Mahmud II - Knowledge

1315:'s foundational elements of international diplomacy, Mahmud II was the first to create the title of Foreign Minister and Undersecretary in 1836. He placed enormous importance on this position and equated salary and rank with the highest military and civilian positions. Mahmud II also expanded the Language Office and Translation Office, and by 1833 it began to grow in both size and importance. After the reorganization of these offices, he also resumed Selim's efforts to create a system of permanent diplomatic representation in Europe. In 1834, permanent European embassies were established with the first being in Paris. Despite the difficulties that came along with these actions, the expansion of diplomacy increased the transmission of ideas that would have a revolutionary effect on the development of bureaucracy and Ottoman society as a whole. 1481: 3057: 3026: 1102:. A firma dated 22 February 1834, abolished the vexatious charges which public functionaries, when traversing the provinces, had long been accustomed to take from the inhabitants. By the same edict, all collection of money, except for the two regular half-yearly periods, was denounced as abuses. "No one is ignorant," said Sultan Mahmud II in this document, "that I am bound to afford support to all my subjects against vexatious proceedings; to endeavour unceasingly to lighten, instead of increasing their burdens, and to ensure peace and tranquility. Therefore, those acts of oppression are at once contrary to the will of God, and to my imperial orders." 878: 923: 1308:

plain, fez to distinguish them from the military. He planned for the population to adopt this as well, as he desired a homogeneous look for Ottoman society with an 1829 regulatory law. Unlike past Sultanic clothing decrees and those of other societies, Mahmud II wanted all levels of government and civilians to look the same. He faced significant resistance to these measures specifically from religious groups, laborers, and military members because of traditional, religious, and practical reasons. Mahmud II's portraits also give a valuable insight into his clothing mentality, as he switched to a more European-style and fez after 1826.

356: 1043: 1497: 650: 344: 1276: 897: 2965: 1139: 753: 1345:(4 January 1793 – 27 December 1855). Mahmud's concubine already when he was a prince (conceived their first daughter, Fatma Sultan, born six months after her father's accession to the throne, in this period, thus violating the rules of the harem that forbade the princes to have children until the eventual ascent al tronk), became BaşKadin after Alicenab's death. She was the mother of at least one son and four daughters, and she also raised 974: 2530: 1285: 79: 1183:"s, and the "Ziamet"s. These had been instituted to furnish the old effective military force, but had long ceased to serve this purpose. By attaching them to the public domains, Mahmud II materially strengthened the resources of the state, and put an end to a host of corruptions. One of the most resolute acts of his ruling was the suppression of the 1111:, or capitation-tax, though moderate and exempting those who paid it from military service, had long been made an engine of gross tyranny through the insolence and misconduct of the government collectors. The firman of 1834 abolished the old mode of levying it and ordained that it should be raised by a commission composed of the 606:. He also invited the Ottomans to join his march on Russia. However, Napoleon, who had invaded all of Europe except the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire, could not be trusted and accepted as an ally; Mahmud rejected the offer. The Bucharest Agreement was reached with the Russians on 28 May 1812. According to the 825:

corps in June 1826. He accomplished this with careful calculation using his recently reformed wing of the military intended to replace the Janissaries. When the Janissaries mounted a demonstration against Mahmud II's proposed military reforms, he had their barracks fired upon effectively crushing the

870:

was armed (in the words of Baron Moltke) "with the reputation of invincible success". He was to earn the name Sabalskanski (the crosser of the Balkans). Bypassing the Shumla fortress, he forcibly marched his troops over the Balkans, appearing before Adrianople. Sultan Mahmud II maintained control of

1299:

During his reign, Mahmud II also made sweeping reforms of the bureaucracy in order to reestablish royal authority and increase the administrative efficiency of his government. This was accomplished by abolishing old offices, introducing new lines of responsibility, and raised salaries in an attempt

1123:

in each district. Many other financial improvements were affected. By another important series of measures, the administrative government was simplified and strengthened, and a large number of sinecure offices were abolished. Sultan Mahmud II provided a valuable personal example of good sense, and

551:

girl named Cevri, gathered ashes when she heard the commotion in the palace surrounding the murder of Selim III. When the assassins approached the harem chambers where Mahmud was staying, she was able to keep them away for a while by throwing ashes into their faces, temporarily blinding them. This

552:

allowed Mahmud to escape through a window and climb onto the roof of the harem. He apparently ran to the roof of the Third Court where other pages saw him and helped him come down with pieces of clothes that were quickly tied together as a ladder. By this time one of the leaders of the rebellion,

1605:

Fatma Sultan (4 February 1809 – 5 August 1809) – with Nevfidan Kadin. Her birth, the first in the imperial dynasty after 19 years and just six months after her father's accession to the throne, caused scandal, as it meant she must have been conceived when Mahmud was still Şehzade and confined to

1444:

Tiryal Hanim (1810–1883). Third Ikbal. Perhaps the mother of a child, she loved Abdülaziz I as if he were her own son, and he too considered her a second mother, so much so that during his reign, he guaranteed her the same treatment as his own mother, making her live in the Beylerbeyi Palace and

1436:

Hüsnimelek Hanim (1807/1812 – October 1867). Also called Hüsnümelek Hanim. BaşIkbal (First Ikbal). She was educated by Esma Sultan, Mahmud II's sister. He saw her play at a banquet hosted by her sister and asked for it for himself. She was of great musical talent, and she composed a song for the

1307:

Clothing was also an essential aspect of Mahmud II's reforms. He began by officially adopting the fez for the military after the Janissary eradication in 1826, which signified a break from the old style of military dress. On top of this, he ordered civilian officials to also adopt a similar, but

826:

formerly elite Ottoman troops and burned the Belgrade forest outside Istanbul to incinerate any remnants. This permitted the establishment of a European-style conscript army, recruited mainly from Turkish speakers of Rumelia and Asia Minor. Mahmud was also responsible for the subjugation of the

733: 1097:

The financial situation of the Empire was troubling during his reign, and certain social classes had long been under the oppression of heavy taxes. In dealing with the complicated questions that therefore arose, Mahmud II is considered to have demonstrated the best spirit of the best of the

1730:

as a young captured French girl who, after spending years in an Ottoman harem, outlives two Sultans and protects Mahmud as his surrogate mother. Mahmud is a minor role in the film but is portrayed as both an adult and a child. The film concludes with a variation of his dramatic succession.

512:. He was the youngest son of his father, and the second child of his mother, he had an elder brother, Şehzade Seyfullah Murad, two years older than him, and a younger sister, Saliha Sultan, one year younger than him, both dead in infancy. According to tradition, he was confined in the 1077:

About the same time that Mahmud II ordained these changes, he personally set an example of reform by regularly attending the Divan, or state council, instead of abstaining from attendance. The practice of the Sultan avoiding the Divan had been introduced as long ago as the reign of

1074:, and regularly signed by the judge." Mahmud also created an appeal system whereby a criminal could lodge an appeal to one of the Kazasker (chief military judge) of Asia or Europe, and finally to the Sultan himself, if the criminal chose to pursue the appeal even further. 871:

his forces, unfurled the banner of the prophet and declared his intention of taking command of the army personally. Preparing to do so, he appeared, ill-advisedly, not on horseback but in a carriage. The Divan, British and French ambassadors urged him to sue for peace.

