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speculation and that Sainte-Croix simply died of disease. At the time of his death, Sainte-Croix owed a great deal of money. Among his possessions was a box containing letters between him and the
Marquise, various poisons, and a note promising a sum of money to Sainte-Croix from the Marquise dated around the time her father first starting feeling ill was found, re-opening the case of foul play for her father and brothers. These contents were instructed to be given to the Marquise upon his death, and thus were resealed and given to the Commissary Picard, until formal procedures could happen. La Chaussée, hearing that Picard was in charge of Sainte-Croix's remaining affairs, went to him explaining that his former boss owed him money, and in explaining this, provided a suspiciously accurate account of Sainte-Croix's laboratory. Picard mentioned to La Chaussée that among Sainte-Croix's possessions was the box with the incriminating letters. La Chaussée, on hearing this, fled, leading to Picard to demand an inquest for La Chaussée for this suspicious behaviour. He was soon found, and, on interrogation, implicated not only himself but the Marquise for crimes against her family. La Chaussée was then tortured before being executed on 24 March 1673. On the same day as his execution, the Marquise was condemned
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work straight-away. Antoine d'Aubray actually suspected that he was perhaps a target of attempted poison when he noticed that his drink had a metallic taste to it. La Chaussée's attempt at poisoning him there failed, but not long after, during an Easter feast, Antoine d'Aubray fell ill after eating a pie and never recovered, dying on 17 June 1670. The second brother was poisoned soon after, dying in
September of the same year; their subsequent autopsies would hint of poison due to the fact that their intestines were suspiciously coloured but nevertheless concluded that they both died of "malignant humour". Numerous individuals around the inquest of the brothers' deaths were suspicious that they were poisoned, especially because their deaths were so close to one another and in similar circumstances, but La Chaussée was never suspected; in fact, he was so well loved by the younger Dreux brother that upon his death, he bequeathed one hundred
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442:, the Marquise's financier. Later in the trial, the Marquise denied all crimes levied against her, placing blame on her former lover Sainte-Croix. This lack of substantial evidence soon changed, however, from the testimony of another of the Marquise's former lovers, Jean-Baptiste Briancourt. Briancourt alleged that not only had the Marquise admitted to him that she poisoned her brothers and fathers, but that she and Sainte-Croix had tried to murder him as well. The Marquise dismissed all of Briancourt's accusations against her citing that he was a drunkard. She was not believed, however, and after a final interrogation it was decided that she was guilty of her crimes and she was to be tortured before finally being executed by being beheaded and then having her body burned as a public spectacle.
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Pennautier. Nothing came of this investigation however, and
Pennautier was cleared of all formal suspicions. The inquest into the Marquise's accomplices did not stop there. As La Reynie explained in a letter, because someone so highborn was involved in such a deadly scandal, it was not a far leap of thought that other members of the nobility could be involved in poisonings and other suspicious manners of death. Many people in high positions of power were arrested and tried for murder and other criminal dealings. This gradually expanded until 1679 when the investigations came to their height in the resulting affair known as the
361:"Glaser's recipe," a tried-and-true mixture of chemicals that would render him dead seemingly of natural causes. Antoine Dreux d'Aubrey died with the Marquise at his side. An autopsy was performed on his body which concluded that Dreux d'Aubrey died of natural causes, exacerbated by gout. After the death of her father, the Marquise inherited some of his wealth. She quickly burned through the money, and needing more, decided to poison her two brothers, hoping to get their share of her father's fortune as she was, to the best of her knowledge, their next heir.
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sentence of torture. She added no new information that she had not already confessed under torture except for adding that she once sold poison to a man who intended to kill his wife. After four hours of torture she entered a final confession session with Pirot in the prison chapel. She was not allowed to take communion before her death due to laws at the time forbidding condemned prisoners to take it. As she left the chapel, a crowd of aristocrats gathered to see the spectacle of her death march as she and the abbé travelled to the
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357:. Furthermore, because HĂ´tel Dieu was not a very well managed hospital, as it was overflowing with patients, and was more concerned with saving souls than saving lives, deaths, even those under suspicious circumstances, went unnoticed. She also started to experiment on her servants, giving them food tainted with her experimental poisons. The Marquise was not tried for these crimes, however, because they were only attributed to her after her execution.
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having poisoned her father and two brothers, and that she had attempted to poison her daughter, sister and husband, although the latter three were unsuccessful. She also confessed to having had many affairs, and that three of her children were not her husband's. Some scholars doubt the
Marquise's authenticity in her letters, but certainly the content of her confession was heavily used against her in the French court.
