27:
76:
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2019:
2042:
1967:
281:
1986:
1901:
44:
1920:
1853:
1780:
1834:
2127:
1948:
2089:
2108:
2070:
87:
Moreover, as magician and historian Jake
Stratton-Kent writes, 'In short a circle is not an obsolete symbol of a superstitious fear of spirits, but an intentionally created ritual space for various purposes. It is not always required for all kinds of ritual work, but neither is it of no value, quite
83:
Traditionally, circles are believed by ritual magicians to form a protective barrier between themselves and what they summon. One text known as the
Heptameron says of the circle, 'But because the greatest power is attributed to the circles; (for they are certain fortresses to defend the operators
3079:
236:. The Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram (LBRP) is typically used as a daily practice and is also performed before any magical working, while the Watchtower ritual is much more involved. Both rituals are now used by a wide array of practitioners, including
1417:
The barrier is believed to be fragile, so that leaving or passing through the circle would weaken or dispel it. This is referred to as "breaking the circle". It is generally advised that practitioners do not leave the circle unless absolutely necessary.
1421:
In order to leave a circle and keep it intact, Wiccans believe a door must be cut in the energy of the circle, normally on the east side. Whatever was used to cast the circle is used to cut the doorway, such as a sword, staff or knife
67:, which they generally believe will contain energy and form a sacred space, or will provide them a form of magical protection, or both. It may be marked physically, drawn in a material like salt, flour, or chalk, or merely visualised.
153:
method of delineating, purifying and protecting from evil by the enclosing of a ritual space in a circle of flour. It involved ritual drawings with a variety of powdered cereals to counter different threats and is accompanied by the
1388:, as also in traditional European grimoires, a magic circle is typically nine feet in diameter, though the size can vary depending on the purpose of the circle, and the preference of the caster.
1429:
The circle is usually closed by the practitioner after they have finished by drawing in the energy with the athame or whatever was used to make the circle including their hand (usually in a
192:
and the surrounding area. As early as 1560, a text by the rabbi
Naphtali Hirsch ben Elieser Treves notes a custom in which a circle is drawn around the birthing woman to protect her from
3413:
1426:), a doorway is cut in the circle, at which point anything may pass through without harming the circle. This opening must be closed afterwards by reconnecting the lines of the circle.
204:
describes a sword placed near the pregnant woman in the eighteenth century, indicating the likelihood that this custom continued through the centuries. Oral accounts from 20th century
200:
or the father of the child. Paul
Christian Kirchner’s description of Jewish birthing customs from 1734 includes an illustration showing a knife or a sword near the bed, and likewise
837:
1364:
88:
the contrary. Making sacred space is among the most primal of rituals, such intentional actions are as worthy of the term psychoactive as any substance.'
820:
3456:
3023:
2936:
1812:
91:
Circles may or may not be physically marked out on the ground, and a variety of elaborate patterns for circle markings can be found in
3141:
3111:
1784:
31:
3342:
3311:
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1731:
1620:
4293:
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2357:
1712:
1688:
201:
3449:
2352:
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1638:
221:
4454:
3126:
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1371:
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2004:
1805:
1308:
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229:
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1407:
in the north (though these attributions differ according to geographical location and individual philosophy).
912:
4352:
3192:
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20:
3854:
3839:
3442:
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638:
209:
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698:
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Some varieties of Wicca use the common ceremonial colour attributions for 'quarter candles': yellow for
3743:
3581:
3031:
1607:
805:
790:
718:
436:
84:
safe from the evil spirits); in the first place we will treat concerning the composition of a circle.'
1433:: that is, counter-clockwise fashion). This is called 'closing the circle' or 'releasing the circle'.
172:
155:
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3522:
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2152:
1798:
1404:
1400:
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48:
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36:
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2407:
2347:
1228:
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832:
613:
461:
386:
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361:
331:
188:
customs showing the use of the magic circle can be found in the birth protection rituals of
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3914:
3545:
3403:
3398:
3121:
3116:
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2248:
1276:
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212:
also reference circling movements with a knife in order to protect a woman in childbirth.