942:. The Tanzimat marked the beginning of modernization in the Ottoman Empire and had immediate effects on social and legal aspects of life in the Empire, such as European style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization, and land reform. 479:

and further military reforms. Mahmud also made sweeping changes to the bureaucracy in order to reestablish royal authority and increase administrative efficiency, and oversaw a reorganisation of the Ottoman foreign office. In 1839, Mahmud introduced a

1054:

Previous to the first of the firmans, the property of all persons banished or condemned to death was forfeited to the crown; and a sordid motive for acts of cruelty was thus kept in perpetual operation, besides the encouragement of a host of vile

1089:, by placing their revenues under state administration. However, he did not venture to apply this vast mass of property to the general purposes of the government. His modernizations included the relaxation of much of the restrictions on 1187:, the hereditary local chiefs (with power to nominate their successors in default of male heirs), which, in one of the worst abuses of the Ottoman feudal system, had made themselves petty princes in almost every province of the empire. 428:

removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeat and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention.

634:

on 11 June, some 13 days before Napoleon's invasion began. The Russian commanders were able to get many of their soldiers in the Balkans back to the western areas of the empire before the expected attack of Napoleon.

1093:

in the Empire, and the sultan himself was known to drink socially with his ministers. By the end of his reign, his reforms had mostly normalized drinking among the upper classes and political figures in the Empire.

2227:Şentürk, Abdülmecit. Medine'nin figlio Emanetleri. Fahreddin Paşa'nın Yağmadan Kurtardığı Teberrükat Eşyası. "Kutsal Emanetler ve Fahreddin Paşa kitabı" . Türizm ve Kültür Bakanlığı. p. 301. ISBN 978-605-69885-0-9. 1190:

The reduction of these insubordinate feudatories was not affected at once, or without severe struggles and frequent rebellions. Mahmud II steadily persevered in this great measure and ultimately the island of

807:) in 1830, marked the beginning of the gradual break-up of the Ottoman Empire. Non-Turkish ethnic groups living in the empire's territories, especially in Europe, started their own independence movements. 1709:, is set in 1836 Constantinople, with Mahmud II's modernising reforms (and conservative opposition to them) forming the background of the plot. The Sultan himself and his mother appear in several scenes. 1070:, and other officers, were enjoined that "they should not presume to inflict, themselves, the punishment of death on any man, whether Raya or Turk, unless authorized by a legal sentence pronounced by the 532:, in order to defuse the rebellion. Selim III was killed, but Mahmud was safely kept hidden by his mother and was placed on the throne after the rebels deposed Mustafa IV. The leader of this rebellion, 945:

He was also concerned for aspects of tradition. He made great efforts to revive the sport of archery. He ordered archery master Mustafa Kani to write a book about the history, construction, and use of

1441:

She did not live in the harem but in a separate wing of the palace. After Mahmud's death she became a dance teacher in the harem of his heir and son Abdülmecid I. Buried in the Mahmud II mausoleum.

3237: 3890: 3885: 3242: 780: 618:), although it had committed to protecting that region. Russia became a new power in the lower Danube area, and had an economically, diplomatically, and militarily profitable frontier. In 452:

that started in 1821 with British, French and Russian support, and Mahmud was forced to recognize the independent Greek state in 1832. The Ottomans lost more territory to Russia after the

1379:, Mahmud II's sister, and, first to be a consort, she work in the hamam (freshroom) of her palace. Third Kadın and then Second Kadin from 1832. Mother and Valide Sultan of Abdülmecid I. 1453:, Abdülaziz's eldest son, whom she considered her grandson. He built a glass pavilion and fountain in Çamlıca and a second fountain in Üsküdar. She took care of the education of 1681:(23 May 1826 – 12 February 1899) – with Zernigar Kadın. After being orphaned on 1830, she was raised by Navfidan Kadın. She married once and had a son and three daughters. 877: 584:. However, he was killed during a rebellion in 1808 and Mahmud II temporarily abandoned the reforms. Mahmud II's later reformation efforts would be much more successful. 598:

After Mahmud II became sultan, Turkish border wars with the Russians continued. In 1810, the Russians surrounded the Silistre fortress for the second time. When Emperor

3880: 1225:

against the combined British-French-Russian flotilla in 1827, Mahmud II gave top priority to rebuilding a strong Ottoman naval force. The first steamships of the

3870: 2658: 3692: 1300:

to end bribery. In 1838 he founded two institutions aimed towards training government officials. In 1831, Mahmud II also established an official gazette,

3905: 602:

declared war on Russia in 1811, Russian pressure on the Ottoman border diminished, a relief to Mahmud. By this time, Napoleon was about to embark on his

3601: 3900: 2027: 3539: 896: 568:(Golden Way) of the Harem is called Staircase of Cevri (Jevri) Kalfa, since the events apparently happened around there and are associated with her. 3722: 1311:

On top of these reforms, Mahmud II was also critical in the establishment and flourishing of an Ottoman foreign affairs office. While he built upon

1304:(Calendar of Events). This was the first newspaper to be published in the Ottoman-Turkish language and was required reading for all civil servants. 3565: 2290:

The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem, transl. Douglas Scott Brookes, (University of Texas Press, 2008), 288.

1423:

Pervizfekek Kadın (? – 21 September 1863). Mother of at least three daughters. She was Sixth Kadın in 1824. She was buried in Mahmud II mausoleum.

2476: 1255: 1230: 3606: 3895: 1167:

was armed with 128 cannons on 3 decks and carried 1,280 sailors on board. She participated in numerous important naval battles, including the

1468:

Lebrizfelek Hanim (1810 – 9 February 1865). Fourth Ikbal. She died in the Dolmabahçe Palace and was buried in the courtyard of the Yeni Cami.

467:

The Empire's continued decline convinced Mahmud to resume the reforms that were halted before he came to power. In 1826, he orchestrated the

2272:

Rıza Balıkhane Nazırı, Ali; Çoruk, Ali Şükrü (2001). Eski zamanlarda İstanbul hayatı – Libro 15 . Kitabevi. p. 301. ISBN 978-9-757-32133-0.

564:, the chief treasurer of the Imperial Harem, which was the second most important position in the hierarchy. A plain stone staircase at the 2651: 1082:, and was considered one of the causes of the decline of the Empire by a Turkish historian nearly two centuries before Mahmud II's time. 2514: 3875: 3015: 1242:, which had 128 cannons on 3 decks and carried 1,280 sailors on board, was built for the Ottoman Navy at the Imperial Naval Arsenal ( 2977: 3915: 2982: 1635: 1413: 1392: 1376: 1124:

economy, organising the imperial household, suppressing all titles without duties, and all salaried officials without functions.

247: 3910: 2968: 2644: 1641:

Emine Sultan (12 June 1813 – July 1814) – with Nevfidan Kadin. Twin sister of Şehzade Osman. Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque.