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married to
Antoine Gobelin, Baron de Nourar, and Chevalier in the order of Sainte Jean of Jerusalem and later Marquis de Brinvilliers, whose estate was worth 800,000 livres. His wealth came from his ancestors' famed tapestry workshops. His father was the President of the Chamber of Accounts. Upon marriage, the Marquise's father bestowed upon the couple a house at 12 rue Neuve St. Paul in
313:, who was an expert on poisons. Exili was imprisoned in the Bastille not because he had committed a crime, but rather because Louis XIV was suspicious of his presence in France because the courts of Sweden and France were not on the best of terms at the time. Other historians say that it is highly possible that Sainte-Croix was already an acquaintance of
466:. Despite never having ministered to a criminal in their final hours, he was nonetheless chosen for the role. He compiled a grand account of her final hours of which the original copy was housed in the Jesuit Library in Paris. Within this recounting, Pirot speaks of her final hours and of her life leading up to her crimes.
421:, a contemporary French aristocrat of the Marquise's, talked about her in many of her famous letters, highlighting the gossip that spread around French nobility. While being extradited back into France, the Marquise made various suicide attempts. On her return to France, she was first interrogated at
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Her two brothers lived in the same household but the
Marquise was not on the best of terms with either of them, making them harder to slowly poison than her father. She thus employed Jean Hamelin, more commonly known as La Chaussée, to work as a footman in her brothers' household. La Chaussée went to
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Scholars who support and acknowledge this theory do so because the era in which the
Marquise lived would have enabled a woman of her rank to get away with murder quite easily. Typical for the era, female members of French nobility would often visit hospitals to help care for the sick. Because many of
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In 1666, the
Marquise started to slowly poison her father, who died on 10 September. She placed a man, Gascon, in her father's household to slowly administer poison to him. In the week before his death, her father invited the Marquise and her children to stay with him. She gave him multiple doses of
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Though the eldest of five children and loved by her father, she would not inherit his estate and was thus expected to marry into another. Coming from a family of such wealth, whomever she married would inherit quite a large dowry from her, 200,000 livres, in fact. At the age of 21, in 1651, she was
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Madame de Sévigné, in a letter to her daughter, wrote that the
Marquise's trial captured the attention of all of Paris. Initially when questioned the Marquise heavily feigned ignorance, neither denying or admitting the questions raised against her but rather pretended that she was not aware of any
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The
Marquise was born in 1630 to the relatively wealthy and influential household of d'Aubray. Her father, Antoine Dreux d'Aubray (1600–1666), held multiple important governmental and high-ranking positions such as the Seigneur of Offémont and Villiers, councillor of State, Master of Requests, the
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After the Marquise's execution, authorities, notably La Reynie and Louis XIV, were convinced that the Marquise could not have acted alone, and more individuals were involved than Sainte-Croix, La Chaussée, and Pennautier. Because the first two were already dead, an investigation was launched into
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where the subject was made to drink (often through a funnel) copious amounts of water in a short period of time. In his account, Pirot noted that when faced with the prospect of torture, the Marquise said she would confess to all, however, she noted that she knew that this would not alleviate her
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where authorities recognized her and alerted the French government who subsequently had her arrested. Among her possessions was a letter titled "My Confessions", which detailed the various crimes she had committed over the years along with other personal information. In this letter, she admits to
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The Marquise's father was displeased to hear of his daughter's sexual affair with Sainte-Croix (which if became public, could damage his reputation due to his high position in French society) and was further displeased that the Marquise was in the process of separating her wealth from that of her
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Upon his release from prison, Sainte-Croix married but remained in close contact with the Marquise. Sainte-Croix started an alchemy business to allow him to work with poisons, of which he now knew a lot about from his time in prison, by obtaining the necessary license to use certain equipment in
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Similarly, upon news that this box had been found, the Marquise fled France to hide in England. She evaded authorities for a number of years, who continued to hunt her. While in hiding, she survived on sums of money sent to her by her sister, Marie-Thérèse. Her sister died in 1674, leaving the
302:. While riding in a carriage with the Marquise de Brinvilliers, Sainte-Croix was arrested in front of her and thrown in the Bastille for a little under two months. The Marquise later commented that perhaps if her father had not had her lover arrested, she might have never poisoned her father.
