Control Data Corporation

1990:"In return for dropping its suit, Control Data won a good deal. For about $ 16 million, it will acquire IBM's Service Bureau Corp., a subsidiary that processes customers' data and sells time on its own computers. Wall Street analysts reckon that the Service Bureau's real market value is closer to $ 60 million. In addition, IBM will buy services from the bureau for five years, stay out of the services business itself in the U.S. for six years and reimburse Control Data for $ 15 million in legal fees spent on the case. Total cost of the package to IBM: at least $ 80 million. William C. Norris, Control Data's one-man-gang chairman, said that the daring suit had turned out to be 'one of the best management decisions in our history.' ..." 217: 490:(OCR) systems. The idea was to bypass the entire punched card stage by having the operators simply type onto normal paper pages with an OCR-friendly typewriter font, and then submit those pages to the computer. Since a typewritten page contains much more information than a punched card (which has essentially one line of text from a page), this would offer savings all around. This seemingly simple task turned out to be much harder than anyone expected, and while CDC became a major player in the early days of OCR systems, OCR has remained a niche product to this day. Rabinow's plant in 1099: 788:. The late Duane Andrews, Public Relations, was responsible for coordinating this event. Andrews successfully attracted many influential editors including the research editor at Business Week who chronicled this publicity release "... as the most exciting public event he attended in 20 years". Sharing the podium were William C. Norris, Boyd Jones V.P. and S. Steve Adkins, Data Center Manager. It was extremely rare for Bill Norris to take the podium being a very private individual. Also, during the lunch at a local 45: 543: 209: 1113:. While CDC was still making computers, it was decided that hardware manufacturing was no longer as profitable as it used to be, and so in 1988 it was decided to leave the industry, bit by bit. The first division to go was Imprimis. After that, CDC sold other assets such as VTC (a chip maker that specialized in mass-storage circuitry and was closely linked with MPI), and non-computer-related assets like Ticketron. 2991: 682: 761:. By highly pipelining mathematical instructions with purpose-built instructions and hardware, mathematical processing is dramatically improved in a machine that was otherwise slower than a 7600. Although the particular set of problems it would be best at solving was limited compared to the general-purpose 7600, it was for solving exactly these problems that customers would buy CDC machines. 224: 719:, which like most new OSs, was primitive. The 7600 project paid for itself, but damaged CDC's reputation. The 7600 memory had a split primary- and secondary-memory which required user management but was more than fast enough to make it the fastest uniprocessor from 1969 to 1976. A few dozen 7600s were the computers of choice at supercomputer centers around the world. 726:. This design included four 7600-like processors in a single, smaller case. The smaller size and shorter signal paths allowed the 8600 to run at much higher clock speeds which, together with faster memory, provided most of the performance gains. The 8600, however, belonged to the "old school" in terms of its physical construction, and it used individual components 498:

Engineering, which offered a line of lower-cost as well as higher-speed card punches. All card-handling products were moved to what became the Valley Forge Division after Bridge moved to a new factory, with the tape transports to follow. Later, the Valley Forge and Rochester divisions were spun off to form a new joint company with National Cash Register (later

1536:

van-loads of equipment to Hollywood for the shoot, accompanied by Jerry Sterns of the Benchmark Lab who supervised the equipment while it was on the set. After the machines were returned to Minnesota, they were inspected and tested, and as each machine was sold, a notation was made in the corporate records that the machine had appeared in the film.

2864:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Engineers include Robert Moe, Wayne Specker, Dennis Grinna, Tom Rowan, Maurice Hutson, Curt Alexander, Don Pagelkopf, Maris Bergmanis, Dolan Toth, Chuck Hawley, Larry Krueger, Mike Pavlov, Dave Resnick, Howard Krohn, Bill Bhend, Kent Steiner, Raymon Kort, and Neil R. Lincoln. Discussion topics include 274:. Instead they simply said the team was important, and they would be very happy if he hired them all. Parker was obviously wary, but after several meetings with increasingly high-ranking Naval officers it became apparent that whatever it was, they were serious, and he eventually agreed to give this team a home in his 335:. In the process of merging the companies, the ERA division was folded into Sperry's UNIVAC division. At first this did not cause too many changes at ERA, since the company was used primarily to provide engineering talent to support a variety of projects. However, one major project was moved from UNIVAC to ERA, the 825:, were using the same basic design techniques as the STAR, but were computing much faster. The Star 100 was able to process vectors up to 64K (65536) elements, versus 64 elements for the Cray-1, but the Star 100 took much longer for initiating the operation so the Cray-1 outperformed with short vectors. 673:, or whether fixed or removable disks would become the more prevalent. SPIN explored all of these approaches, and eventually delivered a 28" diameter fixed disk and a smaller multi-platter 14" removable disk-pack system. Over time, the hard disk business pioneered in SPIN became a major product line. 556:

Meanwhile, at the new Chippewa Falls lab, Seymour Cray, Jim Thornton, and Dean Roush put together a team of 34 engineers, which continued work on the new computer design. One of the ways they hoped to improve the CDC 1604 was to use better transistors, and Cray used the new silicon transistors using

429:

neighborhood of St. Paul where Norris lived. Through this period, Norris became increasingly worried that CDC had to develop a "critical mass" to compete with IBM. To do this, he started an aggressive program of buying up various companies to round out CDC's peripheral lineup. In general, they tried

777:

In 1975, a STAR-100 was placed into service in a Control Data service center which was considered the first supercomputer in a data center. Founder William C. Norris presided at the podium for the press conference announcing the new service. Publicity was a key factor in making the announcement a

521:

that ran jobs on behalf of smaller companies that could not afford to buy computers. This was never very profitable, and in 1965, several managers suggested that the unprofitable centers be closed in a cost-cutting measure. Nevertheless, Norris was so convinced of the idea that he refused to accept

412:

Cray immediately turned to the design of a machine that would be the fastest (or in the terminology of the day, largest) machine in the world, setting the goal at 50 times the speed of the 1604. This required radical changes in design, and as the project "dragged on" — it had gone on for about

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Inc. and the rest of the company (consisting of human resources services and Comdata business) took the Ceridian Corporation name. Ceridian was later split again in 2013, with formation of Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. (human resources services) and Comdata Inc. (payments business), marking the end of

1535:

supercomputer, along with a number of other peripheral devices, all provided by CDC Demonstration Services/Benchmark Lab. This equipment was requested on short notice after another computer manufacturer backed out at the last minute. Paul Derby, manager of the Benchmark Lab, arranged to send two