1202:

One of his most notable achievement was the abolition (through use of military force, execution and exile, and banning of the

543:

There are many stories surrounding the circumstances of his attempted murder. A version by the 19th-century Ottoman historian

2670: 2584: 2455: 2436: 1800: 1626: 935: 481: 242: 93: 3367: 2299:

Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar – Vol. 3. Üsküdar Belediyesi. pp. 1179, 1339. ISBN 978-9-759-76063-2.

1678: 3247: 2236:

Sehsuvaroğlu, Haluk Y. (2005). Asırlar boyunca Istanbul: Eserleri, Olayları, Kültürü . Yenigün Haber Ajansı. pp. 139, 206.

1168: 3408: 1133: 2417: 2398: 1998: 1945: 1369:

Ebrirefar Kadın (? – before 1825). Also called Ebrureftar Kadın. Second Kadın. Buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum.

1195:

became the only part of the empire in which power that was not emanating from the Sultan was allowed to be retained by

3398: 1360:

Dilseza Kadın (? – 1816). Second Kadın. Mother of at least two sons. Buried in the mausoleum of the Dolmabahçe Palace.

3449: 2863: 1480: 1148: 1013: 752: 593: 453: 445: 63: 2209:

MS: Milli saraylar, tarih kültür sanat mimarlık, Issue 6 . TBMM Milli Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı Yayını. 2010. p. 20.

1672:

Münire Sultan (16 October 1824 – 23 May 1825). She died of smallpox and was buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum.

1601:

Mahmud II had at least nineteen daughters, but only six survived infancy and only four reached the age of marriage:

2695: 1412:(? – 1859, Mecca). Mother of two daughters. Third Kadın and then Second. Tall and blonde, she had been educated by 3071: 1395:, Mahmud II's half-sister. Mother of a daughter. Fourth Ikbal in 1826, then Seventh Kadın and finally Third Kadın. 1366:

Kameri Kadın (? – before 1825). Also called Kamerfer Kadın. Second Kadın. Buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum.

1062:

The second firman removed the ancient rights of Turkish governors to doom men to instant death by their will; the

1650:Şah Sultan (14 October 1814 – 13 April 1817) – her mother was the Fourth Kadın. Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 796: 791:. Several years later, in 1827, the combined British, French and Russian navies defeated the Ottoman Navy at the 394: 2344:

The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem, transl. Douglas Scott Brookes, 288.

1684:

Fatma Sultan (20 July 1828 – 2 February 1839) – with Pervizfelek Kadın. Buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum.

3865: 3783: 3737: 3712: 3677: 1215: 995: 622:, the Ottoman Empire regained nearly all it had lost in the east: Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained 476: 433: 3423: 3008: 2853: 1616:

Fatma Sultan (30 April 1810 – 7 May 1825) – with Nevfidan Kadin. She died of smallpox and was buried in the

3757: 581: 413: 3752: 3702: 3657: 3626: 3616: 3056: 3025: 1727: 1675:

Hatice Sultan (6 September 1825 – 19 December 1842) – Pervizfelek Kadın. She died in the Beşiktaş Palace.

863: 772: 84: 3707: 3682: 3667: 3641: 3596: 2017:. Chapter I, "Background of Turkish Archery". 2nd ed., rev., 1947, published by the author, Evanston, IL 1629:(16 June 1811 – 5 February 1843) – with Aşubcan Kadin. She married once and had two sons and a daughter. 1528:Şehzade Osman (12 June 1813 – 10 April 1814) – with Nevfidan Kadin. Twin of Emine Sultan. Buried in the 343: 3732: 3636: 2534: 1740: 1538:Şehzade Mehmed (26 August 1814 – November 1814) – with Dilseza Kadin. Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 991: 800: 607: 461: 38: 2700: 1897: 1515:Şehzade Bayezid (23 March 1812 – 25 June 1812) – with Dilseza Kadin. Buried in the Hamidiye mausoleum. 922: 847: 3798: 956:, in 1839. His funeral was attended by crowds of people who came to bid the Sultan farewell. His son 768: 727: 603: 449: 17: 3672: 3611: 1898:"The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud" 1660:

Zeynep Sultan (18 April 1815 – February 1816) – with Hoşyar Kadın. Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque.

1450: 475:

were forcibly abolished and many of its members executed, paving the way for the establishment of a

3920: 3263: 3081: 3001: 2808: 1723: 1714: 1687:

Hayriye Sultan (22 March 1831 – 15 February 1833). She was buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum.

1647:(2 January 1824 – 11 August 1850) – with Pervizfelek Kadın. She married once and had two daughters. 1079: 776: 385: 363: 3717: 3697: 2317:

Beydilli, Kemal; Suleyman, Mehmed Bin (2001). Bir imamın günlüğü . Tarih ve Tabiat Vakfi. p. 234.

1745: 1632:Şah Sultan (22 May 1812 – September 1814) – with Aşubcan Kadin. Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1613:

Ayşe Sultan (5 July 1809 – February 1810) – with Aşubcan Kadin. Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque.

1211: 984: 867: 764: 3742: 3662: 1385:(1793 – 10 June 1870). Mother of at least three daughters. Quinta Kadın in 1811 and then Second. 576:

The vizier took the initiative in resuming reforms that had been terminated by the conservative

2503: 2371: 1238: 1143: 827: 756: 3773: 3747: 1935: 1850: 1233:(1 kadem = 37.887 cm) or 76.15 m × 21.22 m (249.8 ft × 69.6 ft) 1099: 3413: 1592:Şehzade Nizameddin (29 December 1833 – March 1838) – with Pertevniyal Kadin or Tiriyal Hanim. 1589:(18 February 1830 – 4 June 1876) – with Pertevniyal Kadin. 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. 835: 661: 631: 553: 3778: 3687: 3164: 2335:

Madeline Zilfi, Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference, 227.

1790: 556:

arrived with his armed men, and upon seeing the dead body of Selim III proclaimed Mahmud as

3860: 3855: 3123: 2746: 1339:

Alicenab Kadın (? – before 1839). BaşKadin after Fatma's death. Mother of at least one son.

1243: 599: 3819: 2508: 1363:

Mislinayab Kadın (? – before 1825). Second Kadın. Buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum.

1262:, hence the wrongly converted dimensions of "201 x 56 ft, or 62 x 17 m" in some sources.) 1042: 420:

of Turkey", Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. His

8: 2734: 2690: 1607: 1529: 1035:), by which he closed the Court of Confiscations, and took away much of the power of the 887: 816: 788: 745: 468: 421: 59: 3824: 3314: 3299: 1496: 1372: 1229:

were acquired in 1828. In 1829 the world's largest warship for many years, the 201 x 56

206: 3850: 3418: 2096: 1816: 1701: 1544:Şehzade Süleyman (29 August 1817 – 14 December 1819). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1518:Şehzade Abdülhamid (6 March 1813 – 20 April 1825) – with Alicenab Kadın. Buried in the 1426: 1382: 1222: 1090: 883: 792: 644: 627: 544: 457: 211: 201: 3309: 3289: 2391:

Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921

1620: 1583:Şehzade Abdülhamid (18 February 1827 – 1829). Buried in the Nakşidil Sultan mausoleum. 1556:Şehzade Mehmed (12 February 1822 – 23 October 1822). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1522: 1454: 1399: 1391:

Zernigar Kadın (? – 1830). Of Armenian descent, her real name was Maryam. Educated by

1349:

when she was orphaned on 1830. Abdülmecid I of her allowed her to go on pilgrimage to

509: 320: 3439: 2674: 2451: 2432: 2413: 2394: 1994: 1987: 1941: 1854: 1843: 1796: 1770: 1750: 1654: 1653:

Emine Sultan (7 January 1815 – 24 September 1816) – with Nevfidan Kadin. She died in

1409: 703: 687: 683: 677: 665: 653: 626:

on the Abkhazian coast. In return, the Sultan accepted the Russian annexation of the

533: 226: 196: 55: 3793: 3294: 3227: 3143: 2765: 2471:

Levy, Avigdor. "The Officer Corps in Sultan Mahmud II's New Ottoman Army, 1826–39."