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The Marquise's poisonings were not discovered initially, and in fact continued to be unknown until 1672, upon the death of her lover and conspirator, Sainte-Croix. Many claim that Sainte-Croix died because an accident exposed him to his own poisons. However, others argue that this is purely
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her father and two of her brothers in order to inherit their estates. After her death, there was speculation that she tested her poisons on upwards of 30 sick people in hospitals, but these rumours were never confirmed. Her alleged crimes were discovered after the death of her lover and
277:. In her confession, the Marquise acknowledged being sexually assaulted at the age of seven, though she did not name her assaulter. Further admitted in her confession is that she also had sexual relations with her younger brother Antoine, whom she would later poison.
317:, a famed Swiss pharmaceutical chemist and had attended some lectures given by him. Yet, other historians doubt that Sainte-Croix came into contact with either and might have just been using their well-established names to sell his poisons for a higher price.
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the Marquise was unloaded from the cart and brought up to a platform. The executioner shaved her hair before drawing a sword and chopping off her head. The surrounding area was packed with spectators who hoped to grasp a glimpse of her execution.
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husband (who was gambling it away), which was almost akin to divorcing him, a major faux-pas in French aristocratic society. Due to her father's position as a prévôt, granting him a large amount of power and influence, in 1663 he instigated a
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was among them, and in fact, her most well-known letter mentions the Marquise's execution. After the beheading, the Marquise's body was burned of which Madame de Sévigné quotes that Brinvilliers (or, rather, her ashes) were "up in the air".
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It has been suggested by many researching the Marquise that before poisoning her father she tested out her poisons on unsuspecting sick hospital patients. This theory comes from a report made by the lieutenant general of the Paris police,
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children from the Marquise's various paramours. The Marquis befriended a fellow officer, Godin de Sainte-Croix, and introduced him to the Marquise; she would later have a long-lasting affair with Sainte-Croix.
285:, an aristocratic district of Paris. With the Marquis de Brinvilliers, she soon had three children, two girls and a boy. She had a total of seven children, of which at least four are suspected of being
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happenings around her concerning the deaths of her family and her illicit relationship with Sainte-Croix. Much of the early interrogation centred around the money trail between her, Sainte-Croix, and
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Many historians say that it was during his time in the Bastille that Sainte-Croix learned much about the art of poisoning. He was imprisoned in the Bastille at the same time as the infamous
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accusing aristocrats of practising witchcraft and poisoning people. Components of her life have been adapted into various media including short stories, poems, and songs to name a few.
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As France was a Catholic state at the time of her execution, a confessor was given to the Marquise in her final hours. The man chosen was the abbé Edem Pirot, a theologian from the
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where more than a few hundred individuals were arrested. Notable individuals implicated in the resulting affair include: Catherine Monvoisin, a fortune-teller better known as
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for her execution. The Marquise was covered in a white slip as was a customary outfit for the condemned at their execution. On the way to her execution, they stopped at
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Duramy, Benedetta Faedi (2012). "Women and Poisons in 17th Century France". Golden Gate University School of Law. Faculty Scholarship: 347–370 – via Digital Commons.
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these patients were already ill, it provided the means for the Marquise to test out her poisons without much suspicion. She tested out her poisons at the hospital,
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order to distil his poisons. It was under his tutelage that the Marquise de Brinvilliers started to experiment with poisons and concoct ideas of revenge.
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1211:"Potions, Poisons and "Inheritance Powders": How Chemical Discourses Entangled 17th Century France in the Brinvilliers Trial and the Poison Affair"
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co-conspirator, Captain Godin de Sainte-Croix, who saved letters detailing dealings of poisonings between the two. After being arrested, she was
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of the city of Paris, and Lieutenant General of the Mines of France. Her mother, Marie Olier (1602–1666) was the sister of
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Marquise with little money. She continued to evade capture, moving from place to place, including locations such as
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The Affair of the Poisons: Louis XIV, Madame de Montespan, and One of History's Great Unsolved Mysteries
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Before her death, as part of her sentence, the Marquise was subjected to a form of torture known as the
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Painting of Madame de Montespan, mistress of Louis XIV who was implicated in the affair of the poisons
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Antoine Dreux d'Aubray, poisoned by his daughter, the Marquise de Brinvilliers. Engraving by
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concerns a murder that appears to be the work of the ghost of Marie d'Aubray Brinvilliers.
