978:, p. 55. "he origins of the name “Germani” are uncertain. Our main source for this, as for so much about Germany at this period, is Tacitus, whose Germania, subtitled On the Origin and Geography of Germany (De origine et situ Germanorum) was completed toward the end of the first century. He suggests that the name is a modern invention. “It comes from the fact,” he tells us in the second chapter of the Germania, “that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.” It is as plausible an explanation as any..."
170:
3354:
4356:
664:), capital of Roman Germania and home of the Germanic Ubii, who according to Tacitus were considered traitors by other Germani for having "forsworn its native country". After initially seeking to raze all of Colonia to the ground, the forces of Civilis declared the city returned "into the unity of the German nation and name" and "an open city for all Germans". Although initially declaring the rebels and "other Germans" their "kinsmen by blood", the Ubii, a Germanic Tribe eventually assisted the Romans in recapturing the Colonia.
378:
668:
775:
3239:
3797:
4396:
462:
1091:, p. 49. "Germanic-speaking groups dominated most of central and northern Europe beyond Rome's riverine frontiers. The Germani, as the Romans called them, spread all the way from the Rhine in the west (which, before the Roman conquest, had marked an approximate boundary between Europe's Germanic and Celtic speakers) to beyond the River Vistula in the east, and from the Danube in the south to the North and Baltic Seas."
496:
551:"There are still to be seen in the groves of Germany the Roman standards which I hung up to our country's gods... ne thing there is which Germans will never thoroughly excuse, their having seen between the Elbe and the Rhine the Roman rods, axes, and toga... If you prefer your fatherland, your ancestors, your ancient life to tyrants and to new colonies, follow as your leader Arminius to glory and to freedom..."
4413:
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282:, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror."
264:
4368:
1218:, p. 53. "While the territory of ancient Germania was clearly dominated in a political sense by Germanic-speaking groups, it has emerged that the population of this vast territory was far from entirely Germanic... expansion did not annihilate the indigenous, non-Germanic population of the areas concerned, so it is important to perceive Germania as meaning
762:
the Rhine from Magna
Germania into Roman Germania and Gaul, leading to the eventual collapse of Roman rule there, and the emigration of large numbers of Romans, particularly Roman elites. Roman Germania was subsequently occupied by Alemanni and Franks. During subsequent centuries, peoples of Germania
1131:, p. 466. "Germania, an area, roughly speaking, between the oceans in the north and the Danube in the south, the Rhine in the west and the Vistula in the east. This ancient Germania also included Scandinavia, which was considered to be an island in the Baltic Sea."
541:
had once crossed the Rhine and colonized parts of
Germania, but had since become militarily inferior to the Germani. He also writes that Germani had once crossed the Rhine into northeast Gaul and driven away its Gallic inhabitants, and that the
1014:
2), originally have been the name of one small group, which was picked up by the Greeks and Romans, perhaps following
Gaulish usage, and applied to any other foreign neighbours considered similar in language and other aspects of
3680:
1143:, p. 5. "What the Romans knew as Germania was the area between the Rhine and the Danube, extending possibly as far as the Vistula, and including in north Denmark and the southern parts of Norway and Sweden."
1119:). This vast and (especially to the east and north) ill-defined and fluid region spanned what today comprises multiple modern countries from the Netherlands to Poland, and from Scandinavia to the Danube..."
3673:
660:, recruited a vast amount of warriors from his self-described "kinsmen" all over Germania, and hailed Arminius for having liberated Germania from slavery. Civilis' rebels seized Colonia (modern-day
447:
provides descriptions of the geography of
Germania. Modern scholars have been able to localize many of the place names mentioned by Ptolemy, and associated them with place names of the present day.