2376:

History of the Ottoman Turks; From the beginning of their empire to the present time

2100: 1574: 1342: 577: 191: 142: 3727: 2088: 1606:

Kafes, which was forbidden at the time. She died of smallpox and was buried in the

1398:

Nurtab Kadın (1810 – 2 January 1886). Fourth Kadın. She was the adoptive mother of

1234: 1164: 560:. The slave girl Cevri Kalfa was awarded for her bravery and loyalty and appointed 405: 3268: 3222: 1550:Şehzade Ahmed (25 December 1819 – January 1820). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1547:Şehzade Ahmed (13 October 1819 – December 1819). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1512:Şehzade Murad (25 December 1811 – 14 July 1812). Buried in the Hamidiye mausoleum. 1333: 775:

executed on Easter Sunday 1821 for his inability to stem the uprising. During the

771:

that started in 1821. In the wake of continued unrest he had ecumenical patriarch

3128: 2740: 2685: 2618: 2548: 2481:

Levy, Avigdor. "The Ottoman Ulema and the military reforms of Sultan Mahmud II."

1697: 1669:

Hamide Sultan (4 July 1818 – 15 February 1819). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque.

1638:(10 June 1812 – 3 July 1838) – with Hoşyar Kadın. She married once and had a son. 1566: 1375:(1807 – 2 May 1853). Called also Bazimialam Kadın. Georgian, she was educated by 1258:, which translates as "foot", is often misinterpreted as equivalent in length to 1032: 831: 821:

One of Mahmud II's most notable acts during his reign was the destruction of the

804: 417: 367: 300: 176: 3185: 3102: 2628: 2079:

Quataert, D. (1997). "Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire".

1562: 3586: 3041: 2933: 2667: 2218:

Yedikita Dergisi. Yedikıta Aylık Tarih ve Kültür Dergisi Sayı: 132. 2019. p. 8.

1570: 1541:Şehzade Mehmed (4 August 1816 – August 1816). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1458: 1251: 1156: 866:

broke out during Mahmud II's reign and was fought without janissaries. Marshal

795:; in the aftermath, the Ottoman Empire was forced to recognize Greece with the 763:

His reign also marked the first breakaway from the Ottoman Empire, with Greece

741: 711: 707: 691: 649: 150: 146: 3273: 3138: 2752: 2092: 1535:Şehzade Ahmed (25 July 1814 – 16 July 1815). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1465:. She was buried in the Yeni Cami, in front of the fountain built in her name. 3844: 3803: 3631: 3508: 2948: 2898: 1706: 1559:Şehzade Ahmed (6 July 1822 – 9 April 1823). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1446: 1430: 851: 619: 505: 310: 2636: 2353:

Türk Kütüphaneciler Derneği bülteni, Vol. 12, Iss. 3–4. Dernek. 1963. p. 94.

1445:

granting her wealth and prestige, and everyone considered Tiryal the second

1429:(1812 – 5 February 1883). Mother of two sons, including Abdülaziz I. Second 3788: 3555: 3351: 2918: 2594: 2195:

The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem

1644: 1462: 1346: 1226: 957: 953: 839: 715: 489: 485: 262: 257: 252: 126: 68: 3097: 1275: 1163:, or 76.15 m × 21.22 m (249.8 ft × 69.6 ft) 3829: 3503: 2893: 2602: 2488:

Levy, Avigdor. "The Ottoman Corps in Sultan Mahmud II New Ottoman Army."

1508:

Mahmud had at least eighteen sons, of which only two lived to adulthood:

1485: 1417: 1259: 1247: 1172: 1152: 946: 822: 784: 425: 373: 330: 472: 3529: 3470: 3346: 3206: 3201: 2993: 2908: 2873: 2823: 2797: 2791: 2611: 2577: 1858: 998: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 960:

succeeded him and would continue to implement Tanzimat reform efforts.

615: 525: 441: 437: 116: 2263:

Türklük araştırmaları dergisi, Edizioni 19–20 . Fakulte. 2008. p. 352.

2182:

Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference

1293:

Mahmud II before (left) and after (right) his clothing reform in 1826.

3621: 3560: 3524: 3496: 3475: 3444: 3377: 3330: 3180: 3107: 2943: 2923: 2903: 2888: 2878: 2858: 2843: 2833: 2818: 2786: 2776: 2728: 2131:

Mahmud dönemide Sivas'ta esnaf teşkilâtı ve üretim-tüketim ilişkileri

1923:

Routledge Handbook of Citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa

1586: 1312: 1207: 1085:

Mahmud II also addressed some of the worst abuses connected with the

548: 529: 267: 31: 1214:, in 1826 and the establishment of a modern Ottoman army, named the 1159:, was for many years the largest warship in the world. The 201 x 56 973: 3591: 3491: 3454: 3403: 3393: 3304: 3159: 3133: 2938: 2883: 2868: 2848: 2838: 2813: 2781: 2771: 2759: 1203: 1138: 1047: 931: 917: 732: 660:

During the early years of Mahmud II's reign, his governor of Egypt

611: 97: 1617: 1519: 1501: 1489: 1180: 1107: 1086: 787:, resulting in a Qajar Persian victory which got confirmed in the 3581: 3372: 3232: 3076: 2928: 2828: 2803: 2723: 2713: 2507: 1553:Şehzade Abdüllah (1820 – 1820). Buried in the Nurosmaniye mosque. 1403: 1056: 949:, from which comes most of what is now known of Turkish archery. 926:

The mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud II during the period of 1860–1890.

843: 748:. It reads "Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious". 623: 501: 295: 1218:(meaning 'Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad' in Ottoman Turkish). 1071: 930:

In 1839, just prior to his death, he began preparations for the

528:

ordered his execution along with his cousin, the deposed Sultan

2529: 2051:

A history of the Modern Middle East, Cleveland and Bunton p. 72

1975:

A history of the Modern Middle East, Cleveland and Bunton p. 79

1192: 737: 699: 669: 537: 337: 2162:

Findley, C. "The Foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry".

