17:
1581:
235:
287:, the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. After the mid-1st century AD, a number of dates are added to calendars for
333:, represented by festival names in all capital letters on the table, are thought to have been the most ancient holidays, becoming part of the calendar before 509 BC. The
104:
The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the
82:
The Romans considered May an infelicitous month. Although it began with one of the most notoriously licentious holidays of the Roman calendar, the Games of Flora
968:
256:
By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by
408:
279:
194:
1422:
1610:
1584:
206:
160:
283:
was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the "birthday" of a deity. During the
79:). On the oldest Roman calendar that had begun with March, it was the third of ten months in the year. May had 31 days.
277:, individuals were not to undertake any new activity, nor do anything other than tend to the most basic necessities. A
703:
1415:
288:
1537:
1241:
translated by David M.B. Richardson (Blackwell, 2011, originally published 1995 in German), p. 6.
1107:
151:, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In May, these were:
1564:
1555:
353:
of the fields, seems to have been held in May, with May 29 commonly the date on which it fell.
398:
261:
1546:
1408:
807:
315:
8:
742:
737:
21:
1336:
On Roman Time: The Codex
Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity
1223:
On Roman Time: The Codex
Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity
1127:
1099:
972:
899:
577:
344:
121:
1130:, a rose festival celebrated during the Imperial period at varying times mainly in May
928:
633:
601:
299:
198:, when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited;
707:
422:
356:
Unless otherwise noted, the dating and observances on the following table are from
105:
413:
1475:
1388:
1234:
1205:
1201:
943:
937:
666:
620:
569:
310:, the first emperor to convert to Christianity, sacrifices were omitted from the
273:
257:
109:
402:
1505:
1432:
1400:
357:
338:
240:
144:
71:
56:
1599:
1147:
723:
417:
307:
16:
1605:
1045:
883:
284:
226:
25:
1239:
The Roman
Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti,
1465:
1210:
The Roman
Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti
924:
428:
1455:
1103:
1036:
932:
334:
148:
1122:
903:, marked on one calendar as the day when roses were brought to market
1515:
1445:
165:
1056:• Zinza, an otherwise unknown festival on the Calendar of Filocalus
268:, to mark the "market week" (these are omitted in the table below).
1526:
893:
848:
843:
128:, "the 7th day before the Ides (15th) of May," usually abbreviated
85:
1485:
350:
314:. In the mid-4th century, games celebrating the victories of the
234:
181:
113:
92:
61:
33:
29:
116:(1st) of the following month. Thus the last day of May was the
712:
164:, days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of
66:
293:
76:
1325:
omitted altogether, as in the rest of the month following.
90:, the middle of the month was devoted to propitiating the
204:, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked
52:
1362:
Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire
298:
held in honor of various deities in the venue called a "
108:(5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the
186:, elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings;
1163:
The month name is construed as an adjective modifying
432:, begun April 27 on the pre-Julian calendar, continue
178:
a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies
220:), a day when it was religiously permissible for the
120:"day before the Kalends of June". Roman counting was
1225:(University of California Press, 1990), pp. 17, 122.
806:• Zenziarius, an otherwise unknown festival on the
1597:
1430:
364:(Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 116–125.
1338:(University of California Press, 1990), p. 125.
1265:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
1152:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
362:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
1416:
140:, "the 10th day before the Kalends of June."
329:Festivals marked in large letters on extant
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1423:
1409:
1154:(Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 115.
741:• merchants' festival and a sacrifice to
1048:of June 1 (after the mid-1st century AD)
233:
20:May is represented by the veneration of
15:
736:, the monthly sacrifice on the Ides to
1598:
1404:
1254:, pp. 17, 121–122, 133, 137–138, 142.
55:) was the fifth month of the ancient
1308:omitted altogether from this point.
1212:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), pp. 26–27.
96:, the restless shades of the dead.