645:, were settled within Roman Germania in order to prevent revolts by resident Gauls. Roman Germania became characterized by a mixed Celtic, Germanic and Roman population, which became progressively
537:
across the Rhine and conducted punitive expeditions in
Germania. He writes the area was composed of numerous Germanic states, which were not entirely united. According to Caesar, the Gallic
3666:
652:
By the mid 1st century AD, between eight and ten Roman legions were stationed in Roman
Germania to protect the frontiers. From AD 69 to AD 70, Roman Germania was heavily affected by the
820:, and display archaeological commonalities with each other, while being strongly differentiated from that of Roman Germania, largely due to the absence of cities and independent
1103:, p. XII. "In recent decades, a vast amount of new information has been discovered and published about the peoples and cultures of the region, both inside the empire (in
365:) for supposedly-related peoples east of the Rhine. Many modern scholars consider Tacitus's story to be plausible, but they are unsure whether the name was commonly used by
490:
625:
Areas of
Germania independent of Roman control were referred to as "Magna Germania". Modern scholars sometimes refer to the Magna Germania as "Free Germania" (Latin:
3275:
600:
in AD 9. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering
Germania, and is thus considered one of the most important events in
4065:
747:. The provinces of Roman Germania continued to be subjected to repeated Alemannic and Frankish attacks. In the late 4th century AD and early 5th century AD,
236:
From the 3rd century AD, Germanic peoples moving out of Magna
Germania began encroaching upon and occupying parts of Roman Germania. This contributed to the
521:, Caesar refers to these peoples as the Germani, and the lands from where they originated as Germania. The Romans appear to have borrowed the name from the
3897:
828:
was a primary export out of Magna
Germania, while Roman luxury goods were imported on a large scale. Such goods have been found as far as Scandinavia and
702:. Additional numbers of Germani were settled by the Romans within this area. The Roman fortifications on the border with Magna Germania were known as the
778:
698:
In the late 1st and early 2nd century AD, the Romans reoccupied areas lying between the Rhine, Main, and Danube rivers. This area became known as the
402:
The boundaries of Germania are not clearly defined, particularly at its northern and eastern fringes. Magna Germania stretched approximately from the
450:
Germania was inhabited by a large number of peoples, and there was not much unity among them. It appears that Germania was not entirely inhabited by
3813:
691:. They hosted a large military force and carried out lucrative trade with Magna Germania, which greatly contributed to the wealth of Roman Gaul.
1325:
1310:
1295:
221:, while territories east of the Rhine remained independent of Roman control. The Roman emperors also sought to expand east of the Rhine to the
3971:
1340:
3517:
4201:
3268:
2056:
816:. In recent years, progress in archaeology has contributed greatly to the understanding of Germania. Areas of Magna Germania were largely
2028:
1851:
2051:
1699:
2149:
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217:
of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, sometimes collectively referred to as "Roman Germania", were established in northeast
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1640:
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1355:
569:
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1270:, p. 467. "The Romans borrowed the Germanic name from the conquered Gauls... Caesar did not discover the Germans..."
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1891:
1785:
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585:
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85:
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provides evidence for the presence of another Indo-European group, which probably lived under Germanic domination.
237:
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708:. The 3rd century AD saw the emergence of several powerful Germanic confederations in Magna Germania, such as the
4229:
4224:
3219:
2427:
1712:
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1979:
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1814:
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230:
17:
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4156:
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3449:
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4141:
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2358:
517:
3459:
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3224:
2237:
2006:
1873:
1829:
1237:
717:
604:. The Rhine eventually became the border between the Roman Empire and Magna Germania. Areas of northeast
4252:
683:, the provinces of Germania Inferior (headquartered at Colonia) and Germania Superior (headquartered at
169:
4334:
4146:
3786:
2390:
2385:
1649:
849:
824:. Archaeological discoveries testify to flourishing trade between Magna Germania and the Roman Empire.
782:
755:
forced the Romans to withdraw troops from Roman Germania. In 406, a large number of people fleeing the
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608:
bordering the Rhine remained under Roman control, and are often referred to as "Roman Germania". Four
584:
in 7 BC, with further aims of establishing a greater province of Magna Germania, with headquarters at
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38:
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767:. Large parts of Germania, including all of Roman Germania, were eventually incorporated into the
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included raids on Roman Germania by Alemanni and Franks, and the area briefly became part of the
646:
4181:
4013:
3474:
2979:
2412:
2407:
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213:. He referred to their lands beyond the Rhine as "Germania". West of the Rhine, the prosperous
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in the 5th century AD, after which territories of Roman Germania were captured and settled by
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4103:
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3818:
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2339:
2242:
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1911:
1667:
764:
728:. Around 280 AD, the Agri Decumates were evacuated by the Romans and occupied by Alemanni.
657:
653:
1770:
Kleineberg, Andreas; Lelgemann, Dieter; Knobloch, Eberhard; Marx, Christian, eds. (2012).
8:
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encompassed parts of modern-day Switzerland, southwest Germany and eastern France, while
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1617:
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From the 1st to the 4th century AD, Magna Germania corresponds archaeologically to the
320:
316:
1773:
Germania und die Insel Thule: Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene"
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1841:
1833:
1771:
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1671:
922:
867:
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768:
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695:(98 AD) by Tacitus provided vivid descriptions of the peoples of Magna Germania.