3046: 2718: 1350: 1160: 1036: 695: 673: 513: 492:, who would continue to implement his modernization efforts. 399: 1565:(25 April 1823 – 25 June 1861) – with Bezmialem Kadın. 31st 1284: 78: 903: 416:

from 1808 until his death in 1839. Often described as the "

1179:

Mahmud II dealt effectively with the military fiefs, the "

2281:

Sureyya, Mehmed (1996). Sicill-i Osmanî – Vol. 1. p. 18.

1657:

in a fire. She was buried in the Yahya Efendi mausoleum.

714:. Abdullah bin Saud and his two followers were publicly 1895: 1817:"Mahmud II (ö. 1255/1839) Osmanlı padişahı (1808–1839)" 1577:, after the imperial palace became the Beşiktaş Palace. 3891:

Ottoman people of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)

3886:

Ottoman people of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)

2448:

Defter-i Dervişan (Yenikapı Mevlevihanesi Günlükleri)

2389:

Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul (2010).

2308:

Kaya & Küçük 2011, pp. 150–177, 277–300, 343–405

1989:

History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Shaw

1134:

Ottoman military reforms § Reforms of Mahmud II

524:

In 1808, Mahmud II's predecessor, and half-brother,

500:

Mahmud II was born on 20 July 1785, in the month of

1877: 27:

30th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839

1986: 1933: 1865: 1842: 834:in 1831. He ordered the execution of the renowned 718:for their crimes against holy cities and mosques. 547:gives the following account: one of his slaves, a 2518:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 396–397. 1792:Outside In: Marginality in the Modern Middle East 3842: 1722:, is adapted from a historical fiction novel by 376:, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols. 3881:Ottoman people of the Greek War of Independence 2205: 2203: 857: 610:, the Ottoman Empire ceded the eastern half of 587: 440:. Early in his reign, the Ottoman Empire ceded 1849:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1336:(First Consort) for one year before her death. 638: 630:, in 1810. The treaty was approved by Emperor 3009: 2666: 2652: 1439:Hüsnümelek bir peridir/Cümlesinin dilberidir. 702:; his followers also desecrated the tombs of 488:later that year and was succeeded by his son 2490:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2473:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2200: 2164:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2081:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1985:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). 1788: 902:Russian forces reach and cause the Siege of 799:in July 1832. This event, together with the 721: 2128: 1993:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 1784: 1782: 1780: 783:, Mahmud II's superior force was routed by 3906:19th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire 3871:Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars 3016: 3002: 2659: 2645: 2497:The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire 2144:Sturmer (30 November 1836). "HHS Turkei". 1960: 1449:. Tiriyal donated her villa in Çamlıca to 1328:Mahmud II had at least nineteen consorts: 810: 614:to Russia (which renamed the territory as 77: 3901:Tuberculosis deaths in the Ottoman Empire 2445: 1663:Hamide Sultan (14 July 1817 – July 1817). 1388:Vuslat Kadın (? – May 1831). Third Kadın. 1014:Learn how and when to remove this message 3023: 2502: 2116:Records of travel in Turkey, Greece, etc 2078: 1984: 1777: 1495: 1479: 1461:, grandson of Mahmud II through his son 1137: 1041: 934:reform era which included introducing a 921: 751: 731: 648: 432:Mahmud ascended the throne following an 2446:Kaya, Bayram Ali; Küçük, Sezai (2011). 2143: 2133:. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı. p. 81. 1580:Şehzade Ahmed (5 December 1823 – 1824). 1221:Following the loss of Greece after the 366:, written from right to left with some 14: 3843: 2426: 2118:. London: William Taylor. p. 194. 1050:, calligraphed and signed by Mahmud II 412:; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 370:letters and additional symbols joined. 3896:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis 2997: 2640: 2407: 2388: 2157: 2155: 2113: 2074: 2072: 2015:Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow 1883: 1871: 1840: 1031:Among his reforms are the edicts (or 2959:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only 2197:, University of Texas Press, p. 288. 1978: 1573:. He was the last sultan to born on 1406:. Buried in the Mahmud II mausoleum. 996:adding citations to reliable sources 967: 389: 2161: 1127: 911: 668:and reconquered the holy cities of 24: 2465: 2152: 2069: 1889: 1771:"Beshlik - Mahmud II Second Issue" 1343:Hacıye Pertevpiyale Nevfidan Kadın 694:from entering the holy shrines of 25: 3932: 3876:Ottoman people of the Wahhabi War 2523: 2429:Padişahların kadınları ve kızları 1965:. Paris: A. Cotillon. p. 11. 1845:The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul 1332:Fatma Kadın (? – February 1809). 571: 64:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 3055: 3024: 2964: 2963: 2528: 2427:Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). 2060: 1903:. Social sciences and humanities 1283: 1274: 1265: 1115:, the Muslim governors, and the 1026: 972: 895: 876: 354: 342: 108:28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839 2623:15 November 1808 – 1 July 1839 2619:Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate 2589:15 November 1808 – 1 July 1839 2382: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2187: 2174: 2137: 2122: 2107: 2054: 2045: 2020: 2007: 1969: 1954: 1789:Eugene Rogan (4 October 2002). 1169:Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) 983:needs additional citations for 906:(1828), by January Suchodolski. 781:Ottoman-Persian War (1821–1823) 516:after the death of his father. 436:which deposed his half-brother 3916:Leaders who took power by coup 2410:The Caucasus – An Introduction 2393:. Cambridge University Press. 2254:Kaya & Küçük 2011, p. 347. 1940:. Routledge. pp. 506 ff. 1927: 1915: 1834: 1809: 1763: 1216:Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye 1046:Poem in praise of the prophet 454:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 450:successful war of independence 166:Constantinople, Ottoman Empire 13: 1: 3911:Turks from the Ottoman Empire 2978:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family 1896:Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi. 1756: 1726:. It portrays a legend about 1691: 1353:, which earned her the name " 594:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 495: 216: 2585:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1666:Cemile Sultan (1818 – 1818). 1596: 1457:, who became the consort of 858:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 690:had barred Muslims from the 588:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–12 519: 444:to Russia at the end of the 414:sultan of the Ottoman Empire 400: 94:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 7: 1934:George Childs Kohn (2013). 1734: 1488:of Sultan Mahmud II in his 1323: 864:Russo-Turkish War (1828-29) 803:, an Ottoman province (see 639:War against the Saudi state 582:brought Mustafa IV to power 536:, later became Mahmud II's 446:1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War 232: 85:Henri-Guillaume Schlesinger 10: 3937: 3693:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 3602:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 3053: 2450:. Zeytinburnu Belediyesi. 2129:Demiral, II, Ömer (1989). 1795:. I.B.Tauris. p. 15. 1131: 963: 915: 814: 801:French conquest of Algeria 736:The stylized signature of 725: 642: 608:Treaty of Bucharest (1812) 591: 175:Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, 39:Mahmud II (disambiguation) 36: 29: 3812: 3784:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim 3766: 3753:Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin 3738:Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin 3713:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim 3703:Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin 3678:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir 3658:Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin 3650: 3627:Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin 3574: 3548: 3517: 3484: 3463: 3432: 3386: 3360: 3339: 3323: 3282: 3256: 3215: 3194: 3173: 3152: 3116: 3090: 3064: 3034: 2957: 2709: 2681: 2625: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2591: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2542: 2483:Asian and African Studies 2093:10.1017/S0020743800064837 1963:La Turquie et le Tanzimat 1318: 1119:, or municipal chiefs of 728:Greek War of Independence 722:Greek War of Independence 336: 326: 316: 306: 294: 286:Mahmud Han bin Abdülhamid 285: 280: 276: 225: 184: 170: 156: 136: 132: 122: 112: 104: 92: 76: 67:Sultan of the two lands, 53: 48: 3708:Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri 3683:Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin 3668:Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin 3642:Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin 3597:Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin 2696:Family tree (simplified) 2408:Coene, Frederik (2010). 2245:Uluçay 2011, pp. 121–128 2114:Slade, Adolphus (1854). 1961:Engelhardt, Ed. (1882). 1724:Prince Michael of Greece 797:Treaty of Constantinople 777:Battle of Erzurum (1821) 508:and his Seventh consort 30:Not to be confused with 3758:Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul 2515:Encyclopædia Britannica 2504:Phillips, Walter Alison 2370:Incorporates text from 2362:Ulçay 2011, pp. 188–201 1475: 1212:The Auspicious Incident 811:The Auspicious Incident 664:successfully waged the 3723:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 3673:Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik 3617:Şehzade Selim Süleyman 3612:Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin 3607:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 2691:Family tree (detailed) 2475:(1971) 2#1 pp: 21–39. 2372:Edward Shepherd Creasy 1841:Davis, Claire (1970). 1728:Aimée du Buc de Rivéry 1505: 1493: 1433:and later Fifth Kadın. 1210:corps, event known as 1176: 1051: 927: 890:. Oil on canvas, 1839. 