1432:

Their services including development and marketing of IBM-oriented (operating) systems software. One of the Peripheral Systems Group's software products was named CUPID, "Control Data's Program for Unlike Data Set Concatenation." Its focus was for customers of IBM's MVS operating system, and the

993:

Loews had acquired nearly 10% of CCC, which it intended to break up on acquisition. To avoid the takeover, CCC forged a deal with CDC lending them the money to purchase control in CCC instead, and "That is how a computer company came to own a fleet of fishing boats in the Chesapeake Bay." By the

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One of its first peripherals was a tape transport, which led to some internal wrangling as the Peripherals Equipment Division attempted to find a reasonable way to charge other divisions of the company for supplying the devices. If the division simply "gave" them away at cost as part of a system

478:

Train printers and band printers in Rochester were developed in a joint venture with NCR and ICL, with CDC holding controlling interest. This joint venture was known as Computer Peripherals, Inc. (CPI). In the early 80s, it was merged with dot matrix computer printer manufacturer Centronics.

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company in 1972. Norris remained, however, a staunch supporter of Cray, and invested money into Cray's new company. In 1974 CDC released the STAR, designated as the Cyber 203. It turned out to have "real world" performance that was considerably worse than expected. STAR's chief designer, Jim

1063:

By the mid 1980s, Ticketron was CDC's most profitable business with revenue of $ 120 million and CDC, which was loss-making at the time, considered selling the business. In 1990 the majority of Ticketron's assets and business, with the exception of a small antitrust carve-out for Broadway's

645:

In the meantime, IBM announced a new System/360 model, the Model 92, which would be just as fast as CDC's 6600. Although this machine did not exist, sales of the 6600 dropped drastically while people waited for the release of the mythical Model 92. Norris did not take this tactic, dubbed as

497:

With the continued delays on the OCR project, it became clear that punched cards were not going to go away any time soon, and CDC had to address this as quickly as possible. Although the 405 remained in production, it was an expensive machine to build. So another purchase was made, Bridge

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line of computers. The engineers were directed to make it 360-compatible, but that compromised its performance. The ACS was canceled in 1969, without ever being produced for customers. Many of the engineers left the company, leading to a brain-drain in IBM's high-performance departments.

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photo of the Star 100. The main customers of the STAR-100 data center were oil companies running oil reservoir simulations. Most notably was the simulation controlled from a terminal in Texas which solved oil extraction simulations for oil fields in Kuwait. A front page

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Since the Sperry "big company" mentality encroached on the decision-making powers of the ERA employees, a number left Sperry to form the Control Data Corp. in September 1957, setting up shop in an old warehouse across the river from Sperry's St. Paul laboratory, in

1150:. CDC's Energy Management Division, was one of its most successful business units, providing control systems solutions that managed as much as 25% of all electricity on the planet, and went to Ceridian in the split. This division was renamed Empros and was sold to 867:

Meanwhile, several very large Japanese manufacturing firms were entering the market. The supercomputer market was too small to support more than a handful of companies, so CDC started looking for other markets. One of these was the hard disk drive (HDD) market.

734:. The design was so compact that cooling the CPU modules proved effectively impossible, and access for maintenance difficult. An abundance of hot-running solder joints ensured that the machines did not work reliably; Cray recognized that a re-design was needed. 413:

four years by then — the management got increasingly upset and it demanded greater oversight. Cray in turn demanded (in 1962) to have his own remote lab, saying that otherwise, he would quit. Norris agreed, and Cray and his team moved to Cray's home town,

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transistors in the 1604, without the drawbacks of the older mesa silicon transistors. The speed of light restriction forced a more compact design with refrigeration designed by Dean Roush. In 1964, the resulting computer was released onto the market as the

1084:, whose design goal was a machine processing data at 10 GFLOPs, about 40 times the speed of the Cray-1. The design never fully matured, and it was unable to reach its goals. Nevertheless, the product was one of the fastest computers on the market, and 7 844:

architecture. The concept behind Cyber 80 was that current 6000-series users would migrate to these machines with relative ease. The design and debugging of these machines went on past 1980, and the machines were eventually released under other names.

828:

Sales of the STAR were weak, but Control Data Corp. produced a successor system, the Cyber 200/205, that gave Cray Research some competition. CDC also embarked on a number of special projects for its clients, who produced an even smaller number of

714:

The 7600 did not sell well because it was introduced during the 1969 downturn in the U.S. national economy. Its complexity had led to poor reliability. The machine was not totally compatible with the 6000-series and required a completely different

886:

became a partner in 1983 with 17 percent, making the ownership split CDC (67%) and Honeywell (17%). MPI was a captive supplier to its parents. It sold on an OEM basis only to them, while CDC sold MPI product to third parties under its brand name.

1415:: The 8xx & 9xx Cyber models, introduced beginning in 1982, formed the 64-bit Cyber 180 series, and their Peripheral Processors (PPs) were 16-bit. The 180 series had virtual memory capability, using CDC's NOS/VE operating system. 605:

managed to deliver approximately 1 megaFLOPS. A simpler, albeit much slower and less expensive version, implemented using a more traditional serial processor design rather than the 6600's parallel functional units, was released as the

954:, California, to develop 3.5-inch drives using technology from the Wren series. These were marketed by CDC as the "Swift" series, and were among the first high-performance 3.5-inch drives on the market at their introduction in 1987. 764:

Since these two projects competed for limited funds during the late 1960s, Norris felt that the company could not support simultaneous development of the STAR and a complete redesign of the 8600. Therefore, Cray left CDC to form the

259:, area. With the post-war wind-down of military spending, the Navy grew increasingly worried that this team would break up and scatter into various companies, and it started looking for ways to keep the code-breaking team together. 636:

to work on the project, away from corporate prodding, in an attempt to mirror Cray's off-site lab. The project produced interesting computer architecture and technology, but it was not compatible with IBM's hugely successful

1825:

confirm this legend: when the "1604" question was asked, the insiders laughed and responded: "It was quite popular at the time that this was the origin." Page 21 of the oral history provides the official CDC explanation for

1552:'s character is trying on his new "sunglasses" that allow him to see the world as it is, he looks at an advertisement for Control Data Corporation and sees the word OBEY. The film's credits include "special thanks" to CDC. 910:

production. The Magnetic Peripherals division in Brynmawr had produced 1 million disks and 3 million magnetic tapes by October 1979. CDC was an early developer of the eight-inch drive technology with products from its MPI

821:, which became CDC's main product line in the 1970s. An updated version of the STAR architecture, the Cyber 205, had considerably better performance than the original. By this time, however, Cray's own designs, like the 756:

under way, led by Cray's former collaborator on the 6600/7600, Jim Thornton. Unlike the 8600's "four computers in one box" solution to the speed problem, the STAR was a new design using a unit that we know today as the

998:

convinced the Control Data management to spin off their Commercial Credit subsidiary to prevent the company's potential liquidation. Over a period of years, Weill used Commercial Credit to build an empire that became

434:

purchase, they would never have a real budget of their own. Instead, a plan was established in which it would share profits with the divisions selling its peripherals, a plan eventually used throughout the company.