1829:
205:
196:
and demons. This was done using a
Krasmesser (circle knife) which would be wielded by the
8:
4439:
4393:
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3465:
3289:
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2157:
1338:
1302:
1271:
987:
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782:
723:
225:
26:
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4150:
1137:
932:
4357:
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1235:
1027:
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309:
233:
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4276:
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2795:
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2429:
2278:
2025:
1907:
1876:
1758:
1727:
1708:
1684:
1670:
Geller, M. J. (2000). "Incipits and rubrics". In A. R. George; Irving Finkel (eds.).
1656:
1634:
1616:
1172:
872:
678:
325:
163:
176:, where it refers to a specific ritual on two tablets the first of which is extant.
4362:
4321:
4307:
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304:
241:
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112:
64:
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4314:
4201:
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4022:
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3808:
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3733:
3723:
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1933:
1318:
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708:
658:
607:
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366:
351:
264:
75:
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4017:
4007:
3939:
3418:
2908:
2868:
2833:
2713:
2288:
2114:
2076:
1672:
Wisdom, Gods and
Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G. Lambert
1411:
1343:
1117:
1062:
1007:
795:
561:
551:
1757:. Collected Works. Vol. 12. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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2991:
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2723:
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2327:
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2018:
1928:
1896:
1410:
The common technique for raising energy within the circle is by means of a
1256:
733:
713:
683:
618:
486:
466:
391:
381:
96:
79:
The figure of a magic circle for the first hour of the Lord's day in spring
2041:
4032:
3997:
3924:
3889:
3788:
3708:
3601:
3506:
2959:
2903:
2843:
2743:
2708:
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2133:
2050:
1954:
1430:
992:
957:
738:
576:
541:
481:
401:
150:
2888:
1704:
The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the
Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess
4434:
4221:
4186:
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1328:
1112:
1077:
997:
977:
907:
763:
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591:
586:
536:
396:
371:
3434:
1966:
134:
4236:
4120:
4037:
4002:
3849:
3626:
2823:
2605:
2583:
2533:
2528:
2506:
2177:
2065:
2014:
1973:
1681:
Birth
Culture. Jewish Testimonies from Rural Switzerland and Environs
1445: – Spiritual and ritual symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism
1127:
902:
758:
648:
581:
546:
129:
63:
is a circle of space marked out by practitioners of some branches of
52:
4110:
2379:
1861:
1790:
892:
4261:
4256:
4241:
4211:
4095:
3964:
3818:
3414:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
3337:
3080:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
2898:
2780:
2698:
2538:
2501:
2317:
2095:
2033:
1915:
1848:
1698:
1266:
1152:
1147:
1132:
1102:
1032:
877:
506:
286:
245:
92:
2337:
1985:
1900:
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4231:
4135:
4115:
4100:
4027:
3969:
2883:
2813:
2703:
2464:
2439:
2084:
1962:
1943:
1866:
1442:
1323:
1142:
1122:
1037:
917:
897:
882:
571:
249:
197:
43:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4181:
4176:
4105:
2893:
2848:
2818:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2673:
2656:
2651:
2578:
2189:
2182:
2103:
1999:
1994:
1919:
1871:
1852:
1779:
1448:
1423:
1286:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1072:
1067:
887:
193:
189:
99:. Such markings, or a simple unadorned circle, may be drawn in
224:, which has had one of the largest influences on contemporary
4412:
4266:
4191:
4145:
3944:
3904:
3423:
2863:
2858:
2838:
2828:
2755:
2666:
2661:
2610:
2518:
2496:
2491:
2422:
2147:
2134:
Fire temple or Agiary or
Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr
1981:
1881:
1833:
1385:
1313:
1157:
1082:
1012:
972:
927:
272:
139:
100:
2126:
4271:
4140:
2853:
2785:
2553:
2511:
1167:
922:
185:
108:
104:
1947:
2088:
1886:
2107:
2069:
1519:
1683:. Basel: Schwabe Verlagsgruppe AG Schwabe Verlag.
