492:, are well-established academics, overwhelmingly at the associate or full professor level, and this was also traditionally the situation in Norway. In Norway, however, the earlier Magister's degree and the formal doctorates, which are now roughly similar to the Magister's degree in extent, are now equivalent, as Norway unlike Denmark does not draw a distinction between the PhD (with its predecessors, the Licentiate's and Magister's degrees) and the doctorates.
408:. As such it was a research-only degree. The dissertation was evaluated by a committee; the purpose of the trial lecture, a requirement the degree shared only with the doctoral and licentiate's degrees, was to demonstrate the candidate's suitability for permanent (tenured) academic positions at university-level. Like doctoral and licentiate's dissertations, magister's dissertations did not receive grades, but all approved dissertations were
25:
368:
425:, it has now been completely abolished and replaced by PhD degrees. In Norway, the formal requirements for equivalence with the modern PhD are "a standardized scope of at least 3 years of study" and "an independent scientific work" with a thesis workload corresponding to "at least two years of standardized full time study," which is one year less than the requirements for the Magister's degree.
683:
high school. Two years were related to the coursework only. After two years of coursework and research, the thesis was completed in a year or two after the coursework, although it roughly depended on a workload of an average graduate student who is considered to be a faculty member with teaching responsibilities (which can be up to 16 hours per week of a teaching load).
476:, "Magister Counselor". The program was designed to be preparation for finding employment as a researcher. Sometimes the degree was obtained after the candidate's degree had been obtained. The Magister's degrees, directly based on the Danish ones, were introduced in Norway in 1921. In 1955, the Licentiate's degrees were also introduced at the
460:. The mag. scient. degree was discontinued in the 1970s and the mag. art. degree programs in Denmark ceased immatriculating students in 2007, but the degree was rarely used since the 1990s. In Norway it was abolished some years earlier, having become an increasingly rare, but highly regarded, degree, especially after the 1970s.
573:
in 2005, the
Magister has been broken into Bachelor (formerly Basic/Intermediate) and Master (formerly Advanced) components. However, the vast majority of students continue right through to complete the Master's degree and, in effect, the duration and extent of the old Magister degree remains much as
1142:
In recent years, the Anglo-Saxon style degree of PhD has been introduced, and is now replacing the degree of mag. art. At present, both mag. art. and PhD degrees are around. They are not identical, but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate studies
682:
This kind of degree entitles one to be considered as PhD candidate. He or she can immediately start working on a dissertation. The person with this kind of degree completed overall 4 + 3 years of education (humanities, science etc.) or 5 + 3 (engineering) years of education after
390:
in
English-speaking countries. It was usually translated as a PhD in an English language context and was replaced by PhD degrees in the 1990s and 2000s. The Magister's degree in Denmark and Norway was based on the classical Magister's degree also found in other European countries, that was equal to
355:
for in technical disciplines) is awarded after five years of university-level education and it is an equivalent to Master of Arts, Master of
Science, Master of Laws, Master of Music in an academic discipline. Before around 1999 and the implementation of the Bologna Process the first academic degree
568:
before the
Bologna Process. The degree usually lasted about 5–6 years and is structured into Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced progressional components. A new Magister degree awarded at the completion of undergraduate studies, requiring at least four years of studies, was introduced in 1993.