192:(CRI) to design and make supercomputers. In 1988, after much financial loss, the Control Data Corporation began withdrawing from making computers and sold the affiliated companies of CDC; in 1992, Cray established 1092:

chips, which produced much less heat. The effort ended after half-hearted attempts to sell ETA Systems. In 1989, most of the employees of ETA Systems were laid off, and the remaining ones were folded into CDC.

593:. That way, the CPU could devote all of its time and circuitry to processing actual data, while the other controllers dealt with the mundane tasks like punching cards and running disk drives. Using late-model 1108:

Despite having valuable technology, CDC still suffered huge losses in 1985 ($ 567 million) and 1986 while attempting to reorganize. As a result, in 1987 it sold its PathLab Laboratory Information System to

1080:

CDC decided to fight for the high-performance niche, but Norris considered that the company had become moribund and unable to quickly design competitive machines. In 1983 he set up a spinoff company,

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In 1992, the company separated into two independent companies – the computer businesses were spun out as Control Data Systems, Inc. (CDS), while the information service businesses became the

1433:

intended audience was systems programmers. The product's General Information and Reference Manual included SysGen-like options and information about internal user-accessible control blocks.

405:. The 160A was particularly notable as it was built as a standard office desk, which was unusual packaging for that era. New versions of the basic 1604 architecture were rebuilt into the 270:, was about to lose all his contracts due to the ending of the war. The Navy never told Parker exactly what the team did, since it would have taken too long to get top secret 2272: 379:-based 6-bit machine known as the "CDC Little Character" to test his ideas on large-system design and transistor-based machines. "Little Character" was a great success. 188:

who developed a series of fast computers, then considered the fastest computing machines in the world; in the 1970s, Cray left the Control Data Corporation and founded

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Another design direction was the "Cyber 80" project, which was aimed at release in 1980. This machine could run old 6600-style programs, and also had a completely new

703:(previously referred to as the 6800 within CDC). This machine's hardware clock speed was almost four times that of the 6600 (36 MHz vs. 10 MHz), with a 27.5 316:

about the Navy essentially "owning" ERA, and the ensuing debates and legal wrangling left the company drained of both capital and spirit. In 1952, Parker sold ERA to

570:, out-performing everything on the market by roughly ten times. When it sold over 100 units at $ 8 million ($ 79 million in 2023 dollars) each; it was considered a 4326: 4311: 3246: 1654:

Computers and Commerce: A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert–Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946–1957

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CDC CUPID Software Package: Control Data's Program for Unlike Data Set Concatenation (General Information and Reference Manual's Manual ID: 60465820, Rev. A)

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After the delivery of the 6600 IBM took notice of this new company. In 1965 IBM started an effort to build a machine that would be faster than the 6600, the

919:

series drives were particularly popular with high end users, although it was behind the capacity growth and performance curves of numerous startups such as

654:

lawsuit launched against IBM a year later, he eventually won a settlement valued at $ 80 million. As part of the settlement, he picked up IBM's subsidiary,

4351: 1735: 394:. Legend has it that the 1604 designation was chosen by adding CDC's first street address (501 Park Avenue) to Cray's former project, the ERA-Univac 1103. 4331: 2590: 2334: 2625: 375:

CDC started business by selling subsystems, mostly drum memory systems, to other companies. Cray joined the next year, and he immediately built a small

4296: 4281: 2952: 1025:. In 1970, Ticketron became the sole computerized ticketing provider in the United States. In 1973, Control Data increased the size of its investment. 4346: 1158:

acquired the Computing Devices International Division of Ceridian, which was a defense electronics and systems integration business headquartered in

312:

was built for the Navy, which intended to use it in their non-secret code-breaking centers. In the early 1950s a minor political debate broke out in

285:(ERA). Formed in 1946, this contract engineering company worked on a number of seemingly unrelated projects in the early 1950s. Among these was the 3761: 658:(SBC), which ran computer processing for other corporations on its own computers. SBC fitted nicely into CDC's existing service bureau offerings. 4301: 4291: 4276: 707:

clock cycle, and it offered considerably more than four times the total throughput, with much of the speed increase coming from extensive use of

4336: 1604: 2378: 4306: 1980: 2308: 4316: 1406: 2896: 4321: 3239: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 792:, Norris signed a huge stack of certificates attesting to the record which were printed by the Star 100 on printer paper produced in our 2657: 1003:. In 1999, Commercial Credit was renamed CitiFinancial, and in 2011, the full-service network of US CitiFinancial branches were renamed 1447:(1967) – a CDC 3400 is used for radio communication and to direct the actions of the military as they intercept the Martian spaceships. 882:

formed in 1975 to manufacture HDDs for both companies. CII-Honeywell Bull later purchased a 3 percent interest in MPI from Honeywell.

2177: 852:, which ran on Cyber hardware and incorporated many early computer interface innovations including bit-mapped touchscreen terminals. 359:

soon became the chief designer, though at the time of CDC's formation he was still in the process of completing a prototype for the

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from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s. By the late 1970s there were sixty-nine learning centers worldwide, serving 18,000 students.

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to offer a product to compete with any of IBM's, but running 10% faster and costing 10% less. This was not always easy to achieve.

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A variety of systems based on the basic 6600/7600 architecture were repackaged in different price/performance categories of the

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Proceedings of the May 6-8, 1958, western joint computer conference: Contrasts in computers on XX – IRE-ACM-AIEE '58 (Western)

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1980s, Control Data entered an unstable period, which resulted in the company liquidating many of their assets. In 1986,

486:–based workflow, where IBM held a stranglehold. He eventually decided to buy Rabinow Engineering, one of the pioneers of 2075: 3911: 1165:

In March 2001, Ceridian separated into two independent companies, with the old Ceridian Corporation renamed itself to

4271: 4120: 2938: 2739: 2702: 2600: 1417:

The more complete nomenclature for these was 180/xxx, although at times the shorter form (e.g. Cyber 990) was used.