95:and magical manuals, often involving angelic and
4474:
2937:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
1587:
1585:
1451: – Mystical diagram in Tantric traditions
3450:
3024:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
2233:
1806:
1721:
1501:
1365:
107:, or indicated by other means such as with a
1653:Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner
132:called the practice of using ritual circles
1582:
1495:
1473:
1471:
1469:
3457:
3443:
2240:
2226:
1813:
1799:
1647:
1591:
1477:
1372:
1358:
2210:Sorted alphabetically except the last one
1536:
1534:
1483:
2247:
1697:
1633:(2nd ed.). Llewellyn Publications.
1625:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1466:
74:
42:
25:
3464:
1678:
1606:
1540:
1489:
4475:
3343:List of people executed for witchcraft
1669:
1631:Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft
1531:
1525:
3438:
3312:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
2221:
1820:
1794:
215:
111:. Some traditions include tracing or
4294:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
2051:Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple
1612:The Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy
1194:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
170:, the curse from a broken oath, in
138:, meaning "magic circle drawn with
13:
4378:Left-hand path and right-hand path
3409:Left-hand path and right-hand path
2984:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
1741:
228:, introduced the practices of the
202:Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz
14:
4514:
2026:Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda
1772:
222:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
16:Protective device in ritual magic
4033:Spellwork / Incantation
3505:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2040:
2017:
1984:
1965:
1955:Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi
1946:
1918:
1899:
1851:
1832:
1778:
1726:. Vol. 1. Scarlet Imprint.
577:Spellwork / Incantation
279:
4455:Witchcraft Research Association
1334:Witchcraft Research Association
853:Witchcraft Research Association
4450:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
3862:Holly King / Oak King
3107:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
2968:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1600:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1507:
1309:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
654:Holly King / Oak King
230:Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram
1:
2141:Varying religions and beliefs
1610:(2009) . Donald Tyson (ed.).
1455:
179:
70:
21:Magic circle (disambiguation)
4353:List of Wiccan organisations
3112:accusations against children
3008:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1862:Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra
1724:Geosophia: The Argo of Magic
1722:Stratton-Kent, Jake (2010).
1679:Lubrich, Naomi, ed. (2022).
1460:
210:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
7:
3551:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
1608:Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius
1436:
821:New Reformed Orthodox Order
699:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
255:
123:
10:
4519:
3582:Church and School of Wicca
3503:
3032:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1655:. Llewellyn Publications.
1403:in the west and green for
838:SpiralScouts International
806:Church and School of Wicca
791:Aquarian Tabernacle Church
719:Church and School of Wicca
51:circle with a triangle of
18:
4345:
4301:The Meaning of Witchcraft
4285:
4159:
4083:
3978:
3875:
3832:
3649:
3564:
3521:
3514:
3472:
3376:
3355:
3320:
3304:
3262:
3211:
3180:
3149:
3140:
3097:
3090:
3064:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
2927:
2804:
2644:
2457:
2390:
2266:
2259:
2205:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2083:
2064:
2032:
2013:
1980:
1961:
1942:
1914:
1895:
1847:
1828:
1201:The Meaning of Witchcraft
3900:Wiccan views of divinity
3637:Universal Eclectic Wicca
3394:Christian views on magic
3072:The Discovery of Witches
2944:Directorium Inquisitorum
2115:Taoist temple or Dàoguàn
968:Wiccan views of divinity
843:Universal Eclectic Wicca
769:Universal Eclectic Wicca
208:in a publication by the
4383:Cunning folk in Britain
3000:De praestigiis daemonum
2952:De maleficis mulieribus
1934:Balinese temple or Pura
1841:Baháʼí House of Worship
1399:in the south, blue for
1262:Cunning folk in Britain
848:Wiccan Church of Canada
816:Covenant of the Goddess
118:
37:John William Waterhouse
4167:Magical tools in Wicca
3739:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
3056:Compendium Maleficarum
3048:Magical Investigations
2939:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
2077:Shinto Shrine or Jinja
1929:Hindu temple or Mandir
1785:Magic circles (occult)
1754:Psychology and Alchemy
1058:Magical tools in Wicca
432:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
149:. This was an ancient
80:
56:
40:
4373:Witch-cult hypothesis
4329:Charge of the Goddess
4070:Solitary practitioner
3988:Drawing down the Moon
3769:Cerridwen Fallingstar
3490:Wicca and LGBT people
2679:Cloak of invisibility
2435:Solitary practitioner
2348:Witch-cult hypothesis
1395:in the east, red for
1229:Charge of the Goddess
833:The Rowan Tree Church
614:Solitary practitioner
532:Drawing down the Moon
462:Cerridwen Fallingstar
332:Witch-cult hypothesis
234:Opening by Watchtower
78:
46:
29:
3546:Central Valley Wicca
3399:Magical organization
2914:Witches of Benevento
1787:at Wikimedia Commons
1707:. Harper & Row.