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253:
245:
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2014:
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1941:
1828:[I. History. B. Germania (Provincial Name) - Germania Magna]. In
855:
817:
748:
684:
508:
423:
244:
Germanic people. Large parts of Germania subsequently became part of the
198:
159:
146:. According to Roman geographers, this region stretched roughly from the
1254:
572:
across the Rhine, and incorporated areas of Germania as far east as the
4128:
4018:
3338:
3181:
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2952:
2900:
2890:
2875:
2843:
2833:
2711:
2661:
2537:
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2500:
2219:
990:, pp. XI, XVII. "Augustus, Rome's first emperor, tried to conquer
732:
688:
630:
526:
419:
218:
162:
in the north. Archaeologically, these people correspond roughly to the
122:
1748:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
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515:
came into contact with peoples originating east of the Rhine. In his
455:
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190:
139:
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4257:
4070:
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3134:
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2984:
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2741:
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2701:
2681:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2527:
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1111:, and other nearby provinces) and beyond the imperial frontiers in
912:
725:
709:
642:
593:
565:
557:
226:
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348:
was "modern and newly introduced". According to Tacitus, the name
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2612:
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2547:
1607:
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1492:
1235:(1991). "The Celts and the Ethnogenesis of the Germanic People".
907:
892:
887:
863:
790:
786:
752:
661:
589:
444:
407:
341:
307:
live". Modern scholars do not agree on the etymology of the name
304:
288:
186:
151:
31:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
687:) were created out of Roman Germania and other eastern parts of
3384:
3186:
3139:
3124:
3089:
3064:
3029:
3024:
2957:
2942:
2880:
2818:
2803:
2781:
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2721:
2716:
2629:
2624:
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1769:
1191:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
897:
713:
543:
411:
353:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
592:). The Roman campaign was severely hampered by the victory of
546:
claimed to be largely descended from these Germanic invaders.
56:
4378:
3556:
3343:
3059:
3044:
3019:
3009:
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2865:
2823:
2813:
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2400:
1372:
927:
917:
902:
825:
618:, was also established. The area was effectively governed as
522:
403:
296:
256:
in English and many other languages is derived from the name
210:
178:
147:
1516:
1470:
1468:
1146:
1045:
491:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes
263:
3551:
3129:
2776:
1826:"I. Geschichte. B. Germania (Provinzname) - Germania Magna"
1480:
1057:
859:
821:
756:
638:
605:
573:
530:
222:
77:
71:
65:
1437:
1435:
267:
Several different regions called Germania in the Roman era
53:
1548:. Translated by McDevitte, William Alexander; Bohn, W. S.
1465:
763:
played a major role in dismembering what was left of the
356:, west of the Rhine, but it became an "artificial name" (
1504:
679:
In the late 1st century AD, under the leadership of the
434:
encompassed much of modern-day Belgium and Netherlands.
1879:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany
1432:
4332:
1360:
1197:
86:
68:
225:, but these efforts were hampered by the victory of
1033:
1023:
1021:
1010:
remain obscure. It might well, as Tacitus claimed (
62:
59:
3283:
1947:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
3525:
1745:(2007). "Germania and the Limits of the Empire".
142:, which was associated by Roman authors with the
4430:
1018:
735:(3rd century AD), Germania Superior was renamed
656:. Tacitus writes that the leader of the revolt,
1452:
1450:
1419:
1417:
1282:, p. 6. "Caesar advanced into Germania..."
2020:Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde
1843:Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde
1795:Murdoch, Adrian (2004). "Germania Romana". In
675:and Magna Germania in the early 2nd century AD
564:In the late 1st century BC, the Roman emperor
469:culture, which is considered ancestral to the
158:in the south, and the known parts of southern
126:to distinguish it from the Roman provinces of
3891:
3674:
3511:
3269:
2143:
1872:
1522:
1498:
1486:
1378:
1100:
1076:
1051:
987:
637:efforts, large numbers of Germani, including
612:were stationed there, and a Roman fleet, the
580:, creating the short-lived Roman province of
381:15th-century map of Germania as described by
2057:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
1447:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1345:
1006:live". The etymological origins of the word
971:
969:
967:
965:
949:
947:
2174:origin primarily identified as speakers of
2029:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1852:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1636:"Developing the 'Germani' in Roman Studies"
1315:
1300:
1285:
326:The main source on the origin of the names
323:and Latin etymologies have been suggested.
74:
3898:
3884:
3681:
3667:
3518:
3504:
3276:
3262:
2150:
2136:
1694:
1474:
1330:
866:. Since the 17th century, the most common
1975:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
1823:
1657:
1179:
962:
944:
525:. Having defeated the Germanic chieftain
511:of the 1st century BC, the Roman general
201:of the 1st century BC, the Roman general
27:Historical region in north-central Europe
1666:
1606:
1588:
1570:
1456:
1423:
1405:
1390:
1351:
1140:
953:
933:
773:
666:
494:
460:
376:
262:
168:
3215:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1968:
1928:
1794:
1741:
1552:
1510:
1366:
1279:
1267:
1231:
1215:
1203:
1128:
1088:
1039:
975:
14:
4431:
1538:
1336:
1321:
1306:
1291:
739:, while Germania Inferior was renamed
414:in the south and northwards along the
3879:
3662:
3499:
3257:
2131:
2025:Germani, Germania, Germanic Antiquity
1848:Germani, Germania, Germanic Antiquity
1802:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
1641:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal
1115:('Great Germany' or central European
503:(marked in yellow), from 7 BC to AD 9
98:
4385:
4207:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)
2157:
1900:
1633:
1441:
1027:
138:in north-central Europe during the
24:
4147:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1998:
1778:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
1531:
352:had once been applied only to the
25:
4475:
4083:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)
2115:
1876:; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020).