674:
In Serbia, by decision of the
Serbian Parliament (Odredba stava 2.), the status of those graduated before the Bologna process is now equivalent with Master's degree graduates in the EU. Magister's degree has been considered as equivalent of the first two years of three years doctoral studies. In
483:
A Norwegian
Magister's degree required a three-year scientific dissertation of high quality, and is considered "approximately equivalent to an American Ph.D." Also in Denmark the Magister's degree is considered a degree at the same level as a PhD. By comparison, in both Norway and Denmark, a PhD
686:
After the
Bologna process, previous undergraduate education has been reformed. Current students that are in a 3- or 4-year Bachelor program and 1–2 Master program have to complete PhD requirements before writing their dissertation. They have to complete the coursework and pass preliminary
487:
Both
American PhDs and German doctorates have been found to be equivalent to Danish and Norwegian Magister's degrees on several occasions. In Denmark, the PhD degree has been introduced as a so-called "lower doctorate" (although it is not a doctorate in the legal sense), formally replacing the
560:
Magister has since referred to several degrees in Sweden which are unrelated to the original magister degree and unrelated to the
Magister degrees in the other Scandinavian countries. Some universities conferred a degree called Magister between 1908 and 1969, which was roughly comparable to a
160:, broadly known as "philosophy" in continental Europe, which encompassed all other academic subjects. In some countries, the title has retained this original meaning until the modern age, while in other countries, magister has become the title of a lower degree, in some cases parallel with a
277:
After the classical
Magister's degree had been replaced by the doctorate in the faculties of arts or philosophy, the word magister has in modern times mostly been used for an advanced degree below the doctorate, that is equal to a master's degree under the
471:
degree as the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy in both countries in 1824. In 1848, the Magister's degree was reintroduced in Denmark, as a degree above the candidate's degree. The new Magister's degree was originally formally known as
399:
In Norway, the Magister's degree in the 20th century required 7–8 years of studies, with strong emphasis on the scientific dissertation, which eventually had a formal standardized scope of 3 years; the degree required a first degree such as a
274:; in German-speaking institutions the "doctorate" gradually replaced the earlier title of Magister, and it became the only recognized degree for the completion of a course of study in the faculty of arts or philosophy."
356:
awarded in Poland was magister. After implementation of the Bologna Process the person who obtained a Licentiate degree can continue education to the magister level (it requires additional two years of studies).
1084:
Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe; Gro Mandt; Jenny-Rita Næss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect – the Norwegian case". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
1179:
For example in Denmark, Finland and Norway only individuals who have successfully carried out individual research work for many years are awarded the title 'Doctor' - and this is equivalent to the higher
395:
held by academics in the new sciences, that is the humanities, natural sciences and social sciences; it was not used in the traditional "higher faculties" of theology, law and medicine in the modern era.
678:
Entering 'Magistar" studies was a highly selective process. Only students with high GPA were eligible for studies of this kind. Mostly, those were preselected students who were employed at universities.
553:) historically was the highest degree at the faculties of philosophy and was equivalent to the doctorate used in theology, law and medicine. The degree was abolished in 1863, and replaced with the
336:
In Austria, universities have partitioned almost all their previous Magister programs into a three- or four-year Bachelor's and two-year Master's program, following the cycle structure of the
726:
The most prestigious French universities still offer "magistères" in Law, Economics, or Sciences, which are open to the highest-ranked students at the end of the first two years of studies.
1194:
484:
degree today only requires a 2.5-year dissertation. The Danish and Norwegian PhD degrees are identical, but in Denmark, the PhD is not considered a doctorate, as is established by law.
404:(4–5 years of studies) or equivalent, an independent scientific work with a dissertation workload corresponding to three years of full-time research and dissertation work, and a public
687:
exams. Students with Magistar degree have no such requirements. They have to do the research only related to the dissertation. Some universities which retained the Magistar (e.g.
254:
In Algeria, Magister degree is a postgraduate degree that is awarded after at least three years duration. Unlike in Egypt, the Magister degree in Algeria is not equivalent to an
418:). The degree of magister qualified for positions as assistant or associate professor, and many went on to become full professors without obtaining further degrees.
711:
467:
in 1479, as the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, and was equivalent to the doctoral degrees in theology, law and medicine. It was replaced by the
374:, the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies, holds a mag.art. degree as his highest degree, translated into English as a PhD.
1477:
1439:
1402:
1365:
468:
333:
degree. Magisters tend to be awarded in the humanities and the social sciences, while Diplomas dominate in the natural sciences and in engineering.
1212:
405:
1653:
755:
is awarded. This is a five or six year second cycle (Master's) degree, which does not require a previous first cycle degree for the admission.
1191:
196:) is a postgraduate degree of two to four years of duration by depending on each university's statutes. The admission to a Master program (
1338:
530:) is a one-year graduate degree which requires at least three years of undergraduate studies. It is officially translated into either
270:
In German-speaking Europe and other European countries culturally influenced by it the Magister's degree was originally equal to the
607:
1060:
Som forsker-rekrutteringsgrundlag blev den erstattet af ph.d.-uddannelsen, og magisterkonferensen blev endeligt afskaffet i 2007
359:
With the implementation of the Bologna Process, curriculums leading to Magister degrees have been phased out in many countries.
