adversaries that hostage-taking was an extremely useful instrument in extracting political and financial concessions for the West but also undermined any credibility of U.S. criticism of other

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antitank missiles to Iran, claiming that this would aid the "moderate" Iranian faction, by demonstrating that the group actually had high-level connections to the US government. Reagan initially rejected the plan, until Israel sent information to the US showing that the "moderate" Iranians were

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issued its own report on 18 November 1987, stating that "If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have." The Congressional report wrote that the president bore "ultimate responsibility" for wrongdoing by his aides, and his administration exhibited

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of Iraq and the establishment of "a non-hostile regime in Baghdad". In September and October 1986, three more Americans—Frank Reed, Joseph Cicippio, and Edward Tracy—were abducted in Lebanon by a separate terrorist group, who referred to them simply as "G.I. Joe", after the popular US toy. The

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prior to the surgery was a risky and unprecedented decision that smoothly flew under the radar for the duration of the complex situation. While it only lasted slightly longer than the length of the procedure (approximately seven hours and 54 minutes), this temporary transfer of power was never

432:

In violation of the Boland Amendment, senior officials of the Reagan administration continued to secretly arm and train the Contras and provide arms to Iran, an operation they called "the Enterprise". Given the Contras' heavy dependence on U.S. military and financial support, the second Boland

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During a secret meeting in Frankfurt in October 1986, North told Bahramani that: "Saddam Hussein must go". North also claimed that Reagan had told him to tell Bahramani that: "Saddam Hussein is an asshole." Behramani during a secret meeting in Mainz informed North that Rafsanjani "for his own

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A major legal debate at the center of the Iran–Contra affair concerned the question of whether the NSC was one of the "any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities" covered by the Boland Amendment. The Reagan administration argued it was not, and many in

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in 1991, "continuing allegations that Reagan campaign officials made a deal with the Iranian Government of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the fall of 1980" led to "limited investigations". However "limited", those investigations established that "Soon after taking office in 1981, the Reagan

1202:"secrecy, deception and disdain for the law". It also read that "the central remaining question is the role of the President in the Iran–Contra affair. On this critical point, the shredding of documents by Poindexter, North and others, and the death of Casey, leave the record incomplete". 295:

on 7 December 1985 indicate that Reagan was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, by Israel, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to "moderate elements" within that country. Weinberger wrote that Reagan said "he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer

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There is some question and dispute about precisely the level at which he chose to follow the operation details. There is no doubt, however, ... the President set the US policy towards Nicaragua, with few if any ambiguities, and then left subordinates more or less free to implement

1285:, the leaker of the scandal, was executed in 1987, allegedly for activities unrelated to the scandal. Though Hashemi made a full video confession to numerous serious charges, some observers find the coincidence of his leak and the subsequent prosecution highly suspicious. 562:

power struggle that results in changes from the Iranian regime . The U.S. should encourage Western allies and friends to help Iran meet its import requirements so as to reduce the attractiveness of Soviet assistance . This includes provision of selected military equipment.

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reasons for their abduction are unknown, although it is speculated that they were kidnapped to replace the freed Americans. One more original hostage, David Jacobsen, was later released. The captors promised to release the remaining two, but the release never happened.

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of the Boland Amendment, though the efforts to find alternative funding for the Contras violated the spirit of the Boland Amendment. Ironically, military aid to the Contras was reinstated with Congressional consent in October 1986, a month before the scandal broke.

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from doing the same, was a beneficial move. Although Reagan claims that the arms sales were to a "moderate" faction of Iranians, the Walsh Iran–Contra Report states that the arms sales were "to Iran" itself, which was under the control of the Ayatollah.

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opposed to terrorism and had fought against it. Now having a reason to trust the "moderates", Reagan approved the transaction, which was meant to be between Israel and the "moderates" in Iran, with the US reimbursing Israel. In his 1990 autobiography

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in December 1986 to investigate possible criminal actions by officials involved in the scheme. In the end, several dozen administration officials were indicted, including Weinberger. Eleven convictions resulted, some of which were vacated on appeal.

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preoccupied with each other". Major General Avraham Tamir, a high-ranking Israeli Defense Ministry official in 1981, said there was an "oral agreement" to allow the sale of "spare parts" to Iran. This was based on an "understanding" with Secretary

625:

The short term dimension concerns the seven hostages; the long term dimension involves the establishment of a private dialogue with Iranian officials on the broader relations . They sought specifically the delivery from Israel of 100 TOW missiles

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in August 1987, Bush stated that he was denied information about the operation and did not know about the diversion of funds. Bush said that he had not advised Reagan to reject the initiative because he had not heard strong objections to it. The

920:, a US arms dealer, who was being used as a contact with Iran, wrote to North: "My judgment is that we have opened up a new and probably better channel into Iran". North was so impressed with Bahramani that he arranged for him to secretly visit 1056:

During the trial, North testified that on 21, 22 or 24 November, he witnessed Poindexter destroy what may have been the only signed copy of a presidential covert-action finding that sought to authorize CIA participation in the November 1985

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partisan "witch hunt" by the Democrats against a Republican administration or a feeble effort by Congress that did far too little to rein in the "imperial presidency" that had run amok by breaking numerous laws. The Democratic-controlled

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system under stress, and the manner in which that system has served eight different presidents since its inception in 1947". The Tower Commission was the first presidential commission to review and evaluate the National Security Council.

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admitted on 25 November that profits from weapons sales to Iran were made available to assist the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. On the same day, John Poindexter resigned, and President Reagan fired Oliver North. Poindexter was replaced by

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militants to release the seven US hostages. McFarlane met with the Israeli intermediaries; Reagan claimed that he allowed this because he believed that establishing relations with a strategically located country, and preventing the

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described the cake as a joke between North and Ghorbanifar. McFarlane met directly with Iranian officials associated with Rafsanjani, who sought to establish US–Iranian relations in an attempt to free the four remaining hostages.

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who was believed to be seeking a rapprochement with the US; after the transaction, the US would reimburse Israel with the same weapons, while receiving monetary benefits. McFarlane in a memo to Shultz and Weinberger wrote:

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Iran-Contra Investigation: Joint Hearings Before the Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition and the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with

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The plan was discussed with President Reagan on 18 July 1985 and again on 6 August 1985. Shultz at the latter meeting warned Reagan that "we were just falling into the arms-for-hostages business and we shouldn't do it".

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Domestically, the affair precipitated a drop in President Reagan's popularity. His approval ratings suffered "the largest single drop for any U.S. president in history", from 67% to 46% in November 1986, according to a

4141: 825:(NSC), proposed a new plan for selling arms to Iran, which included two major adjustments: instead of selling arms through Israel, the sale was to be direct at a markup; and a portion of the proceeds would go to the 10686: 4830: 380:

as the Kremlin could sell Iran weapons if the U.S. would not. The conclusion was that the U.S. should start selling Iran arms as soon as it was politically possible. This was made more difficult politically due to

480:, wrote that the weapons sales to Iran were used "for purposes prohibited by the elected representatives of the American people in a way that avoided accountability to the President and Congress. It was wrong." 445:

Congress argued that it was. The majority of constitutional scholars have asserted the NSC did indeed fall within the purview of the second Boland Amendment, though the amendment did not mention the NSC by name.

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The report published by the Tower Commission was delivered to the president on 26 February 1987. The commission had interviewed 80 witnesses to the scheme, including Reagan, and two of the arms trade middlemen:

508:, using various intermediaries to distance themselves from the deal. Noriega was apparently one of these intermediaries but backed out on the deal as the ship and weapons were seized at a Panamanian port. The 798:

trading arms for hostages, nor were we negotiating with terrorists". In his notes of a meeting held in the White House on 7 December 1985, Weinberger wrote he told Reagan that this plan was illegal, writing:

546:(which a Haig adviser denied). This account was confirmed by a former senior US diplomat with a few modifications. The diplomat claimed that " Sharon violated it, and Haig backed away". A former "high-level" 1382:

was indicted on 16 charges. A jury convicted him of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a Congressional inquiry, and destruction of documents. The convictions were overturned on appeal because his

973:, who was captured by Nicaraguan authorities after surviving the plane crash, initially alleged in a press conference on Nicaraguan soil that two of his coworkers, Max Gomez and Ramon Medina, worked for the 550:(CIA) official who saw reports of arms sales to Iran by Israel in the early 1980s estimated that the total was about $ 2 billion a year—but also said, "The degree to which it was sanctioned I don't know." 803:

I argued strongly that we have an embargo that makes arms sales to Iran illegal and President couldn't violate it and that 'washing' transactions through Israel wouldn't make it legal. Shultz, Don Regan

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Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with supplemental minority and additional views, H. Doc 100–433, S. Doc 100–216, 00th Congress, 1st sess., 13 November 1987,

1139:. The main objectives of the commission were to inquire into "the circumstances surrounding the Iran–Contra matter, other case studies that might reveal strengths and weaknesses in the operation of the 755:

The first arms sales to Iran began in 1981, though the official paper trail has them beginning in 1985 (see above). On 20 August 1985, Israel sent 96 US-made TOW missiles to Iran through an arms dealer

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Reagan's role in these transactions is still not definitively known. It is unclear exactly what Reagan knew and when, and whether the arms sales were motivated by his desire to save the U.S. hostages.

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regarding a Senate inquiry into them. Bush added the briefing with Durenberger left him with the feeling he had "been deliberately excluded from key meetings involving details of the Iran operation".

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chronicled the role of the CIA in facilitating the transfer of funds from the Iran arms sales to the Nicaraguan Contras spearheaded by Oliver North. According to Woodward, then-Director of the CIA

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North frequently met with Bahramani in the summer and autumn of 1986 in West Germany, discussing arms sales to Iran, the freeing of hostages held by Hezbollah and how best to overthrow President

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on 4 March 1987, and in two other speeches. Reagan had not spoken to the American people directly for three months amidst the scandal, and he offered the following explanation for his silence:

415:. Almost from the time he took office in 1981, a major goal of the Reagan administration was the overthrow of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua and to support the Contra rebels. 2464: 10679: 10162: 9653: 3633: 1421:. An ex-CIA senior official, he was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a November 1985 shipment to Iran. Pardoned before trial by President 9319: 5285: 6618: 9511: 6192: 9988: 4436: 3710: 1408: 460:

As part of the effort to circumvent the Boland Amendment, the NSC established "the Enterprise", an arms-smuggling network headed by a retired U.S. Air Force officer turned arms dealer

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release US hostages in Lebanon in exchange for Israelis shipping Iran US weapons. Having been designated a State Sponsor of Terrorism since January 1984, Iran was in the midst of the

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was highly negative, writing on his copy of McFarlane's paper: "This is almost too absurd to comment on like asking Qaddafi to Washington for a cozy chat." Secretary of State

9481: 5927: 4133: 2036: 5697: 10699: 1957: 1567: 1483:, stating that he began to develop misgivings about the Iran initiative. He wrote that he did not learn the full extent of the Iran dealings until he was briefed by Senator 4903: 4685: 2580: 1500:

told Bush that his unwillingness to speak about the scandal led "people to say 'either George Bush was irrelevant or he was ineffective, he set himself outside of the loop.