1673:Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe
1626:
1002:means "lands where people called
854:The name Germania is attested in
303:means "lands where people called
103:), also more specifically called
4411:
4394:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4272:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)
4014:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)
3795:
3352:
3238:
3237:
743:. Both provinces were under the
410:river in the east, and from the
238:fall of the Western Roman Empire
197:itself is uncertain. During the
49:
3425:Roman fort Bielefeld-Sennestadt
3220:Christianization of Scandinavia
1713:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
1273:
1261:
1225:
1209:
1134:
1122:
994:("land of the people(s) called
874:has been derived from the name
443:(AD 150), the Roman geographer
344:. Tacitus writes that the name
3284:Ancient Roman sites in Germany
3210:Christianization of the Franks
2283:Continental Germanic mythology
1980:University of California Press
1932:(1999). "Germanic Tribes". In
1545:Commentaries on the Gallic War
1094:
1082:
981:
801:
598:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
231:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
13:
1:
4454:Historical regions in Germany
2050:Howatson, M. C., ed. (2011).
499:Map of the Roman province of
474:
392:
4459:Netherlands in the Roman era
1634:Clay, Cheryl Louise (2008).
1620:; Brodribb, William Jackson.
1602:; Brodribb, William Jackson.
1584:; Brodribb, William Jackson.
938:
518:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
372:
271:
209:originating from beyond the
173:1849 map of ancient Germania
7:
3865:Borders of the Roman Empire
3445:Roman camp Porta Westfalica
3400:Marching camp Holsterhausen
3225:Christianization of Iceland
2031:(in German). Vol. 11.
1854:(in German). Vol. 11.
1824:Scardigli, Barbara (1998).
1238:Historische Sprachforschung
881:
724:established by the usurper
718:Crisis of the Third Century
10:
4480:
1776:(in German) (2 ed.).
1696:Drinkwater, John Frederick
1650:Open Library of Humanities
1247:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
850:Germania (personification)
839:
805:
488:
484:
406:in the west to beyond the
36:
29:
3919:
3857:
3804:
3793:
3698:
3689:Territories with limited
3623:
3590:
3534:
3435:Roman camp Kneblinghausen
3377:
3361:
3350:
3311:
3289:
3233:
3195:
2476:
2438:
2228:
2182:
2165:
1678:Syracuse University Press
1659:10.16995/TRAC2007_131_150
1523:James & Krmnicek 2020
1499:James & Krmnicek 2020
1487:James & Krmnicek 2020
1379:James & Krmnicek 2020
1220:Germanic-dominated Europe
1101:James & Krmnicek 2020
1077:James & Krmnicek 2020
1052:James & Krmnicek 2020
988:James & Krmnicek 2020
835:
785:, the personification of
39:Germania (disambiguation)
4444:Germany in the Roman era
3701:partially or temporarily
3485:Marching camp Wilkenburg
3480:Marching camp Hachelbich
3420:Shore fort Beckinghausen
2463:North Germanic languages
2448:Germanic parent language
1799:; Read, Malcolm (eds.).
369:to refer to themselves.
154:in the east, and to the
30:Not to be confused with
3390:Roman camp Bentumersiel
2468:West Germanic languages
2458:East Germanic languages
2453:Proto-Germanic language
2273:Proto-Germanic folklore
2210:Romano-Germanic culture
2062:Oxford University Press
1884:Oxford University Press
1753:Oxford University Press
1718:Oxford University Press
1564:New York Public Library
4129:Late Antique/Medieval)
3972:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3693:occupation and contact
3610:Levant (Greater Syria)
3475:Roman camp, Marktbreit
3460:Roman camp Oberbrechen
1192:Kleineberg et al. 2012
798:
676:
553:
504:
481:
399:
284:
268:
174:
3914:in modern territories
3450:Roman camp Hedemünden
2278:Anglo-Saxon mythology
2168:Ethnolinguistic group
1706:; Spawforth, Antony;
1668:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
934:Citations and sources
840:Further information:
806:Further information:
777:
670:
549:
498:
489:Further information:
464:
380:
276:
266:
172:
100:[ɡɛrˈmaːni.a]
3395:Marching camp Ermelo
2097:Blackwell Publishing
2089:(2004). "Germania".
1954:. pp. 466–468.
1912:Blackwell Publishing
1858:. pp. 245–257.
1807:Boydell & Brewer
1501:, pp. XVII–XIX.