1502:Stratton-Kent (2010)
783:Wiccan organisations
694:Central Valley Wicca
238:ceremonial magicians
173:The Exorcists Manual
19:For other uses, see
4394:Malleus Maleficarum
4388:European witchcraft
4368:Neopagan witchcraft
3523:British Traditional
3466:Neopagan witchcraft
3016:Newes from Scotland
2976:Malleus Maleficarum
2353:Anglo-Saxon England
1303:Malleus Maleficarum
1272:European witchcraft
801:Children of Artemis
226:Western esotericism
4409:Magical alphabets
4358:Bricket Wood coven
4336:Enchanted Feminism
3729:Zsuzsanna Budapest
3485:Etymology of Wicca
3368:Witches in fiction
3356:In popular culture
2930:historic treatises
1594:, pp. 119–120
1516:CAD Z, p. 137–138.
1236:Enchanted Feminism
823:of the Golden Dawn
422:Zsuzsanna Budapest
315:Bricket Wood coven
310:Etymology of Wicca
242:Hermetic Qabalists
216:In the Golden Dawn
81:
57:
41:
4470:
4469:
4091:Wheel of the Year
3744:Patricia Crowther
3645:
3644:
3531:Alexandrian Wicca
3496:Dettmer v. Landon
3432:
3431:
3389:Witch (archetype)
3351:
3350:
3300:
3299:
2626:Sympathetic magic
2453:
2452:
2215:
2214:
1974:Synagogue or Shul
1877:Shaolin Monastery
1822:Places of worship
1783:Media related to
1749:Jung, Carl Gustav
1733:978-0-9567203-0-6
1649:Cunningham, Scott
1627:Buckland, Raymond
1621:978-0-7387-1876-7
1592:Cunningham (2001)
1555:, pp. 43, 64
1478:Cunningham (2001)
1382:
1381:
873:Wheel of the Year
679:Alexandrian Wicca
525:Rites and rituals
437:Patricia Crowther
326:Dettmer v. Landon
206:Baden-Württemberg
161:
145:
142:", and inscribed
4510:
4483:Ceremonial magic
4440:Witches' Sabbath
4363:New Forest coven
4322:Witchcraft Today
4308:The Spiral Dance
3855:Spirit of nature
3814:Silver RavenWolf
3759:Scott Cunningham
3749:Vivianne Crowley
3719:Raymond Buckland
3587:Cochrane's Craft
3556:Gardnerian Wicca
3519:
3518:
3509:
3480:History of Wicca
3459:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3363:Magic in fiction
3193:Northern Moravia
3147:
3146:
3127:Papua New Guinea
3095:
3094:
2879:Nine sorceresses
2631:Witches' Sabbath
2480:Ceremonial magic
2470:Apotropaic magic
2264:
2263:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2129:
2110:
2091:
2072:
2044:
2021:
1988:
1969:
1950:
1922:
1903:
1855:
1836:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1768:
1737:
1718:
1694:
1675:
1666:
1644:
1615:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1480:, pp. 55–56
1475:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1339:Witches' Sabbath
1222:Witchcraft Today
1208:The Spiral Dance
811:Circle Sanctuary
724:Cochrane's Craft
704:Gardnerian Wicca
502:Silver RavenWolf
452:Scott Cunningham
442:Vivianne Crowley
412:Raymond Buckland
320:New Forest coven
305:History of Wicca
298:History of Wicca
289:
283:
260:
259:
159:
143:
113:circumambulation
32:The Magic Circle
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4445:Flying ointment
4341:
4315:What Witches Do
4281:
4202:Book of Shadows
4155:
4079:
4058:Rite of passage
4023:Herbal medicine
3980:
3974:
3885:Wiccan morality
3877:
3871:
3828:
3809:Rosaleen Norton
3804:Frederic Lamond
3799:Philip Heselton
3754:Robert Cochrane