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The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV
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City of Light, City of Poison: Murder, Magic, and the First Police Chief of Paris
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The Marchioness of Brinvilliers: The Poisoner of the Seventeenth Century
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The Marchioness of Brinvilliers: The Poisoner of the Seventeenth Century
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The Marquise being tortured with the water cure before her beheading (
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There have been two musical treatments of her life. An opera titled
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L'affaire des Poisons: Crimes et sorcellerie au temps du Roi-Soleil
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You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
1436:"The Scandalous Witch Hunt That Poisoned 17th-Century France"
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featured her story in 1954. The 2009 French television film
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La Marquise de Brinvilliers: receit de ses derniers moments
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inside the packed Cathedral. When they finally reached the
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Princes and Poisoners, Studies of the Court of Louis XIV
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Portrait of the Marquise on the day of her execution by
1367:"'Madame de Brinvilliers' – written by Alexandre Dumas"
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for her crimes and a warrant went out for her arrest.
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and helped establish the settlement of Ville-Marie in
309:(also known as Eggidi), an Italian in the service of
1099:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 6–41.
1299:Spring 2019, John W. Schiemann (12 February 2019).
679:, premiered in Toronto, Canada in September 2009.
373:Discovery of her crimes and her escape and capture
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1487:The Marquise of Darkness (TV Movie 2010) – IMDb
1185:Madame de Brinvilliers and Her Times: 1630-1676
604:envisages the poisoning of a discarded lover.
232:. Her trial and death spawned the onset of the
1251:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 142–149.
909:Leary, Francis (1997). "The Wickedest Woman".
805:Mme de Brinvilliers: la marquise empoisonneuse
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675:, written by Allen Cole, Melody Johnson and
1324:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1397:. Vol. 48. Henry Colburn. p. 22.
1391:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "poem".
176: 1651–1676)
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19:For the 1831 opera based on her life, see
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1546:"Brinvilliers, Marquise de"
1434:Frost, Natasha (5 October 2017).
963:. Paris: Perrin. pp. 29–48.
671:in 1831. A musical comedy called
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1528:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1413:The Grandest Game in the World
1394:The New Monthly Magazine, 1836
1141:Funck-Bretano, Frantz (1901).
273:, which would later be called
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1585:17th-century French criminals
911:The Virginia Quarterly Review
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715:List of French serial killers
639:with music by nine composers—
429:, a prison located in Paris.
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153:Beheaded by French government
1625:French female serial killers
1590:17th-century French nobility
570:The Marquise de Brinvilliers
343:Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie
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1342:Sévigné, Madame de (1846),
1280:. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre.
1145:. London: Duckworth and Co.
1031:La Marquise de Brinvilliers
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643:, Désiré-Alexandre Batton,
636:La marquise de Brinvilliers
16:French murderer (1630–1676)
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1247:Mossiker, Frances (1969).
673:Mimi – A Poisoner's Comedy
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710:The Affair of the Poisons
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206:Marquise de Brinvilliers
202:Marie-Madeleine d'Aubray
145:Paris, Kingdom of France
90:Marquise de Brinvilliers
84:Marie-Madeleine d'Aubray
1620:French female murderers
1509:Somerset, Anne (2003).
1209:Carroll, Erika (2018).
1095:Somerset, Anne (2003).
586:Intrigues of a Poisoner
578:The Devil's Marchioness
39:This article cites its
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1600:Executed French people
1524:Tucker, Holly (2017).
1513:. St. Martin's Press.
803:Huas, Jeanine (2004).
694:La Marquise des Ombres
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187:Antoine Dreux d'Aubray
1675:Affair of the Poisons
1610:Executed French women
1274:Roullier, G. (1883).
1183:Stokes, Hugh (1911).
1029:Walch, Agnès (2010).
682:The radio docu-drama
574:Alexandre Dumas, père
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515:Affair of the Poisons
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234:Affair of the Poisons
1630:French marchionesses
1286:2027/uc1.a0000342998
1187:. London: John Lane.
700:as de Brinvilliers.
598:Albert Richard Smith
554:Albert Richard Smith
527:mistress of the king
645:Henri Montan Berton
618:Judith Merkle Riley
552:, an 1846 novel by
523:Madame de Montespan
150:Cause of death
1465:www.stage-door.com
1415:. 18 December 2017
1301:"Behind the Lines"
566:Arthur Conan Doyle
562:The Leather Funnel
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533:, the Countess of
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315:Christopher Glaser
265:, who founded the
263:Jean-Jacques Olier
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1534:978-0-393-23978-2
1033:. Paris: Perrin.
807:. Paris: FAYARD.
628:John Dickson Carr
623:The Burning Court
606:Robert Browning's
493:Madame de Sévigné
419:Madame de Sévigné
226:forced to confess
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1379:
1377:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1345:Lettres choisies
1339:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1111:
1110:
1092:
1045:
1044:
1026:
975:
974:
956:
919:
918:
906:
845:
842:
819:
818:
800:
661:Ferdinand HĂ©rold
614:The Oracle Glass
484:amende honorable
369:to La Chaussée.
