839:(2013) concluded after ten years that trials with adequate randomization did not find an effect of mammography screening on total cancer mortality, including breast cancer. The authors of this Cochrane review write: "If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% and that overdiagnosis and over-treatment is at 30%, it means that for every 2,000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening, will be treated unnecessarily. Furthermore, more than 200 women will experience important psychological distress including anxiety and uncertainty for years because of false positive findings." The authors conclude that the time has come to re-assess whether universal mammography screening should be recommended for any age group. They state that universal screening may not be reasonable. The Nordic Cochrane Collection updated research in 2012 and stated that advances in diagnosis and treatment make mammography screening less effective today, rendering it "no longer effective". They conclude that "it therefore no longer seems reasonable to attend" for breast cancer screening at any age, and warn of misleading information on the internet.
501:(NCCN) advocates screening for women who possess a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation or have a first-degree relative with such a mutation, even in the absence of the patient being tested for BRCA1/2 mutations. For women at high risk, NCCN recommends undergoing an annual mammogram and breast MRI between the ages of 25 and 40, considering the specific gene mutation type or the youngest age of breast cancer occurrence in the family. Additionally, NCCN suggests that high-risk women undergo clinical breast exams every 6 to 12 months starting at age 25. These individuals should also engage in discussions with healthcare providers to assess the advantages and disadvantages of 3D mammography and acquire knowledge on detecting changes in their breasts.
977:
3,184 women had mammograms that were formally classified as "probably benign". This classification is for patients who are not clearly normal but have some area of minor concern. This results not in the patient being biopsied, but rather in having early follow up mammography every six months for three years to determine whether there has been any change in status. Of these 3,184 women, 17 (0.5%) did have cancers. Most importantly, when the diagnosis was finally made, they were all still stage 0 or 1, the earliest stages. Five years after treatment, none of these 17 women had evidence of re-occurrence. Thus, small early cancers, even though not acted on immediately, were still reliably curable.
203:(MRI) are adjuncts to mammography. Ultrasound is typically used for further evaluation of masses found on mammography or palpable masses that may or may not be seen on mammograms. Ductograms are still used in some institutions for evaluation of bloody nipple discharge when the mammogram is non-diagnostic. MRI can be useful for the screening of high-risk patients, for further evaluation of questionable findings or symptoms, as well as for pre-surgical evaluation of patients with known breast cancer, in order to detect additional lesions that might change the surgical approach (for example, from breast-conserving
574:
Diagnostic mammograms are reserved for patients with breast symptoms (such as palpable lumps, breast pain, skin changes, nipple changes, or nipple discharge), as follow-up for probably benign findings (coded BI-RADS 3), or for further evaluation of abnormal findings seen on their screening mammograms. Diagnostic mammograms may also performed on patients with personal or family histories of breast cancer. Patients with breast implants and other stable benign surgical histories generally do not require diagnostic mammograms.
701:-guided core biopsy. After a screening mammogram, some women may have areas of concern which cannot be resolved with only the information available from the screening mammogram. They would then be called back for a "diagnostic mammogram". This phrase essentially means a problem-solving mammogram. During this session, the radiologist will be monitoring each of the additional films as they are taken by a radiographer. Depending on the nature of the finding, ultrasound may often be used as well.
219:(2012) and the European Cancer Observatory (2011) recommend mammography every 2 to 3 years between ages 50 and 69. These task force reports point out that in addition to unnecessary surgery and anxiety, the risks of more frequent mammograms include a small but significant increase in breast cancer induced by radiation. Additionally, mammograms should not be performed with increased frequency in patients undergoing breast surgery, including breast enlargement, mastopexy, and breast reduction.
986:
cancer screening using mammography has been unclear. A recent systematic review of three studies held in Spain, Denmark, and the United States from 2000-2019 found that digital mammography is not cost-beneficial for the healthcare system when compared to other screening methods. Therefore, increasing its frequency may cause higher costs on the healthcare system. While there may be a lack of evidence, it is suggested that digital mammography be performed every two years for ages over 50.
48:
533:
541:
6230:
353:
973:, Dr. Samuel S. Epstein claims that in women ages 40 to 49, one in four cancers are missed at each mammography. Researchers have found that breast tissue is denser among younger women, making it difficult to detect tumors. For this reason, false negatives are twice as likely to occur in pre-menopausal mammograms (Prate). This is why the screening program in the UK does not start calling women for screening mammograms until age 50.
1081:(MQSA). The act requires annual inspections and accreditation every three years through an FDA-approved body. Facilities found deficient during the inspection or accreditation process can be barred from performing mammograms until corrective action has been verified or, in extreme cases, can be required to notify past patients that their exams were sub-standard and should not be relied upon.
778:
parameters. He played a pioneering role in elevating imaging quality while placing particular emphasis on distinguishing between benign and malignant calcifications. In the early 1950s, Uruguayan radiologist Raul
Leborgne developed the breast compression technique to produce better quality images, and described the differences between benign and malign microcalcifications.
918:
intended to have sufficient sensitivity to detect a useful proportion of cancers. The cost of higher sensitivity is a larger number of results that would be regarded as suspicious in patients without disease. This is true of mammography. The patients without disease who are called back for further testing from a screening session (about 7%) are sometimes referred to as "
797:. The "Egan technique", as it became known, enabled physicians to detect calcification in breast tissue; of the 245 breast cancers that were confirmed by biopsy among 1,000 patients, Egan and his colleagues at M.D. Anderson were able to identify 238 cases by using his method, 19 of which were in patients whose physical examinations had revealed no breast pathology.
1006:, mortality from breast cancer has been steadily decreasing in the United States from 2018 to 2021. There have also been no new randomized trials of screening mammography for women in their 40s since the previous USPSTF recommendation was made. In addition, the 8 most recent randomized trials for this age group revealed no significant effect. Instead, the
515:
concluded that for women 40 years of age and older, the risk of radiation-induced breast cancer was minuscule, particularly compared with the potential benefit of mammographic screening, with a benefit-to-risk ratio of 48.5 lives saved for each life lost due to radiation exposure. This also correlates to a decrease in breast cancer mortality rates by 24%.
1025:
by half. They used a 15% mortality reduction to calculate how many women needed to be invited to be screened to save a life. With the now re-confirmed 29% (or up) figure, the number to be screened using the USPSTF formula is half of their estimate and well within what they considered acceptable by their formula.
557:). In screening mammography, both head-to-foot (craniocaudal, CC) view and angled side-view (mediolateral oblique, MLO) images of the breast are taken. Diagnostic mammography may include these and other views, including geometrically magnified and spot-compressed views of the particular area of concern.
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concluded that 1 in 5 cases of breast cancer diagnosed among women who have undergone breast cancer screening are over-diagnosed. This means an over-diagnosis rate of 129 women per 10,000 invited to screening. A recent systematic review of 30 studies found that screening mammography for breast cancer
925:
Research shows that false-positive mammograms may affect women's well-being and behavior. Some women who receive false-positive results may be more likely to return for routine screening or perform breast self-examinations more frequently. However, some women who receive false-positive results become
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at the age groups of 39–49 and 70–74. The same review found that mammography significantly decreased the risk of advanced cancer among women aged 50 and older by 38%, but among those aged 39 to 49 the risk reduction was a non-significant 2%. The USPSTF made their review based on data from randomized
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Of every 1,000 U.S. women who are screened, about 7% will be called back for a diagnostic session (although some studies estimate the number to be closer to 10% to 15%). About 10% of those who are called back will be referred for a biopsy. Of the 10% referred for biopsy, about 3.5% will have cancer
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The largest (Hellquist et al) and longest running (Tabar et al) breast cancer screening studies in history re-confirmed that regular mammography screening cut breast cancer deaths by roughly a third in all women ages 40 and over (including women ages 40–49). This renders the USPSTF calculations off
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Breast cancer imposes a significant economic strain on communities, with the expense of treating stages three and four in the United States in 2017 amounting to approximately $ 127,000. While early diagnosis and screening methods are important in reducing the death rates, the cost-benefit of breast
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cannot be performed on every woman who has had a mammogram to determine the false negative rate. Estimates of the false negative rate depend on close follow-up of a large number of patients for many years. This is difficult in practice because many women do not return for regular mammography making
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False positives also mean greater expense, both for the individual and for the screening program. Since follow-up screening is typically much more expensive than initial screening, more false positives (that must receive follow-up) means that fewer women may be screened for a given amount of money.
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The
Cochrane analysis of screening indicates that it is "not clear whether screening does more good than harm". According to their analysis, 1 in 2,000 women will have her life prolonged by 10 years of screening, while 10 healthy women will undergo unnecessary breast cancer treatment. Additionally,
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giving women information about the mammography procedure prior to it taking place may reduce the pain and discomfort experienced. Furthermore, research has found that standardised compression levels can help to reduce patients' pain while still allowing for optimal diagnostic images to be produced.