3734:Charles Cardell
3724:Eddie Buczynski
3694:Victor Anderson
3664:Doreen Valiente
3651:
3641:
3560:
3541:Blue Star Wicca
3510:
3501:
3468:
3463:
3433:
3428:
3372:
3347:
3316:
3296:
3258:
3212:Northern Europe
3207:
3176:
3136:
3086:
2929:
2923:
2806:
2800:
2739:Magical weapons
2689:Flying ointment
2640:
2485:Magical formula
2449:
2386:
2333:Greece and Rome
2255:
2246:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2079:
2060:
2038:modern paganism
2028:
2009:
1976:
1957:
1938:
1910:
1891:
1843:
1824:
1819:
1775:
1765:
1747:
1744:
1742:Further reading
1734:
1715:
1691:
1663:
1641:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1577:Buckland (2002)
1575:
1571:
1565:Starhawk (1989)
1563:
1559:
1553:Buckland (2002)
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1439:
1378:
1349:
1348:
1282:Flying ointment
1252:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1215:What Witches Do
1188:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1163:Theban alphabet
1093:Book of Shadows
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
953:Wiccan morality
948:
947:
938:
937:
868:
867:
858:
857:
828:Panthean Temple
822:
786:
785:
774:
773:
689:Blue Star Wicca
674:
673:
664:
663:
634:
633:
624:
623:
602:Rite of passage
567:Herbal medicine
527:
526:
517:
516:
497:Frederic Lamond
492:Philip Heselton
447:Robert Cochrane
427:Charles Cardell
417:Eddie Buczynski
387:Victor Anderson
357:Doreen Valiente
347:
346:
345:Notable figures
337:
336:
300:
299:
290:
285:
258:
218:
182:
126:
121:
73:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4277:Witch's ladder
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Chalice/Goblet
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4064:Eko Eko Azarak
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:The Summerland
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3867:Mother goddess
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3840:Triple Goddess
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Raven Grimassi
3781:
3779:Stewart Farrar
3776:
3771:
3766:
3764:Phyllis Curott
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:Maxine Sanders
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Gerald Gardner
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Odyssean Wicca
3614:
3612:Georgian Wicca
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:1734 Tradition
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3263:Western Europe
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3181:Eastern Europe
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2919:Witch of Endor
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2796:Witch's ladder
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2123:Zoroastrianism
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1774:
1773:External links
1771:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1714:978-0062508140
1713:
1695:
1690:978-3796546075
1689:
1676:
1674:. Eisenbrauns.
1667:
1661:
1645:
1639:
1623:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1541:Lubrich (2022)
1530:
1528:, p. 233.