765:declaring independence 760: 757:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt 749: 657: 409: 362:This article contains 3866:Royalty from Istanbul 3733:Şehzade Mahmud Şevket 3637:Şehzade Mehmed Şevket 2537:at Wikimedia Commons 1741:Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe 1500:Exterior view of the 1499: 1483: 1451:Şehzade Yusuf Izzedin 1147:(1829), built by the 1141: 1132:Further information: 1045: 925: 836:Ali Pasha of Tepelena 755: 735: 652: 632:Alexander I of Russia 554:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 534:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 3799:Şehzade Mahmud Namık 3743:Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid 3663:Şehzade Mehmed Selim 2193:Brookes DS (2008), 2146:Sturmer's No. 206A-B 2028:"Calligraphic Panel" 1921:Roel Meijer et al., 1696:The 2006 historical 1504:of Sultan Mahmud II. 992:improve this article 936:Council of Ministers 600:Napoleon I of France 504:. He was the son of 482:Council of Ministers 424:of the conservative 364:Ottoman Turkish text 37:For other uses, see 3774:Şehzade Ahmed Nihad 3748:Şehzade Mehmed Abid 2976:Related templates: 2326:Ulçay 2011, p. 183. 2065:. pp. 113–114. 2032:Khalili Collections 1821:İslam Ansiklopedisi 1410:Hacıye Hoşyar Kadın 1091:alcoholic beverages 888:January Suchodolski 846:military commander 817:Auspicious Incident 789:Treaties of Erzurum 759:attacks Missolonghi 746:Islamic calligraphy 477:modern Ottoman army 469:Auspicious Incident 464:beginning in 1830. 462:conquered by France 3779:Şehzade Osman Fuad 3718:Şehzade Ömer Faruk 3698:Şehzade Ömer Hilmi 3688:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri 2701:Line of succession 2603:Sunni Islam titles 2509:"Mahmud II." 2431:. Ankara: Ötüken. 1937:Dictionary of Wars 1702:The Janissary Tree 1608:Nurosmaniye Mosque 1530:Nurosmaniye Mosque 1506: 1494: 1223:Battle of Navarino 1177: 1052: 952:Mahmud II died of 928: 884:Battle of Akhalzic 848:Husein Gradaščević 793:Battle of Navarino 761: 750: 662:Muhammad Ali Pasha 658: 645:Emirate of Diriyah 628:Kingdom of Imereti 604:invasion of Russia 545:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 3838: 3837: 3820:Şehzade Ali Vasib 2991: 2990: 2635: 2634: 2626:Succeeded by 2592:Succeeded by 2533:Media related to 2457:978-9-757-32133-0 2438:978-9-754-37840-5 2180:Zilfi, Madeline, 2013:Paul E Klopsteg. 1802:978-1-86064-698-0 1751:Tomb of Mahmud II 1655:Beylerbeyi Palace 1471:Verdicenan Hanım. 1437:sultan, entitled 1427:Pertevniyal Kadın 1260:one imperial foot 1024: 1023: 1016: 850:and dissolve the 740:Mahmud II of the 704:Ali ibn Abi Talib 688:First Saudi State 684:Abdullah bin Saud 678:First Saudi State 666:Ottoman-Saudi War 654:Abdullah bin Saud 580:of 1807 that had 448:. Greece waged a 398: 374:rendering support 350: 349: 290: 289: 212:Pertevniyal Kadın 16:(Redirected from 3928: 3825:Dündar Ali Osman 3728:Mehmed Abdulaziz 3414:Şehzade Süleyman 3315:Şehzade Cihangir 3300:Şehzade Abdullah 3238:Şehzade Abdullah 3059: 3028: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2967: 2966: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2609:Preceded by 2575:Preceded by 2565: 2558: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2519: 2511: 2492:1 (1971): pp 39+ 2485:7 (1971): 13–39. 2461: 2442: 2423: 2404: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2076: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1992: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1786: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1718:, also known as 1287: 1278: 1235:ship of the line 1165:ship of the line 1149:Imperial Arsenal 1128:Military reforms 1019: 1012: 1008: 1005: 999: 976: 968: 912:Tanzimat reforms 899: 880: 676:(1813) from the 403: 393: 391: 358: 357: 346: 278: 277: 236: 163: 81: 60:Amir al-Mu'minin 46: 45: 21: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3921:Sons of sultans 3841: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3813:23rd generation 3808: 3767:22nd generation 3762: 3651:21st generation 3646: 3575:20th generation 3570: 3549:19th generation 3544: 3518:18th generation 3513: 3485:17th generation 3480: 3464:16th generation 3459: 3433:15th generation 3428: 3409:Şehzade Bayezid 3387:14th generation 3382: 3361:13th generation 3356: 3340:12th generation 3335: 3324:11th generation 3319: 3310:Şehzade Bayezid 3290:Şehzade Mustafa 3283:10th generation 3278: 3252: 3211: 3190: 3169: 3148: 3124:Süleyman Çelebi 3112: 3086: 3060: 3051: 3030: 3029:Ottoman princes 3022: 2992: 2987: 2953: 2747:Süleyman Çelebi 2705: 2677: 2665: 2631: 2622: 2614: 2597: 2588: 2580: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2526: 2468: 2466:Further reading 2458: 2439: 2420: 2401: 2385: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2160: 2153: 2142: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2108: 2077: 2070: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1746:Sened-i İttifak 1737: 1698:detective novel 1694: 1636:Mihrimah Sultan 1621:Nakşidil Sultan 1599: 1523:Nakşidil Sultan 1478: 1455:Dilpesend Kadın 1400:Şevkefza Sultan 1373:Bezmialem Kadın 1326: 1321: 1302:Takvim-i Vekayi 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1268: 1244:Tersâne-i Âmire 1136: 1130: 1029: 1020: 1009: 1003: 1000: 989: 977: 966: 940:Meclis-i Vukela 920: 914: 907: 900: 891: 881: 860: 842:to execute the 832:Ali Ridha Pasha 819: 813: 805:Ottoman Algeria 744:was written in 730: 724: 647: 641: 596: 590: 574: 522: 498: 471:, in which the 458:Ottoman Algeria 426:Janissary corps 418:Peter the Great 386:Ottoman Turkish 379: 378: 377: 372:Without proper 359: 355: 321:Nakşidil Sultan 272: 248:Mihrimah Sultan 230: 229: 221: 207:Bezmiâlem Kadın 180: 177:Fatih, Istanbul 165: 161: 141: 88: 71:of the two seas 66: 62: 58: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794:Ertuğrul Osman 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3587:Abdul Hamid II 3584: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3566:Mustafa Efendi 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3399:Şehzade Mehmed 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3368:Şehzade Mahmud 3364: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3295:Şehzade Mehmed 3292: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3257:9th generation 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3243:Şehzade Mahmud 3240: 3235: 3230: 3228:Şehzade Korkut 3225: 3219: 3217: 3216:8th generation 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3195:7th generation 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3174:6th generation 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3153:5th generation 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3144:Mustafa Çelebi 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3117:4th generation 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3091:3rd generation 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3072:Süleyman Pasha 3068: 3066: 3065:2nd generation 3062: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3042:Alaeddin Pasha 3038: 3036: 3035:1st generation 3032: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2983:Valide sultans 2980: 2973: 2972: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2934:Abdul Hamid II 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2766:Mustafa Çelebi 2762: 2757: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2570:Regnal titles 2567: 2566: 2549:House of Osman 2546: 2543: 2525: 2524:External links 2522: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2495:Palmer, Alan. 2493: 2486: 2479: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2443: 2437: 2424: 2419:978-0415666831 2418: 2405: 2400:978-1108013352 2399: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2199: 2186: 2173: 2151: 2136: 2121: 2106: 2068: 2053: 2044: 2019: 2006: 2000:978-0521291668 1999: 1977: 1968: 1953: 1947:978-1135954949 1946: 1926: 1914: 1888: 1886:, p. 125. 1876: 1864: 1833: 1808: 1801: 1776: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1715:Intimate Power 1712:The 1989 film 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1614: 1611: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575:Topkapi Palace 1571:Ottoman Empire 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1526: 1516: 1513: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1442: 1434: 1424: 1421: 1416:, daughter of 1407: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1340: 1337: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1292: 1291: 1282: 1281: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1252:Constantinople 1206:order) of the 1157:Constantinople 1129: 1126: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 980: 978: 971: 965: 962: 916:Main article: 913: 910: 909: 908: 901: 894: 892: 882: 875: 859: 856: 838:. He sent his 815:Main article: 812: 809: 779:, part of the 742:Ottoman Empire 726:Main article: 723: 720: 712:Husayn ibn Ali 708:Hassan ibn Ali 692:Ottoman Empire 643:Main article: 640: 637: 592:Main article: 589: 586: 573: 572:Reign overview 570: 521: 518: 510:Nakşidil Kadin 497: 494: 401:Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî 360: 353: 352: 351: 348: 347: 340: 334: 333: 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 308: 304: 303: 298: 292: 291: 288: 287: 283: 282: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 239: 237: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 192:Nevfidan Kadın 188: 186: 182: 181: 174: 172: 168: 167: 164:(aged 53) 158: 154: 153: 151:Ottoman Empire 147:Constantinople 143:Topkapı Palace 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 90: 89: 82: 74: 73: 56:Ottoman Caliph 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3933: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3804:Bayezid Osman 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3632:Abdulmejid II 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3540:Şehzade Selim 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3509:Abdul Hamid I 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3419:Şehzade Kasım 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269:Şehzade Murad 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3248:Şehzade Murad 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3223:Şehzade Ahmet 3221: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3165:Küçük Mustafa 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3082:Şehzade Halil 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2949:Abdulmejid II 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2899:Abdul Hamid I 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2412:. Routledge. 