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The mammography procedure can be painful. Reported pain rates range from 6–76%, with 23–95% experiencing pain or discomfort. Experiencing pain is a significant predictor in women not re-attending screening. There are few proven interventions to reduce pain in mammography, but evidence suggests that
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While radiologists had hoped for more marked improvement, the effectiveness of digital mammography was found comparable to traditional X-ray methods in 2004, though there may be reduced radiation with the technique and it may lead to fewer retests. Specifically, it performs no better than film for
218:
issued a draft recommendation statement that all women should receive a screening mammography every two years from age 40 to 74. The
American College of Radiology and American Cancer Society recommend yearly screening mammography starting at age 40. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
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found that artificial intelligence had a comparable or better accuracy (AUC = 0.72) of predicting breast cancer than clinical risk factors alone (AUC = 0.61), suggesting a transition from clinical risk factor-based to AI image-based risk models may lead to more accurate and personalized risk-based
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The importance of these missed cancers is not clear, particularly if the woman is getting yearly mammograms. Research on a closely related situation has shown that small cancers that are not acted upon immediately, but are observed over periods of several years, will have good outcomes. A group of
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Tomosynthesis, otherwise known as 3D mammography, was first introduced in clinical trials in 2008 and has been
Medicare-approved in the United States since 2015. As of 2023, 3D mammography has become widely available in the US and has been shown to have improved sensitivity and specificity over 2D
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The radiation exposure associated with mammography is a potential risk of screening, which appears to be greater in younger women. In scans where women receive 0.25–20 Gray (Gy) of radiation, they have more of an elevated risk of developing breast cancer. A study of radiation risk from mammography
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used statistical models to estimate what would happen if the starting age were lowered, assuming that screening mammography reduces breast cancer mortality by 25%. This found that screening 1,000 women from 40–74 years of age, instead of 50-74, would cause 1-2 fewer breast cancer deaths per 1,000
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Newman posits that screening mammography does not reduce death overall, but causes significant harm by inflicting cancer scare and unnecessary surgical interventions. The Nordic
Cochrane Collection notes that advances in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer may make breast cancer screening no
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and colleagues documented findings from mammographic screening involving 134,867 women aged 40 to 79. Using a single mediolateral oblique image, they reported a 31% reduction in mortality. Dr. Tabár has since written many publications promoting mammography in the areas of epidemiology, screening,
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In 2014, the
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Institutes of Health reported the occurrence rates of breast cancer based on 1000 women in different age groups. In the 40–44 age group, the incidence was 1.5 and in the 45–49 age group, the incidence was 2.3. In the
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data, since mammography screening became widespread in the mid-1980s, the U.S. breast cancer death rate, unchanged for the previous 50 years, has dropped well over 30 percent. In
European countries like Denmark and Sweden, where mammography screening programs are more organized, the breast cancer
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Lee CH, Dershaw DD, Kopans D, Evans P, Monsees B, Monticciolo D, et al. (January 2010). "Breast cancer screening with imaging: recommendations from the
Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the use of mammography, breast MRI, breast ultrasound, and other technologies for the detection of
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Only 3% to 13% of breast cancers detected by screening mammography will fall into this last category. Clinical trial data suggests that 1 woman per 1,000 healthy women screened over 10 years falls into this category. Screening mammography produces no benefit to any of the remaining 87% to 97% of
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developed a form a mammography for a diagnostic of breast cancer at earlier stages to improve survival rates. In 1949, Raul
Leborgne sparked renewed enthusiasm for mammography by emphasizing the importance of technical proficiency in patient positioning and the adoption of specific radiological
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The goal of any screening procedure is to examine a large population of patients and find the small number most likely to have a serious condition. These patients are then referred for further, usually more invasive, testing. Thus a screening exam is not intended to be definitive; rather it is
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Women whose breast cancer was detected by screening mammography before the appearance of a lump or other symptoms commonly assume that the mammogram "saved their lives". In practice, the vast majority of these women received no practical benefit from the mammogram. There are four categories of
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The
Canadian Task Force found that for women ages 50 to 69, screening 720 women once every 2 to 3 years for 11 years would prevent one death from breast cancer. For women ages 40 to 49, 2,100 women would need to be screened at the same frequency and period to prevent a single death from breast
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in 1993 in order to provide referring clinicians and patients a clear, meaningful and standardized report. The findings of a mammogram are divided into five main categories: mass, asymmetry, architectural distortion, calcifications, and associated features. Each has additional subcategories to
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recommendations are so influential, changing mammography screenings from 50 to 40 years of age has significant implications to public health. The major concerns regarding this update is whether breast cancer mortality has truly been increasing and if there is new evidence that the benefits of
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Mammography may also produce false negatives. Estimates of the numbers of cancers missed by mammography are usually around 20%. Reasons for not seeing the cancer include observer error, but more frequently it is because the cancer is hidden by other dense tissue in the breast, and even after
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spots, so women are discouraged from applying them on the day of their exam. There are two types of mammogram studies: screening mammograms and diagnostic mammograms. Screening mammograms, consisting of four standard X-ray images, are performed yearly on patients who present with no symptoms.
310:, and 3D breast imaging, is a mammogram technology that creates a 3D image of the breast using X-rays. When used in addition to usual mammography, it results in more positive tests. Cost effectiveness is unclear as of 2016. Another concern is that it more than doubles the radiation exposure.
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Approximately 75 percent of women diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history of breast cancer or other factors that put them at high risk for developing the disease (so screening only high-risk women misses majority of cancers). An analysis by Hendrick and Helvie, published in the
430:(USPSTF) revised the recommendation that women and transgender men undergo biennial mammograms starting at the age of 40, rather than the previously suggested age of 50. This adjustment is prompted by the increasing incidence of breast cancer in the 40 to 49 age group over the past decade.
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showed that more than 70 percent of the women who died from breast cancer in their 40s at major Harvard teaching hospitals were among the 20 percent of women who were not being screened. Some scientific studies have shown that the most lives are saved by screening beginning at age 40.
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Photon-counting mammography was introduced commercially in 2003 and was shown to reduce the X-ray dose to the patient by approximately 40% compared to conventional methods while maintaining image quality at an equal or higher level. The technology was subsequently developed to enable
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Hellquist BN, Duffy SW, Abdsaleh S, Björneld L, Bordás P, Tabár L, et al. (February 2011). "Effectiveness of population-based service screening with mammography for women ages 40 to 49 years: evaluation of the Swedish Mammography Screening in Young Women (SCRY) cohort".
946:, a researcher at Dartmouth College, states that "screen-detected breast and prostate cancer survivors are more likely to have been over-diagnosed than actually helped by the test." Estimates of overdiagnosis associated with mammography have ranged from 1% to 54%. In 2009,
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Lord SJ, Lei W, Craft P, Cawson JN, Morris I, Walleser S, et al. (September 2007). "A systematic review of the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an addition to mammography and ultrasound in screening young women at high risk of breast cancer".
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A galactography (or breast ductography) is a now infrequently used type of mammography used to visualize the milk ducts. Prior to the mammography itself, a radiopaque substance is injected into the duct system. This test is indicated when nipple discharge exists.
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For patients who do not want to undergo mammography, MRI and also breast computed tomography (also called breast CT) offer a painless alternative. Whether the respective method is suitable depends on the clinical picture; it is decided by the physician.
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and Karsten Juhl Jørgensen reviewed the literature and found that 1 in 3 cases of breast cancer detected in a population offered mammographic screening is over-diagnosed. In contrast, a 2012 panel convened by the national cancer director for England and
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to increase image quality by reducing the thickness of tissue that X-rays must penetrate, decreasing the amount of scattered radiation (scatter degrades image quality), reducing the required radiation dose, and holding the breast still (preventing
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In the UK mammograms are scored on a scale from 1–5 (1 = normal, 2 = benign, 3 = indeterminate, 4 = suspicious of malignancy, 5 = malignant). Evidence suggests that accounting for genetic risk, factors improve breast cancer risk prediction.
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recommends these individuals to get annual mammography starting at the age of 30. Those with a history of chest radiation therapy before age 30 should start annually at age 25 of 8 years after their latest therapy (whichever is latest). The
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The benefits of mammography screening at decreasing breast cancer mortality in randomized trials are not found in observational studies performed long after implementation of breast cancer screening programs (for instance, Bleyer et al.)
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retrospective review of the mammogram the cancer cannot be seen. Furthermore, one form of breast cancer, lobular cancer, has a growth pattern that produces shadows on the mammogram that are indistinguishable from normal breast tissue.
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post-menopausal women, who represent more than three-quarters of women with breast cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against digital mammography.
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are the most widely used. In the United States, GE's digital imaging units typically cost US$ 300,000 to $ 500,000, far more than film-based imaging systems. Costs may decline as GE begins to compete with the less expensive
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to create images. These images are then analyzed for abnormal findings. It is usual to employ lower-energy X-rays, typically Mo (K-shell X-ray energies of 17.5 and 19.6 keV) and Rh (20.2 and 22.7 keV) than those used for
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Keen and Keen indicated that repeated mammography starting at age fifty saves about 1.8 lives over 15 years for every 1,000 women screened. This result has to be seen against the adverse effects of errors in diagnosis,
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Concern by the FDA that digital mammography equipment demonstrate that it is at least as good as screen-film mammography at detecting breast cancers without increasing dose or the number of women recalled for further
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Weigel S, Berkemeyer S, Girnus R, Sommer A, Lenzen H, Heindel W (May 2014). "Digital mammography screening with photon-counting technique: can a high diagnostic performance be realized at low mean glandular dose?".
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or Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM). The first FFDM system was approved by the FDA in the U.S. in 2000. This progress is occurring some years later than in general radiology. This is due to several factors:
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Schopf CM, Ramwala OA, Lowry KP, Hofvind S, Marinovich ML, Houssami N, et al. (November 2023). "Artificial Intelligence-Driven Mammography-Based Future Breast Cancer Risk Prediction: A Systematic Review".
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Daly MB, Pilarski R, Yurgelun MB, Berry MP, Buys SS, Dickson P, et al. (April 2020). "NCCN Guidelines Insights: Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic, Version 1.2020".
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Webb ML, Cady B, Michaelson JS, Bush DM, Calvillo KZ, Kopans DB, Smith BL (September 2014). "A failure analysis of invasive breast cancer: most deaths from disease occur in women not regularly screened".