1518:
1506:
1494:
1490:Agrippa (2009)
1482:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1297:LGBT and Wicca
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:Witch's ladder
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Chalice/Goblet
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:The Summerland
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
945:
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
869:
865:
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
781:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
749:Odyssean Wicca
746:
744:Georgian Wicca
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
709:1734 Tradition
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
671:
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
659:Mother goddess
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:Triple Goddess
635:
631:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
611:
608:Eko Eko Azarak
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
477:Raven Grimassi
474:
472:Stewart Farrar
469:
464:
459:
457:Phyllis Curott
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
367:Maxine Sanders
364:
359:
354:
352:Gerald Gardner
348:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
284:
276:
275:
269:
268:
257:
254:
217:
214:
181:
178:
125:
122:
120:
117:
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4515:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Magic symbols
4496:
4494:
4493:Magic rituals
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Witching hour
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:Paraphernalia
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Cone of power
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Fivefold kiss
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Reincarnation
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Rule of Three
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3824:Joseph Wilson
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Jack Bracelin
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Coven of Atho
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Folk religion
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
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2909:Three Witches
2907:
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2869:Morgan le Fay
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2717:
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2714:Kitchen witch
2712:
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2700:
2697:
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2399:
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2395:
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2389:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Latin America
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
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2319:
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2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:Witch smeller
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
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2250:
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2224:
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2209:
2204:
2196:
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2188:
2184:
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2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
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2145:
2143:
2139:
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2131:
2128:
2124:
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2109:
2105:
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2097:
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2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
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2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
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1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
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1932:
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1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1764:0-691-01831-6
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
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1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1662:0-87542-118-0
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1640:0-87542-050-8
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1579:, p. 224
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1526:Geller (2000)
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 191
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:cone of power
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:Witching hour
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
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1079:
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1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:Paraphernalia
1047:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Reincarnation
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:Rule of Three
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
942:
941:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
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891:
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862:
861:
854:
851:
849:
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839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:Coven Celeste
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Coven of Atho
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
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668:
667:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
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640:
637:
636:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Cone of power
560:
558:
555:
553:
552:Fivefold kiss
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
521:
520:
513:
512:Joseph Wilson
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Jack Bracelin
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
341:
340:
333:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
294:
293:
288:
282:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
266:
262:
261:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
175:
174:
169:
165:
160:SAG.BA SAG.BA
157:
152:
148:
141:
137:
136:
131:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
77:
68:
66:
62:
54:
50:
45:
38:
34:
33:
28:
22:
4461:Fluffy Bunny
4405:Cunning folk
4400:Granny woman
4392:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4075:Spiral dance
4062:
4013:Magic circle
4012:
3794:Yvonne Frost
3774:Janet Farrar
3689:Margot Adler
3669:Alex Sanders
3597:Dianic Wicca
3577:Celtic Wicca
3536:Algard Wicca
3494:
3384:Witch (word)
3333:Witch's mark
3142:Early Modern
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3040:Daemonologie
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2992:Laienspiegel
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2874:Muma Pădurii
2805:Folklore and
2776:Sator Square
2729:Magic circle
2728:
2724:Magic carpet
2684:Crystal ball
2621:Spiritualism
2445:Witch doctor
2328:Cunning folk
2207:
2173:Sacred space
2158:Architecture
2056:Magic circle
2055:
1897:Christianity
1830:Baháʼí Faith
1752:
1723:
1702:
1680:
1671:
1652:
1630:
1614:. Llewellyn.