2411: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2057: 2048: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1874:, p. 19. 1873: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1837: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1707:Jason Goodwin 1704: 1703: 1699: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627:Saliha Sultan 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459:Abdülhamid II 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:Valide Sultan 1443: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414:Beyhan Sultan 1411: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1383:Aşubcan Kadin 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1286: 1277: 1266:Other reforms 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1027:Legal reforms 1018: 1015: 1007: 997: 993: 987: 986: 981:This section 979: 975: 970: 969: 961: 959: 955: 950: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 924: 919: 905: 898: 893: 889: 885: 879: 874: 873: 872: 869: 868:von Diebitsch 865: 855: 853: 852:Bosnia Eyalet 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828:Iraqi Mamluks 824: 818: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 758: 754: 747: 743: 739: 734: 729: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 655: 651: 646: 636: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Transcaucasia 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 595: 585: 583: 579: 569: 567: 563: 562:haznedar usta 559: 555: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 517: 515: 511: 507: 506:Abdul Hamid I 503: 493: 491: 487: 484:. He died of 483: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 396: 387: 383: 375: 371: 369: 365: 345: 341: 339: 335: 332: 329: 325: 322: 319: 315: 312: 311:Abdul Hamid I 309: 305: 302: 299: 297: 293: 284: 279: 275: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 243:Saliha Sultan 241: 240: 238: 235: 234: 228: 224: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:Aşubcan Kadın 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 187: 183: 178: 173: 169: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 139: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 80: 75: 72: 70: 65: 61: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 3789:Mehmed Orhan 3556:Abdulmejid I 3534: 3440:Şehzade Ömer 3352:Sultan Yahya 3186:Orhan Çelebi 3103:Yakub Çelebi 2962: 2919:Abdulmejid I 2913: 2796: 2764: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2629:Abdülmecid I 2617: 2595:Abdulmejid I 2583: 2561: 2557:20 July 1785 2554: 2547: 2527: 2513: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2472: 2447: 2428: 2409: 2390: 2383:Bibliography 2375: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2194: 2189: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2109: 2084: 2080: 2062: 2056: 2047: 2035:. Retrieved 2031: 2022: 2014: 2009: 1988: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1905:. Retrieved 1891: 1884:Coene (2010) 1879: 1872:Allen (2010) 1867: 1844: 1836: 1824:. Retrieved 1820: 1811: 1791: 1765: 1720:The Favorite 1719: 1713: 1711: 1700: 1695: 1679:Adile Sultan 1645:Atiye Sultan 1600: 1563:Abdülmecid I 1507: 1490:burial place 1463:Abdülmecid I 1438: 1402:, mother of 1354: 1347:Adile Sultan 1327: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1237: 1227:Ottoman Navy 1220: 1201: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1142: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1096: 1084: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1053: 1030: 1010: 1001: 990:Please help 985:verification 982: 958:Abdulmejid I 954:tuberculosis 951: 947:Turkish bows 944: 939: 929: 861: 840:Grand Vizier 820: 767:following a 762: 682: 659: 597: 575: 565: 561: 557: 542: 523: 499: 490:Abdulmejid I 486:tuberculosis 466: 431: 381: 380: 361: 263:Adile Sultan 258:Atiye Sultan 253:Abdulmejid I 233:Among others 231: 197:Hoşyar Kadın 162:(1839-07-01) 140:20 July 1785 127:Abdulmejid I 83:Portrait by 54: 43: 3861:1839 deaths 3856:1785 births 3830:Harun Osman 3504:Mustafa III 3450:Suleiman II 3274:Üveys Pasha 3139:Musa Çelebi 2894:Mustafa III 2864:Suleiman II 2753:Musa Çelebi 2735:Interregnum 2564:1 July 1839 2499:(1992) ch 6 1486:sarcophagus 1418:Mustafa III 1393:Esma Sultan 1377:Esma Sultan 1248:Golden Horn 1173:Crimean War 1171:during the 1153:Golden Horn 886:(1828), by 785:Abbas Mirza 672:(1812) and 624:Sukhum-Kale 422:disbandment 331:Sunni Islam 160:1 July 1839 113:Predecessor 3845:Categories 3530:Mustafa IV 3471:Mustafa II 3347:Mehmed III 3264:Suleiman I 3207:Cem Sultan 3202:Bayezid II 3129:İsa Çelebi 2909:Mustafa IV 2874:Mustafa II 2824:Mehmed III 2809:Suleiman I 2798:Cem Sultan 2792:Bayezid II 2741:İsa Çelebi 2612:Mustafa IV 2578:Mustafa IV 2544:Mahmud II 2087:(3): 413. 2063:Türk Giyim 1859:B000NP64Z2 1757:References 1692:In fiction 1080:Suleiman I 616:Bessarabia 526:Mustafa IV 496:Early life 442:Bessarabia 438:Mustafa IV 410:II. Mahmud 390:محمود ثانى 117:Mustafa IV 3851:Mahmud II 3622:Mehmed VI 3561:Abdulaziz 3535:Mahmud II 3525:Selim III 3497:Osman III 3476:Ahmed III 3445:Mehmed IV 3378:Mustafa I 3331:Murad III 3181:Mehmed II 3108:Bayezid I 3098:Savcı Bey 2944:Mehmed VI 2924:Abdulaziz 2914:Mahmud II 2904:Selim III 2889:Osman III 2879:Ahmed III 2859:Mehmed IV 2844:Mustafa I 2834:Mustafa I 2819:Murad III 2787:Mehmed II 2777:Mehmed II 2729:Bayezid I 2535:Mahmud II 2184:, p. 227. 2170:(4): 405. 1618:mausoleum 1597:Daughters 1587:Abdulaziz 1520:mausoleum 1313:Selim III 1246:) on the 1239:Mahmudiye 1208:Janissary 1197:Dere Beys 1185:Dere Beys 1144:Mahmudiye 1004:July 2015 823:Janissary 773:Gregory V 769:rebellion 530:Selim III 520:Accession 434:1808 coup 395:romanized 382:Mahmud II 268:Abdulaziz 123:Successor 49:Mahmud II 32:Mehmed II 18:Mahmut II 3592:Mehmed V 3492:Mahmud I 3455:Ahmed II 3404:Murad IV 3394:Osman II 3305:Selim II 3160:Murad II 3134:Mehmed I 2969:Category 2939:Mehmed V 2884:Mahmud I 2869:Ahmed II 2849:Murad IV 2839:Osman II 2814:Selim II 2782:Murad II 2772:Murad II 2760:Mehmed I 2506:(1911). 2148:. v1/65. 2101:54626714 2037:12 April 1735:See also 1334:BaşKadin 1324:Consorts 1204:Bektashi 1100:Köprülüs 1057:delators 1048:Muhammad 932:Tanzimat 918:Tanzimat 862:Another 716:beheaded 686:and the 612:Moldavia 566:Altınyol 558:padishah 549:Georgian 473:Kapıkulu 327:Religion 185:Consorts 179:, Turkey 98:Padishah 3582:Murad V 3424:Ibrahim 3373:Ahmed I 3233:Selim I 3077:Murad I 2929:Murad V 2854:Ibrahim 2829:Ahmed I 2804:Selim I 2724:Murad I 2714:Osman I 2686:Dynasty 2675:caliphs 2671:sultans 2668:Ottoman 2378:(1878). 1851:214–217 1826:13 June 1569:of the 1404:Murad V 1355:Haciye" 1151:on the 1033:firmans 964:Reforms 938:or the 844:Bosniak 502:Ramazan 406:Turkish 397:: 301:Ottoman 296:Dynasty 2560: 2477:online 2454: 2435: 2416: 2397: 2099: 2061:Koçu. 1997: 1944: 1907:4 June 1857: 1799: 1567:Sultan 1319:Family 1193:Cyprus 1087:vakıfs 1066:, the 1037:Pashas 738:Sultan 700:Medina 670:Medina 538:vizier 456:, and 368:Arabic 338:Tughra 317:Mother 307:Father 217:Others 171:Burial 87:, 1836 3047:Orhan 2719:Orhan 2562:Died: 2555:Born: 2097:S2CID 1901:(PDF) 1705:, by 1502:türbe 1431:Ikbal 1351:Mecca 1256:kadem 1231:kadem 1181:Tımar 1161:kadem 1121:Rayas 1117:Ayans 1108:haraç 1064:Paşas 696:Mecca 674:Mecca 514:Kafes 281:Names 227:Issue 105:Reign 2452:ISBN 2433:ISBN 2414:ISBN 2395:ISBN 2039:2021 1995:ISBN 1942:ISBN 1909:2012 1855:ASIN 1828:2020 1797:ISBN 1484:The 1476:Sons 1113:Kadı 1105:The 1072:Kadı 1068:Ağas 904:Kars 710:and 698:and 578:coup 460:was 157:Died 137:Born 69:Khan 2089:doi 1250:in 1155:in 994:by 830:by 3847:: 2750:, 2744:, 2673:/ 2512:. 2374:, 2202:^ 2166:. 2154:^ 2095:. 2085:29 2083:. 2071:^ 2030:. 1853:. 1819:. 1779:^ 1199:. 1059:. 1039:. 854:. 706:, 680:. 540:. 408:: 404:, 392:, 388:: 149:, 145:, 3017:e 3010:t 3003:v 2756:) 2738:( 2660:e 2653:t 2646:v 2460:. 2441:. 2422:. 2403:. 2168:3 2103:. 2091:: 2041:. 2003:. 1950:. 1911:. 1861:. 1830:. 1805:. 1773:. 1623:. 1610:. 1532:. 1525:. 1492:. 1420:. 1357:. 1254:( 1175:. 1017:) 1011:( 1006:) 1002:( 988:. 656:. 384:( 100:) 96:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index