848:

CDC was also attempting to diversify its revenue from hardware into services and this included its promotion of the

834: 1088:-cooled and 27 smaller air cooled versions of the computers were sold during the next few years. They used the new 212:

The 12-bit CDC 160 and 160-A architecture were the basis of the peripheral processors (PPs) in the CDC 6000 series.

2480: 4145: 4065: 3747: 2847: 2843: 2821: 1098: 891: 633: 507: 282: 1739: 965:

purchased Imprimis for $ 250 million in cash, 10.7 million in Seagate stock and a $ 50 million promissory note.

890:

It became a major player in the HDD market. It was the worldwide leader in 14-inch disk drive technology in the

621:

compiler, known as MNF (Minnesota FORTRAN), was developed by Lawrence A. Liddiard and E. James Mundstock at the

2754: 2725: 2677: 1033: 936: 784: 417:. Not even Bill Norris, the founder and president of CDC, could visit Cray's laboratory without an invitation. 382:

In 1959, CDC released a 48-bit transistorized version of their re-design of the 1103 re-design under the name

323:

Although Rand kept the ERA team together and developing new products, it was most interested in ERA's magnetic

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Arneel, Gene (April 8, 1970). "Computicket Folds With $ 13-Mil Loss, But Ticketron Still Punching Away".

782:; thus, establishing the Star-100 as "The most powerful and fastest computer" which was published in the 771: 647: 2640: 4230: 4160: 1459: 655: 360: 4240: 4055: 3817: 3131: 2861: 2851: 2833: 2791: 2717: 1968: 571: 426: 414: 387: 2392: 2202: 1753: 3988: 503: 472: 2352: 1960: 585:(Central Processing Unit) with multiple asynchronous functional units, using 10 logical, external 4341: 4135: 3937: 3486: 3391: 3181: 1455:(1970) – The title sequences to this film include tape drives and other early CDC equipment. 951: 849: 622: 582: 558: 352: 3513: 1803: 4190: 4155: 4025: 3558: 3141: 2626:"Control Data Acclaimed For Building Fastest Computers Supercomputers Breakthrough Computering" 1527:(1988) – The computer room shot up by one of the terrorists contained a number of working 1467: 1159: 1128: 920: 531: 313: 103: 2669: 367:

was Seymour's first transistor computer, though the power supply rectifiers were still tubes.

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with eighteen Control Data Corporation (CDC) engineers on computer architecture and design.

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A German collection of CDC, Cray and other large computer systems, some of them in operation

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1590: 1429:

was both a hardware and a software development unit that functioned in the 1970s and 1980s.

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news article resulted in acquiring a new user, Allis-Chalmers, for simulation of a damaged

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CDC 6500 with open panels. On display at the Living Computer Museum in Seattle, Washington.

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The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards behind the Supercomputer

2152: 2146: 1634: 475:. Holley later sold its stake back to CDC, the remainder becoming the Rochester Division. 8: 4150: 3983: 3862: 3673: 3653: 3426: 2564: 2446: 2031:

AFIPS '74: Proceedings of the May 6-10, 1974, national computer conference and exposition

1216:– 17, 18, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 203, 205, Omega/480, 700 958: 932: 803: 464: 440: 267: 1652: 4215: 4170: 3993: 3916: 3867: 3857: 3792: 3787: 3703: 3698: 3683: 3396: 3295: 2747:

The Eye for Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise.

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Purcell, Charles J. (May 1974). "The control data STAR-100: performance measurements".

1940: 1782: 1710: 1132: 1053: 1029: 962: 883: 586: 459:, all of which were designed in-house. The printer business was initially supported by 328: 271: 236: 196:

The remaining affiliate companies of CDC currently do business as the software company

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Computing history describing the use of a range of CDC systems and equipment 1970–1985

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The Eye for Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise

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In the same month it won its lawsuit against IBM, CDC announced its new computer, the

517:

Another side effect of Norris's attempts to diversify was the creation of a number of

4220: 4195: 3978: 3947: 3901: 3723: 3713: 3648: 3638: 3094: 2771: 2750: 2735: 2721: 2698: 2673: 2596: 2156: 2009: 1836: 1658: 1471:(1977), by Thomas Ryan – Control Data computers were very enticing to young P-1. 1065: 1004: 990: 793: 602: 460: 184:. For most of the 1960s, the strength of CDC was the work of the electrical engineer 2892:

Information about the spin out of Commercial Credit from Control Data by Sandy Weill

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Control Data held interests in other companies including computer research company

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1978: makes it clear that CDC is hiring IBM mainframe systems programming talent.

1463:(1973) – The police department has a CDC 3100 that they use to profile the bomber. 4245: 4090: 4085: 4040: 3827: 3623: 3603: 3533: 3471: 3381: 3305: 3255: 3025: 3020: 2520: 2499: 2461: 2424: 2003: 1856: 1843: 1197: 1191: 1147: 1085: 944: 551: 499: 275: 255:. A number of these were produced by a team dedicated to the task working in the 165: 3224: 44: 4205: 3896: 3837: 3739: 3356: 3346: 3010: 2825: 1545: 1185: 989:

In 1968, Commercial Credit Corporation was the target of a hostile takeover by

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In September 1988, CDC merged Rigidyne and MPI into the umbrella subsidiary of

860:"Imprimis Technology" redirects here. For the expansion card manufacturer, see 518: 317: 290: 263: 248: 55: 1569:

Robert Perkins, William R. Keye, Howard Shekels, Robert Kisch and Seymour Cray

1491:: 1979 pop music video. The band enters the computer room in the Control Data 1479: – In episode 2-10 (#23) ("Complex", 1977) Purdey uses a CDC card reader. 542: 4265: 4200: 4185: 4180: 4165: 4100: 4095: 4080: 3822: 3451: 3326: 3065: 1964: 1166: 1037: 912: 861: 830: 811: 766: 731: 491: 339:

project, which led to lengthy delays and upsets to nearly everyone involved.