1611:
1572:
1567:, p. 83
1560:
1548:
1543:, p. 31
1521:
1513:
1509:
1504:, p. 46
1497:
1485:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1383:
1301:
1292:Granny woman
1277:Fluffy Bunny
1257:Cunning folk
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
946:Key concepts
734:Dianic Wicca
714:Celtic Wicca
684:Algard Wicca
619:Spiral dance
606:
557:Magic circle
556:
487:Yvonne Frost
467:Janet Farrar
382:Margot Adler
362:Alex Sanders
324:
219:
184:Examples of
183:
171:
167:
151:Mesopotamian
146:
133:
127:
97:divine names
90:
86:
82:
65:ritual magic
61:magic circle
60:
58:
30:
4488:Magic items
3998:Handfasting
3925:White magic
3890:Wiccan Rede
3789:Gavin Frost
3709:Lois Bourne
3602:Faery Wicca
3091:Persecution
2960:Formicarius
2904:Spearfinger
2844:Elbow witch
2744:Magic sword
2709:Julleuchter
2694:Goofer dust
2636:White magic
2549:Incantation
2475:Black magic
2430:Renaissance
2398:Chaos magic
2370:Middle East
2301:Philippines
1601:Works cited
1431:widdershins
993:White magic
958:Wiccan Rede
739:Faery Wicca
542:Handfasting
482:Gavin Frost
402:Lois Bourne
168:māmīt māmīt
55:in the East
53:conjuration
4477:Categories
4435:Witch-hunt
4286:Literature
4267:Tarot deck
4126:Lughnasadh
4053:Initiation
4048:Invocation
4043:Divination
3993:Great rite
3981:and ritual
3960:Watchtower
3930:Otherworld
3920:Witchcraft
3910:Craft name
3845:Horned God
3704:Gavin Bone
3679:Sybil Leek
3632:Stregheria
3622:Reclaiming
3515:Traditions
3404:Maleficium
3328:Witch-hunt
3132:Witch camp
2791:Witch ball
2734:Magic ring
2719:Love charm
2574:Necromancy
2569:Moon magic
2564:Mediumship
2559:Love magic
2544:Gray magic
2524:Divination
2323:Benandanti
2253:witchcraft
2195:Sun temple
2168:Cult image
1456:References
1329:Witch-hunt
1186:Literature
1158:Tarot deck
1028:Watchtower
998:Otherworld
988:Witchcraft
978:Craft name
908:Lughnasadh
764:Stregheria
754:Reclaiming
672:Traditions
644:Horned God
597:Initiation
592:Invocation
587:Divination
537:Great rite
397:Gavin Bone
372:Sybil Leek
250:Thelemites
180:In Judaism
71:Techniques
4237:Parchment
4151:Wild Hunt
4121:Midsummer
4038:Banishing
4003:Wiccaning
3850:Green Man
3627:Seax-Wica
3305:Classical
2824:Baba Yaga
2807:mythology
2616:Spiritism
2606:Sex magic
2584:Shamanism
2579:Occultism
2534:Evocation
2529:Entheogen
2507:Damnation
2458:Practices
2178:Sanctuary
2066:Shintoism
2015:Mandaeism
1461:Citations
1128:Parchment
933:Wild Hunt
903:Midsummer
759:Seax-Wica
649:Green Man
582:Banishing
547:Wiccaning
246:Neopagans
144:ZÌ-SUR-RA
130:Sumerians
93:grimoires
49:Solomonic
4262:Talisman
4242:Pentacle
4212:Cauldron
4096:Solstice
4084:Holidays
3965:Familiar
3955:Summoner
3878:concepts
3819:Starhawk
3338:Pricking
3249:Scotland
3172:Virginia
3162:New York
3157:Maryland
3150:Americas
2899:Sorginak
2889:Pasiphaë
2781:Talisman
2751:Mojo bag
2699:Grimoire
2594:Regional
2539:Familiar
2502:Anathema
2418:Neopagan
2413:Medieval
2318:Akelarre
2096:Gurdwara
2034:Paganism
1916:Hinduism
1849:Buddhism
1751:(1968).
1701:(1989).
1699:Starhawk
1651:(2001).
1629:(2002).