1100:, and, according to his wife, was unable to communicate. On 6 May 1987, William Casey died the day after Congress began public hearings on Iran–Contra. Independent Counsel 6544: 6160: 4822: 11110: 11060: 9809: 9534: 6896: 3284: 1918: 1796: 1387:

rights may have been violated by use of his immunized public testimony and because the judge had incorrectly explained the crime of destruction of documents to the jury.

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Jonathan Scott Royster, Liaison to Oliver North, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for his testimony.

1096:

admitted to him in February 1987 that he was aware of the diversion of funds to the Contras. The controversial admission occurred while Casey was hospitalized for a

612:

and could find few Western nations willing to supply it with weapons. The idea behind the plan was for Israel to ship weapons through an intermediary (identified as

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led to a small controversy, as the Panama and Peru governments in 1986 accused the U.S. and each other of being involved in the East Germany-originated shipment.

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The Iran-Contra Affair 30 Years Later: A Milestone in Post-Truth Politics: Declassified Records Recall Official Deception in the Name of Protecting a Presidency

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On 25 November 1986, President Reagan announced the creation of a Special Review Board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former Senator

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The broader constitutional question at stake was the power of Congress versus the power of the presidency. The Reagan administration argued that, because the

10936: 10844: 10481: 10130: 8795: 5566: 5042: 4723: 3688: 2667: 385:'s openly declared goal of exporting his Islamic revolution all over the Middle East and overthrowing the governments of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the 5387: 4568: 4050: 3662: 1334:, National Security Adviser, convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years of probation. Later pardoned by President 285: 10546: 9466: 6604: 4357:

Pichirallo, Joe (12 March 1988). "McFarlane Enters Guilty Plea Arising From Iran-Contra Affair; Former Reagan Adviser Withheld Information From Congress".

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of Israel and representatives of Iran were taken and made available to the forces in Central America, which are opposing the Sandinista government there.

1010:

by concealing them in her boots and dress. North's explanation for destroying some documents was to protect the lives of individuals involved in Iran and

250:, an expatriate Iranian arms dealer. Some within the Reagan administration hoped the sales would influence Iran to get Hezbollah to release the hostages. 11192: 11134: 9723: 9683: 9506: 9501: 9496: 8518: 8508: 6708: 6285: 6102: 6056: 5676: 2989: 9804: 8314: 8161: 6456: 6169: 5800: 856:

account number. A Swiss businessperson, suddenly $ 10 million richer, alerted the authorities of the mistake. The money was eventually returned to the

356:

inherited in January 1979 were U.S.-made. To maintain this arsenal, Iran required a steady supply of spare parts to replace those broken and worn out.

4966: 4506: 4467: 3430: 11122: 10884: 10188: 9643: 9461: 9232: 5632: 4232: 2456: 1384: 1358:, Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year probation. Later pardoned by President 1002:, testified extensively about helping North alter and shred official US National Security Council (NSC) documents from the White House. According to 990:

most significant step which Iran could take, we indicated, would be to use its influence in Lebanon to secure the release of all hostages held there.

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The Iran–Contra affair and the ensuing deception to protect senior administration officials (including President Reagan) was cast as an example of

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wrote a National Security Decision Directive which called for the US to begin a rapprochement with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The paper read:

554: 321: 4623: 2102: 1393:, Oliver North's secretary, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony. 9934: 9914: 9884: 9772: 9373: 9368: 9304: 8484: 7063: 5839: 2557: 4428: 3363: 2072: 1520:, President George H. W. Bush pardoned five administration officials who had been found guilty on charges relating to the affair. They were: 11115: 10868: 10080: 8471: 6029: 6022: 5943: 3903: 3031: 2132: 1725: 1594: 1411:

overturned the convictions on 15 November 1991 for the same reason the court had overturned Oliver North's, and by the same 2 to 1 vote. The

840:

Both the sale of weapons to Iran and the funding of the Contras attempted to circumvent not only stated administration policy, but also the

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The US delegation comprised McFarlane, North, Cave (a retired CIA officer who served as the group's translator), Teicher, Israeli diplomat

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While the President was recovering in the hospital, McFarlane met with him and told him that representatives from Israel had contacted the

647: 6749: 5434: 5392: 5383: 4590: 760:. Subsequently, on 14 September 1985, 408 more TOW missiles were delivered. On 15 September 1985, following the second delivery, Reverend 10561: 10453: 9744: 9675: 9419: 9150: 8498: 8260: 8075: 6299: 5474: 5137: 4791: 2613: 1786: 834: 1006:, enough documents were put into a government shredder to jam it. Hall also testified that she smuggled classified documents out of the 10556: 10541: 10506: 10476: 10241: 10105: 9946: 8841: 8787: 8751: 8324: 7713: 6234: 5978: 5683: 5460: 4529: 4175: 3766: 1671:

The Office of Independent Counsel/Walsh investigation produced four interim reports to Congress. Its final report was published as the

1250:". The Republican-written "Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair" made the following conclusion: 1027: 5493: 5447: 3325: 1479:

quoted him as stating, "We were not in the loop." The following month, Bush recounted meeting Nir in his September 1987 autobiography

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trading arms for hostages. This runs counter to my own beliefs, to administration policy, and to the original strategy we had in mind.

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Robert McFarlane resigned on 4 December 1985, stating that he wanted to spend more time with his family, and was replaced by Admiral

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every right to use that power not to fund projects they disapproved of, such as attempting to overthrow the government of Nicaragua.

2025: 288:, the evidence is disputed as to whether he personally authorized the diversion of funds to the Contras. Handwritten notes taken by 11340: 10526: 8756: 8668: 8654: 8513: 8464: 8417: 8412: 8359: 8309: 8254: 7757: 7622: 7434: 6472: 6241: 5867: 5618: 5593: 5584: 5020: 1517: 1270:

poll. The "Teflon President", as Reagan was nicknamed by critics, survived the affair, however, and his approval rating recovered.

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25 November 2016; National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 567; Edited by Malcolm Byrne, Retrieved 26 November 2016.

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that know fully the details, and there is a lot of flak and misinformation out there. It is not a subject we can talk about..."

313:. Neither investigation found evidence that President Reagan himself knew of the extent of the multiple programs. Additionally, 10236: 10090: 9819: 9698: 9601: 9393: 9383: 8407: 8246: 8231: 8156: 8139: 6095: 6086: 5639: 3276: 1715: 1548: 1232:

Finally, the president acknowledged that his previous assertions that the U.S. did not trade arms for hostages were incorrect:

965:

This was the first public report of the weapons-for-hostages deal. The operation was discovered only after an airlift of guns (

119: 17: 5521: 3569: 2767: 1941: 1902: 1610:

1987–88). A closed Executive Session heard classified testimony from North and Poindexter; this transcript was published in a

1348:, convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years probation. Later pardoned by President 11187: 10583: 9971: 9941: 9268: 8836: 8733: 8641: 8386: 8268: 8225: 8090: 7058: 7053: 7040: 6761: 6537: 6276: 6213: 6153: 6038: 5710: 5511: 5351: 5264: 5231: 3081: 2533: 2298: 2155: 1821: 1616:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair With Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views

1289:

of the situation. However, Walsh did note that he believed President Reagan's "instincts for the country's good were right".

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destroyed or hid pertinent documents between 21 November and 25 November 1986. During North's trial in 1989, his secretary,

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Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of How the Wildest Man in Congress and a Rogue CIA Agent Changed the History

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royster, North Trial Testimony, 3/22/89, pp. 5311–5317, and 3/23/89 pp. 5373–5380, 5386–5386; Chapter 6 Scott Royster 148

4313: 3211: 616:) to the Islamic Republic as a way of aiding a supposedly moderate, politically influential faction within the regime of 5625: 428:

indirectly military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, organization, group, movement, or individual.

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operations. It was not until 1993, years after the trial, that North's notebooks were made public, and only after the

10216: 10193: 10156: 10075: 9961: 9956: 9837: 9348: 8402: 8392: 7928: 7565: 7402: 6985: 6773: 6486: 5899: 4013: 3032:"Letter Accepting the Resignation of Robert C. McFarlane as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs" 2440: 1951: 1912: 1665: 449: 243: 6880: 6875: 6815: 6810: 5090: 808:

Weinberger's notes have Reagan saying he "could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charge [

9879: 9767: 9733: 9638: 9327: 8701: 7955: 7784: 7617: 7577: 7456: 6990: 6791: 6391: 6340: 6185: 5950: 5935: 5669: 4479:

Hall, North Trial Testimony, 3/22/89, pp. 5311–5316, and 3/23/89, pp. 5373–5380, 5385–5387; Chapter 5 Fawn Hall 147

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story, and, 10 days after the story was first published, President Reagan appeared on national television from the

781: 477: 6870: 6859: 4560: 4054: 3684: 1984: 11330: 11270: 10491: 10308: 9951: 9894: 9611: 8902: 8636: 8592: 7988: 7486: 7342: 6583: 6347: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5189: 4077: 3655: 2737: 1626: 525: 329: 6832: 5197:

Hicks, D. Bruce (1996). "Presidential Foreign Policy Prerogative after the Iran–Contra Affair: A Review Essay".

272:

government of Nicaragua. North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from

11320: 9889: 9874: 9618: 9378: 8372: 8241: 8008: 6755: 6419: 4284: 1455:, chose not to re-try North or Poindexter. In total, several dozen people were investigated by Walsh's office. 1062: 1045: 958:, an unnamed former military officer told him that the leak may have been orchestrated by a covert team led by 9424: 6854: 4309: 2833:

Gilbert, Robert E. (2014). "The politics of presidential illness: Ronald Reagan and the Iran-Contra Scandal".

1643:

Preliminary Inquiry into the Sale of Arms to Iran and Possible Diversion of Funds to the Nicaraguan Resistance

9824: 9752: 9429: 9087: 8696: 8681: 8616: 8606: 8577: 8567: 8105: 6514: 6500: 6384: 6354: 6206: 6116: 1078: 966: 1278:

states' deviation from the principles of no-negotiation and no concession to terrorists and their demands."