189: 145: 2990: 2151:. Vol. 11 (1 ed.). New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. pp. 2038: 1706: 1028:

Ticketron also provided ticketing terminals and back-end infrastructure for

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In addition to the redesign of the 8600, CDC had another project called the

4045: 3887: 3812: 3466: 3421: 3411: 3401: 3060: 2980: 2930: 2885: 2881: 1270: 1219: 1069: 1045: 789: 753: 743: 506:(CPI), to share development and production costs across the two companies. 483: 456: 402: 363:(NTDS), and he did not leave Sperry to join CDC until it was complete. The 356: 240: 232: 185: 120: 1935: 1918: 1871: 669:

memory system. At the time it was unclear if disks would replace magnetic

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computer, work as head of the Univac Division, and the formation of CDC.

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Control Data Corporation was incorporated in Minnesota, July 8, 1957—see

1549: 1504: 1081: 947:, which was aimed at lowering the cost of adding low-performance drives. 903: 670: 344: 332: 324: 305: 294: 4110: 3877: 3693: 3643: 3573: 3563: 3543: 3523: 3136: 1143: 1021:

In 1969, Control Data acquired 51% of Ticketron for $ 3.9 million from

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marketplace in the late 1970s and early 1980s especially with its SMD (

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later joined the effort. Eventually the Rochester Division was sold to

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1973 – Cyber 170, Cyber 172, Cyber 173, Cyber 174, Cyber 175, Cyber 17

597:, the machine attained a standard mathematical operations rate of 500 4140: 4075: 4060: 3952: 3942: 3618: 3583: 3416: 3406: 3213: 3153: 3078: 1540: 1528: 1213: 1182:

et al – 1604, 1604-A, 1604-B, 1604-C, 924 (a "cut down" 1604 sibling)

1124: 1016: 1000: 978: 879: 818: 797: 747: 727: 666: 651: 562: 364: 336: 208: 173: 141: 1123:

CDS later became owner of ICEM Technologies, makers of ICEM DDN and

3932: 3802: 3797: 3613: 3568: 3171: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3015: 3005: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 1781:. IEEE Computer Society (webcitation.org/5pOwR2VJX). Archived from 1692: 1523: 1508: 1261: 1251: 1242: 1208: 1203: 1179: 1136: 1117: 1057: 1049: 1041: 974: 916: 899: 779: 723: 700: 694: 690: 611: 607: 594: 567: 406: 398: 386:; the first machine was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1960 at the 383: 301: 197: 149: 91: 3598: 2920: 2417:"Ceridian Forms Separate HCM and Payments Businesses | @CloudExpo" 2100:"Allen & Co's $ 165-Mil Deal For Ticketron; No Changes Seen". 262:

Eventually they found their solution: John Parker, the owner of a

30:"Control Data" redirects here. For the album by Mark Stewart, see 4105: 3973: 3728: 3688: 3628: 3553: 3538: 3491: 3481: 3456: 3376: 3300: 3104: 2203:"Citicorp, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Nov 12, 1999" 2132:"Loew's Theatres, Inc. v. Commercial Credit Company, 243 A.2d 78" 1151: 618: 522:

this, and ordered an across-the-board "belt tightening" instead.

471:. They later formalized this by creating a jointly held company, 468: 266:

affiliate named Northwestern Aeronautical Corporation located in

4235: 3852: 3832: 3718: 3663: 3548: 3518: 3501: 3436: 3366: 3336: 3146: 2794:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; CDC records donated by 1605:"The BITSAVERS.ORG Documents Library: Control Data Corporation" 1532: 1512: 1483: 940: 928: 841: 822: 252: 181: 681: 3668: 3658: 3441: 3331: 3204: 3119: 3109: 2925: 2857: 2839: 2817: 1957: 1818: 1507:

version of the film, when Flynn and Lora sneak into Encom, a

1346: 924: 629: 598: 2787: 1835:

See story of a salesman's uninvited visit to Chippewa Falls

1075: 4250: 3476: 3351: 1499: 1089: 907: 223: 2176:

O'brien, Timothy L.; Creswell, Julie (11 September 2005).

1619:

Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry

1162:– originally Control Data's Government Systems Division. 482:

Norris was particularly interested in breaking out of the

3593: 3588: 3528: 3496: 2001: 530:

Control Data created an international technical/computer

298: 177: 153: 148:

company that in the 1960s was one of the nine major U.S.

2393:"ARBITRON INC (Form Type: 8-K, Filing Date: 03/30/2001)" 1754:"Control Data Corporation, "Little Character" Prototype" 610:, and a two-processor version of the 6400 is called the 3807: 3321: 1701:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 70–74. 1275:

1971 – Cyber 71, Cyber 72, Cyber 73, Cyber 74, Cyber 76

1110: 837:(AFP), also known as CYBER PLUS, was one such machine. 2559: 2557: 2481:"Programming career opportunities (Job Advertisement)" 2195: 2005:

ACHIEVING ACCURACY: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles

1436: 898:) and CMD (Cartridge Module Drive), with its plant at 2916:

Control Data User Manuals Library @ Computing History

1139:, and merged into BT's Global Services organization. 239:

had built up a classified team of engineers to build

2911:

Private Collection of historical documents about CDC

2897:

Information about the Control Data CDC 3800 Computer

1591:"Hagley Museum and Library Manuscripts and Archives" 1131:

for $ 40.6m in 1998. In 1999, CDS was bought out by

537: 409:

series, which sold through the early and mid-1960s.