208:'s degree as Professorate degree of four to five years duration from any recognized university. Under the accomplishment of the
156:; while the doctorate was originally conferred in theology, law and medicine, the magister degree was usually conferred in the
985:
519:
has had many different meanings in the Swedish educational system, from a degree equal to the doctorate to a graduate degree.
234:
In Egypt, Magister degree is a postgraduate degree which is awarded after three to six years duration. It is equivalent to an
89:
1118:
Jørgensen, Lise Bender (1998). "The state of Denmark". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
61:
1686:
1023:
488:
Licentiate's degree and thus also the Magister's degree. Those obtaining the traditional doctorates in Denmark, now called
709:
is a highly selective three-year course. To enter the course, the student is required to obtain top-level grades at his
1228:
1071:
68:
421:
The Magister's degree became increasingly rare from the 1970s, and as a result of Denmark and Norway implementing the
1135:
1102:
989:
969:
787:, in some official ceremonies still conducted in Latin, such as the awarding of degrees. They include the following:
477:
108:
386:, the Magister's degree was formerly an advanced research degree used in certain fields, that was equivalent to the
42:
1392:
75:
1331:
46:
1681:
1157:
European anthropologies: a guide to the profession. Ethnography, ethnology and social, cultural anthropology
57:
1619:
1388:
1159:. Vol. 1. American Anthropological Association/Society for the Anthropology of Europe. p. 231.
705:
961:
1209:
1324:
901:
258:
but it is a superior degree. It is a prerequisite to have a Magister before applying to Es Sciences
1457:
1049:
1045:
1027:
811:
535:
1384:
784:
35:
325:, obtaining the Magister requires at least five years of study including coursework and a final
1430:
861:
675:
Croatia, the statuses are regulated by a new law from 2007 and a new classification from 2008.
587:
1127:
1094:
1491:
152:
The magister degree arose in medieval universities in Europe and was originally equal to the
82:
1119:
1086:
1605:
1561:
1467:
1453:
1411:
1356:
881:
780:
688:
565:
554:
1285:
1269:
767:(especially those that predate the 20th century) whose English-language names (containing
204:) in an Argentine University requires the full completion of a Bachelor's degree, as well
8:
1596:
1581:
831:
205:
1523:
1448:
931:
891:
871:
821:
764:
745:
622:) was a research-oriented degree awarded for two or three years of study following the
464:
415:
265:
161:
557:. The magister degrees used in Denmark and Norway most closely resemble this degree.
1615:
1379:
1131:
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1083:
965:
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911:
851:
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214:
thesis dissertation, that in years of formal education, is generally equivalent to a
1120:
1087:
391:
the doctorate. The Magister's degree was, and to some extent still is, commonly the
1645:
1601:
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523:
197:
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223:
146:
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958:
A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages
744:, i.e. a Magister degree. It is a postgraduate two-year degree, equivalent to a
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1273:
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531:
504:
302:
134:
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371:
1316:
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In some fields (particularly, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Architecture) the
1528:
1161:
the establishment of a Ph.D. degree, which replaces the degree of mag. art.
495:
The Danish and Norwegian Magister's degree should not be confused with the
157:
1172:
1591:
668:
660:
956:
Verger, Jacques (2003). "Teachers". In Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.).
599:
441:
410:
1486:
1173:
Farago, Peter Joseph; Malcolm John Frazer; Stanley D. Walker (1976).
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Susan Carol Rogers; Thomas M. Wilson; Gary W. McDonogh, eds. (1996).
772:
496:
401:
318:
271:
259:
243:
219:
177:
153:
1286:"Popis akademskih naziva i akademskih stupnjeva te njihovih kratica"
266:
German-speaking Europe and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe
24:
583:
322:
290:
595:
453:
379:
310:
306:
298:
286:
238:
degree. It is a prerequisite to have an MSc before applying to a
165:
142:
367:
1576:
1543:
1462:
739:
700:
664:
641:
624:
591:
546:
383:
330:
326:
314:
294:
1270:"Zakon o akademskim i stručnim nazivima i akademskom stupnju"
657:
414:
regarded as "laudable" (the highest grade, equal to A in the
239:
215:
1122:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
1089:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
640:), a magistar was supposed to write and defend a doctoral
387:
255:
235:
779:). These are used, among others, by the universities of
715:(two-year first university degree). However, due to the
628:
degree (which lasted 4 to 6 years) and the defense of a
691:) use it as a pre-postgraduate studies qualification.