59:in the classical period, following
13:
224:(probably the priest known as the
14:
1622:
397:• sacrifice of a pregnant sow to
1580:
1579:
252:) at the top of the fifth column
244:, a pre-Julian calendar showing
136:omitted altogether); May 23 was
1380:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1282:
969:Temple of Fortuna Populi Romani
810:(after the mid-1st century AD)
36:, first half of 3rd century AD)
1319:ante diem XVII Kalendas Iunias
1270:
1257:
1244:
1228:
1215:
1195:
1177:
1157:
1141:
1:
1134:
260:. Days were also marked with
1611:Months of the Roman calendar
1044:begin, games leading to the
7:
1116:
238:Drawing of the fragmentary
10:
1627:
1364:(Routledge, 2003), p. 130.
230:) to call for an assembly.
1575:
1439:
1302:ante diem VII Idūs Maias,
1290:ante diem IV Nonas Maias.
218:quando rex comitiavit fas
1278:ante diem V Nonas Maias.
1035:• a common date for the
441:ante diem VI Nonas Maias
126:ante diem VII Idūs Maias
112:(13th or 15th), and the
99:
1334:Michele Renee Salzman,
1221:Michele Renee Salzman,
704:Temple of Mars Invictus
318:were held May 4–9 (the
143:On the calendar of the
118:pridie Kalendas Iunias,
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1525:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
253:
37:
808:Calendar of Filocalus
316:Constantinian dynasty
237:
24:on this panel from a
19:
1386:As preserved in the
1317:Abbreviated form of
1300:Abbreviated form of
1288:Abbreviated form of
1276:Abbreviated form of
1183:On the basis of the
1054:for Honos and Virtus
931:for the birthday of
900:Macellus rosam sumat
711:• procession of the
306:. After the time of
289:spectacles and games
28:of the months (from
421:• sacrifice to the
1108:military standards
973:Fortuna Primigenia
941:, 4–14 AD and the
511:pridie Nonas Maias
414:Temple of Bona Dea
345:feriae conceptivae
254:
210:, public holidays;
38:
1593:
1592:
1204:as summarized by
1185:Fasti Viae Lanza,
1114:
1113:
920:
886:
846:
685:pridie Idūs Maias
675:
629:
602:Claudius Gothicus
580:
403:Flamen Volcanalis
130:a.d. VII Id. Mai.
1618:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1531:
1520:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1459:
1449:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1181:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1100:Rosalia signorum
918:
882:
842:
708:Circus Flaminius
673:
627:
576:
461:a.d. V Non. Mai.
423:Lares Praestites
367:
366:
322:) and May 13–17
304:(ludi circenses)
262:nundinal letters
69:) and preceding
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1571:
1435:
1429:
1397:
1396:
1389:Feriale Duranum
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1119:
1097:
1085:prid. Kal. Iun.
1055:
1049:
1039:
944:Feriale Duranum
938:Feriale Cumanum
917:
896:
887:
740:
710:
687:
667:dies religiosus
664:
632:• sacrifice to
631:
621:dies religiosus
618:
570:dies religiosus
567:
516:prid. Non. Mai.
513:
425:
420:
405:
371:
285:Imperial period
274:dies religiosus
266:A B C D E F G H
258:Marcus Aurelius
176:dies comitalis,
102:
12:
11:
5:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1522:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1468:/ Intercalaris
1461:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:Roman calendar
1431:Months of the
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1379:
1375:On Roman Time,
1366:
1353:
1349:On Roman Time,
1340:
1327:
1310:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1227:
1214:
1194:
1176:
1156:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
990:
988:
985:
980:
976:
975:
961:
958:
956:VIII Kal. Iun.
953:
949:
948:
947:, 224–235 AD)
921:
914:
909:
905:
904:
890:Feriae Volcano
879:
876:
871:
867:
866:
864:
861:
856:
852:
851:
839:
836:
831:
827:
826:
824:
821:
819:XIII Kal. Iun.