962:, assistant to the chair of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, due to fears the scheme had grown out of control. 264:(NSC) diverted a portion of the proceeds from the Iranian weapon sales to fund the Contras, a group of anti- 10664: 10085: 10070: 9728: 9456: 8686: 8660: 8646: 8621: 8611: 8562: 8478: 8085: 7595: 7369: 7263: 7048: 6974: 6743: 6558: 6412: 6015: 5920: 4498: 4463: 3416: 1775: 822: 314: 4228: 191:. Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the illegal sale of arms to 51: 10363: 10206: 10095: 9782: 9491: 9116: 9012: 8582: 7851: 7228: 7193: 6227: 6079: 6072: 5575: 5466: 974: 547: 4857: 3592: 3355: 1647:

Were Relevant Documents Withheld from the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair?

433:

Amendment threatened to break the Contra movement and led to President Reagan ordering in 1984 that the

11335: 11091: 10638: 10613: 10588: 9966: 9658: 9648: 8706: 8691: 8556: 8070: 7412: 7188: 7158: 7123: 6913: 6574: 6220: 5367: 1720: 765: 575: 521: 377: 5414: 2094: 10896: 10761: 10125: 10026: 9924: 9196: 9181: 9171: 9130: 9052: 9017: 8587: 7654: 7481: 7451: 7220: 6405: 6130: 6045: 5957: 5455: 5043:"William P. Barr Oral History, Assistant Attorney General; Deputy Attorney General; Attorney General" 1750: 1740: 1015: 11084: 2457:"Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega's complex US ties suggest lessons for Trump era, historians say" 688:

Following the Israeli–US meeting, Israel requested permission from the US to sell a small number of

10743: 10593: 10353: 10231: 10226: 10183: 10145: 9904: 9708: 9584: 9201: 9176: 9092: 8997: 8957: 8549: 8095: 7938: 7923: 7824: 7772: 7730: 7718: 7555: 7357: 6958: 6696: 6690: 6248: 6176: 5860: 5830: 5823: 909: 672: 635: 594: 353: 192: 43: 10789: 7632: 3987: 3911: 3035: 2128: 2068: 230:

The official justification for the arms shipments was that they were part of an operation to free

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Reagan expressed regret with regard to the situation in a nationally televised address from the

1151:

President Reagan (center) receives the Tower Commission Report in the White House Cabinet Room;

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At the same time that the U.S. government was considering its options on selling arms to Iran,

360: 231: 220: 216: 147: 6596: 5133: 4783: 2603: 977:. He later said he did not know whether they did or not. The Iranian government confirmed the 11013: 10536: 10486: 10358: 10065: 10060: 10043: 10038: 10033: 9998: 9757: 9703: 9007: 9002: 8877: 8600: 8151: 8134: 8110: 8003: 7998: 7945: 7767: 7735: 7543: 7528: 7118: 7093: 7078: 6442: 6137: 5971: 5163:

Canham-Clyne, John (1992). "Business as Usual: Iran–Contra and the National Security State".

3770: 2608: 1452: 349: 188: 4164: 1407:, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence. A panel of the 10458: 9929: 9919: 9713: 9486: 9414: 9278: 9097: 9062: 8967: 8942: 8631: 8128: 8080: 8020: 7856: 7777: 7637: 7560: 7518: 7397: 7347: 7332: 7315: 7215: 7103: 7073: 6907: 6820: 6663: 5876: 5846: 5727: 4724:"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Averting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'" 2573:"The Chinese and Soviets had a bigger role in supporting apartheid than we previously knew" 1638: 1175: 959: 757: 634:

The Americans believed that there was a moderate faction in the Islamic Republic headed by

613: 578:

in January 1984, how could the US possibly sell arms to Iran? Only the Director of the CIA

247: 139: 5544: 5444: 4499:"United States of America v. John M. Poindexter, Appellant, 951 F.2d 369 (D.C. Cir. 1992)" 4254: 1368:, Chief of Covert Ops-CIA, convicted on two charges of perjury, but pardoned by President 8: 11218: 10777: 9693: 9544: 9388: 9082: 9032: 8987: 8977: 8962: 8952: 8937: 8917: 8892: 8882: 8872: 8626: 8446: 8436: 7878: 7627: 7320: 7238: 7233: 7183: 7083: 6951: 6727: 6653: 5604: 1582: 1448: 1331: 5853: 5522:

Personal accounts of the U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon and other State Department officials

5016: 11325: 11170: 10861: 10732: 10695: 10603: 10578: 10413: 10388: 10373: 10348: 10338: 10288: 10253: 10135: 10110: 9688: 9539: 9102: 9077: 8982: 8922: 8897: 8867: 8857: 8456: 8451: 8441: 8431: 8144: 8122: 7642: 7501: 7476: 7446: 7407: 7290: 7133: 6826: 6657: 5719: 5280: 5206: 5172: 5121: 5110: 3968: 3879: 3258: 3250: 2858: 2551: 1504:" Bush replied, "May I explain what I mean by 'out of the loop'? No operational role." 532: 382: 345: 254: 199:

at the time. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the

4996:

Doppler, Jack (January 1993). "No Longer News: The Trial of the Century That Wasn't".

10996: 10907: 10813: 10804: 10711: 10258: 10178: 9993: 9799: 9559: 9529: 9446: 9274: 9037: 8992: 8932: 8907: 8862: 8805: 8042: 7873: 7686: 7273: 7068: 7029: 5964: 5347: 5317: 5260: 5227: 5220: 4925: 3883: 3422: 3262: 2850: 2539: 2529: 2436: 1947: 1908: 1661: 1570: 1556: 1484: 1428: 1422: 1369: 1359: 1349: 1335: 1325: 1309: 830: 791: 617: 609: 567: 393: 372: 292: 184: 123: 57: 39: 5340: 3356:"Calls President Courageous but Weak : Iranian Exhibits Bible Signed by Reagan" 2862: 948:, a senior official in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the Lebanese magazine 10756: 10631: 10608: 10598: 10571: 10566: 10516: 10511: 10423: 10343: 10221: 10053: 9857: 9829: 9591: 9441: 9409: 9067: 8947: 8912: 8810: 8725: 8720: 8211: 7649: 7612: 7538: 7496: 7392: 7352: 7153: 7148: 6837: 6802: 6669: 6199: 5378: 5255: 3958: 3871: 3565: 3412: 3242: 2842: 2763: 1783:(the transfer of PLO weapons which were seized by Israel in Lebanon to the Contras) 1770: 1492: 1440: 1166: 1136: 1114: 1093: 913: 857: 841: 695: 579: 420: 328:

The rest of those indicted or convicted were all pardoned in the final days of the

310: 212: 168: 160: 5507: 5463:– Middle East Review of International Affairs, June, 2007 article by Nathan Thrall 3411: 2163: 309:

The affair was investigated by Congress and by the three-person, Reagan-appointed

11048: 11041: 11032: 10949: 10825: 10715: 10323: 10303: 10278: 10268: 9862: 9792: 9738: 9606: 9135: 9072: 9027: 8927: 7933: 7866: 7762: 7723: 7607: 7550: 7422: 7325: 7223: 7143: 7138: 7088: 6647: 6641: 6479: 6306: 5809: 5515: 5501: 5478: 5451: 5438: 5423: 5374: 5309: 5185: 5117: 5097: 5078: 4818: 2523: 2192: 1845: 1825: 1816: 1560: 1530: 1418: 1400: 1274: 1179: 1128: 970: 777: 143: 4398:"North, Poindexter and 2 Others Indicted on Iran-Contra Fraud and Theft Charges" 3875: 2636: 11242: 11198: 11182: 11102: 10972: 10944: 10915: 10901: 10889: 10880: 10832: 10784: 10768: 10438: 10433: 10248: 9718: 8815: 7883: 7861: 7839: 7817: 7812: 7337: 7268: 7198: 6943: 6843: 2817:

The Fighting Never Stopped: A Comprehensive Guide To World Conflicts Since 1945

1524: 1341: 1262: 1101: 1070: 1019: 928: 917: 905: 877: 873: 665: 661: 586: 543: 492:

same players as the Iran–Contra affair. In 1986, a complex operation involving

484: 461: 389:, which led to the Americans perceiving Khomeini as a major threat to the U.S. 386: 317: 5313: 3207: 2543: 1563:

advised the President on these pardons, especially that of Caspar Weinberger.

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Fisher, Louis (1988). "Foreign Policy Powers of the President and Congress".

2124: 2064: 1355: 1282: 1156: 1124: 955: 945: 921: 889: 784: 761: 571: 504:

ultimately aimed to sell Soviet arms and military vehicles to South Africa's

281: 61: 10694: 5321: 4630:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Journal wire services. 17 September 1991. p. A6 3426: 302:] that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages. 11175: 11071: 10808: 10772: 10720: 10496: 10428: 10398: 10298: 8014: 7950: 7491: 5508:

Iran–Contra: Reagan's Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power

5186:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran–Contra Affair

3685:"washingtonpost.com: Hall Testifies of Necessity 'To Go Above Written Law'" 3421:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 237. 2854: 2416:

Payton, Brenda (4 April 1988). "Is U.S. Backing Contras with Drug Funds?".

1696: 1542: 1434: 1375: 1365: 1301: 1242: 1089: 995: 818: 681: 651: 601: 600:

for help in the sale of arms to Iran. Having talked to an Israeli diplomat

597: 493: 473: 368: 364: 257: 196: 135: 69: 5330: 4967:"Excerpts From the Portions of Bush's Diaries Released by the White House" 3233:

Fisher, Louis (1989). "How Tightly Can Congress Draw the Purse Strings?".

2878:"From the Archives: Ronald Regan first invoked the 25th Amendment in 1985" 1828:. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24 1641:

for those bodies. The Senate Intelligence Committee produced two reports:

11206: 10968: 10873: 10521: 10448: 10418: 10403: 10368: 9451: 7906: 7834: 7750: 7570: 7295: 6849: 6674: 6331: 5482: 1467:

briefed Vice President Bush in Jerusalem about the weapon sales to Iran.