440:, "teacher of the arts"), if the degree was earned in
222:
in universities of North America or Europe given the
577:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
564:This Master's degree was traditionally taken as a
428:Two main forms of the Magister's degree existed:
1673:
632:(Magister's thesis). In order to be promoted to
522:Since 2007 in Sweden, the Magister Examination (
1260:"Службени гласник Републике Србије", број 76/05
1654:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
456:, there was also a third degree in sociology,
1346:
1332:
149:used in various systems of higher education.
1210:Eurydice – Serbia and Montenegro (2004/2005)
1192:Swedish National Agency for Higher Education
480:, and were occasionally awarded until 2003.
350:
344:
758:
434:
226:comparison system among academic programs.
209:
1339:
1325:
1117:
712:Diplôme d'études universitaires générales
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1111:
738:the second cycle degree in Italy is the
366:
1674:
955:
1320:
1148:
723:are substituted by Master's degrees.
362:
180:, the Master of Science or Magister (
503:), which corresponds to an American
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
610:, before the implementation of the
606:and other territories once part of
16:Academic degree in higher education
13:
1303:"EFZG - Ekonomski Fakultet Zagreb"
1233:World Education News & Reviews
14:
1698:
1239:(6). Nov–Dec 2003. Archived from
1038:
990:Ministry of Education (Argentina)
478:University of Oslo Faculty of Law
616:magistar nauka/magister znanosti
578:Territories of Former Yugoslavia
343:In Poland magister (abbreviated
23:
1393:Certificate of Higher Education
1295:
1279:
1263:
1254:
1221:
1203:
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1166:
753:Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico
34:needs additional citations for
1077:
1065:
1016:
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978:
949:
896:Magister in Arte Investegante
763:There are various traditional
569:Since the introduction of the
1:
1126:. London: Routledge. p.
1093:. London: Routledge. p.
1011:The Encyclopedia of Education
942:
463:The degree was introduced in
1175:Chemical education in Europe
816:Magister in Studio Ampliore
171:
7:
1687:Higher education in Germany
1389:Diploma of Higher Education
1229:"Croatia – Legal Framework"
1215:September 27, 2007, at the
986:"CONEAU: Tipos de Posgrado"
906:Sacrae Theologiae Magister
866:Magister Liberalium Artium
789:
432:(abbreviation of the Latin
10:
1703:
962:Cambridge University Press
542:depending on the subject.
249:
1633:
1552:
1511:
1504:
1476:
1438:
1429:
1401:
1364:
1355:
902:Master of Sacred Theology
795:
792:
775:counterparts (containing
694:
510:
1050:University of Copenhagen
1028:University of Copenhagen
1009:Lee C. Deighton (1971),
812:Master of Advanced Study
759:English-speaking regions
729:
536:Master of Social Science
444:or social sciences, and
229:
1385:Higher National Diploma
1197:June 13, 2011, at the
886:Magister Philosophiae
862:Master of Liberal Arts
588:Bosnia and Herzegovina
527:
435:
375:
351:
345:
210:
201:
138:
1492:Candidate of Sciences
836:Magister Educationis
826:Magister Divinitatis
646:Magistar um(j)etnosti
634:doktor nauka/znanosti
501:candidatus magisterii
370:
1562:Academic certificate
1454:Postgraduate diploma
1177:. Chemical Society.
936:Theologiae Magister
926:Magister Chirurgiae
882:Master of Philosophy
876:Magister Pharmaciae
856:Magister Litterarum
689:University of Zagreb
555:Doctor of Philosophy
43:improve this article
1597:Professional degree
1046:"Magisterkonferens"
916:Magister Scientiae
832:Master of Education
620:Magister of Science
469:Doctor Philosophiae
1524:Doctor of Sciences
932:Master of Theology
892:Master of Research
872:Master of Pharmacy
822:Master of Divinity
551:filosofie magister
416:ECTS grading scale
376:
363:Denmark and Norway
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1616:Specialist degree
1500:
1499:
1468:Engineer's degree
1425:
1424:
1412:Bachelor's degree
1380:Foundation degree
940:
939:
922:Master of Surgery
912:Master of Science
852:Master of Letters
741:Laurea Magistrale
638:Doctor of Science
561:Master's degree.