1437:See also
1267:Enochian
1153:Talisman
1133:Pentacle
1103:Cauldron
1033:Familiar
1023:Summoner
878:Solstice
866:Holidays
507:Starhawk
287:Pentacle
265:a series
263:Part of
256:In Wicca
232:and the
164:Akkadian
124:In Sumer
4346:Related
4252:Scourge
4232:Incense
4207:Candles
4136:Samhain
4116:Beltane
4101:Equinox
4028:Scrying
3970:Animism
3950:Skyclad
3833:Deities
3699:Artemis
3652:figures
3650:Notable
3473:History
3377:Related
3321:Related
3239:Iceland
3234:Finland
3229:England
3224:Denmark
3188:Hungary
2884:Obayifo
2814:Agamede
2771:Potions
2704:Incense
2645:Objects
2465:Animism
2440:Warlock
2375:Oceania
2358:Britain
2085:Sikhism
2005:Gongbei
1963:Judaism
1944:Jainism
1867:Chaitya
1514:zisurrû
1443:Mandala
1324:Thelema
1143:Scourge
1123:Incense
1098:Candles
1038:Animism
1018:Skyclad
918:Samhain
898:Beltane
883:Equinox
632:Deities
572:Scrying
392:Artemis
198:midwife
135:zisurrû
4423:Hebrew
4418:Theban
4257:Statue
4217:Censer
4197:Boline
4182:Athame
4177:Amulet
4111:Ostara
4106:Imbolc
3290:Basque
3275:Geneva
3270:France
3254:Sweden
3244:Norway
3219:Baltic
3203:Russia
3198:Poland
3099:Modern
3083:(1751)
3075:(1647)
3067:(1627)
3059:(1608)
3051:(1599)
3043:(1597)
3035:(1595)
3027:(1593)
3019:(1591)
3011:(1584)
3003:(1563)
2995:(1509)
2987:(1489)
2979:(1487)
2971:(1484)
2963:(1475)
2955:(1440)
2947:(1376)
2894:Sebile
2849:Hecate
2819:Aradia
2766:Poppet
2761:Nkondi
2674:Censer
2657:Athame
2652:Amulet
2611:Sigils
2599:Yellow
2408:Hoodoo
2403:Goetia
2380:Mākutu
2308:Europe
2279:Azande
2274:Africa
2267:Region
2190:Temple
2183:Shrine
2163:Asylum
2104:Taoism
2036:&
2000:Dargah
1995:Mosque
1908:Church
1872:Pagoda
1761:
1730:
1711:
1687:
1659:
1637:
1619:
1449:Yantra
1424:athame
1319:Theban
1287:Goetia
1148:Statue
1108:Censer
1088:Boline
1073:Athame
1068:Amulet
893:Ostara
888:Imbolc
248:, and
194:Lilith
190:Alsace
186:Jewish
39:(1886)
4503:Wicca
4413:Runes
4247:Runes
4192:Besom
4172:Altar
4146:Esbat
4131:Mabon
3979:Rites
3945:Karma
3915:Magic
3905:Coven
3565:Other
3424:Adept
3285:Spain
3280:Italy
3167:Salem
3122:Nepal
3117:India
2928:Major
2864:Medea
2859:Kalku
2839:Drude
2834:Dayan
2829:Circe
2756:Nkisi
2667:besom
2662:Broom
2589:Black
2519:Demon
2497:Curse
2492:Coven
2423:Wicca
2343:Völva
2338:Seiðr
2313:Italy
2284:Ghana
2260:Types
2249:Magic
2208:Note:
2148:Altar
1982:Islam
1882:Stupa
1405:earth
1401:water
1386:Wicca
1314:Runes
1250:Other
1138:Runes
1083:Besom
1063:Altar
1013:Karma
983:Magic
973:Coven
928:Esbat
913:Mabon
273:Wicca
156:gloss
140:flour
101:chalk
4272:Wand
4227:Horn
4187:Bell
4141:Yule
3684:Dafo
3607:Feri
2854:Huld
2786:Wand
2554:Jinn
2512:Jinx
2391:Form
2296:Asia
2251:and
2153:Cult
1759:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1397:fire
1168:Wand
1118:Horn
1078:Bell
923:Yule
377:Dafo
220:The
128:The
119:Uses
109:cord
105:salt
3876:Key
1887:Wat
1393:air
1384:In
103:or
35:by
4479::
1584:^
1533:^
1468:^
1414:.
267:on
252:.
244:,
240:,
166::
162:,
158::
147:-a
115:.
59:A
47:A
4463:"
4459:"
3458:e
3451:t
3444:v
2241:e
2234:t
2227:v
1814:e
1807:t
1800:v
1767:.
1736:.
1717:.
1693:.
1665:.
1643:.
1422:(
1373:e
1366:t
1359:v
23:.
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