716:. The majority are now done with needles in conjunction with either ultrasound or mammographic guidance to be sure that the area of concern is the area that is biopsied. These core biopsies require only
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1242:
1151:
2386:
Qaseem A, Snow V, Sherif K, Aronson M, Weiss KB, Owens DK (April 2007). "Screening mammography for women 40 to 49 years of age: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians".
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1346:
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Fredenberg E, Willsher P, Moa E, Dance DR, Young KC, Wallis MG (November 2018). "Measurement of breast-tissue x-ray attenuation by spectral imaging: fresh and fixed normal and malignant tissue".
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US Preventive Services Task Force, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, Wong JB, Barry MJ, Chelmow D, Coker TR, Davis EM, Jaén CR, Krousel-Wood M, Lee S, Li L, Mangione CM, Rao G, Ruiz JM (2024-04-30).
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programs have been developed to utilize features from screening mammography images to predict breast cancer risk. A systematic review of 16 retrospective study designs comparing median maximum
616:, or breast clinicians (non-radiologist physicians specializing in breast disease). Double reading, which is standard practice in the UK, but less common in the US, significantly improves the
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1046:
are the least likely to attend breast cancer screening. Research is still needed to identify specific barriers for the different South Asian communities. For example, a study showed that
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Armstrong K, Moye E, Williams S, Berlin JA, Reynolds EE (April 2007). "Screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age: a systematic review for the American College of Physicians".
708:. If the cause cannot be determined to be benign with sufficient certainty, a biopsy may be recommended. The biopsy procedure will be used to obtain actual tissue from the site for the
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Liu J, Lei J, Ou Y, Zhao Y, Tuo X, Zhang B, Shen M (October 2023). "Mammography diagnosis of breast cancer screening through machine learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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4938:"Disparities in cancer screening in people with mental illness across the world versus the general population: prevalence and comparative meta-analysis including 4 717 839 people"
1370:"Is mammography indicated for women with defective BRCA genes? Implications of recent scientific advances for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hereditary breast cancer"
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While screening between ages 40 and 50 is somewhat controversial, the preponderance of the evidence indicates that there is a benefit in terms of early detection. Currently, the
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2234:
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Monticciolo DL, Newell MS, Moy L, Niell B, Monsees B, Sickles EA (March 2018). "Breast Cancer Screening in Women at Higher-Than-Average Risk: Recommendations From the ACR".
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597:
As of March 1, 2010, 62% of facilities in the United States and its territories have at least one FFDM unit. (The FDA includes computed radiography units in this figure.)
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881:
Cancers that would have receded on their own or are so slow-growing that the woman would die of other causes before the cancer produced symptoms (mammography results in
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longer effective in decreasing death from breast cancer, and therefore no longer recommend routine screening for healthy women as the risks might outweigh the benefits.
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Taylor CG, Champness J, Reddy M, Taylor P, Potts HW, Given-Wilson R (September 2003). "Reproducibility of prompts in computer-aided detection (CAD) of breast cancer".
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Whelehan P, Evans A, Wells M, Macgillivray S (August 2013). "The effect of mammography pain on repeat participation in breast cancer screening: a systematic review".
1407:
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image between cancerous and non-cancerous tumors in the breast. Salomon's mammographs provided substantial information about the spread of tumors and their borders.
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states that the best quality evidence does not demonstrate a reduction in mortality or a reduction in mortality from all types of cancer from screening mammography.
628:(or digitized images from analogue mammography), but studies suggest these approaches do not significantly improve performance or provide only a small improvement.
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1021:, showed that if USPSTF breast cancer screening guidelines were followed, approximately 6,500 additional women each year in the U.S. would die from breast cancer.
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The use of mammography as a screening tool for the detection of early breast cancer in otherwise healthy women without symptoms is seen by some as controversial.
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Have a 1st-degree relative (parent, brother, sister, or child), 2nd-degree relative (aunts, uncles, nieces, or grandparents), or 3rd-degree relative with a known
2913:"Computer aids and human second reading as interventions in screening mammography: two systematic reviews to compare effects on cancer detection and recall rate"
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to examine microscopically to determine the precise cause of the abnormality. In the past, biopsies were most frequently done in surgery, under local or general
577:
Until some years ago, mammography was typically performed with screen-film cassettes. Today, mammography is undergoing transition to digital detectors, known as
437:, a large internal medicine group, has recently encouraged individualized screening plans as opposed to wholesale biannual screening of women aged 40 to 49. The
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Mammograms also have a rate of missed tumors, or "false negatives". Accurate data regarding the number of false negatives are very difficult to obtain because
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Nassif H, Page D, Ayvaci M, Shavlik J, Burnside ES (2010). "Uncovering age-specific invasive and DCIS breast cancer rules using inductive logic programming".
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1234:
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Dahlstrom JE, Jain S, Sutton T, Sutton S (May 1996). "Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic core biopsy in a mammographic breast cancer screening programme".
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also recommends women at high risk should get a mammogram and breast MRI every year beginning at age 30 or an age recommended by their healthcare provider.
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are also less likely to attend cancer screening appointments. In Northern Ireland women with mental health problems were shown to be less likely to attend
922:". There is a trade-off between the number of patients with disease found and the much larger number of patients without disease that must be re-screened.
416:
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Herdman R, Norton L, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on New Approaches to Early Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer) (4 May 2018).
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Use of mammography as a screening technique spread clinically after a 1966 study demonstrating the impact of mammograms on mortality and treatment led by
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recommendations for women at average risk for breast cancer is a yearly mammogram from age 45 to 54 with an optional yearly mammogram from age 40 to 44.
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As of September 10, 2024, the MQSA requires that all patients be notified of their breast density ("dense" or "not dense") in their mammogram reports.
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Gardner, Kirsten E. Early Detection: Women, Cancer, and Awareness Campaigns in the Twentieth-Century United States. U of North Carolina P, 2006. p.179
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Cancers that are so easily treated that a later detection would have produced the same rate of cure (women would have lived even without mammography).
4118:"Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Screening: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation"
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Shapiro S, Strax P, Venet L (February 1966). "Evaluation of periodic breast cancer screening with mammography. Methodology and early observations".
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Welch HG, Frankel BA (December 12, 2011). "Likelihood that a woman with screen-detected breast cancer has had her "life saved" by that screening".
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Tonelli M, Connor Gorber S, Joffres M, Dickinson J, Singh H, Lewin G, et al. (Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care) (November 2011).
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A small number of breast cancers that are detected by screening mammography and whose treatment outcome improves as a result of earlier detection.
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found that mammography was associated with an 8%-33% decrease in breast cancer mortality in different age groups, but that this decrease was not
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During the procedure, the breast is compressed using a dedicated mammography unit. Parallel-plate compression evens out the thickness of breast
81:
4671:
Hendrick RE, Helvie MA (February 2011). "United States Preventive Services Task Force screening mammography recommendations: science ignored".
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Have or has a 1st-degree relative with a genetic syndrome including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome
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Mammography can detect cancer early when it’s most treatable and can be treated less invasively (thereby helping to preserve quality of life).
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Nass SJ, Henderson IC, et al. (Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Technologies for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer) (2001).
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5588:
4902:
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Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening (November 2012). "The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review".
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Ray KM, Joe BN, Freimanis RI, Sickles EA, Hendrick RE (February 2018). "Screening Mammography in Women 40-49 Years Old: Current Evidence".
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further describe findings. After providing a description of the findings, the radiologist provides a final assessment ranging from 0 to 6.
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to devise a method of screening mammography. He published these results in 1959 in a paper, subsequently vulgarized in a 1964 book called
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4353:"Overdiagnosis Due to Screening Mammography for Breast Cancer among Women Aged 40 Years and Over: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1966:"Quantification of breast density with spectral mammography based on a scanned multi-slit photon-counting detector: a feasibility study"
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Mammograms are either looked at by one (single reading) or two (double reading) trained professionals: these film readers are generally
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1761:"Supplemental Screening for Breast Cancer in Women With Dense Breasts: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
942:: the detection of abnormalities that meet the pathologic definition of cancer but will never progress to cause symptoms or death. Dr.
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with the possibility to further improve image quality, to distinguish between different tissue types, and to measure breast density.
878:
Cancers so aggressive that even early detection is too late to benefit the patient (women who die despite detection by mammography).
6166:
4993:
1651:
5696:
3704:
5121:
4560:
Woloshin S, Jørgensen KJ, Hwang S, Welch HG (September 2023). "The New USPSTF Mammography Recommendations - A Dissenting View".
1487:
1128:) found promising results in the ability to assist clinicians in large-scale population-based breast cancer screening programs.
449:
Women who are at high risk for early-onset breast cancer have separate recommendations for screening. These include those who:
5303:
3736:
Pace LE, Keating NL (April 2014). "A systematic assessment of benefits and risks to guide breast cancer screening decisions".
2096:"Influence of tumour stage at breast cancer detection on survival in modern times: population based study in 173,797 patients"
728:
As a medical procedure that induces ionizing radiation, the origin of mammography can be traced to the discovery of X-rays by
5701:
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and 6.5% will not. Of the 3.5% who have cancer, about 2 will have an early stage cancer that will be cured after treatment.
4853:"The introduction of risk stratified screening into the NHS breast screening Programme: views from British-Pakistani women"
3995:
1421:
1403:
3914:
6336:
5542:
5029:"Does poor mental health explain socio-demographic gradients in breast cancer screening uptake? A population-based study"
4427:
Sickles EA (May 1991). "Periodic mammographic follow-up of probably benign lesions: results in 3,184 consecutive cases".