765:Western Roman Empire
658:Gaius Julius Civilis
654:Revolt of the Batavi
633:. As parts of Roman
37:For other uses, see
4104:Sardinia (Classical
3977:Bulgaria (Classical
3527:Classical antiquity
3440:Roman camp Anreppen
3430:Roman camp Oberaden
3410:Cohort camp Haltern
3205:Gothic Christianity
2099:. pp. 15–135.
1755:. pp. 49–100.
1618:Church, Alfred John
1600:Church, Alfred John
1582:Church, Alfred John
1444:, pp. 136–138.
1233:Schmidt, Karl Horst
1182:, pp. 245–257.
388:Geography (Ptolemy)
185:means "land of the
166:of those regions.
150:in the west to the
4464:Prehistoric Poland
4449:Historical regions
4023:Corsica (Classical
3943:Armenia (Classical
3924:Albania (Classical
3844:Sub-Saharan Africa
3455:Roman camp Limburg
2588:Germani cisrhenani
2296:Funerary practices
2200:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2176:Germanic languages
1809:. pp. 55–73.
998:") but failed....
799:
677:
635:social engineering
505:
482:
400:
269:
175:
4330:
4329:
4312:Thrace (Classical
4304:Turkey (Classical
4096:Sicily (Classical
4043:Greece (Classical
4005:Cyprus (Classical
3991:Crimea (Classical
3986:Britain (England)
3873:
3872:
3849:Equatorial Africa
3723:Byzantine Armenia
3713:Caucasian Albania
3656:
3655:
3493:
3492:
3470:Roman camp Dorlar
3304:Germania Inferior
3300:Germania Superior
3251:
3250:
2423:Gothic and Vandal
2215:Germanic Iron Age
2190:Nordic Bronze Age
2172:Northern European
2092:The Early Germans
2033:Walter de Gruyter
1907:The Early Germans
1856:Walter de Gruyter
1704:Hornblower, Simon
1513:, pp. 64–65.
1109:Germania Inferior
1105:Germania Superior
741:Maxima Sequanorum
615:Classis Germanica
539:Volcae Tectosages
467:Nordic Bronze Age
432:Germania Inferior
428:Germania Superior
136:historical region
132:Germania Superior
128:Germania Inferior
16:(Redirected from
4471:
4424:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4258:Spain (Classical
4088:Italy (Classical
4051:Crete (Classical
3912:Byzantine Empire
3900:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3799:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3465:Waldgirmes Forum
3415:Roman camp Olfen
3369:Limes Germanicus
3356:
3296:Germania Antiqua
3278:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3197:Christianization
2787:Ripuarian Franks
2159:Germanic peoples
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2095:(2nd ed.).
2082:
2080:
2078:
2046:
2011:Geuenich, Dieter
1993:
1965:
1934:Bowersock, G. W.
1925:
1910:(2nd ed.).
1897:
1869:
1834:Geuenich, Dieter
1820:
1791:
1766:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1691:
1663:
1661:
1621:
1616:. Translated by
1603:
1598:. Translated by
1585:
1580:. Translated by
1567:
1549:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1016:
985:
979:
973:
960:
951:
858:translations of
737:Germania Secunda
705:Limes Germanicus
602:European history
582:Germania Antiqua
560:
501:Germania Antiqua
479:
476:
452:Germanic peoples
422:seas, including
397:
394:
291:
144:Germanic peoples
102:
97:
90:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
21:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4406:from Wiktionary
4400:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:sister projects
4383:at Knowledge's
4377:
4367:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4284:Early Medieval)
4197:The Netherlands
4108:Early Medieval)
4027:Early Medieval)
3915:
3906:History of the
3904:
3874:
3869:
3853:
3806:
3800:
3791:
3700:
3694:
3687:
3657:
3652:
3619:
3586:
3530:
3524:
3494:
3489:
3373:
3357:
3348:
3307:
3285:
3282:
3252:
3247:
3229:
3191:
2472:
2434:
2396:Gothic alphabet
2288:Norse mythology
2224:
2178:
2161:
2156:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2049:
2043:
2017:, eds. (1998).
2005:
2001:
1999:Further reading
1996:
1990:
1970:Wolfram, Herwig
1962:
1930:Wolfram, Herwig
1922:
1894:
1866:
1817:
1788:
1763:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1720:. p. 612.
1708:Eidinow, Esther
1688:
1629:
1624:
1534:
1532:Ancient sources
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1475:Drinkwater 2012
1473:
1466:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1422:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1381:, p. XIII.
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1058:
1054:, p. XVII.