370: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2554: 2175: 950:CDC founded a separate division called Rigidyne in 397:A 12-bit cut-down version was also released as the 2306: 297:, which was followed by the 1102, and then the 36- 203: 4010:List of companies based in Minneapolis–Saint Paul 3254: 2858:Organized discussion moderated by Neil R. Lincoln 1495:building and proceeds to play with CDC equipment. 661:During the designing of the 6600, CDC had set up 425:In the early 1960s, the corporation moved to the 4263: 3769: 2710:Building the Control Data Legacy: The Career of 2609: 1693:J. E. Thornton; M. Macaulay; D. H. Toth (1958). 1032:, and provided similar services for a number of 984: 347:at 501 Park Avenue. Of the members forming CDC, 4327:Defunct software companies of the United States 4312:Defunct computer companies of the United States 1173: 494:was closed in 1976, and CDC left the business. 3962:Major non-public corporations (alphabetically) 1142:Ceridian continues as a successful outsourced 3755: 3240: 2946: 2850:, and formation of Control Data Corporation. 2697:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1987. 2638: 2309:"Control Data to Separate Into Two Companies" 1958:Oral history interview with Richard G. Lareau 2960: 2761:Design of a Computer: The Control Data 6600. 2641:"The Amazing 1979 Song About Computer Games" 2447:"Computer history TNO-FEL: CDC CYBER 930-11" 1907:, Charles Murray, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. 1869:Model numbers for CDC's Reader & Punch: 1857:"Control Data Corporation – Social Networks" 1585: 1583: 1581: 855: 4352:Technology companies disestablished in 1992 2840:Oral history interview with Willis K. Drake 1420: 1247:1964 – 160G (160-G), 3100, 3200, 3600, 6400 1064:"Telecharge" business-unit, were bought by 4332:Manufacturing companies based in Minnesota 3762: 3748: 3247: 3233: 2953: 2939: 2818:Oral history interview with William Norris 2253:. February 28, 1991. p. 4 (section D) 1511:is visible in the background, alongside a 1194:– 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3800 1097: 935:. CDC also co-developed the now universal 814:in a Norwegian mountain hydropower plant. 632:. Two hundred people were gathered on the 401:in 1960, often considered among the first 43: 4297:Computer companies disestablished in 1992 4282:American companies disestablished in 1992 2768:William C. Norris: Portrait of a Maverick 1934: 1752: 1578: 1076:ETA Systems, wind-down and sale of assets 737: 525: 4347:Technology companies established in 1957 2515: 2513: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 1644: 1629: 1627: 1068:who sold it the following year to rival 680: 541: 222: 215: 207: 3926:Other public companies (alphabetically) 3280:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers 2905:Washington Dulles International Airport 2854:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 2836:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 2749:New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005 2379:"SIEMENS acquires EMPROS from CERIDIAN" 2028: 1671: 1650: 778:success by coordinating the event with 665:to supply the system with a high speed 650:(FUD), lying down, and in an extensive 437:The tape transport was followed by the 420: 351:was the unanimous choice to become the 14: 4302:Defunct companies based in Minneapolis 4292:Computer companies established in 1957 4277:American companies established in 1957 4264: 2478:1977 - expanding/seeking programmers. 2226: 2118:"ACQUISITION OFFER STILL GOOD: LOEW'S" 2076:"Control Data To Sell Unit To Seagate" 1916: 1621:(University of Minnesota Press, 2013) 1517:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1287:1977 – Cyber 171, Cyber 176, Omega/480 878:, was originally a joint venture with 722:Cray then turned to the design of the 4337:Software companies based in Minnesota 4019:Defunct corporations (alphabetically) 3743: 3228: 3051: 2934: 2763:Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1970 2510: 2439: 2222: 2220: 2144: 2138: 2086: 1624: 1257:1966 – 3800, 6200, 6500, Station 6000 4307:Defunct companies based in Minnesota 2588: 2245:"Ticketmaster Deal To Get Ticketron" 2178:"Laughing All the Way From the Bank" 977:, Commercial Credit Corporation and 850:PLATO computer-aided learning system 770:Thornton, then left CDC to form the 676: 4317:Defunct computer hardware companies 4131:Minneapolis-St. Paul Stock Exchange 1821:with CDC's computer engineers does 1437:Film and science fiction references 1241:1963 – 160A (160-A), 1604-A, 3400, 24: 4322:Defunct computer systems companies 4121:Midwest Federal Savings & Loan 3912:Federated Mutual Insurance Company 2687: 2565:"Starring the Computer – CDC 3100" 2307:Lawrence M. Fisher (28 May 1992). 2217: 2002:Marshall William McMurran (2008). 1635:"CREATIVITY – SUCCESS – OBSCURITY" 1127:software and sold the business to 589:to off-load many common tasks and 561:. These were much faster than the 25: 4363: 2903:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near 2781: 1981:"COMPUTERS: A Settlement for IBM" 1651:Norberg, Arthur L. (2005-06-01). 1188:– 160, 160A (160-A), 160G (160-G) 557:the planar process, developed by 538:CDC 6600: defining supercomputing 371:Early designs and Cray's big plan 2989: 2798:in 1991; finding guide contains 2788:Control Data Corporation Records 2353:"SIEMENS GETS CERIDIAN's EMPROS" 1987:magazine, Monday, Jan. 29, 1973. 1817:Curiously, a very detailed 1975 1805:Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame 152:companies, which group included 4146:Napco Four Wheel Drive Vehicles 4066:Engineering Research Associates 2844:Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company 2770:. Ballinger Pub Co., May 1987. 2662: 2651: 2632: 2582: 2545: 2531: 2527:. November 1, 1982. p. 48. 2491: 2487:. October 24, 1977. p. 77. 2472: 2453: 2409: 2385: 2371: 2345: 2327: 2300: 2265: 2237: 2169: 2124: 2110: 2068: 2054: 2045: 2022: 1995: 1974: 1951: 1910: 1898: 1892: 1878: 1863: 1849: 1829: 1811: 1796: 1771: 1746: 835:CDC Advanced Flexible Processor 327:systems. Rand soon merged with 283:Engineering Research Associates 204:Background: World War II – 1957 2842:Discusses Remington-Rand, the 2734:. New York: John Wiley, 1997. 2551:Chapter 2, pages 2-1 thru 2-7. 1728: 1686: 1611: 1597: 1563: 1531:computers and a mock-up of an 968: 937:Advanced Technology Attachment 785:Guinness Book of World Records 13: 1: 4036:Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company 3432:Digital Equipment Corporation 2901:National Air and Space Museum 2824:years, acquisition of ERA by 2639:Luke Plunkett (7 July 2011). 2506:. April 17, 1978. p. 90. 1556: 1515:. This scene was shot at the 1103:Logo of Control Data Systems 985:Commercial Credit Corporation 796:plant. The paper included a 488:optical character recognition 162:Digital Equipment Corporation 4031:Amazon Bookstore Cooperative 3771:Minnesota-based corporations 2459:1973 - "newly reorganized:" 2145:Price, Robert (2005-11-11). 1917:Frisch, Michael (Dec 1972). 1695:"The Univac® M-460 computer" 1452:Colossus: The Forbin Project 1174:Timeline of systems releases 1010: 7: 3268:History of hard disk drives 2569:www.starringthecomputer.com 2468:. May 23, 1973. p. 28. 