816:
812:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
791:
789:
786:
781:
777:
776:
774:
771:
766:
762:
761:
759:
756:
754:XVII Kal. Iun.
751:
747:
746:
730:
727:
720:
716:
715:
696:
693:
690:prid. Id. Mai.
682:
678:
677:
670:
661:
656:
652:
651:
649:
646:
641:
637:
636:
624:
615:
610:
606:
605:
594:
591:
586:
582:
581:
573:
564:
559:
555:
554:
552:
549:
544:
540:
539:
537:
534:
529:
525:
524:
522:
519:
508:
504:
503:
501:
498:
493:
489:
488:
486:
483:
478:
474:
473:
466:
463:
458:
454:
453:
446:
443:
438:
434:
433:
395:
392:
390:Kalendae Maiae
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
358:H. H. Scullard
349:involving the
339:moveable feast
324:(Ludi Persici)
241:Fasti Antiates
232:
231:
211:
199:
187:
169:
145:Roman Republic
101:
98:
57:Roman calendar
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1623:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1360:Beth Severy,
1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1252:On Roman Time
1247:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1148:H.H. Scullard
1144:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1094:Ludi Fabaraci
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:Ludi Fabaraci
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:III Kal. Iun.
1063:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1042:Ludi Fabaraci
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
992:
989:
986:
984:
983:VII Kal. Iun.
981:
978:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
913:
910:
907:
906:
902:
901:
895:
891:
885:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:
845:
840:
837:
835:
834:XII Kal. Iun.
832:
829:
828:
825:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
805:
802:
800:
799:XIV Kal. Iun.
797:
794:
793:
790:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:
775:
772:
770:
769:XVI Kal. Iun.
767:
764:
763:
760:
757:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
728:
726:
725:
721:
718:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
691:
686:
683:
680:
679:
671:
669:
668:
662:
660:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
625:
623:
622:
616:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
584:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:
565:
563:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
547:VIII Id. Mai.
545:
542:
541:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
497:
496:III Non. Mai.
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
475:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
424:
419:
418:Aventine Hill
415:
411:
410:
404:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
374:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
346:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
320:Ludi Maximati
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
295:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
269:
267:
264:in cycles of
263:
259:
251:
248:(abbreviated
247:
243:
242:
236:
229:
228:
223:
219:
216:(perhaps for
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
197:
196:
191:
188:
185:
183:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
152:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
132:(or with the
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
97:
95:
94:
89:
87:
80:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:
35:
31:
27:
23:
18:
1495:
1398:
1387:
1382:
1377:pp. 92, 122.
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1197:
1191:
1190:Q. Rex C. F.
1188:
1187:which gives
1184:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1106:adorned the
1093:
1084:
1073:
1064:
1052:dies natalis
1051:
1046:Bean Kalends
1041:
1028:IV Kal. Iun.
1027:
1012:
998:VI Kal. Iun.
997:
982:
965:dies natalis
964:
955:
942:
936:
925:supplication
912:IX Kal. Iun.
911:
898:
892:, rites for
889:
884:TUBILUSTRIUM
873:
859:XI Kal. Iun.
858:
833:
818:
798:
784:XV Kal. Iun.
783:
768:
753:
733:
722:
700:dies natalis
699:
689:
684:
665:
659:III Id. Mai.
658:
643:
619:
612:
598:dies natalis
597:
588:
568:
562:VII Id. Mai.
561:
546:
531:
515:
510:
495:
481:IV Non. Mai.
480:
469:
460:
449:
440:
427:
409:dies natalis
407:
389:
381:Observances
361:
355:
342:
330:
328:
323:
319:
311:
303:
291:
280:dies natalis
278:
272:
270:
265:
255:
249:
245:
239:
227:rex sacrorum
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
201:
195:dies nefasti
193:
189:
179:
175:
171:
159:
155:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:; May 9 was
117:
103:
91:
83:
81:
70:
60:
48:mensis Maius
47:
46:
41:
40:
39:
26:Roman mosaic
1466:Mercedonius
1263:Scullard,
1110:with roses
1102:, when the
1013:V Kal. Iun.