1547:
930:
Thus as sensitivity increases, a screening program will cost more or be confined to screening a smaller number of women.
919:
4937:
4769:"Cultural and language barriers need to be addressed for British-Pakistani women to benefit fully from breast screening"
3780:
3064:
Rao AA, Feneis J, Lalonde C, Ojeda-Fournier H (May 2016). "A Pictorial Review of Changes in the BI-RADS Fifth Edition".
6094:
5973:
5713:
5622:
5298:
4653:
2810:
2038:
1509:
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926:
anxious, worried, and distressed about the possibility of having breast cancer, feelings that can last for many years.
4804:"Engagement barriers and service inequities in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: Views from British-Pakistani women"
6550:
6459:
5552:
3320:
1078:
1017:
4654:"Breast Cancer Screening With Mammography: An Updated Decision Analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
4157:
Brewer NT, Salz T, Lillie SE (April 2007). "Systematic review: the long-term effects of false-positive mammograms".
5537:
5532:
5415:
1003:
621:
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shows that early detection of breast cancer – as with mammography – significantly improves breast cancer survival.
6259:
5617:
5600:
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804:. This study, based in New York, was the first large-scale randomized controlled trial of mammography screening.
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5725:
5708:
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2340:
782:
434:
326:
66:
5921:
1077:
Mammography facilities in the United States and its territories (including military bases) are subject to the
232:
Digital mammography is a specialized form of mammography that uses digital receptors and computers instead of
6545:
6427:
6104:
5958:
5557:
5432:
5424:
5323:
4320:
4251:"Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends"
2877:
646:
486:
412:
303:
196:
371:
Mammography screening cuts the risk of dying from breast cancer nearly in half. A recent study published in
286:. As of 2007, about 8% of American screening centers used digital mammography. Around the globe, systems by
6215:
6149:
6081:
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5820:
5788:
5419:
2845:
1117:
1105:
770:. In 119 women who subsequently underwent surgery, he correctly found breast cancer in 54 out of 58 cases.
4750:
244:. The electrical signals can be read on computer screens, permitting more manipulation of images to allow
5879:
5847:
5830:
2555:
Feig SA, Hendrick RE (1997–2001). "Radiation risk from screening mammography of women aged 40-49 years".
617:
319:
685:
In the past several years, the "work-up" process has become highly formalized. It generally consists of
6252:
5953:
5688:
5428:
3662:
1116:
Another study of 32 published papers involving 23,804 mammograms and various machine learning methods (
1038:
Many factors affect how many people attend breast cancer screenings. For example, people from minority
268:
200:
17:
2754:"Mammographic compression practices of force- and pressure-standardisation protocol: A scoping review"
6540:
6292:
6194:
5862:
5852:
5293:
3944:
2336:
1121:
905:
423:
364:
4200:
de Gelder R, Heijnsdijk EA, van Ravesteyn NT, Fracheboud J, Draisma G, de Koning HJ (27 June 2011).
2882:
2590:
Feig SA, Hendrick RE (1997). "Radiation risk from screening mammography of women aged 40-49 years".
1619:
6233:
6184:
5963:
5842:
5815:
5576:
5361:
5316:
4065:
Ayvaci MU, Alagoz O, Chhatwal J, Munoz del Rio A, Sickles EA, Nassif H, et al. (August 2014).
1675:
Hodgson R, Heywang-Köbrunner SH, Harvey SC, Edwards M, Shaikh J, Arber M, Glanville J (June 2016).
1450:"Digital Mammography – Mammography – Imaginis – The Women's Health & Wellness Resource Network"
736:
88:
1065:, than women without. The lower attendance numbers remained the same even when marital status and
6535:
6504:
6499:
6132:
5968:
5909:
5894:
5783:
5605:
5581:
5098:
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1062:
897:
women. The probability of a woman falling into any of the above four categories varies with age.
491:
438:
404:
31:
4513:"Cost-benefit Analysis of Breast Cancer Screening with Digital Mammography: A Systematic Review"
1583:
6492:
6003:
5872:
5803:
5610:
4994:"Breast cancer screening: women with poor mental health are less likely to attend appointments"
3545:
1125:
860:
836:
400:
older age groups, the incidence was 2.7 in the 50–54 age group and 3.2 in the 55–59 age group.
283:
3488:
Gold RH, Bassett LW, Widoff BE (November 1990). "Highlights from the history of mammography".
2363:"Draft Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce"
1449:
1324:
1176:"Draft Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce"
6514:
6402:
6374:
5867:
5798:
5664:
5547:
5466:
5373:
4462:
Allaire BT, Ekwueme DU, Poehler D, Thomas CC, Guy GP, Subramanian S, Trogdon JG (July 2017).
3358:
Gold RH (2005). "History of Breast Imaging". In Bassett LW, Jackson VP, Fu KL, Fu YS (eds.).
2988:
Gilbert FJ, Astley SM, Gillan MG, Agbaje OF, Wallis MG, James J, et al. (October 2008).
1905:
Johansson H, von Tiedemann M, Erhard K, Heese H, Ding H, Molloi S, Fredenberg E (July 2017).
1084:
At this time, MQSA applies only to traditional mammography and not to related scans, such as
686:
6244:
5289:
4170:
2638:
2399:
1200:
6210:
5899:
5837:
5659:
3860:
1977:
1918:
1863:
4936:
Solmi M, Firth J, Miola A, Fornaro M, Frison E, Fusar-Poli P, et al. (January 2020).
2136:
1718:"Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT): a review of the evidence for use as a screening tool"
832:
200 women will experience significant psychological stress due to false positive results.
673:
A BI-RADS 3, 4, 5, and 6 would require further investigation with a diagnostic mammogram.
27:
Process of using low-energy X-rays to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening
8:
6331:
6307:
6302:
6156:
6034:
5857:
5593:
1201:"Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
1198:
781:
In 1956, Gershon-Cohen conducted clinical trails on over 1,000 asymptomatic women at the
774:
694:
625:
578:
260:
4537:
4512:
4379:
4352:
3256:
Mammography and beyond: developing technologies for the early detection of breast cancer
1981:
1922:
1867:
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6144:
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5627:
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3133:
2780:
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2704:
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2411:
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2095:
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1998:
1989:
1965:
1941:
1906:
1887:
1853:
1785:
1760:
1640:
1576:
1293:
1269:"Recommendations on screening for breast cancer in average-risk women aged 40–74 years"
1268:
1066:
1047:
952:
755:
744:
743:, comparing X-rays of the breasts to the actual removed tissue, observing specifically
171:
164:
5000:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2021-06-21.
4953:
4909:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-05-19.
4802:
Woof VG, Ruane H, Ulph F, French DP, Qureshi N, Khan N, et al. (September 2020).
4775:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-09-15.
4311:
3391:
3222:
2966:
1717:
729:
248:
to view the results more clearly . Digital mammography may be "spot view", for breast
6466:
6454:
5983:
5948:
5943:
5884:
5632:
5481:
5239:
5216:
5204:
5173:
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5050:
5013:
4979:
4967:
4922:
4884:
4833:
4788:
4724:
4688:
4634:
4589:
4577:
4542:
4493:
4444:
4407:
4384:
4325:
4280:
4231:
4174:
4139:
4098:
4037:
3982:
3889:
3830:
3753:
3685:
3643:
3639:
3600:
3527:
3505:
3470:
3452:
3373:
3363:
3316:
3261:
3226:
3191:
3155:
3108:
3081:
3046:
3011:
2970:
2935:
2785:
2734:
2685:
2642:
2607:
2572:
2534:
2498:
2403:
2277:
2216:
2166:
2125:
2068:
2021:
2003:
1946:
1879:
1826:
1790:
1756:
1737:
1698:
1597:
1587:
1381:
1298:
1216:
1085:
947:
549:
76:
4736:
4440:
4186:
2654:
2289:
2080:
1891:
1479:
789:
combined a technique of low kVp with high mA and single emulsion films developed by
6382:
6355:
5810:
5669:
5441:
5393:
5196:
5153:
5040:
5001:
4957:
4949:
4910:
4874:
4864:
4823:
4815:
4776:
4716:
4680:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4603:
Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ, et al. (Cochrane Breast Cancer Group) (June 2013).
4569:
4532:
4524:
4483:
4475:
4436:
4406:. A Doubleday Anchor book (rev. and expand. ed.). Garden City, NY: Anchor Pr.
4374:
4364:
4337:
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4270:
4262:
4221:
4213:
4166:
4129:
4088:
4078:
4051:
4029:
3978:
3974:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3745:
3677:
3635:
3612:
3590:
3497:
3460:
3444:
3395:
3286:"Breast Cancer Pioneer - Was the First Person to Use X-rays to Study Breast Cancer"
3238:
3218:
3183:
3145:
3073:
3038:
3001:
2962:
2927:
2775:
2765:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2677:
2634:
2603:
2599:
2568:
2564:
2526:
2490:
2415:
2395:
2269:
2208:
2178:
2156:
2115:
2107:
2060:
1993:
1985:
1936:
1926:
1871:
1818:
1780:
1772:
1729:
1688:
1288:
1280:
1208:
1054:
and were not aware that breast screening takes place in a female-only environment.
1051:
943:
909:
controlled trials (RCT) studying breast cancer in women between the ages of 40-49.
717:
372:
253:
152:
5274:
3448:
120:
6439:
6397:
6019:
5471:
5437:
5410:
5405:
5339:
5070:"Facility Certification and Inspection (MQSA) – Mammography Safety Notifications"
4511:
Ghorbani S, Rezapour A, Eisavi M, Barahman M, Bagheri Faradonbeh S (2023-02-10).