1211: 1065: 1058: 1048: 982: 728: 277: 73: 5276:"Eight Important Days in November: Unraveling of the Iran–Contra Affair" 5210: 5176: 1297: 11230: 11163: 11139: 10837: 10443: 10263: 10211: 9976: 7993: 7901: 7807: 7740: 7513: 5301: 4961: 4959: 4937: 4852: 4850: 4848: 3254: 1980: 1536: 1497: 1464: 1152: 1120: 950: 885: 853: 718: 689: 273: 7829: 4813: 4811: 4809: 3972: 604:

and Ledeen, McFarlane learned that the Iranians were prepared to have

11127: 11052: 10927: 10624: 7659: 7278: 7128: 6262: 5999: 5992: 5407: 3378: 1618:(U.S. GPO 17 November 1987). The records of the committee are at the 1611: 1390: 999: 901: 849: 768:. On 24 November 1985, 18 Hawk antiaircraft missiles were delivered. 605: 412: 269: 239: 208: 127: 6193:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

4956: 4845: 4214:

Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

3246: 2846: 1690: 1403:

was convicted of five counts of conspiracy, obstruction of justice,

1185: 242:, an Islamist paramilitary group with Iranian ties connected to the 11025: 9654:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

9549: 8035: 7973: 7745: 7664: 5985: 5816: 4806: 3963: 3946: 3566:"Why Secret 1986 U.S.–Iran "Arms for Hostages" Negotiations Failed" 3283:(National ed.). Associated Press. 22 July 1987. sec. A. p. 9. 2990:"Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret Foreign Policy Unraveled" 2488:"Apartheid, guns and money: book lifts the lid on Cold War secrets" 2129:"Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy" 2069:"Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy" 1607: 1267: 404: 224: 65: 4429:"Civil Liberties Union Asks Court To Quash Iran-Contra Indictment" 3864:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

872:

with a handwritten inscription by Ronald Reagan and, according to

9867: 6901: 5243:

Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis

4336:"Pardons and Commutations Granted by President George H. W. Bush" 1404: 1317: 1011: 826: 400: 280:

missile sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras. While President

235: 200: 187:

in the United States that occurred during the second term of the

131: 11224:

2020 election obstruction efforts and Trump classified materials

10101:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

4597:. Bangor, Maine. Associated Press. 24 December 1992. p. 2. 3489: 3487: 2958: 2690: 2087: 1601:) and held hearings in mid-1987. Transcripts were published as: 361:

stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage

11001: 9989:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

6864: 6626: 5331:

Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters

3785: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3138: 3136: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2328:

Corn, David (2 July 1988). "Is There Really A 'Secret Team'?".

2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2095:"Excerpts From the Iran-Contra Report: A Secret Foreign Policy" 1673:

Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters

1097: 865: 845: 794:, the plan was authorized by Reagan, who stated that, "We were 488: 4618: 4616: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3326:"McFarlane Took Cake and Bible to Teheran, Ex-C.I.A. Man Says" 9852: 6521: 5316:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4216:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 162–166. 3082:"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Legal Aftermath" 2191:. U.S. Department of Justice. 12 January 2015. Archived from 1731:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

1599:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

1223:

Reagan then took full responsibility for the acts committed:

1192:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

869: 497: 6545:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

6161:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

5333:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4776: 3538: 3464: 3445: 3395: 3393: 3161: 3133: 2970: 2702: 2239: 2189:"Pardons Granted by President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)" 1904:

Saving the Reagan Presidency: Trust Is the Coin of the Realm

9322: 6897:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

5574: 5461:

How the Reagan Administration Taught Iran the Wrong Lessons

4613: 3797: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 1943:

Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War

1797:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

1170:, Reagan acknowledges authorizing the shipments to Israel. 924:

and gave him a guided tour at midnight of the White House.

9472:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

5109:

The two Senate Intelligence Committee reports are online:

4700: 4377: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3012: 2936: 2934: 702: 582:

supported McFarlane's plan to start selling arms to Iran.

11042:

1992 Bush administration search of Clinton passport files

9778:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

5494:

The Importance of the Iran–Contra Scandal, 25 Years Later

4896:"George H.W. Bush's Mixed Legacy in a Reagan-Era Scandal" 3828: 3526: 3514: 3390: 2919: 954:

exposed the arrangement on 3 November 1986. According to

810: 298: 246:. The idea to exchange arms for hostages was proposed by 10004:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

9910:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

6293:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

5454:: Documents Spotlight Role of Reagan, Top Aides. By the 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4678:"Albert Hakim, Figure in Iran-Contra Affair, Dies at 66" 3711:"Transcript of Attorney General Meese's News Conference" 3557: 3504: 3502: 3304: 3302: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3050: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2366: 574:

was also opposed, stating that having designated Iran a

348:, the U.S. was the largest seller of arms to Iran under 9437:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

4651:"Hakim, one company plead guilty to Iran-Contra counts" 4365: 4193: 3816: 3632:(National ed.). 12 October 1986. p. 4004001. 3173: 2931: 2668:"U.S. Said to Have Allowed Israel to Sell Arms to Iran" 2356: 2354: 2341: 2339: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 1766:

List of federal political scandals in the United States

664:, and the president pro tempore of the senate, Senator 56:

Reagan meets with (left to right) Secretary of Defense

10121:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

6378:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

3743:(National ed.). 26 November 1986. sec. A. p. 12. 3627:"Nicaragua Downs Plane and Survivor Implicates C.I.A." 2996:(National ed.). 19 November 1987. sec. A. p. 12. 1656:(U.S. GPO 26 February 1987). It was also published as 1051:, White House news conference on November 25, 1986 10482:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

10131:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

5518:) by Malcolm Byrne (University Press of Kansas, 2014) 4880: 3926: 3499: 3299: 3121: 3104: 3062: 2946: 2900: 2782: 1490:

In January 1988 during a live interview with Bush on

227:

by secretively using non-appropriated funds instead.

10547:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

9467:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

6263:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

5300: 3661:(National ed.). 3 November 1986. sec. A. p. 6. 3384: 2637:"The Pia Vesta Caper: A New Dimension To Contragate" 2351: 2336: 2266: 2223:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 290. 1999: 1686: 1516:

On 24 December 1992, after he had been defeated for

9684:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

6709:

United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution

6286:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5471:"The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis" 5134:"Records of Lawrence Walsh relating to Iran/Contra" 4119:

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Bush 9374:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 9369:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 5314:Report of the President's Special Review Board 5183: 4712: 3418:Report of the President's Special Review Board 3018: 2387:"Ortega, Faulting Reagan, Warns of Coming War" 2059: 2057: 1654:Report of the President's Special Review Board 1328:on 24 December 1992, before he could be tried. 223:, but the Reagan administration figured out a 10680: 10081:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 9305: 7244:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 6959: 6612: 5944:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 5560: 5217: 4134:"15 Years Later, the Remaking of a President" 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3551: 3493: 3458: 3167: 3142: 2976: 2964: 2721: 2696: 2431:Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1995). 2430: 2260: 1726:CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking 1595:Joint Committee of the United States Congress 1324:on 16 June 1992. 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Official Charged on Iran Arms" 4451: 3962: 3323: 3314: 3208:"Irangate: Iran-Contra affair, 1985–1992" 2131:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. 2071:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1939: 1576: 1228:to the American people for this behavior. 771: 437:"keep the Contras together 'body and soul 392:In the spring of 1983, the U.S. launched 359:In November 1979, after Iranian students 11128:Segal conflict of interest investigation 10527:International Conference on Hollywoodism 9745:America can't do a damn thing against us 9364:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 9354:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 6473:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 6242:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 5538:) is being considered for deletion. 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Islamic Republic of Iran 10116:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 9957:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 9349:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 7566:Assassination of William McKinley 6487:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 5542:to help reach a consensus. › 5485:special on the Iran–Contra Affair 5361: 5329:Walsh, Lawrence (4 August 1993). 4973:. 16 January 1993. sec. 1. p. 8. 4540:from the original on 13 June 2018 4509:from the original on 25 June 2023 4265:from the original on 8 March 2021 3947:"Teaching the Iran-Contra Affair" 3902:Church, George J (2 March 1987). 3747:from the original on 29 June 2019 3665:from the original on 19 July 2018 3636:from the original on 19 July 2018 3287:from the original on 30 June 2009 2678:from the original on 28 July 2018 2571:Plaut, Martin (3 November 2018). 2486:Plaut, Martin (30 October 2018). 2397:from the original on 19 July 2018 2075:from the original on 6 March 2016 1960:from the original on 5 April 2023 1622:, but many are still non-public. 1024:Office of the Independent Counsel 764:was released by his captors, the 724:14 September 1985 – 408 more TOWs 244:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 219:appropriations was prohibited by 10651: 10650: 10454:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 9768:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 9639:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 9629:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 9624:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 9331: 9321: 9273: 9264: 9263: 9228: 9227: 7785:Assassination of John F. 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(1997). 1940:Valentine, Douglas (2008). 1682: 1658:The Tower Commission Report 737:27 February 1986 – 500 TOWs 734:17 February 1986 – 500 TOWs 548:Central Intelligence Agency 526:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War 10: 11367: 11248:Hunter Biden investigation 11236:Biden classified materials 10790:DOJ corruption allegations 10639:Not for the Faint of Heart 10614:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 10589:American School of Isfahan 10552:State Sponsor of Terrorism 10126:Dames & Moore v. Regan 9967:2022 Erbil missile attacks 9659:Operation Martyr Soleimani 9649:Thirteen revenge scenarios 9619:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8776: 8538: 8200: 8071:Killing of Osama bin Laden 7159:First Continental Congress 7004: 6871:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6860:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 6221:Medical Waste Tracking Act 6214:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 5698:Presidential proclamations 5427:. Monday 17 November 1986. 5111:senate.gov, 100th Congress 4051:"Speech about Iran Contra" 3593:"The Vice President's Men" 3591:Hersh, Seymour M. (2019). 3019:Hamilton & Inouye 1987 1721:Brokers of Death arms case 1511: 1399:National Security Advisor 1189: 1131:to serve as members. This 1112: 1028:Freedom of Information Act 766:Islamic Jihad Organization 746:28 October 1986 – 500 TOWs 576:State Sponsor of Terrorism 522:Brokers of Death arms case 519: 378:Soviet sphere of influence 195:, which was subject to an 11286:1987 in American politics 11281:1986 in American politics 11276:1985 in American politics 10762:Oregon land fraud scandal 10707: 10648: 10477:1998 FIFA World Cup match 10469: 10171: 10076:Iran Nonproliferation Act 10027:Maximum pressure campaign 10012: 9925:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 9674: 9522: 9402: 9341: 9249: 9215: 9159: 9123: 9111: 8850: 8824: 8786: 8782: 8771: 8544: 8533: 8206: 8195: 8061: 7964: 7892: 7793: 7704: 7655:Wall Street Crash of 1929 7586: 7467: 7452:Emancipation Proclamation 7383: 7306: 7254: 7221:Articles of Confederation 7174: 7059:Native American epidemics 7039: 7014: 7010: 6999: 6981: 6923: 6889: 6850:1971 Bolivian coup d'état 6833:1964 Bolivian coup d'état 6801: 6756:Second Occupation of Cuba 6718: 6683: 6634: 6568: 6406:Food Security Act of 1985 6330: 6307:Water Quality Act of 1987 6131:Armed Career Criminal Act 6055: 5799: 5736:Joint session of Congress 5583: 5456:National Security Archive 5241:Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). 3552:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3494:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3459:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3168:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3143:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2977:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2965:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2738:"The Iran-Contra Scandal" 2722:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2697:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2261:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2033:National Security Archive 1415:refused to hear the case. 1380:National Security Council 1141:National Security Council 1016:National Security Archive 985:on 13 November, stating: 821:, a military aide to the 591:National Security Adviser 262:National Security Council 111: 103: 80: 49: 37: 10978:Pierce HUD mismanagement 10594:Community School, Tehran 10354:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 10232:National Council of Iran 10227:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 10146:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 9905:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 9820:Strait of Hormuz dispute 9753:Beirut barracks bombings 9709:Operation Credible Sport 9585:Operation Praying Mantis 9425:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9141:Northern Mariana Islands 7714:Strike wave of 1945–1946 6855:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6744:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty 6734:First Occupation of Cuba 6249:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 6177:Toxics Release Inventory 5540:templates for discussion 5450:19 February 2015 at the 5384:The Iranian Arms Scandal 5077:23 December 2021 at the 2815:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 1637:and can be found in the 910:Catholic Relief Services 673:National Security Agency 636:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 354:Islamic Republic of Iran 92:– 4 March 1987 84:20 August 1985 11021:Frederick Bernard Lacey 10826:Jordan drug allegations 10096:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 9843:Nuclear program of Iran 9580:Operation Nimble Archer 9565:Operation Eager Glacier 8676:Middle Eastern American 8493:Technology and industry 7363:Seneca Falls Convention 7164:Continental Association 7064:Settlement of Jamestown 6762:Occupation of Nicaragua 6750:Occupations of Honduras 6575:← Carter administration 6009:American Homecoming Act 5893:Constructive engagement 5656:Administration scandals 5514:4 February 2015 at the 5373:17 January 2019 at the 5226:. New York: New Press. 1901:Abshire, David (2005). 1781:Operation Tipped Kettle 1133:Presidential Commission 179:and more rarely as the 11331:CIA activities in Iran 11066:Whitewater controversy 11009:Malcolm Richard Wilkey 10850:Kraft drug allegations 10619:Tehran American School 10502:CIA activities in Iran 10172:Groups and individuals 10151:Certain Iranian Assets 10141:United States v. Banki 9880:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 9664:2020 Camp Taji attacks 9575:Operation Prime Chance 9570:Operation Earnest Will 9430:Abadan Crisis Timeline 8796:Admission to the Union 8162:Afghanistan withdrawal 8157:January 6 insurrection 8076:Rise in mass shootings 8048:Virginia Tech shooting 7601:Paris Peace Conference 7375:Second Great Awakening 7114:American Enlightenment 6768:Occupation of Veracruz 6508:Tax Reform Act of 1986 5728:"Tear down this wall!" 5338:Woodward, Bob (1987). 4466: (D.C. Cir.), 3847:Crile, George (2003). 3597:London Review of Books 1645:(2 February 1987) and 1577:Modern interpretations 1322:obstruction of justice 1305: 1257: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1199:United States Congress 1160: 1041: 992: 806: 772:Modifications in plans 727:24 November 1985 – 18 707: 628: 595:Israeli Prime Minister 564: 430: 172: 148:Manuel Antonio Noriega 11321:Nicaraguan Revolution 11014:House banking scandal 10838:Carter business loans 10537:Iranian frozen assets 10359:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 10066:Executive Order 13876 10061:Executive Order 13780 10044:Executive Order 13769 10039:Executive Order 12172 10034:Executive Order 12170 9999:Tower 22 drone attack 9758:Khobar Towers bombing 9704:Guadeloupe Conference 8788:Territorial evolution 8152:George Floyd Protests 8135:Unite the Right rally 8004:Oklahoma City bombing 7999:Republican Revolution 7946:Space Shuttle program 7768:Civil Rights Movement 7736:North Atlantic Treaty 7544:Sherman Antitrust Act 7529:Chinese Exclusion Act 7119:French and Indian War 7109:Prelude to Revolution 7094:First Great Awakening 7054:European colonization 6584:Bush administration → 6138:Sentencing Reform Act 6046:Exon–Florio Amendment 5972:Executive Order 12333 5958:Goldwater–Nichols Act 5633:Judicial appointments 5619:Assassination attempt 5437:14 March 2021 at the 4628:The Milwaukee Journal 4591:"Iran-Contra Pardons" 4314:Department of Defense 3206:Avery, Steve (2005). 2609:Associated Press News 1824:20 March 2015 at the 1751:Iraq–Israel relations 1741:Iran–Israel relations 1589:Reports and documents 1470:In an interview with 1300: 1252: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1150: 1063:U.S. Attorney General 1046:U.S. Attorney General 1036: 987: 940:Discovery and scandal 835:Sandinista government 801: 731:antiaircraft missiles 705: 623: 559: 425: 350:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 189:Reagan administration 116:Reagan administration 68:, and Chief of Staff 60:, Secretary of State 10700:independent counsels 10459:Abdul Majid Muhammed 10184:Iran–America Society 9930:2021 Natanz incident 9920:2020 Iran explosions 9714:Operation Eagle Claw 9676:Incidents after 1979 9487:Joint Plan of Action 9415:Persian Gulf Command 8702:Palestinian American 8129:Obergefell v. Hodges 8021:September 11 attacks 7857:Second-wave feminism 7778:Cuban Missile Crisis 7638:Bath School disaster 7556:Spanish–American War 7519:The Gospel of Wealth 7398:California Gold Rush 7358:Mexican–American War 7348:Nullification crisis 7316:Era of Good Feelings 7216:Confederation period 7124:Proclamation of 1763 7074:Atlantic slave trade 6908:Cuban Missile Crisis 6821:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6697:Spanish–American War 6691:Mexican–American War 6664:Good Neighbor policy 6066:AIDS crisis response 5840:Soviet Union summits 5500:27 July 2017 at the 5477:11 June 2007 at the 5441:) on History Commons 5312:(26 February 1987). 5165:World Policy Journal 5116:7 April 2011 at the 5096:19 July 2017 at the 4864:. 6 September 1987. 4760:. Brown University. 4464:910 F.2d 843 4255:"Iran-Contra Affair" 4229:"Alzheimer's Letter" 3904:"Tower of Judgement" 3415:(26 February 1987). 