2337:. PTC. 2000. Archived from 2106:. May 14, 1986. p. 92. 1425:Control Data Corporation's 1170:CDC assets split for good. 772:Network Systems Corporation 648:fear, uncertainty and doubt 293:computer, the basis of the 67:; 67 years ago 10: 4368: 4287:Chippewa County, Wisconsin 4231:Swan River Logging Company 4161:Northgate Computer Systems 2695:A Few Good Men from Univac 2589:Senn, Bryan (2007-06-29). 2421:cloudcomputing.sys-con.com 1971:, University of Minnesota. 1886:"CDC Acquisitions to 1984" 1238:1962 – 924 (a 24-bit 1604) 1014: 859: 741: 688: 656:Service Bureau Corporation 549: 451:, followed by a series of 361:Naval Tactical Data System 194:Control Data Systems, Inc. 29: 27:Defunct supercomputer firm 4241:William Bros Boiler Works 4056:Crystal Shamrock Airlines 4018: 4002: 3961: 3925: 3890:corporations (by revenue) 3886: 3781:corporations (by revenue) 3777: 3314: 3288: 3263: 3190: 3164: 3132:Chippewa Operating System 3087: 2998: 2987: 2968: 2862:Charles Babbage Institute 2852:Charles Babbage Institute 2834:Charles Babbage Institute 2792:Charles Babbage Institute 2718:Charles Babbage Institute 2658:The New York Times Movies 1969:Charles Babbage Institute 1923:Communications of the ACM 1779:"Tribute to Seymour Cray" 1680:"CDC Historical Timeline" 872:Magnetic Peripherals Inc. 856:Magnetic Peripherals Inc. 415:Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin 388:Naval Postgraduate School 114: 98: 87: 79: 61: 51: 42: 4272:Control Data Corporation 4051:Control Data Corporation 3989:Securian Financial Group 3594:Nippon Electric Industry 3357:Bryant Computer Products 3273:IBM magnetic disk drives 2962:Control Data Corporation 2273:"3M Health Care History" 1872:"Desktop CYBER emulator" 1427:Peripheral Systems Group 1421:Peripheral Systems Group 1254:, 3300, 3500, 8050, 8090 1200:– 6200, 6400, 6500, 6700 504:Computer Peripherals Inc 473:Holley Computer Products 134:Control Data Corporation 38:Control Data Corporation 4136:Minnesota Stage Company 3938:MTS Systems Corporation 3487:Hokushin Electric Works 3392:Computer Memories, Inc. 3182:PLATO (computer system) 2670:A New Order of the Ages 2039:10.1145/1500175.1500257 2008:. Xlibris Corporation. 1919:"Remarks on Algorithms" 1758:Computer History Museum 1707:10.1145/1457769.1457791 623:University of Minnesota 559:Fairchild Semiconductor 353:chief executive officer 4156:North Central Airlines 4026:ADC Telecommunications 1992: 1736:"William Norris (CEO)" 1468:The Adolescence of P-1 1160:Bloomington, Minnesota 1135:, a subsidiary of the 738:The STAR and the Cyber 686: 685:CDC 7600, serial no. 1 577:The 6600 had a 100ns, 547: 526:Control Data Institute 241:codebreaking machinery 228: 220: 213: 104:Bloomington, Minnesota 4226:Simitar Entertainment 3177:Storage Module Device 2708:Misa, Thomas J., ed. 2462:"Peripherals Systems" 2397:edgar.secdatabase.com 1988: 1936:10.1145/361598.361914 1503:(1982) – In the 1036:, including those in 939:(ATA) interface with 896:Storage Module Device 684: 545: 226: 219: 211: 158:Burroughs Corporation 4176:Paisley Park Records 4071:Fawcett Publications 3843:Ameriprise Financial 3569:MiniStor Peripherals 3514:Intégral Peripherals 3447:ExcelStor Technology 3191:Affiliated companies 2796:Ceridian Corporation 421:Peripherals business 392:Monterey, California 355:of the new company. 289:, an early military 94:(now Dayforce, Inc.) 32:Control Data (album) 18:Magnetic Peripherals 4216:Salkin & Linoff 4151:Navarre Corporation 3863:Patterson Companies 3674:Samsung Electronics 2899:—on display at the 2800:historical timeline 2730:Murray, Charles J. 2335:"PTC Annual report" 959:Imprimis Technology 876:Imprimis Technology 804:Wall Street Journal 465:Rochester, Michigan 268:St. Paul, Minnesota 251:electro-mechanical 39: 4171:Northwest Airlines 3994:Taylor Corporation 3868:Polaris Industries 3858:Thrivent Financial 3788:UnitedHealth Group 3699:SyQuest Technology 3684:Shugart Associates 3397:Conner Peripherals 3387:CII-Honeywell-Bull 3372:Castlewood Systems 3296:Seagate Technology 2812:joint venture list 2693:Lundstrom, David. 2427:on January 6, 2018 2313:The New York Times 2250:The New York Times 2182:The New York Times 2080:The New York Times 1842:2005-11-15 at the 1290:1979 – Cyber 203, 1154:in 1993. In 1997, 1030:parimutuel betting 963:Seagate Technology 687: 601:, but handcrafted 548: 467:suburb outside of 329:Sperry Corporation 229: 221: 214: 37: 4259: 4258: 4196:Republic Airlines 3737: 3736: 3714:Texas Instruments 3639:Potter Instrument 3222: 3221: 3074: 3073: 2808:acquisitions list 2776:978-0-88730-087-5 2766:Worthy, James C. 2745:Price, Robert M. 2205:. secdatabase.com 2162:978-0-300-10877-4 2015:978-1-4628-1065-9 1664:978-0-262-14090-4 1657:. The MIT Press. 1278:1972 – 5600, 8600 1066:The Carlyle Group 1005:OneMain Financial 961:. The next year, 794:Lincoln, Nebraska 677:CDC 7600 and 8600 532:vocational school 461:Holley Carburetor 131: 130: 16:(Redirected from 4359: 4211:St. Jude Medical 4126:Midwest Wireless 4116:Midwest Aviation 3984:Schwan's Company 3764: 3757: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3634:Plus Development 3579:Mitsumi Electric 3462:General Electric 3342:Areal Technology 3249: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3049: 3048: 2993: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2804:product timeline 2759:Thornton, J. E. 2681: 2666: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2607: 2606: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2423:. Archived from 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2282:. Archived from 2277: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2120:. June 18, 1968. 2114: 2108: 2107: 2097: 2084: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2026: 2020: 2019: 1999: 1993: 1978: 1972: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1833: 1827: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1738:. Archived from 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1631: 1622: 1617:Thomas J. Misa, 1615: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1570: 1567: 1476:The New Avengers 1444:Mars Needs Women 1312:1980 – Cyber 205 1156:General Dynamics 1101: 1023:Cemp Investments 906:valleys running 759:vector processor 717:operating system 257:Washington, D.C. 170:General Electric 75: 73: 68: 47: 40: 36: 21: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4246:XRS Corporation 4091:Genmar Holdings 4086:Gander Mountain 4041:Butler Brothers 4014: 3998: 3957: 3921: 3882: 3773: 3768: 3738: 3733: 3624:Pertec Computer 3604:Ohio Scientific 3472:Hewlett-Packard 3382:Caelus Memories 3310: 3306:Western Digital 3284: 3259: 3256:Hard disk drive 3253: 3223: 3218: 3192: 3186: 3160: 3083: 3070: 3047: 3026:CDC 6000 series 3021:CDC 3000 series 2994: 2985: 2964: 2959: 2784: 2712:Robert M. Price 2690: 2688:Further reading 2685: 2684: 2668:Colin Bowling, 2667: 2663: 2656: 2652: 2647:. Gawker Media. 2637: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2610: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2521:"Computerworld" 2519: 2518: 2511: 2500:"Computerworld" 2498: 2496: 2492: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2359:. 