2681:
1693:
1676:
1416:
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1156:
1058:
94:
4851:
Woof VG, Ruane H, French DP, Ulph F, Qureshi N, Khan N, et al. (May 2020).
4202:"Interpreting overdiagnosis estimates in population-based mammography screening"
3663:"Abolishing mammography screening programs? A view from the Swiss Medical Board"
475:
Have a lifetime risk of breast cancer >20% according to risk assessment tools
426:
encourages mammograms every one to two years for women ages 40 to 49. In 2023,
6414:
6350:
6312:
6284:
6161:
5200:
5157:
4869:
4297:
4026:
Proceedings of the ACM international conference on Health informatics - IHI '10
3910:
3187:
3100:
2931:
2494:
2273:
1875:
1733:
657:
BI-RADS 1 & 2 indicate a negative and benign screen mammogram respectively.
645:
Assessment Category, often called a "BI-RADS score". This was developed by the
613:
159:
for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of
5236:
The Big Squeeze: A Social and Political History of the Controversial Mammogram
4479:
3579:""To see today with the eyes of tomorrow": A history of screening mammography"
3132:
Liu J, Page D, Nassif H, Shavlik J, Peissig P, McCarty C, et al. (2013).
2705:"Interventions for relieving the pain and discomfort of screening mammography"
2026:
National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program
1539:
1484:
Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of Radiology
6529:
6509:
6487:
6444:
6434:
6387:
5793:
5762:
5750:
5745:
5503:
5398:
4819:
4083:
3772:
3456:
3377:
2912:
1601:
1220:
939:
886:
882:
825:
609:
562:
338:
307:
279:
241:
184:
160:
5045:
5028:
4217:
4033:
2530:
1822:
808:
758:
published "A Roentgenologic Study of the Breast", a study where he produced
654:
BI-RADS 0 indicates an incomplete assessment which needs additional imaging.
107:
6471:
6176:
6029:
6024:
5931:
5755:
5740:
5674:
5208:
5165:
5054:
4971:
4888:
4837:
4728:
4692:
4638:
4581:
4546:
4497:
4388:
4329:
4284:
4235:
4178:
4143:
4116:
Nelson HD, Fu R, Cantor A, Pappas M, Daeges M, Humphrey L (February 2016).
4102:
3986:
3834:
3757:
3749:
3689:
3604:
3474:
3195:
3159:
3112:
3085:
3050:
3015:
2974:
2939:
2789:
2738:
2689:
2646:
2538:
2502:
2407:
2281:
2220:
2170:
2129:
2094:
Saadatmand S, Bretveld R, Siesling S, Tilanus-Linthorst MM (October 2015).
2093:
2072:
2007:
1950:
1883:
1830:
1794:
1741:
1702:
1385:
1302:
1212:
1039:
801:
759:
740:
4448:
4199:
3647:
3595:
3578:
3509:
3230:
3077:
3006:
2989:
2611:
2576:
263:. Breast biopsy may also be performed using a different modality, such as
6345:
6099:
5654:
5486:
5476:
5456:
5388:
5383:
5352:
4962:
4903:"Cancer screening across the world is failing people with mental illness"
4573:
4528:
3681:
3526:. Health Physics Society 2006 Summer School. Medical Physics Publishing.
2212:
709:
605:
554:
532:
245:
192:
176:
114:
5027:
Ross E, Maguire A, Donnelly M, Mairs A, Hall C, O'Reilly D (June 2020).
5005:
4914:
4780:
4684:
4369:
3042:
2990:"Single reading with computer-aided detection for screening mammography"
1284:
540:
6449:
6392:
6319:
6297:
5735:
5498:
5493:
5461:
5299:
American Cancer Society: Mammograms and Other Breast Imaging Procedures
4720:
4067:"Predicting invasive breast cancer versus DCIS in different age groups"
2064:
1907:"Breast-density measurement using photon-counting spectral mammography"
965:
713:
698:
264:
208:
204:
188:
187:), depending on the available equipment or purpose of the examination.
5067:
4266:
3134:"Genetic variants improve breast cancer risk prediction on mammograms"
2235:"American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer"
2161:
2144:
2111:
1578:
Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
747:. By doing so, he was able to establish the difference as seen on an
352:
130:
6369:
6062:
5998:
5451:
4134:
4117:
2770:
1931:
1776:
1674:
1042:
are also less likely to attend cancer screening. In the UK, women of
812:
early diagnosis, and clinical-radiological-pathological correlation.
763:
558:
3029:
D'Orsi CJ, Hall FM (November 2006). "BI-RADS lexicon reemphasized".
1402:
1266:
478:
History of radiation therapy to chest between 10 and 30 years of age
6085:
5304:
U.S. Preventive Task Force recommendations on screening mammography
4464:"Breast cancer treatment costs in younger, privately insured women"
3854:"Mammography-leaflet; Screening for breast cancer with mammography"
1858:
969:
it impossible to know if they ever developed a cancer. In his book
767:
292:
287:
5308:
785:
on his screening technique, and the same year, Robert Egan at the
720:, similar to what would be given during a minor dental procedure.
6114:
5517:
4064:
2304:"Annual Mammograms Now Recommended for Women Beginning at Age 40"
1904:
1754:
1677:"Systematic review of 3D mammography for breast cancer screening"
642:
570:
382:
102:
3433:"Mamografia: uma história de sucesso e de entusiasmo científico"
6276:
6109:
4651:
2457:"Risk Factors for Early Breast Cancer | Bring Your Brave | CDC"
989:
762:
X-rays images to track changes in breast tissue as a result of
705:
690:
566:
368:
death rate has been cut almost in half over the last 20 years.
249:
237:
156:
4705:
4510:
3063:
2667:
704:
Generally, the cause of the unusual appearance is found to be
6360:
6274:
6136:
5347:
5284:
3773:"Screening Mammography Benefits and Harms in Spotlight Again"
790:
748:
233:
148:
2145:"Impact of screening mammography on breast cancer mortality"
1807:
938:
The central harm of mammographic breast cancer screening is
47:
5238:. Ithaca: ILR Press/Cornell University Press. p. 128.
4559:
4461:
2624:
409:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)
180:
3336:
Warren SL (1930). "A Roentgenologic Study of the Breast".
2952:
1843:
1339:"Final Recommendation Statement: Breast Cancer: Screening"
1099:
815:
163:, typically through detection of characteristic masses or
147:: DICOM modality = MG) is the process of using low-energy
5146:
3208:
2987:
2752:
Serwan E, Matthews D, Davies J, Chau M (September 2020).
2702:
2515:
2480:
5026:
3338:
The American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy
2751:
356:
Normal (left) versus cancerous (right) mammography image
4652:
Trentham-Dietz A, Chapman CH, Jayasekera J (May 2023).
4023:
2385:
1616:"USPSTF recommendations on Screening for Breast Cancer"
4935:
2198:
2049:
1420:, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, archived from
641:
Mammogram results are often expressed in terms of the
3848:
3846:
3844:
3138:
AMIA ... Annual Symposium Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
2258:
1408:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
444:
4115:
3131:
2703:
Miller D, Livingstone V, Herbison P (January 2008).
2592:
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
2557:
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
2519:
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
2308:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
666:
BI-RADS 5 indicates highly suggestive of malignancy.
586:
The higher spatial resolution demands of mammography
306:, also known as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT),
4850:
4801:
3362:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders. p. 3.
3098:
2022:"Cancer of the Breast (Female) - Cancer Stat Facts"
1759:, Weyrich MS, Thompson JH, Shah K (February 2016).
1510:"How To Perform An Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy"
3841:
3660:
3253:
3172:
2142:
1715:
1575:
1131:
4602:
4321:20.500.11820/ed6e2e58-5cfa-4fee-8dc8-641ab03effb8
4248:
3798:
3625:
3487:
3426:
3424:
2554:
419:encourage annual mammograms beginning at age 40.
6527:
4156:
3705:"Vast Study Casts Doubts on Value of Mammograms"
1716:Gilbert FJ, Tucker L, Young KC (February 2016).
589:Significantly increased expense of the equipment
5122:"Mammography Quality Standards Act and Program"
4517:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3107:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3037:(5): W557, discussion W558, author reply W559.
956:among women aged 40 years and older was 12.6%.
787:University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
4670:
4605:"Screening for breast cancer with mammography"
4150:
3801:"Screening for breast cancer with mammography"
3421:
3028:
1582:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
1262:
1260:
680:
663:BI-RADS 4 indicates suspicious for malginancy.
6260:
5324:
3908:
3313:Classic papers in modern diagnostic radiology
3251:
2427:
2425:
2333:"Screening Mammograms: Questions and Answers"
1648:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1088:, stereotactic breast biopsy, or breast MRI.
669:BI-RADS 6 is for biopsy-proven breast cancer.
5186:
5150:Journal of the American College of Radiology
5068:Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
3964:
2589:
2483:Journal of the American College of Radiology
2262:Journal of the American College of Radiology
2143:Bleyer A, Baines C, Miller AB (April 2016).
990:Arguments against the USPSTF recommendations
902:United States Preventive Services Task Force
754:In 1930, American physician and radiologist
631:
428:United States Preventive Services Task Force
170:As with all X-rays, mammograms use doses of
5290:Screening Mammograms: Questions and Answers
4609:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3993:
3805:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3735:
3553:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
2910:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2709:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1361:
1257:
6267:
6253:
5331:
5317:
5094:"Breast Density and Your Mammogram Report"
3101:"Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System"
2422:
1963:
1367:
394:
46:
5044:
4961:
4878:
4868:
4827:
4628:
4536:
4487:
4378:
4368:
4319:
4274:
4225:
4133:
4092:
4082:
3824:
3594:
3464:
3149:
3005:
2779:
2769:
2728:
2160:
2119:
1997:
1940:
1930:
1857:
1784:
1692:
1292:
282:, utilizing technology developed for the
6167:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
5233:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3099:Magny SJ, Shikhman R, Keppke AL (2024).