2067:(13 November 1986). 1848:. BBC. 6 June 2004. 1639:Congressional Record 1314:Secretary of Defense 1176:Manucher Ghorbanifar 1073:on 2 December 1986. 960:Arthur S. Moreau Jr. 789:Secretary of Defense 758:Manucher Ghorbanifar 751:First few arms sales 717:20 August 1985 – 96 614:Manucher Ghorbanifar 290:Secretary of Defense 248:Manucher Ghorbanifar 140:Manucher Ghorbanifar 10845:Gerald Gallinghouse 10778:Teapot Dome scandal 10696:Special prosecutors 10507:Copyright relations 9838:2016 Naval incident 9694:Iran hostage crisis 9545:Iran Air Flight 655 9457:Island of Stability 9389:Iranian Directorate 9151:U.S. Virgin Islands 8637:Lithuanian American 8593:Vietnamese American 7939:End of the Cold War 7929:Invasion of Grenada 7879:Iran hostage crisis 7628:Tulsa race massacre 7435:Election of Lincoln 7430:Dred Scott decision 7418:Kansas–Nebraska Act 7321:Missouri Compromise 7239:Northwest Ordinance 7229:Pennsylvania Mutiny 7224:and Perpetual Union 7184:American Revolution 7099:War of Jenkins' Ear 6774:Occupation of Haiti 6728:Paraguay expedition 6654:Roosevelt Corollary 6300:1982 VRA Amendments 5928:International trips 5900:Invasion of Grenada 5670:Impeachment efforts 5612:Second inauguration 5605:Release of hostages 5415:"The U.S. and Iran" 5049:. 27 October 2016. 4928:(25 January 1988). 4827:The Washington Post 4790:. 2 December 1988. 4359:The Washington Post 4261:. 17 January 2020. 4138:The Washington Post 3794:, pp. 623–624. 3715:The Washington Post 3535:, pp. 526–527. 3402:, pp. 520–521. 3362:. 28 January 1987. 3210:. U-S-History.com. 2967:, pp. 214–215. 2699:, pp. 213–214. 2433:My American Journey 2375:, pp. 966–967. 2195:on 23 December 2020 1736:Iran–Iraq relations 1583:post-truth politics 1568:Independent Counsel 1555:Bush also pardoned 1472:The Washington Post 1449:Independent Counsel 1332:Robert C. McFarlane 896:Subsequent dealings 470:My American Journey 468:In his 1995 memoir 403:militants based in 322:independent counsel 232:seven U.S. hostages 177:Iran–Contra scandal 64:, Attorney General 34: 11271:Iran–Contra affair 11171:Patrick Fitzgerald 10921:Iran–Contra affair 10733:Star Route scandal 10604:Iran Bethel School 10579:Alborz High School 10414:Abdolreza Shahlaei 10389:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 10374:Mohammad Mosaddegh 10349:Amir Mirza Hekmati 10339:Mahmoud Reza Banki 10289:Erwin David Rabhan 10254:Howard Baskerville 10136:Oil Platforms case 10111:Public Law 113-100 9788:2008 Naval dispute 9689:Iranian Revolution 9555:Iran–Contra affair 9540:Bridgeton incident 8801:Historical regions 8757:Transgender people 8315:Capital punishment 8174:Support of Ukraine 8123:Black Lives Matter 8031:War in Afghanistan 7956:Invasion of Panama 7912:Iran–Contra affair 7773:Early–mid Cold War 7643:Harlem Renaissance 7502:Compromise of 1877 7477:Reconstruction era 7413:Fugitive Slave Act 7408:Compromise of 1850 7353:Westward expansion 7291:Louisiana Purchase 7134:Stamp Act Congress 7079:King William's War 6827:Operation Mongoose 6792:Invasion of Panama 6703:Mexican Border War 6658:Big Stick ideology 5907:Iran–Contra affair 5601:First inauguration 5413:Church, George J. 5281:The New York Times 5136:. 4 October 2012. 4971:The New York Times 4728:The New York Times 4682:The New York Times 4565:The New York Times 4534:The New York Times 4470:from the original. 4433:The New York Times 4402:The New York Times 4082:The New York Times 3741:The New York Times 3717:. 26 November 1986 3659:The New York Times 3630:The New York Times 3330:The New York Times 3281:The New York Times 2994:The New York Times 2672:The New York Times 2391:The New York Times 2303:The New York Times 2099:The New York Times 1880:The New York Times 1372:before sentencing. 1346:Secretary of State 1306: 1161: 1159:is at right, 1987. 1061:shipment to Iran. 1004:The New York Times 782:Secretary of State 708: 618:Ayatollah Khomeini 589:, a consultant of 566:Defense Secretary 539:The New York Times 533:The New York Times 516:Arms sales to Iran 383:Ayatollah Khomeini 346:Iranian Revolution 255:Lieutenant Colonel 165:ماجرای ایران-کنترا 157:Iran–Contra affair 33:Iran–Contra affair 32: 18:Iran–Contra Affair 11336:Covert operations 11258: 11257: 11135:Carol Elder Bruce 10997:Nicholas John Bua 10908:Morrison v. Olson 10814:Watergate scandal 10805:Henry S. Ruth Jr. 10744:Charles Bonaparte 10712:John B. Henderson 10662: 10661: 10364:Mohammad Hosseini 10259:William J. Fallon 10179:Iran Action Group 9994:2024 Erbil attack 9800:Project Cassandra 9560:Operation Staunch 9447:Project Dark Gene 9287: 9286: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9240: 8806:American frontier 8767: 8766: 8697:Lebanese American 8682:Egyptian American 8617:Estonian American 8607:Albanian American 8601:European American 8578:Japanese American 8568:Filipino American 8529: 8528: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8140:COVID-19 pandemic 8043:Hurricane Katrina 7984:Los Angeles riots 7874:Watergate scandal 7719:Start of Cold War 7687:Manhattan Project 7274:Whiskey Rebellion 7104:King George's War 7069:Thirteen Colonies 7030:Pre-Columbian Era 6941: 6940: 6594: 6593: 5965:Montreal Protocol 5795: 5794: 5786:1988 SOTU Address 5779:1987 SOTU Address 5772:1986 SOTU Address 5765:1985 SOTU Address 5758:1984 SOTU Address 5751:1983 SOTU Address 5744:1982 SOTU Address 5684:Executive actions 5353:978-0-671-60117-1 5266:978-0-671-69198-1 5233:978-1-56584-024-9 4862:Los Angeles Times 4821:(6 August 1987). 4595:Bangor Daily News 4312:(Press release). 4231:(Press release). 3811:Canham-Clyne 1992 3792:Canham-Clyne 1992 3523:, pp. 98–99. 3360:Los Angeles Times 2535:978-1-78738-247-3 1677:National Archives 1660:by Bantam Books ( 1620:National Archives 1571:Lawrence E. Walsh 1557:Caspar Weinberger 1485:David Durenberger 1453:Lawrence E. Walsh 1429:Richard V. Secord 1423:George H. W. Bush 1370:George H. W. Bush 1360:George H. W. Bush 1350:George H. W. Bush 1336:George H. W. Bush 1326:George H. W. Bush 1320:and one count of 1310:Caspar Weinberger 908:, former head of 900:On 26 July 1986, 860:, with interest. 831:guerrilla warfare 792:Caspar Weinberger 721:antitank missiles 568:Caspar Weinberger 394:Operation Staunch 373:Iraq invaded Iran 363:, U.S. President 293:Caspar Weinberger 185:political scandal 153: 152: 124:Caspar Weinberger 58:Caspar Weinberger 16:(Redirected from 11358: 10937:Lawrence Wallace 10757:Francis J. Heney 10689: 10682: 10675: 10666: 10665: 10654: 10653: 10609:Iranzamin School 10599:Damavand College 10572:Alavi Foundation 10567:650 Fifth Avenue 10517:Dual containment 10512:Death to America 10424:Masoud Soleimani 10344:Haleh Esfandiari 10309:Michael R. White 10054:Trump travel ban 9858:Operation Merlin 9597:Yemeni Civil War 9592:Syrian civil war 9442:Exercise Delawar 9410:Persian Corridor 9342:Diplomatic posts 9336: 9335: 9326: 9325: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9277: 9267: 9266: 9231: 9230: 9160:Outlying islands 9117:Washington, D.C. 9112:Federal District 8811:Manifest destiny 8784: 8783: 8773: 8772: 8715:Native Americans 8687:Iranian American 8661:Mexican American 8647:Serbian American 8632:Italian American 8622:Finnish American 8612:English American 8563:Chinese American 8550:African American 8535: 8534: 8340:Direct democracy 8330:The Constitution 8289:Higher education 8212:American Century 8197: 8196: 7650:Great Depression 7623:Women's suffrage 7613:Roaring Twenties 7539:Haymarket affair 7497:Enforcement Acts 7286:Jeffersonian era 7234:Shays' Rebellion 7154:Intolerable Acts 7149:Boston Tea Party 7084:Queen Anne's War 7012: 7011: 7001: 7000: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6838:Operation Condor 6670:Dollar diplomacy 6621: 6614: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6578: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6200:Grace Commission 6195: 6188: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6156: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5884:Governors Island 5879: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5723: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5691:Executive orders 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5596: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5379:Brown University 5357: 5345: 5334: 5325: 5310:Scowcroft, Brent 5297: 5295: 5293: 5270: 5256:An American Life 5246: 5237: 5225: 5214: 5193: 5180: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5124: 5107: 5101: 5088: 5082: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934:CBS Evening News 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4891: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4854: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4819:Broder, David S. 4815: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4719: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4374:, p. xxiii. 4369: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3910:. Archived from 3899: 3888: 3887: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3773:on 21 April 2010 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3388: 3387:, p. B-100. 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3203: 3192: 3186: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3038:on 20 March 2014 3034:. Archived from 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2799: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2547: 2519: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2492:The Conversation 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2294: 2285: 2279: 2264: 2258: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2166:on 16 April 2008 2162:. Archived from 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2127:(4 March 1987). 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2030: 2022: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1829: 1814: 1771:William Northrop 1699: 1694: 1693: 1549:Robert McFarlane 1503: 1493:CBS Evening News 1441:Thomas G. Clines 1378:, member of the 1249: 1167:An American Life 1137:Tower Commission 1115:Tower Commission 1109:Tower Commission 1094:William J. Casey 1052: 944:After a leak by 914:William J. Casey 858:Sultan of Brunei 842:Boland Amendment 696:An American Life 580:William J. Casey 555:Robert McFarlane 440: 421:Boland Amendment 311:Tower Commission 305: 296:charge [ 213:Boland Amendment 173:Caso Irán-Contra 166: 120:Robert McFarlane 99: 97: 91: 89: 54: 35: 31: 21: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11147:Ralph Lancaster 11123:Curtis von Kann 11049:Robert B. Fiske 11033:Joseph diGenova 10950:Wedtech scandal 10885:Alexia Morrison 10874:Bechtel scandal 10716:James Broadhead 10703: 10693: 10663: 10658: 10644: 10465: 10324:Saeid Aboutaleb 10304:Craig Wadsworth 10279:Stephen D. Mull 10269:Joseph Macmanus 10167: 10008: 9863:Charming Kitten 9825:RQ-170 incident 9793:Filipino Monkey 9739:Algiers Accords 9670: 9607:Abraham Accords 9518: 9512:U.S. withdrawal 9398: 9337: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9288: 9283: 9237: 9211: 9155: 9119: 9107: 8846: 8820: 8778: 8763: 8669:Jewish American 8642:Polish American 8583:Korean American 8573:Indian American 8540: 8525: 8380:Merchant Marine 8350:Law enforcement 8202: 8183: 8057: 8053:Great Recession 7960: 7934:Reagan Doctrine 7888: 7867:Stonewall riots 7789: 7763:Project Mercury 7724:Truman Doctrine 7700: 7608:First Red Scare 7582: 7551:Progressive Era 7463: 7423:Bleeding Kansas 7379: 7326:Monroe Doctrine 7302: 7250: 7209:Treaty of Paris 7170: 7144:Boston Massacre 7139:Sons of Liberty 7035: 7006: 6995: 6977: 6972: 6942: 6937: 6919: 6885: 6797: 6721:and occupations 6720: 6714: 6679: 6648:Platt Amendment 6642:Monroe Doctrine 6630: 6625: 6595: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6480:Reagan tax cuts 6478: 6471: 6464: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332:Economic policy 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6152: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6103:Cannabis policy 6101: 6094: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057:Domestic policy 6051: 6044: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5810:Reagan Doctrine 5808: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5705: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5677:Opinion polling 5675: 5668: 5663:Bush transition 5661: 5654: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5599: 5592: 5579: 5573: 5543: 5516:Wayback Machine 5502:Wayback Machine 5479:Wayback Machine 5452:Wayback Machine 5439:Wayback Machine 5375:Wayback Machine 5364: 5354: 5291: 5289: 5267: 5234: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5118:Wayback Machine 5108: 5104: 5098:Wayback Machine 5089: 5085: 5079:Wayback Machine 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5013: 5009: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4856: 4855: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4816: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4655:The Modesto Bee 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4140:. p. C01. 