16 March 1993 2351: 2350: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2225: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2098: 2087: 2082:. 13 June 1989. 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062:"Computerworld" 2060: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2000: 1996: 1979: 1975: 1956: 1952: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1844:Wayback Machine 1834: 1830: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1747: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1616: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1439: 1423: 1416: 1284:1976 – Cyber 18 1250:1965 – 1604-C, 1226:1957 – Founding 1217: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1198:CDC 6000 series 1195: 1192:CDC 3000 series 1189: 1183: 1176: 1148:human resources 1106: 1105: 1104: 1086:liquid nitrogen 1078: 1019: 1013: 987: 971: 945:Western Digital 915:Operation. Its 865: 858: 833:computers. The 750: 742:Main articles: 740: 697: 689:Main articles: 679: 634:U.S. West Coast 554: 552:CDC 6000 series 540: 528: 519:service bureaus 500:NCR Corporation 423: 373: 281:The result was 276:military glider 206: 166:NCR Corporation 124: 117: 110: 106: 71: 69: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4365: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4342:Supercomputers 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4221:Shoppers' City 4218: 4213: 4208: 4206:Rural Cellular 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4003:Related topics 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838:C. H. Robinson 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3509:Imprimis (CDC) 3506: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3427:Diablo Systems 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3347:Avatar Systems 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3165:Other products 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3011:CDC 160 series 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2976:William Norris 2972: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2894: 2889: 2855: 2837: 2826:Remington Rand 2815: 2783: 2782:External links 2780: 2779: 2778: 2764: 2757: 2743: 2728: 2706: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2661: 2650: 2631: 2608: 2601: 2592:A Year of Fear 2581: 2553: 2544: 2530: 2509: 2490: 2471: 2452: 2438: 2408: 2384: 2370: 2344: 2341:on 2019-09-27. 2326: 2299: 2264: 2236: 2233:. p. 117. 2216: 2194: 2168: 2161: 2137: 2123: 2109: 2085: 2067: 2053: 2044: 2021: 2014: 1994: 1973: 1963:2012-07-18 at 1950: 1909: 1897: 1891: 1877: 1862: 1848: 1828: 1810: 1795: 1770: 1745: 1742:on 2 Oct 2017. 1727: 1685: 1670: 1663: 1643: 1623: 1610: 1596: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1546:John Carpenter 1537: 1520: 1496: 1488:Computer Games 1480: 1472: 1464: 1460:The Mad Bomber 1456: 1448: 1438: 1435: 1422: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1393: 1379: 1349: 1343: 1313: 1310: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1186:CDC 160 series 1175: 1172: 1120:Corporation. 1102: 1096: 1095: 1077: 1074: 1015:Main article: 1012: 1009: 986: 983: 970: 967: 857: 854: 739: 736: 732:circuit boards 678: 675: 625:for the 6600. 587:I/O processors 550:Main article: 539: 536: 527: 524: 422: 419: 372: 369: 349:William Norris 318:Remington Rand 291:stored program 264:Chase Aircraft 205: 202: 129: 128: 126:William Norris 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 102: 100: 96: 95: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 63: 59: 58: 56:Supercomputing 53: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4364: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 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3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:Fuji Electric 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3327:Alps Electric 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3258:manufacturers 3257: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3067: 3066:CDC Cyber 200 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740:0-471-04885-2 2737: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716:Minneapolis: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2703:0-262-12120-4 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2602:9780786431960 2598: 2595:. McFarland. 2594: 2593: 2585: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2540: 2534: 2526: 2525:Computerworld 2522: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2504:Computerworld 2501: 2494: 2486: 2485:Computerworld 2482: 2475: 2467: 2466:Computerworld 2463: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2289:on 2013-06-18 2285: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2204: 2198: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2133: 2127: 2119: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2064:. 1989-10-09. 2063: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2011: 2007: 2006: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1966: 1965:archive.today 1962: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1881: 1873: 1866: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1785:on 2010-08-24 1784: 1780: 1774: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1681: 1674: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1614: 1606: 1600: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1566: 1562: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232:1960 – 1604-B 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 992: 982: 980: 976: 966: 964: 960: 955: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Oklahoma City 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 863: 862:Boca Research 853: 851: 846: 843: 838: 836: 832: 831:black project 826: 824: 820: 815: 813: 810: 809:hydroelectric 806: 805: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786: 781: 775: 773: 768: 767:Cray Research 762: 760: 755: 749: 745: 735: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 712: 710: 706: 702: 696: 692: 683: 674: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 643: 640: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 572:supercomputer 569: 564: 560: 553: 544: 535: 533: 523: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 495: 493: 492:Rockville, MD 489: 485: 480: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:drum printers 454: 450: 449: 443: 442: 435: 431: 428: 427:Highland Park 418: 416: 410: 408: 404: 403:minicomputers 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 225: 218: 210: 201: 199: 195: 191: 190:Cray Research 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:supercomputer 143: 139: 135: 127: 122: 119: 113: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 64: 60: 57: 54: 50: 46: 41: 33: 19: 4050: 4046:Champion Air 3888:Fortune 1000 3828:Land O'Lakes 3813:U.S. Bancorp 3614:Olivetti OPE 3467:GS Magicstor 3422:Dataproducts 3412:Data General 3193:and products 3061:CDC STAR-100 2981:Seymour Cray 2961: 2886:Seymour Cray 2882:CDC STAR-100 2767: 2760: 2746: 2731: 2709: 2694: 2664: 2653: 2644: 2634: 2591: 2584: 2572:. 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