2897:
2873:"Mammography Frequently Asked Questions"
2433:"ACS Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines"
1569:
1567:
1565:
544:A mobile mammography unit in New Zealand
539:
531:
351:
259:Digital mammography is also utilized in
4426:
4401:
4350:
4249:Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC (July 2009).
4171:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00006
3799:Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013).
3770:
3392:"History of Cancer Detection 1851–1995"
3353:
3351:
2639:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00008
2400:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00007
1100:Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms
816:Arguments against screening mammography
739:performed a mammography study on 3,000
14:
6528:
4673:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
3996:"Mammogram's Role as Savior Is Tested"
3883:
3702:
3576:
3543:
3335:
3310:
3304:
3031:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
2201:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1608:
1028:
6248:
5312:
3951:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3661:Biller-Andorno N, Jüni P (May 2014).
3430:
3414:
3412:
3279:
3277:
2758:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
2550:
2548:
2367:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
1573:
1562:
1550:from the original on 22 December 2017
1520:from the original on 18 February 2018
1180:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
1147:Computed tomography laser mammography
980:
499:National Comprehensive Cancer Network
5285:Mammographic Image Analysis Homepage
4468:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
3783:from the original on April 13, 2015.
3583:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
3357:
3348:
3245:
1755:Melnikow J, Fenton JJ, Whitlock EP,
1540:"Radiology – Weill Cornell Medicine"
1490:from the original on 25 January 2018
1460:from the original on 30 January 2012
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1404:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
1331:
693:when necessary, often performed via
660:BI-RADS 3 indicates probably benign.
6337:Trans-umbilical breast augmentation
6275:Tests and procedures involving the
5338:
4562:The New England Journal of Medicine
3670:The New England Journal of Medicine
3360:Diagnosis of Diseases of the Breast
2994:The New England Journal of Medicine
2185:
1245:from the original on 10 August 2014
216:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
24:
5974:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
5226:
5189:Clinical and Experimental Medicine
3994:Parker-Pope T (October 24, 2011).
3787:
3502:10.1148/radiographics.10.6.2259767
3409:
3283:
3274:
2811:International Atomic Energy Agency
2545:
2260:clinically occult breast cancer".
959:
912:
504:
445:Screening for high-risk population
313:
25:
6562:
6460:Automated whole-breast ultrasound
5254:
5033:European Journal of Public Health
3925:– via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
3913:. National Academies Press (US).
3315:. Berlin: Springer. p. 540.
3223:10.1046/j.1365-2559.1996.332376.x
2911:Taylor P, Potts HW (April 2008).
2881:. January 8, 2007. Archived from
1435:
1343:US Preventive Services Task Force
1079:Mammography Quality Standards Act
1018:American Journal of Roentgenology
622:Clinical decision support systems
298:
6229:
6228:
5180:
5140:
5114:
5086:
5061:
5020:
4986:
4929:
4895:
4844:
4357:Journal of Personalized Medicine
3717:from the original on 30 May 2014
3640:10.1001/jama.1966.03100090065016
3566:from the original on 2016-03-03.
3288:. Science Heroes. Archived from
1964:Ding H, Molloi S (August 2012).
1392:from the original on 2001-11-21.
1349:from the original on 13 May 2017
1011:women screened over a lifetime.
1004:National Vital Statistics System
933:
332:
5731:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
4795:
4761:
4743:
4699:
4664:
4645:
4596:
4553:
4504:
4455:
4441:10.1148/radiology.179.2.2014293
4420:
4395:
4344:
4291:
4242:
4193:
4109:
4058:
4017:
4006:from the original on 2011-10-27
3992: • Lay summary:
3929:
3917:from the original on 4 May 2018
3902:
3877:
3764:
3729:
3696:
3654:
3619:
3570:
3537:
3516:
3481:
3384:
3329:
3202:
3166:
3125:
3092:
3057:
3022:
2981:
2946:
2865:
2849:. March 1, 2010. Archived from
2840:"Mammography Quality Scorecard"
2832:
2796:
2745:
2696:
2661:
2618:
2583:
2509:
2474:
2449:
2379:
2355:
2325:
2314:from the original on 2013-09-04
2296:
2252:
2241:from the original on 2011-06-13
2227:
2087:
2043:
2032:
2014:
1970:Physics in Medicine and Biology
1957:
1898:
1846:Physics in Medicine and Biology
1837:
1801:
1748:
1709:
1668:
1657:from the original on 2010-11-25
1633:
1532:
1502:
1472:
1235:"Breast Cancer Early Detection"
1132:Alternative examination methods
347:
183:. Mammography may be 2D or 3D (
5979:Radioactive iodine uptake test
4621:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5
3979:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.476
3817:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5
2721:10.1002/14651858.cd002942.pub2
1396:
1309:
1227:
1192:
1168:
871:cancers found by mammography:
783:Albert Einstein Medical Center
689:, diagnostic mammography, and
435:American College of Physicians
13:
1:
6428:Positron emission mammography
5959:Radionuclide ventriculography
5433:Lower gastrointestinal series
5425:Upper gastrointestinal series
4954:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30414-6
4312:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61611-0
3967:Archives of Internal Medicine
3703:Kolata G (11 February 2014).
3449:10.1590/0100-3984.2014.47.4e2
2967:10.1016/S0009-9260(03)00231-9
2878:American College of Radiology
1162:
1072:
1033:
647:American College of Radiology
487:American College of Radiology
413:American College of Radiology
304:Three-dimensional mammography
252:, or "full field" (FFDM) for
197:positron emission mammography
6150:Optical coherence tomography
6072:Myocardial perfusion imaging
5660:Dental panoramic radiography
4808:Journal of Medical Screening
3260:. National Academies Press.
2846:Food and Drug Administration
2682:10.1016/j.breast.2013.03.003
2604:10.1093/jncimono/1997.22.119
2569:10.1093/jncimono/1997.22.119
1990:10.1088/0031-9155/57/15/4719
1694:10.1016/j.breast.2016.01.002
1106:artificial intelligence (AI)
999:mammography are increasing.
854:
569:may show up on the X-ray as
527:
509:
7:
4159:Annals of Internal Medicine
4122:Annals of Internal Medicine
3771:Mulcahy N (April 2, 2009).
2627:Annals of Internal Medicine
2388:Annals of Internal Medicine
1765:Annals of Internal Medicine
1368:Friedenson B (March 2000).
1321:European Cancer Observatory
1140:
1094:
1063:screening for breast cancer
618:sensitivity and specificity
536:Illustration of a mammogram
320:Photon-counting mammography
10:
6567:
5954:Ventilation/perfusion scan
5429:Small-bowel follow-through
5201:10.1007/s10238-022-00895-0
5158:10.1016/j.jacr.2023.10.018
4870:10.1186/s12885-020-06959-2
3188:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.06.007
3176:European Journal of Cancer
2932:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.02.016
2920:European Journal of Cancer
2495:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.11.034
2339:. May 2006. Archived from
2274:10.1016/j.jacr.2009.09.022
1734:10.1016/j.crad.2015.11.008
1317:"Cancer screening: Breast"
828:, and radiation exposure.
723:
636:
336:
317:
269:magnetic resonance imaging
227:
201:magnetic resonance imaging
29:
6480:
6413:
6293:Breast-conserving surgery
6283:
6224:
6203:
6195:Dynamic angiothermography
6175:
6131:
6080:
6057:
6047:
6012:
5939:
5929:
5920:
5863:Abdominal ultrasonography
5771:
5687:
5647:
5566:
5525:
5516:
5369:
5360:
5346:
5294:National Cancer Institute
5275:Resources in your library
4480:10.1007/s10549-017-4249-x
4351:Flemban AF (March 2023).
4000:The New York Times (blog)
3941:National Cancer Institute
3431:Kalaf JM (Jul–Aug 2014).
2337:National Cancer Institute
1480:"Mammography (Mammogram)"
1069:were taken into account.
1050:women faced cultural and
906:statistically significant
632:Interpretation of results
424:National Cancer Institute
417:Society of Breast Imaging
365:National Cancer Institute
278:Digital mammography is a
127:
113:
101:
87:
75:
65:
57:
45:
40:
6551:Projectional radiography
6185:Non-contact thermography
5964:Radionuclide angiography
5816:Doppler echocardiography
4820:10.1177/0969141319887405
4084:10.1186/1471-2407-14-584
3888:. Scibner. p. 193.
1876:10.1088/1361-6560/aaea83
1514:www.theradiologyblog.com
1152:Molecular breast imaging
735:In 1913, German surgeon
695:stereotactic core biopsy
222:
6505:Breast self-examination
6500:Breast cancer screening
5969:Radioisotope renography
5099:American Cancer Society
4034:10.1145/1882992.1883005
3544:Skloot R (April 2001).
2531:10.6004/jnccn.2020.0017
1823:10.1148/radiol.13131181
1415:: an initiative of the
518:
492:American Cancer Society
439:American Cancer Society
405:American Cancer Society
395:When to start screening
384:British Medical Journal
155:) to examine the human
32:Breast cancer screening
6493:Fine-needle aspiration
6004:Gastric emptying study
4942:The Lancet. Psychiatry
4404:The politics of cancer
3750:10.1001/jama.2014.1398
3524:Medical Health Physics
2813:(IAEA). Archived from
1213:10.1001/jama.2024.5534
1113:screening approaches.