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1019:
986:
982:
974:
963:
952:
945:
941:
936:
923:Germania (city)
884:
868:name of Germany
852:
842:Name of Germany
838:
810:
804:
769:Frankish Empire
745:Diocese of Gaul
681:Flavian dynasty
627:Germania Libera
620:Roman provinces
562:
555:
533:, Caesar built
493:
487:
477:
471:Germanic people
395:
375:
293:
286:
274:
254:name of Germany
246:Frankish Empire
215:Roman provinces
113:Germania Libera
95:
88:
52:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4426:
4425:
4408:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4301:
4298:Roman Carthage
4291:
4286:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4119:
4111:
4085:
4080:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4016:
4011:
4002:
3997:
3988:
3983:
3981:High Medieval)
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Canary Islands
3810:
3808:
3805:Contacts &
3802:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2854:Thracian Goths
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Roman Iron Age
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:External links
2114:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2083:
2070:
2060:(3 ed.).
2047:
2041:
2007:Beck, Heinrich
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1966:
1960:
1926:
1920:
1898:
1893:978-0199665730
1892:
1870:
1864:
1830:Beck, Heinrich
1821:
1815:
1797:Murdoch, Brian
1792:
1787:978-3534721795
1786:
1767:
1761:
1743:Heather, Peter
1739:
1726:
1716:(4 ed.).
1692:
1686:
1664:
1630:
1628:
1627:Modern sources
1625:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1586:
1568:
1550:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1525:, p. XVI.
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1477:, p. 612.
1464:
1446:
1431:
1413:
1398:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1224:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1180:Scardigli 1998
1145:
1133:
1121:
1113:Germania Magna
1093:
1081:
1079:, p. XII.
1056:
1044:
1032:
1017:
980:
961:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
883:
880:
837:
834:
830:Western Russia
814:Roman Iron Age
808:Roman Iron Age
803:
800:
700:Agri Decumates
629:) or Germanic
548:
486:
483:
374:
371:
275:
273:
270:
164:Roman Iron Age
109:Great Germania
105:Magna Germania
26:
18:Magna Germania
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4476:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Late Antique)
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Liechtenstein
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Late Antique)
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
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3896:
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3882:
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3878:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
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3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
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3812:
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3809:
3803:
3798:
3788:
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3780:
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3775:
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3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:Roman Armenia
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3672:
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3649:
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3498:
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3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
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3393:
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3388:
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3383:
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3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3366:
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3355:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3244:
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3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Crimean Goths
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:Salian Franks
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2230:Early culture
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2106:1-4051-1714-1
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:Todd, Malcolm
2084:
2073:
2071:9780191739422
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:Steuer, Heiko
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1989:9780520244900
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:0-674-51173-5
1957:
1953:
1952:Belknap Press
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:1-4051-1714-1
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:Todd, Malcolm
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:Steuer, Heiko
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1762:9780199978618
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1727:9780191735257
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:0-8156-2441-7
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:The Histories
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1489:, p. XI.
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1457:Tacitus 1876c
1453:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1424:Tacitus 1876c
1420:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1406:Tacitus 1876c
1402:
1396:
1392:
1391:Tacitus 1876c
1387:
1380:
1375:
1369:, p. 57.
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1352:Tacitus 1876b
1348:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1206:, p. 53.
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:Davidson 1988
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
977:
972:
970:
968:
966:
959:
955:
954:Tacitus 1876a
950:
948:
943:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
851:
847:
846:Pan-Germanism
843:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
722:Gallic Empire
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:Roman legions
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
552:
547:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:Julius Caesar
510:
502:
497:
492:
472:
468:
463:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
390:
389:
384:
379:
370:
368:
364:
363:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
292:
290:
283:
281:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Julius Caesar
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:
118:
117:Free Germania
114:
110:
106:
101:
93:
92:
82:
46:
40:
33:
19:
4423:from Commons
4418:
4401:
4380:
4349:Ancient Rome
4277:Vatican City
4230:Saudi Arabia
4202:North Africa
4037:
3807:explorations
3756:
3735:Roman Crimea
3691:Roman Empire
3581:
3291:
2523:Anglo-Saxons
2513:Adrabaecampi
2496:Bucinobantes
2238:Architecture
2194:
2091:
2075:. Retrieved
2055:
2024:
2019:
1974:
1946:
1942:Grabar, Oleg
1938:Brown, Peter
1906:
1878:
1874:James, Simon
1847:
1842:
1800:
1772:
1747:
1731:. Retrieved
1711:
1672:
1645:
1639:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1544:
1518:
1511:Murdoch 2004
1506:
1494:
1482:
1401:
1386:
1374:
1367:Murdoch 2004
1362:
1347:
1332:
1317:
1302:
1287:
1280:Wolfram 2005
1275:
1268:Wolfram 1999
1263:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1216:Heather 2007
1211:
1204:Heather 2007
1199:
1187:
1136:
1129:Wolfram 1999
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1089:Heather 2007
1084:
1047:
1042:, p. 4.