874:X Kal. Iun.
734:Feriae Iovi
644:IV Id. Mai.
589:VI Id. Mai.
532:Nonae Maiae
470:Ludi Florae
450:Ludi Florae
429:Ludi Florae
308:Constantine
138:X Kal. Iun.
86:Ludi Florae
1600:Categories
1529:/ Augustus
1460:(February)
1456:Februarius
1235:Jörg Rüpke
1206:Jörg Rüpke
1135:References
1104:Roman army
1037:Ambarvalia
933:Germanicus
724:Idūs Maiae
613:V Id. Mai.
604:(268–270)
375:Roman date
351:lustration
335:Ambarvalia
161:dies fasti
149:Principate
147:and early
1538:September
1516:Quintilis
1450:(January)
1446:Ianuarius
1373:Salzman,
1347:Salzman,
1323:ante diem
1321:with the
1306:ante diem
1304:with the
1250:Salzman,
1165:Kalendae,
1096:continue
1076:continue
745:and Maia
688:(abbrev.
514:(abbrev.
472:conclude
452:continue
166:civil law
122:inclusive
1585:Category
1565:December
1556:November
1532:(August)
1527:Sextilis
1518:/ Iulius
1267:, p. 41.
1117:See also
935:(on the
849:Vediovis
844:AGONALIA
676:resumes
1547:October
1490:(April)
1486:Aprilis
1480:(March)
1476:Martius
1351:p. 125.
1202:Mommsen
1128:Rosalia
1123:Floréal
967:of the
743:Mercury
738:Jupiter
706:in the
702:of the
674:LEMURIA
630:resumes
628:LEMURIA
578:LEMURIA
416:on the
412:of the
401:by the
182:comitia
114:Kalends
93:lemures
62:Aprilis
34:Tunisia
30:El Djem
22:Mercury
1521:(July)
1510:(June)
1506:Iunius
894:Vulcan
378:status
370:Modern
300:circus
207:feriae
174:, for
72:Iunius
1500:(May)
1496:Maius
1168:Nonae
929:Vesta
713:Argei
634:Mania
386:May 1
337:, a "
331:fasti
271:On a
246:Maius
106:Nones
100:Dates
67:April
42:Maius
1172:Idūs
919:QRCF
847:for
399:Maia
372:date
312:ludi
294:ludi
214:QRCF
192:for
158:for
134:a.d.
110:Ides
77:June
1606:May
1170:or
971:or
927:to
600:of
250:MAI
222:rex
53:May
45:or
1602::
1237:,
1208:,
1150:,
1098:•
1092:•
1081:31
1072:•
1061:30
1050:•
1040:•
1024:29
1009:28
994:27
979:26
963:•
952:25
923:•
908:24
897:•
888:•
881:•
878:NP
870:23
855:22
841:•
838:NP
830:21
815:20
795:19
780:18
765:17
750:16
732:•
729:NP
719:15
698:•
681:14
672:•
655:13
640:12
626:•
609:11
596:•
585:10
575:•
468:•
448:•
426:•
406:•
360:,
341:"
326:.
302:"
202:NP
32:,
1424:e
1417:t
1410:v
1392:.
1174:.
1089:C
1069:C
1032:C
1017:C
1002:C
987:C
960:C
916:F
863:N
823:C
803:C
788:C
773:C
758:F
695:C
692:)
663:N
648:C
617:N
593:C
566:N
558:9
551:F
543:8
536:F
528:7
521:C
518:)
507:6
500:C
492:5
485:C
477:4
465:C
457:3
445:F
437:2
394:F
347:)
343:(
296:)
292:(
190:N
184:)
180:(
172:C
168:;
156:F
88:)
84:(
75:(
65:(
51:(
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