971:The Politics of Cancer
900:A 2016 review for the
861:Cochrane Collaboration
837:Cochrane Collaboration
545:
537:
381:A recent study in the
357:
284:Hubble Space Telescope
6515:Breast duct endoscopy
6403:Central duct excision
6381:Interventions on the
6375:Breast reconstruction
5665:X-ray motion analysis
5548:X-ray microtomography
5467:Hysterosalpingography
5374:Pneumoencephalography
5046:10.1093/eurpub/ckz220
4218:10.1093/epirev/mxr009
4206:Epidemiologic Reviews
3596:10.3138/cbmh.20.2.299
3522:Medich DC, Martel C.
3437:Radiologia Brasileira
3078:10.1148/rg.2016150178
3007:10.1056/nejmoa0803545
687:screening mammography
543:
535:
355:
236:film to help examine
6546:Diagnostic radiology
6190:Contact thermography
5900:Emergency ultrasound
5838:Transcranial Doppler
5589:Abdominal and pelvis
4574:10.1056/NEJMp2307229
4529:10.47176/mjiri.37.89
3682:10.1056/NEJMp1401875
3292:on February 15, 2020
2804:"Clinical Artefacts"
2213:10.2214/AJR.17.18707
1044:South Asian heritage
288:Fujifilm Corporation
6332:Breast augmentation
6308:Wide local excision
6303:Segmental resection
6157:Confocal microscopy
6035:Indium-111 WBC scan
5858:Echoencephalography
5594:Virtual colonoscopy
5234:Reynolds H (2012).
5006:10.3310/alert_46400
4915:10.3310/alert_40317
4781:10.3310/alert_41135
4685:10.2214/AJR.10.5609
4402:Epstein SS (1979).
4370:10.3390/jpm13030523
4306:(9855): 1778–1786.
3886:Hippocrates' Shadow
3043:10.2214/AJR.06.5090
2489:(3 Pt A): 408–414.
1982:2012PMB....57.4719D
1923:2017MedPh..44.3579J
1868:2018PMB....63w5003F
1285:10.1503/cmaj.110334
1029:Society and culture
775:Jacob Gershon-Cohen
745:microcalcifications
626:digital mammography
579:digital mammography
261:stereotactic biopsy
165:microcalcifications
151:(usually around 30
6325:Radical mastectomy
6145:Optical tomography
5994:Dacryoscintigraphy
5989:Immunoscintigraphy
5628:Whole body imaging
5379:Dental radiography
5128:. December 1, 2023
4721:10.1002/cncr.25650
4028:. pp. 76–82.
3884:Newman DH (2008).
3710:The New York Times
3577:Lerner BH (2003).
2955:Clinical Radiology
2065:10.1002/cncr.28199
1722:Clinical Radiology
1067:social deprivation
1040:ethnic communities
981:Cost-effectiveness
953:Cancer Research UK
773:As early as 1937,
756:Stafford L. Warren
620:of the procedure.
608:, but may also be
546:
538:
358:
172:ionizing radiation
6523:
6522:
6467:Scintimammography
6455:Breast ultrasound
6383:Lactiferous ducts
6242:
6241:
6204:Target conditions
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6043:
6042:
5984:Bone scintigraphy
5949:Scintimammography
5944:Cholescintigraphy
5789:contrast-enhanced
5683:
5682:
5643:
5642:
5633:Full-body CT scan
5533:General operation
5512:
5511:
5482:Angiocardiography
5261:Library resources
5245:978-0-8014-5093-8
4568:(12): 1061–1064.
4413:978-0-385-15167-2
4267:10.1136/bmj.b2587
4043:978-1-4503-0030-8
3973:(22): 2043–2046.
3911:"Wrap-Up Session"
3895:978-1-4165-5153-9
3744:(13): 1327–1335.
3676:(21): 1965–1967.
3439:(in Portuguese).
3369:978-0-7216-9563-1
3311:Thomas A (2005).
3267:978-0-309-07283-0
3182:(13): 1905–1917.
3000:(16): 1675–1684.
2820:on 29 August 2017
2162:10.1002/ijc.29925
2112:10.1136/bmj.h4901
2059:(18): 2839–2846.
1976:(15): 4719–4738.
1593:978-0-19-974045-1
1406:(24 April 2014),
1279:(17): 1991–2001.
1086:breast ultrasound
1052:language barriers
1048:British-Pakistani
948:Peter C. Gotzsche
681:"Work-up" process
624:may be used with
433:In contrast, the
138:
137:
103:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
6558:
6541:Cancer screening
6356:Breast reduction
6269:
6262:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6232:
6231:
6055:
6054:
5937:
5936:
5927:
5926:
5811:Echocardiography
5670:Hounsfield scale
5523:
5522:
5442:Cholecystography
5367:
5366:
5358:
5357:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5249:
5221:
5220:
5195:(6): 2341–2356.
5184:
5178:
5177:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4965:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4679:(2): W112–W116.
4668:
4662:
4661:
4660:(23-05303-EF-2).
4658:AHRQ Publication
4649:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4323:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4135:10.7326/M15-0969
4113:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4086:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3990:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3943:. Archived from
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3859:. Archived from
3858:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3796:
3785:
3784:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3598:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3496:(6): 1111–1131.
3485:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3428:
3419:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3396:Emory University
3388:
3382:
3381:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3009:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2917:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2771:10.1002/jmrs.400
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2155:(8): 2003–2012.
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1932:10.1002/mp.12279
1917:(7): 3579–3593.
1902:
1896:
1895:
1861:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1777:10.7326/M15-1789
1752:
1746:
1745:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1618:. Archived from
1612:
1606:
1605:
1581:
1574:Sulik G (2010).
1571:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1544:weillcornell.org
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1454:www.imaginis.com
1446:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1345:. January 2016.
1335:
1329:
1328:
1323:. Archived from
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1172:
1059:mental illnesses
944:H. Gilbert Welch
718:local anesthesia
327:spectral imaging
131:edit on Wikidata
123:
97:
50:
38:
37:
21:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6476:
6440:Xeromammography
6409:
6398:Microdochectomy
6279:
6273:
6243:
6238:
6220:
6199:
6171:
6119:
6105:PET mammography
6076:
6039:
6025:Gallium-67 scan
6020:Octreotide scan
6008:
5916:
5767:
5679:
5639:
5562:
5543:High-resolution
5508:
5472:Skeletal survey
5438:Cholangiography
5351:
5342:
5340:Medical imaging
5337:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5229:
5227:Further reading
5224:
5185:
5181:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5102:. March 8, 2023
5092:
5091:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5066:
5062:
5025:
5021:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4934:
4930:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4849:
4845:
4800:
4796:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4704:
4700:
4669:
4665:
4650:
4646:
4615:(6): CD001877.
4601:
4597:
4558:
4554:
4509:
4505:
4460:
4456:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4400:
4396:
4349:
4345:
4296:
4292:
4247:
4243:
4198:
4194:
4155:
4151:
4114:
4110:
4063:
4059:
4044:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4007:
3991:
3963:
3952:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3811:(6): CD001877.
3797:
3788:
3769:
3765:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3701:
3697:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3624:
3620:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3521:
3517:
3486:
3482:
3443:(4): VII–VIII.
3429:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3370:
3356:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3250:
3246:
3207:
3203:
3171:
3167:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3097:
3093:
3062:
3058:
3027:
3023:
2986:
2982:
2951:
2947:
2915:
2909:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2750:
2746:
2715:(1): CD002942.
2701:
2697:
2666:
2662:
2623:
2619:
2598:(22): 119–124.
2588:
2584:
2563:(22): 119–124.
2553:
2546:
2514:
2510:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2197:
2186:
2141:
2137:
2092:
2088:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1962:
1958:
1911:Medical Physics
1903:
1899:
1842:
1838:
1806:
1802:
1753:
1749:
1714:
1710:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1641:"NASA Spinoffs"
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1594:
1572:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1424:on 19 July 2014
1417:ABIM Foundation
1413:Choosing Wisely
1401:
1397:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:Xeromammography
1143:
1134:
1102:
1097:
1075:
1036:
1031:
992:
983:
962:
960:False negatives
936:
920:false positives
915:
913:False positives
889:of this class).
857:
818:
730:Wilhelm Röntgen
726:
683:
639:
634:
614:radiotherapists
530:
521:
512:
507:
505:Adverse effects
447:
397:
350:
341:
335:
322:
316:
314:Photon counting
301:
230:
225:
134:
119:
93:
53:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6564:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6536:Breast imaging
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6419:
6417:
6415:Breast imaging
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6351:Breast implant
6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6313:Quadrantectomy
6310:
6305:
6300:
6289:
6287:
6285:Breast surgery
6281:
6280:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6162:Endomicroscopy
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6141:
6139:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6052:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5435:
5422:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:External links
5253:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5179:
5139:
5113:
5085:
5060:
5039:(3): 396–401.
5019:
4985:
4928:
4894:
4843:
4814:(3): 130–137.
4794:
4760:
4742:
4715:(4): 714–722.
4698:
4663:
4644:
4595:
4552:
4503:
4474:(2): 429–436.
4454:
4435:(2): 463–468.
4419:
4412:
4394:
4343:
4290:
4241:
4212:(1): 111–121.
4192:
4165:(7): 502–510.
4149:
4128:(4): 244–255.
4108:
4057:
4042:
4016:
3950:
3947:on 2014-12-17.