1040:Wolfram 2005
1035:
1030:, p. 9.
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
983:
976:Murdoch 2004
875:
853:
811:
795:Philipp Veit
740:
736:
730:
703:
697:
692:
678:
673:Roman Empire
651:
626:
624:
613:
588:(modern-day
578:Roman Empire
563:
554:
550:
516:
506:
465:Area of the
449:
438:
436:
401:
386:
366:
357:
349:
345:
335:
334:is the book
331:
327:
325:
308:
300:
294:
285:
279:
277:
257:
250:East Francia
235:
206:
205:encountered
194:
193:of the name
182:
176:
156:Upper Danube
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
44:
43:
4403:Definitions
4267:Switzerland
4233:(Classical)
4215:(Classical)
4137:(Classical)
4117:(Classical)
3834:Scandinavia
3767:Netherlands
3762:Mesopotamia
2963:Nahanarvali
2886:Hilleviones
2799:Frisiavones
2667:Cananefates
2657:Burgundians
2568:Banochaemae
2418:Anglo-Saxon
2369:Anglo-Saxon
2335:Anglo-Saxon
2318:Anglo-Saxon
2301:Anglo-Saxon
2124:at UNRV.com
2077:January 26,
1733:January 26,
1652:: 131–150.
1337:Caesar 1869
1322:Caesar 1869
1307:Caesar 1869
1292:Caesar 1869
1249:: 129–152.
856:Old English
802:Archaeology
749:Gothic Wars
685:Mogontiacum
671:Map of the
509:Gallic Wars
507:During the
478: 1750
424:Scandinavia
340:(98 AD) by
299:, the name
199:Gallic Wars
189:", but the
160:Scandinavia
4433:Categories
4280:(Classical
4225:San Marino
4187:Montenegro
4162:Luxembourg
4125:(Classical
4074:(Classical
3952:Azerbaijan
3362:Barricades
3182:Vinoviloth
2970:Marcomanni
2953:Helveconae
2931:Heaðobards
2901:Istvaeones
2891:Ingaevones
2876:Hermunduri
2844:Ostrogoths
2834:Greuthungi
2712:Chattuarii
2538:Angrivarii
2533:Ampsivarii
2501:Lentienses
2330:Literature
2220:Viking Age
2042:3110158329
1865:3110158329
1816:157113199X
1700:"Germania"
1595:The Annals
1117:Barbaricum
733:Diocletian
689:Roman Gaul
631:Barbaricum
527:Ariovistus
396: 150
278:"The name
248:and later
233:in 9 AD.
219:Roman Gaul
123:Barbaricum
115:(English:
107:(English:
4373:Geography
4316:Medieval)
4308:Medieval)
4172:Macedonia
4100:Medieval)
4092:Medieval)
4078:Medieval)
4055:Medieval)
4047:Medieval)
4009:Medieval)
3995:Medieval)
3928:Medieval)
3648:Igbo-Ukwu
3577:Britannia
3529:by region
3177:Vidivarii
3172:Victohali
3162:Vangiones
3095:Thuringii
3000:Nuithones
2896:Irminones
2859:Visigoths
2849:Thervingi
2809:Gambrivii
2762:Dulgubnii
2757:Dauciones
2707:Chasuarii
2647:Brondings
2573:Bastarnae
2563:Baiuvarii
2543:Armalausi
2506:Raetovari
2440:Languages
2408:Symbology
2268:Folklore
2263:Festivals
2052:"Germany"
1610:(1876c).
1592:(1876b).
1574:(1876a).
1559:Geography
1442:Clay 2008
1028:Todd 2004
1015:culture."
939:Citations
647:Romanized
576:into the
570:campaigns
568:launched
456:Hydronymy
440:Geography
373:Geography
272:Etymology
242:migrating
191:etymology
140:Roman era
121:Germanic
4439:Germania
4381:Germania
4253:Slovenia
4248:Slovakia
4238:Scotland
4212:Portugal
4061:Guernsey
3858:See also
3782:Scotland
3777:Slovakia
3699:Occupied
3643:Carthage
3638:Aegyptus
3605:Anatolia
3582:Germania
3572:Hispania
3319:Augsburg
3292:Germania
3243:Category
3150:Hasdingi
3135:Usipetes
3115:Tubantes
3100:Toxandri
3080:Tencteri
3055:Suarines
3040:Sicambri
3035:Semnones
3015:Reudigni
2985:Mattiaci
2975:Marsacii
2926:Lombards
2916:Lacringi
2911:Juthungi
2742:Corconti
2727:Cherusci
2702:Charudes
2682:Chaedini
2652:Bructeri
2637:Bateinoi
2608:Eburones
2603:Condrusi
2598:Caeroesi
2593:Atuatuci
2528:Ambrones
2491:Brisgavi
2486:Alemanni
2364:Paganism
2253:Clothing
2248:Calendar
2195:Germania
2122:Germania
1972:(2005).