4130: 4126: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4057:on 2 March 2008 4049: 4048: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3914:on 8 March 2008 3900: 3891: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3465: 3457: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3247:10.2307/2203364 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3204: 3195: 3187: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3156:Washington Post 3153: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2870: 2847:10.2990/33_2_58 2831: 2824: 2813: 2802: 2794: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2569: 2565: 2549: 2548: 2536: 2520: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2429: 2425: 2418:Oakland Tribune 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2288: 2280: 2267: 2259: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2217: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2062: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1915: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1872: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1826:Wayback Machine 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1591: 1579: 1561:William P. Barr 1531:Duane Clarridge 1514: 1501: 1481:Looking Forward 1461: 1419:Duane Clarridge 1401:John Poindexter 1385:Fifth Amendment 1295: 1275:Magnus Ranstorp 1247: 1208: 1194: 1188: 1180:Adnan Khashoggi 1155:is at left and 1129:Brent Scowcroft 1117: 1111: 1054: 1043: 1035: 971:Eugene Hasenfus 942: 898: 778:John Poindexter 774: 753: 530:As reported in 528: 518: 438: 342: 303: 207:rebel group in 181:Iran Initiative 144:John Poindexter 118:, particularly 95: 93: 87: 85: 76: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11364: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11243:David C. Weiss 11240: 11239: 11238: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11199:Mueller Report 11195: 11190: 11183:Robert Mueller 11180: 11179: 11178: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11111:Daniel Pearson 11108: 11107: 11106: 11103:Barrett Report 11099: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11068: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11037:Michael Zeldin 11030: 11029: 11028: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11006: 11005: 11004: 11002:Inslaw scandal 10994: 10993: 10992: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10973:Larry Thompson 10966: 10965: 10964: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10945:James C. McKay 10942: 10941: 10940: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10916:Lawrence Walsh 10913: 10912: 10911: 10904: 10902:Deaver perjury 10894: 10893: 10892: 10881:James C. McKay 10878: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10857:Leon Silverman 10854: 10853: 10852: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10833:Paul J. Curran 10830: 10829: 10828: 10821:Arthur Christy 10818: 10817: 10816: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10785:Newbold Morris 10782: 10781: 10780: 10769:Atlee Pomerene 10766: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10692: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10669: 10660: 10659: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10487:American Islam 10484: 10479: 10473: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10439:Karan Vafadari 10436: 10434:Kian Tajbakhsh 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10249:Elliott Abrams 10246: 10245: 10244: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10018: 10016: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9840: 9835: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9719:Canadian Caper 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9317: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9294: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9271: 9261: 9259:Historiography 9256: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9225: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9197:Navassa Island 9194: 9189: 9184: 9182:Johnston Atoll 9179: 9174: 9172:Howland Island 9169: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9131:American Samoa 9127: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9053:South Carolina 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9018:North Carolina 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8842:The West Coast 8839: 8834: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8816:Indian removal 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8792: 8790: 8780: 8779: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8737: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8707:Saudi American 8704: 8699: 8694: 8692:Iraqi American 8689: 8684: 8672: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8627:Irish American 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8557:Asian American 8553: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8485:Sexual slavery 8475: 8468: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8355:Postal service 8352: 8347: 8345:Foreign policy 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8300: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8222: 8215: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8137: 8132: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7970: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7919:Crack epidemic 7916: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7884:Moral Majority 7881: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7862:Gay liberation 7859: 7854: 7852:Counterculture 7849: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7840:Fall of Saigon 7837: 7832: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7818:Apollo program 7815: 7813:Project Gemini 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7731:Early Cold War 7728: 7727: 7726: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7679: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7592: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7473: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7415: 7410: 7403:Prelude to War 7400: 7395: 7393:Antebellum Era 7389: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7338:Trail of Tears 7333:Jacksonian era 7330: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7269:Federalist Era 7266: 7264:Bill of Rights 7260: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7199:Lee Resolution 7196: 7191: 7180: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7016: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6844:Project FUBELT 6841: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6803:Covert actions 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6737: 6731: 6724: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6579: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6416: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6344: 6336: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6012: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5857: 5850: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5801:Foreign policy 5797: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5597: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5526: 5525: 5519: 5505: 5491: 5486: 5464: 5458: 5442: 5428: 5411: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5363: 5362:External links 5360: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5335: 5326: 5306:Muskie, Edmund 5298: 5271: 5265: 5251:Reagan, Ronald 5247: 5238: 5232: 5215: 5205:(4): 962–977. 5194: 5181: 5171:(4): 617–637. 5158: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5125: 5122:101st Congress 5102: 5083: 5064: 5034: 5007: 4988: 4955: 4917: 4879: 4844: 4805: 4775: 4745: 4711: 4699: 4668: 4641: 4612: 4582: 4551: 4520: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4450: 4419: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4349: 4327: 4316:. 16 June 1992 4301: 4276: 4246: 4219: 4204: 4202:, p. 203. 4192: 4155: 4124: 4109: 4099: 4068: 4035: 4005: 3978: 3964:10.2307/420797 3957:(4): 701–703. 3937: 3935:, p. 501. 3925: 3889: 3854: 3851:. Grove Press. 3839: 3827: 3825:, p. 580. 3815: 3813:, p. 623. 3796: 3784: 3758: 3728: 3702: 3676: 3647: 3618: 3583: 3564:Cave, George. 3556: 3554:, p. 251. 3537: 3525: 3513: 3511:, p. 523. 3498: 3496:, p. 250. 3463: 3461:, p. 249. 3444: 3404: 3389: 3377: 3347: 3313: 3311:, p. 516. 3298: 3268: 3241:(4): 758–766. 3225: 3193: 3172: 3170:, p. 217. 3160: 3147: 3145:, p. 216. 3132: 3130:, p. 512. 3120: 3118:, p. 510. 3103: 3073: 3071:, p. 509. 3061: 3049: 3023: 3011: 2981: 2979:, p. 215. 2969: 2957: 2955:, p. 506. 2945: 2930: 2918: 2916:, p. 505. 2899: 2868: 2822: 2800: 2798:, p. 504. 2781: 2755: 2726: 2724:, p. 214. 2701: 2689: 2658: 2627: 2594: 2563: 2534: 2509: 2478: 2448: 2441: 2423: 2408: 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 964. 2350: 2348:, p. 966. 2335: 2320: 2286: 2284:, p. 965. 2265: 2263:, p. 213. 2238: 2226: 2206: 2177: 2154:Dwyer, Paula. 2146: 2125:Reagan, Ronald 2116: 2086: 2065:Reagan, Ronald 2053: 2010: 2008:, p. 542. 1998: 1971: 1952: 1932: 1913: 1893: 1863: 1830: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1684: 1681: 1590: 1587: 1578: 1575: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1525:Elliott Abrams 1513: 1510: 1460: 1457: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1416: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1373: 1363: 1353: 1342:Elliott Abrams 1339: 1329: 1294: 1291: 1263:New York Times 1207: 1204: 1190:Main article: 1187: 1184: 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1102:Lawrence Walsh 1071:Frank Carlucci 1033: 1032: 1020:Public Citizen 941: 938: 929:Saddam Hussein 918:Richard Secord 906:Lawrence Jenco 897: 894: 878:Howard Teicher 874:George W. Cave 797: 773: 770: 752: 749: 748: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 725: 722: 715: 666:Strom Thurmond 657:25th Amendment 587:Michael Ledeen 544:Alexander Haig 517: 514: 485:Manuel Noriega 462:Richard Secord 341: 338: 320:was appointed 318:Lawrence Walsh 253:In late 1985, 234:being held in 151: 150: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 82: 78: 77: 55: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11363: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11301:1987 scandals 11299: 11297: 11296:1986 scandals 11294: 11292: 11291:1985 scandals 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11159:John Danforth 11157: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11092:David Barrett 11090: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11080:Donald Smaltz 11078: 11074: 11073: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10943: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10891: 10890:Olson perjury 10888: 10887: 10886: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10801:Leon Jaworski 10798: 10797:Archibald Cox 10795: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10755: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10740:Holmes Conrad 10738: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10685: 10683: 10678: 10676: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10657: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10409:Maryam Rajavi 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10384:Siamak Namazi 10382: 10380: 10379:Baquer Namazi 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10334:Sirous Asgari 10332: 10330: 10329:Shahram Amiri 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10319:Saeed Abedini 10317: 10315: 10314:Roxana Saberi 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10294:Jason Rezaian 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10274:Robert Malley 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9832:Maersk Tigris 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9530:Iran–Iraq War 9528: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9315: 9310: 9308: 9303: 9301: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9270: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9254:List of years 9252: 9251: 9248: 9234: 9226: 9224: 9223:Urban history 9221: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202:Palmyra Atoll 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9177:Jarvis Island 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124:Insular areas 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093:West Virginia 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8998:New Hampshire 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Massachusetts 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8770: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Thai American 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8536: 8532: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8426:Party Systems 8423: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8365:Voting rights 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8198: 8194: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8026:War on terror 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7924:Late Cold War 7922: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7803:Great Society 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:Post-war boom 7756: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719:Overt actions 6717: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5914:Libya bombing 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5720:"Evil empire" 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5647:controversies 5644: 5641: 5640:Supreme Court 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5080: 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North 4454: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4360: 4353: 4337: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4200:Ranstorp 1997 4196: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4023: 4019: 4018:www.brown.edu 4015: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3823:Woodward 1987 3819: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3521:Ranstorp 1997 3517: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3091: 3087: 3086:www.brown.edu 3083: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2769: 2766:. State.gov. 2765: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2559: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2442:0-679-43296-5 2438: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2331: 2324: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2161: 2160:Business Week 2157: 2150: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1959: 1955: 1953:9780313352416 1949: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1920: 1916: 1914:9781603446204 1910: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1666:0-553-26968-2 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1649:(June 1989). 