3928:
3901:
3894:
3876:
3840:
3786:
3763:
3728:
3695:
3653:
3634:(9): 731–738.
3618:
3589:(2): 299–321.
3569:
3536:
3515:
3480:
3420:
3408:
3383:
3368:
3347:
3328:
3321:
3303:
3273:
3266:
3244:
3217:(5): 421–427.
3211:Histopathology
3201:
3165:
3124:
3091:
3072:(3): 623–639.
3056:
3021:
2980:
2961:(9): 733–738.
2945:
2926:(6): 798–807.
2896:
2864:
2831:
2795:
2764:(3): 233–242.
2744:
2695:
2676:(4): 389–394.
2660:
2633:(7): 516–526.
2617:
2582:
2544:
2525:(4): 380–391.
2508:
2473:
2448:
2437:www.cancer.org
2421:
2394:(7): 511–515.
2378:
2354:
2324:
2295:
2251:
2226:
2207:(2): 264–270.
2184:
2135:
2086:
2042:
2031:
2013:
1956:
1897:
1852:(23): 235003.
1836:
1817:(2): 345–355.
1800:
1771:(4): 268–278.
1757:Miglioretti DL
1747:
1728:(2): 141–150.
1708:
1667:
1632:
1607:
1592:
1561:
1531:
1501:
1471:
1434:
1395:
1360:
1330:
1327:on 2012-02-11.
1308:
1256:
1241:. 2013-09-17.
1226:
1191:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1074:
1071:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
991:
988:
982:
979:
961:
958:
935:
932:
914:
911:
894:
893:
890:
887:over-treatment
883:over-diagnosis
879:
876:
856:
853:
826:over-treatment
817:
814:
737:Albert Salomon
725:
722:
682:
679:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
638:
635:
633:
630:
595:
594:
590:
587:
529:
526:
520:
517:
511:
508:
506:
503:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:gene mutation.
462:
461:gene mutation.
446:
443:
396:
393:
349:
346:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
318:Main article:
315:
312:
300:
299:3D mammography
297:
229:
226:
224:
221:
136:
135:
128:
125:
124:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6563:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6510:Ductal lavage
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6488:Breast biopsy
6486:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Galactography
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6435:Tomosynthesis
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:Ductal lavage
6386:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
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6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6251:
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6247:
6235:
6227:
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6223:
6217:
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6143:
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6140:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6116:
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6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Ga-68-DOTATOC
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
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5980:
5977:
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5965:
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5960:
5957:
5955:
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5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5908:
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5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Intravascular
5841:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5763:Synthetic MRI
5761:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
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5652:
5650:
5646:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5624:
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5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Electron beam
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5504:Orbital x-ray
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
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5463:
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5458:
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5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5399:Bronchography
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5368:
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5363:
5359:
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5345:
5341:
5334:
5329:
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5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5291:
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5286:
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5282:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
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5171:
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5123:
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5101:
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5089:
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5071:
5064:
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5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5023:
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5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4998:NIHR Evidence
4995:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4963:11577/3383784
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:NIHR Evidence
4904:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4773:NIHR Evidence
4770:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4751:"Tabar et al"
4746:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
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4674:
4667:
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4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
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4495:
4490:
4485:
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4473:
4469:
4465:
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4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4409:
4405:
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4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
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4203:
4196:
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4180:
4176:
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4160:
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4141:
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4100:
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4080:
4076:
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4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
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3997:
3988:
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3976:
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3968:
3961:
3959:
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3955:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3866:on 2012-09-05
3862:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
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3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
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3633:
3629:
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3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3546:"Taboo Organ"
3540:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:Radiographics
3484:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3322:3-540-21927-7
3318:
3314:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:Radiographics
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2885:on 2007-09-28
2884:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2853:on 2007-04-03
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2343:on 2007-04-15
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1622:on 2013-01-02
1621:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1519:
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1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1218:
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1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1177:
1171:
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1150:
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1129:
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1092:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
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1049:
1045:
1041:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:According to
1000:
997:
987:
978:
974:
972:
967:
957:
954:
949:
945:
941:
940:overdiagnosis
934:Overdiagnosis
931:
927:
923:
921:
910:
907:
903:
898:
891:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
873:
872:
868:
864:
862:
852:
848:
844:
840:
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829:
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810:
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803:
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784:
779:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
678:
674:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
644:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:radiographers
607:
602:
601:mammography.
598:
591:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
575:
572:
568:
564:
563:talcum powder
560:
556:
551:
542:
534:
525:
516:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:Have a known
452:
451:
450:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
392:
388:
386:
385:
379:
376:
375:
369:
366:
363:According to
361:
354:
345:
340:
339:Galactography
333:Galactography
330:
328:
321:
311:
309:
308:tomosynthesis
305:
296:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:NASA spin-off
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:breast cancer
239:
235:
220:
217:
214:In 2023, the
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:tomosynthesis
182:
178:
173:
168:
166:
162:
161:breast cancer
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:(also called
142:
132:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
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70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
44:
39:
36:
33:
19:
6472:Elastography
6422:
6211:Acute stroke
6177:Thermography
5932:scintigraphy
5922:Radionuclide
5910:pre-hospital
5756:Tractography
5675:Radiodensity
5577:calcium scan
5538:Quantitative
5446:
5265:
5235:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5149:
5142:
5132:December 13,
5130:. Retrieved
5125:
5116:
5106:December 13,
5104:. Retrieved
5097:
5088:
5077:. Retrieved
5073:
5063:
5036:
5032:
5022:
4997:
4988:
4948:(1): 52–63.
4945:
4941:
4931:
4906:
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4162:
4158:
4152:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4025:
4019:
4008:. Retrieved
3999:
3970:
3966:
3945:the original
3940:
3937:"Mammograms"
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3904:
3885:
3879:
3868:. Retrieved
3861:the original
3808:
3804:
3776:
3766:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3719:. Retrieved
3708:
3698:
3673:
3669:
3656:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3539:
3523:
3518:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3440:
3436:
3399:. Retrieved
3386:
3359:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3312:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:the original
3255:
3247:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3104:
3094:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3034:
3030:
3024:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2923:
2919:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:the original
2876:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2843:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2815:the original
2798:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2560:
2556:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2465:. Retrieved
2463:. 2023-04-13
2460:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2327:
2316:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2268:(1): 18–27.
2265:
2261:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2229:
2204:
2200:
2152:
2149:Int J Cancer
2148:
2138:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2039:(Otto et al)
2034:
2025:
2016:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1610:
1577:
1552:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1426:, retrieved
1422:the original
1411:
1398:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1325:the original
1320:
1311:
1276:
1272:
1247:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1204:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1057:People with
1056:
1037:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1001:
993:
984:
975:
970:
966:mastectomies
963:
937:
928:
924:
916:
899:
895:
869:
865:
858:
849:
845:
841:
834:
830:
822:
819:
809:László Tabár
806:
802:Philip Strax
799:
794:
780:
772:
760:stereoscopic
753:
741:mastectomies
734:
727:
703:
684:
675:
672:
640:
606:radiologists
603:
599:
596:
576:
547:
522:
513:
496:
484:
469:
465:
458:
454:
448:
432:
421:
402:
398:
389:
383:
380:
373:
370:
362:
359:
348:Medical uses
342:
323:
302:
277:
273:
258:
246:radiologists
231:
213:
169:
144:
140:
139:
35:
6423:Mammography
6346:Mammaplasty
6100:Cardiac PET
5873:renal tract
5848:Gynecologic
5780:Techniques
5751:restriction
5726:Angiography
5709:Neurography
5655:Fluoroscopy
5601:Angiography
5582:angiography
5526:Techniques:
5487:Aortography
5477:Angiography
5457:Cystography
5447:Mammography
5389:Myelography
5384:Sialography
5353:radiography
5292:, from the
5266:Mammography
5074:www.fda.gov
3144:: 876–885.
2461:www.cdc.gov
795:Mammography
710:pathologist
593:evaluation.
555:motion blur
240:tissue for
199:(PEM), and
193:ductography
177:radiography
145:mastography
141:Mammography
115:MedlinePlus
61:Mastography
58:Other names
52:Mammography
41:Mammography
6530:Categories
6450:Breast MRI
6393:Ductoscopy
6320:Mastectomy
6298:Lumpectomy
6013:Full body:
5799:endoscopic
5773:Ultrasound
5702:functional
5499:Lymphogram
5494:Venography
5462:Arthrogram
5079:2019-04-18
4863:(1): 452.
4857:BMC Cancer
4363:(3): 523.
4077:(1): 584.
4071:BMC Cancer
4010:2011-10-28
3870:2012-06-24
3532:1930524315
3344:: 113–124.
3284:Ingram A.
3118:2024-01-24
3105:StatPearls
2467:2024-01-18
2442:2024-01-18
2372:2024-01-18
2318:2013-09-11
2245:2011-06-16
1859:2101.02755
1661:2010-12-20
1626:2010-09-13
1239:cancer.org
1185:2024-02-01
1163:References
1104:Recently,
1073:Regulation
1034:Attendance
714:anesthesia
699:ultrasound
415:, and the
265:ultrasound
209:mastectomy
205:lumpectomy
189:Ultrasound
67:ICD-10-PCS
30:See also:
18:Mammograms
6370:Mastopexy
6216:Pregnancy
6095:Brain PET
6063:gamma ray
5999:DMSA scan
5853:Obstetric
5746:diffusion
5741:Sequences
5719:perfusion
5611:Pulmonary
5558:Cone beam
5452:Pyelogram
5217:252904455
5174:265107884
5014:241919707
4980:208535709
4923:243581455
4789:241324844
4755:Radiology
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