1944:(eds.).
1904:(2004).
1840:(eds.).
1710:(eds.).
1698:(2012).
1670:(1988).
1648:(2007).
1577:Germania
1556:(1932).
1542:(1869).
1461:4. 63–65
1255:40849016
1012:Germania
1008:Germanus
1000:Germania
992:Germania
913:Hibernia
882:See also
876:Germania
818:agrarian
789:and the
783:Germania
779:Painting
726:Postumus
710:Alemanni
693:Germania
643:Sicambri
594:Arminius
566:Augustus
558:Arminius
346:Germania
337:Germania
328:Germania
321:Illyrian
317:Germanic
301:Germania
258:Germania
227:Arminius
183:Germania
134:, was a
45:Germania
4335:Portals
4294:Tunisia
4289:Ukraine
4220:Romania
4192:Morocco
4177:Moldova
4066:Hungary
4038:Germany
4033:Georgia
4000:Croatia
3967:Belgium
3962:Balkans
3957:Austria
3938:Andorra
3933:Algeria
3839:Somalia
3829:Ireland
3757:Germany
3752:Georgia
3740:Cherson
3730:Assyria
3600:Scythia
3567:Illyria
3562:Thracia
3542:Graecia
3344:Hamburg
3334:Cologne
3167:Varisci
3155:Silingi
3145:Vandals
3120:Tulingi
3110:Triboci
3105:Treveri
3085:Teutons
3075:Taifals
3050:Sitones
2990:Nemetes
2948:Helisii
2921:Lemovii
2839:Gutones
2772:Firaesi
2767:Favonae
2747:Cugerni
2737:Cobandi
2692:Chamavi
2687:Chaemae
2677:Casuari
2672:Caritni
2642:Betasii
2613:Paemani
2548:Auiones
2413:Warfare
2391:Scripts
2359:Numbers
2183:History
2027:].
1850:].
1608:Tacitus
1590:Tacitus
1572:Tacitus
1554:Ptolemy
1004:Germani
996:Germani
908:Scandza
893:Illyria
888:Scythia
872:English
864:Orosius
822:coinage
791:Germans
787:Germany
760:crossed
753:Balkans
751:in the
662:Cologne
596:at the
590:Cologne
586:Colonia
535:bridges
485:History
480:–500 BC
445:Ptolemy
437:In his
408:Vistula
383:Ptolemy
367:Germani
359:invento
350:Germani
342:Tacitus
332:Germani
309:Germani
305:Germani
289:Tacitus
280:Germany
229:at the
207:Germani
195:Germani
187:Germani
152:Vistula
32:Germany
4361:Europe
4243:Serbia
4182:Monaco
4142:Kuwait
4134:Kosovo
4122:Jordan
4114:Jersey
4019:France
3772:Persia
3708:Arabia
3625:Africa
3615:Arabia
3552:Gallia
3547:Italia
3535:Europa
3385:Flevum
3339:Xanten
3312:Cities
3187:Warini
3140:Vagoth
3125:Tungri
3090:Thelir
3070:Swedes
3065:Sunici
3030:Saxons
3025:Rugini
2958:Manimi
2943:Diduni
2881:Heruli
2819:Gepids
2804:Frisii
2782:Franks
2732:Cimbri
2722:Chauci
2717:Chatti
2630:Nervii
2625:Morini
2583:Belgae
2578:Batavi
2553:Avarpi
2518:Angles
2478:Groups
2428:Viking
2374:Gothic
2352:Gothic
2258:Family
2103:
2068:
2039:
1986:
1958:
1918:
1890:
1862:
1813:
1784:
1759:
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1540:Caesar
1341:2. 3–4
1253:
898:Thrace
848:, and
836:Legacy
797:, 1836
731:Under
716:. The
714:Franks
544:Belgae
420:Baltic
412:Danube
362:nomine
354:Tungri
313:Celtic
252:. The
119:), or
96:Latin:
91:-nee-ə
4420:Media
4322:Wales
4167:Malta
4152:Libya
3908:Roman
3824:India
3819:China
3787:Sudan
3747:Dacia
3633:Libya
3557:Dacia
3405:Aliso
3378:Camps
3329:Mainz
3324:Trier
3060:Suebi
3045:Sciri
3020:Rugii
3010:Quadi
2995:Njars
2980:Marsi
2938:Lugii
2906:Jutes
2871:Harii
2866:Gutes
2824:Goths
2814:Geats
2752:Danes
2697:Chali
2618:Segni
2558:Baemi
2401:Runes
2386:Rings
2379:Norse
2347:Names
2340:Norse
2323:Norse
2306:Norse
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903:Dacia
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793:, by
523:Gauls
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179:Latin
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