540:Master of Science
490:higher doctorates
474:Magisterkonferens
211:Magister Scientiæ
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Magister degree"
1694:
1682:Master's degrees
1602:Graduate diploma
1519:Higher doctorate
1509:
1508:
1436:
1435:
1375:Associate degree
1362:
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1341:
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1075:
1072:NOKUT's criteria
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:. Archived from
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1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
982:
976:
975:
953:
806:Magister Artium
790:
765:master's degrees
650:Magister of Arts
458:mag. scient. soc
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213:
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27:
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1641:Honorary degree
1629:
1625:Terminal degree
1587:Magister degree
1572:External degree
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1472:
1449:Master's degree
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1397:
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1349:academic degree
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1008:
1004:
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993:
984:
983:
979:
972:
964:. p. 146.
954:
950:
945:
846:Legum Magister
761:
746:Master's degree
736:Bologna Process
732:
717:Bologna Process
697:
654:terminal degree
630:magistarski rad
612:Bologna Process
604:North Macedonia
580:
571:Bologna Process
513:
450:Natural Science
436:Magister Artium
423:Bologna Process
393:terminal degree
365:
338:Bologna Process
329:, similar to a
280:Bologna process
268:
252:
232:
174:
164:(whose name is
162:master's degree
147:academic degree
129:, female form:
123:magister degree
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104:
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52:
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40:
28:
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12:
11:
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1611:Higher diploma
1608:
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1567:Artist diploma
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1417:Honours degree
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1034:on 2019-09-07.
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842:Master of Laws
838:
837:
834:
828:
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808:
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802:Master of Arts
798:
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760:
757:
731:
728:
719:, most of the
696:
693:
579:
576:
532:Master of Arts
528:magisterexamen
512:
509:
505:Master of Arts
465:Denmark–Norway
364:
361:
303:Czech Republic
267:
264:
251:
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231:
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117:
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31:
29:
22:
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9:
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32:This article
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1529:Habilitation
1512:Postdoctoral
1431:Postgraduate
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1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1606:certificate
1592:Microdegree
1553:No dominant
1458:certificate
669:visual arts
661:performance
99:August 2023
1676:Categories
1582:Licentiate
1347:Levels of
1247:2007-02-25
1074:, nokut.no
1055:2019-09-10
996:2009-06-08
943:References
796:Neo-Latin
734:After the
721:magistères
608:Yugoslavia
600:Montenegro
515:The title
442:humanities
411:ipso facto
206:Licentiate
69:newspapers
1647:Ad eundem
1618:/
1604:/
1487:Doctorate
1456:/
1391:/
1387:/
1180:doctorate
785:Cambridge
773:Neo-Latin
706:magistère
497:cand.mag.
430:Mag. art.
402:cand.mag.
319:Lithuania
272:doctorate
260:Doctorate
246:degrees.
244:Doctorate
220:Doctorate
178:Argentina
172:Argentina
154:doctorate
145:") is an
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1307:unizg.hr
1276:2007-107
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793:English
777:Magister
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584:Slovenia
574:it was.
517:magister
352:mgr inż.
323:Slovakia
291:Bulgaria
262:degree.
202:Maestría
139:magister
131:magistra
127:magistar
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1442:level 7
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1368:level 5
1292:2008-45
771:) have
625:diploma
596:Croatia
524:Swedish
454:Denmark
380:Denmark
311:Ukraine
307:Germany
301:, the
299:Romania
287:Austria
250:Algeria
224:Bologna
198:Spanish
166:cognate
143:teacher
133:; from
83:scholar
1649:degree
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1539:Tenure
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769:Master
701:France
695:France
665:acting
642:thesis
614:, the
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384:Norway
331:Diplom
327:thesis
315:Latvia
295:Poland
125:(also
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1478:ISCED
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1366:ISCED
730:Italy
658:music
452:. In
240:Ph.D.
230:Egypt
216:Ph.D.
135:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
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