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413:Supreme Court 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356:Alan D. Fiers 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1283:Mehdi Hashemi 1279: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1200: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1157:Edmund Muskie 1154: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Edmund Muskie 1122: 1116: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088:, journalist 1087: 1082: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 956:Seymour Hersh 953: 952: 947: 946:Mehdi Hashemi 937: 933: 930: 925: 923: 922:Washington DC 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 893: 891: 890:Golan Heights 887: 882: 879: 875: 871: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 812: 805: 800: 795: 793: 790: 786: 785:George Shultz 783: 779: 769: 767: 763: 762:Benjamin Weir 759: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 726: 723: 720: 716: 713: 712: 711: 704: 700: 698: 697: 691: 686: 683: 677: 674: 669: 667: 663: 658: 653: 649: 644: 641: 637: 632: 627: 622: 619: 615: 611: 610:Iran–Iraq War 607: 603: 599: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 572:George Shultz 569: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 545: 540: 535: 534: 527: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 466: 463: 458: 455: 452:assigned the 451: 446: 442: 436: 429: 424: 422: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 384: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 344:Prior to the 337: 335: 331: 326: 323: 319: 316: 312: 307: 301: 300: 294: 291: 287: 283: 282:Ronald Reagan 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 162: 158: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 104:Also known as 102: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 62:George Shultz 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 40:Iran–Iraq War 36: 30: 19: 11197: 11176:Plame affair 11101: 11072:Starr Report 11070: 11061:Julie Thomas 10989: 10984: 10961: 10956: 10932:James Harper 10920: 10906: 10897:Mike Seymour 10809:Charles Ruff 10773:Owen Roberts 10728:William Cook 10721:Whiskey Ring 10637: 10630: 10497:Axis of evil 10429:Morad Tahbaz 10399:Noor Pahlavi 10299:Scott Ritter 10155: 9982: 9978: 9831: 9743: 9734:Negotiations 9554: 9482:Negotiations 9192:Midway Atoll 9187:Kingman Reef 9167:Baker Island 9146:Puerto Rico 9058:South Dakota 9048:Rhode Island 9043:Pennsylvania 9023:North Dakota 8739: 8732: 8713: 8674: 8667: 8653: 8599: 8555: 8548: 8491: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8424: 8398:Marine Corps 8385: 8378: 8371: 8335:Debt ceiling 8320:Civil Rights 8302: 8295: 8281: 8267: 8253: 8224: 8219:Antisemitism 8217: 8210: 8166: 8127: 8063:2008–present 8015:Bush v. Gore 8013: 7951:War on drugs 7911: 7825:Mid Cold War 7677:Pearl Harbor 7672:World War II 7492:Ku Klux Klan 7089:Dummer's War 7028: 7021: 7015:Pre-Colonial 6582: 6573: 5906: 5533: 5422: 5406: 5341: 5290:. Retrieved 5279: 5254: 5242: 5221: 5202: 5198: 5168: 5164: 5142:. Retrieved 5128: 5105: 5086: 5067: 5055:. Retrieved 5046: 5037: 5025:. Retrieved 5010: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4979:. Retrieved 4970: 4946:. Retrieved 4933: 4926:Bush, George 4920: 4908:. Retrieved 4899: 4870:. Retrieved 4861: 4835:. Retrieved 4826: 4796:. Retrieved 4787: 4778: 4766:. Retrieved 4757: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4727: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4681: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4654: 4644: 4632:. Retrieved 4627: 4603:. Retrieved 4594: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4564: 4554: 4542:. Retrieved 4533: 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4458: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4432: 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4401: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4330: 4318:. Retrieved 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4289:Levin Center 4288: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4258: 4249: 4237:. Retrieved 4222: 4213: 4207: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4171: 4158: 4146:. Retrieved 4137: 4127: 4118: 4112: 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4081: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055:the original 4026:. Retrieved 4017: 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3992:The Guardian 3991: 3981: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3912:the original 3907: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3787: 3775:. Retrieved 3771:the original 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3740: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3714: 3705: 3693:. Retrieved 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3658: 3650: 3638:. Retrieved 3629: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3600: 3596: 3586: 3574:. Retrieved 3559: 3528: 3516: 3435:. Retrieved 3417: 3407: 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3359: 3350: 3338:. Retrieved 3329: 3289:. Retrieved 3280: 3271: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3163: 3158:at the time. 3155: 3150: 3123: 3094:. Retrieved 3085: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3036:the original 3026: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2993: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2921: 2890:. Retrieved 2881: 2871: 2841:(2): 58–76. 2838: 2834: 2816: 2772:. Retrieved 2758: 2746:. Retrieved 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2671: 2661: 2649:. Retrieved 2640: 2630: 2618:. Retrieved 2607: 2597: 2585:. Retrieved 2576: 2566: 2524: 2500:. Retrieved 2491: 2481: 2469:. Retrieved 2460: 2451: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2411: 2399:. Retrieved 2390: 2380: 2368: 2329: 2323: 2311:. Retrieved 2302: 2229: 2220: 2197:. Retrieved 2193:the original 2168:. Retrieved 2164:the original 2159: 2149: 2137:. Retrieved 2119: 2107:. Retrieved 2098: 2089: 2077:. Retrieved 2044:. Retrieved 2032: 2001: 1989:. Retrieved 1974: 1962:. Retrieved 1942: 1935: 1923:. Retrieved 1903: 1896: 1884:. Retrieved 1879: 1854:. Retrieved 1817: 1812: 1697:1980s portal 1672: 1670: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1624: 1615: 1602: 1592: 1580: 1565: 1554: 1543:Clair George 1515: 1506: 1491: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1462: 1446: 1435:Albert Hakim 1409:D.C. Circuit 1376:Oliver North 1366:Clair George 1344:, Assistant 1287: 1280: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1243:Oliver North 1240: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1195: 1172: 1165: 1162: 1118: 1090:Bob Woodward 1085: 1083: 1075: 1059:Hawk missile 1055: 1042: 1037: 1003: 996:Oliver North 993: 988: 978: 964: 949: 943: 934: 926: 899: 883: 862: 839: 833:against the 819:Oliver North 816: 809: 807: 802: 775: 754: 709: 694: 687: 682:Soviet Union 678: 670: 652:colon cancer 645: 639: 633: 629: 624: 602:David Kimche 598:Shimon Peres 584: 565: 560: 552: 538: 531: 529: 509: 501: 494:East Germany 482: 474:Colin Powell 469: 467: 459: 450:constitution 447: 443: 431: 426: 417: 398: 391: 369:arms embargo 365:Jimmy Carter 358: 343: 333: 327: 308: 297: 284:was a vocal 258:Oliver North 252: 229: 211:. Under the 197:arms embargo 180: 176: 156: 154: 136:Oliver North 112:Participants 70:Donald Regan 38:Part of the 29: 11207:John Durham 10969:Arlin Adams 10869:Jacob Stein 10749:Post Office 10702:of the U.S. 10522:Great Satan 10449:Nizar Zakka 10419:Ali Shakeri 10404:Trita Parsi 10369:Esha Momeni 10014:Legislation 9977:Seizure of 9452:Safari Club 9207:Wake Island 8973:Mississippi 8888:Connecticut 8832:New England 8499:Agriculture 8418:Coast Guard 8413:Space Force 8261:Immigration 7989:WTC bombing 7907:Reaganomics 7835:Vietnam War 7751:McCarthyism 7633:Second Klan 7618:Prohibition 7596:World War I 7571:Square Deal 7561:Imperialism 7296:War of 1812 7023:Prehistoric 6904:(1979–1990) 6840:(1968–1989) 6788:(1965–1966) 6782:(1916–1924) 6776:(1915–1934) 6764:(1912–1933) 6758:(1906–1909) 6752:(1903–1925) 6736:(1899–1902) 6711:(1916–1919) 6705:(1910–1919) 6693:(1846–1848) 6675:Banana Wars 6650:(1901–1904) 5578:(1981–1989) 5528:‹ The 5483:Bill Moyers 5302:Tower, John 5292:15 November 5144:1 September 5004:(1): 56–59. 4998:ABA Journal 4981:14 November 4948:14 November 4910:14 November 4738:29 December 4709:, chpt. 11. 4692:28 December 4575:29 December 4544:29 December 4443:29 December 4412:29 December 4386:, chpt. 17. 4185:30 December 4148:30 December 3933:Reagan 1990 3870:: 148–159. 3837:, chpt. 15. 3603:(2): 9–12. 3533:Reagan 1990 3509:Reagan 1990 3400:Reagan 1990 3309:Reagan 1990 3128:Reagan 1990 3116:Reagan 1990 3069:Reagan 1990 2953:Reagan 1990 2928:, chpt. 24. 2914:Reagan 1990 2796:Reagan 1990 2682:15 November 2401:15 November 2199:22 December 2006:Reagan 1990 1981:"The Front" 1886:29 December 1293:Indictments 1212:Oval Office 1066:Edwin Meese 1049:Edwin Meese 983:Oval Office 662:Tip O'Neill 476:, the U.S. 367:imposed an 278:MIM-23 Hawk 217:legislative 74:Oval Office 11265:Categories 11231:Robert Hur 11219:Jack Smith 11164:Waco siege 11140:Wampumgate 11085:Espy trial 11057:Robert Ray 10444:Xiyue Wang 10284:Jon Pattis 10264:Brian Hook 10212:Farashgard 9983:St Nikolas 9979:Suez Rajan 9088:Washington 9008:New Mexico 9003:New Jersey 8878:California 8373:Journalism 8325:Corruption 8304:Government 8255:Demography 8242:Newspapers 8091:Sandy Hook 7994:Waco siege 7902:Reagan era 7808:Space Race 7741:Korean War 7682:home front 7514:Gilded Age 7482:Amendments 5868:INF Treaty 5861:Washington 5594:Transition 5157:References 4938:Dan Rather 4872:5 November 4837:5 November 4798:5 November 4788:apnews.com 4768:18 January 4707:Walsh 1993 4661:14 January 4634:14 January 4605:14 January 4503:Justia Law 4384:Walsh 1993 4372:Walsh 1993 4092:9 February 3835:Walsh 1993 3751:20 January 3695:20 January 3669:20 January 3640:20 January 3611:18 January 3340:9 February 3189:Walsh 1993 3059:, chpt. 1. 3057:Walsh 1993 3042:4 December 2941:Walsh 1993 2926:Walsh 1993 2651:7 November 2620:7 November 2587:6 November 2544:1100767741 2502:7 November 2471:7 November 2373:Hicks 1996 2361:Hicks 1996 2346:Hicks 1996 2330:The Nation 2282:Hicks 1996 2234:Walsh 1993 1537:Alan Fiers 1518:reelection 1498:Dan Rather 1465:Amiram Nir 1153:John Tower 1121:John Tower 1026:under the 979:Ash-Shiraa 951:Ash-Shiraa 886:Amiram Nir 854:Swiss bank 690:BGM-71 TOW 520:See also: 472:, General 340:Background 274:BGM-71 TOW 205:Sandinista 203:, an anti- 96:1987-03-04 88:1985-08-20 11326:Cover-ups 11053:Ken Starr 10928:Carl Rauh 10632:Overthrow 10625:Bomb Iran 10222:Jundallah 10049:reactions 9644:reactions 9523:Conflicts 9507:Aftermath 9502:Criticism 9497:Reactions 9492:Framework 9403:Diplomacy 9098:Wisconsin 9063:Tennessee 8968:Minnesota 8943:Louisiana 8837:The South 8408:Air Force 8283:Education 8145:recession 8101:Las Vegas 8009:Columbine 7966:1991–2008 7894:1980–1991 7795:1964–1980 7706:1945–1964 7660:Dust Bowl 7588:1917–1945 7469:1865–1917 7447:Civil War 7440:Secession 7385:1849–1865 7308:1815–1849 7279:Quasi-War 7256:1789–1815 7176:1776–1789 7129:Sugar Act 6000:H-2B visa 5993:H-2A visa 5854:Reykjavík 5408:Salon.com 5395:from the 5386:from the 4342:20 August 4320:20 August 3884:153469115 3576:9 January 3263:147213452 3191:, vol. 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