296:lettre de cachet
177:
175:
142:
131:
120:
118:
99:
80:
79:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
34:
33:
26:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
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1680:
1679:
1560:
1559:
1506:
1504:Further reading
1501:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1428:
1418:
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1407:
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1402:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1371:Alexandre Dumas
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1226:
1207:
1192:
1181:
1150:
1139:
1114:
1107:
1093:
1048:
1041:
1027:
978:
971:
957:
922:
907:
848:
843:
822:
815:
801:
732:
728:
706:
665:Ferdinando Paer
657:Luigi Cherubini
582:William Fifield
543:
541:Popular culture
531:Olympia Mancini
502:
448:
435:
375:
327:
246:
179:
171:
167:
164:
163:Antoine Gobelin
144:
140:
123:
122:
116:
114:
106:
103:Charles Le Brun
85:
74:
63:
57:
54:
51:
47:page references
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:Murder in 1666
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1558:
1557:
1543:, ed. (1907).
1537:
1522:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1477:
1452:
1426:
1400:
1383:
1358:
1331:
1291:
1263:
1254:
1224:
1190:
1148:
1112:
1105:
1046:
1039:
976:
969:
920:
846:
820:
813:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:
712:
705:
702:
698:Anne Parillaud
685:Crime Classics
653:Michele Carafa
610:The Laboratory
590:Émile Gaboriau
556:(1887 edition)
542:
539:
501:
498:
488:Place de Grève
476:Place de Grève
447:
444:
434:
431:
374:
371:
326:
323:
245:
242:
228:, and finally
197:
196:
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189:
188:
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180:
169:
165:
162:
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159:
155:
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151:
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146:
143:(aged 45)
137:
133:
132:
112:
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92:
91:
87:
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83:
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75:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
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2:
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1519:0-312-33017-0
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1440:Atlas Obscura
1437:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1347:
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1069:
1067:
1065:
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1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1040:9782262031213
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
972:
970:9782262023867
966:
962:
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949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
917:(2): 238–256.
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912:
905:
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901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
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707:
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680:
678:
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670:
669:Opéra-Comique
666:
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658:
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638:
637:
631:
629:
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619:
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563:
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528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
500:Ramifications
497:
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481:
477:
472:
467:
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457:
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443:
441:
430:
428:
424:
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403:
394:
389:
385:
383:
382:
370:
368:
362:
358:
356:
352:
346:
344:
336:
335:Claude Mellan
331:
322:
318:
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194:
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160:
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138:
134:
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126:
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109:
104:
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93:
88:
81:
72:
69:
61:
58:November 2023
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1550:
1525:
1510:
1491:, retrieved
1486:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1393:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1350:, retrieved
1344:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1294:
1276:
1257:
1248:
1218:
1214:
1184:
1142:
1096:
1030:
960:
914:
910:
804:
693:
689:
683:
681:
677:Rick Roberts
672:
641:Daniel Auber
634:
632:
621:
613:
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
559:
549:
511:
468:
461:
436:
427:Conciergerie
406:Valenciennes
398:
393:Conciergerie
379:
376:
363:
359:
347:
339:
319:
304:
292:
287:illegitimate
279:
255:
205:
201:
200:
141:(1676-07-16)
139:16 July 1676
121:22 July 1630
64:
55:
44:
1615:Fratricides
1575:1676 deaths
1570:1630 births
1541:Wood, James
1352:24 November
1215:Voces Novae
608:1846 poem "
381:in absentia
353:, close to
195:Marie Olier
1650:Patricides
1564:Categories
1493:6 December
1470:6 December
1445:6 December
1419:6 December
1376:6 December
1310:7 December
1305:HistoryNet
1106:0297842161
814:2702894542
726:References
696:) starred
480:Notre Dame
471:water cure
440:Pennautier
355:Notre Dame
351:HĂ´tel Dieu
271:New France
267:Sulpicians
244:Early life
213:aristocrat
117:1630-07-22
1665:Poisoners
720:La Voisin
692:(French:
519:La Voisin
238:Louis XIV
217:murdering
158:Spouse(s)
1320:cite web
704:See also
535:Soissons
464:Sorbonne
423:Mézières
300:Bastille
275:Montreal
230:executed
222:tortured
458:, 1878)
410:Antwerp
402:Cambrai
178:
170:
166:
41:sources
1532:
1517:
1103:
1037:
967:
811:
663:, and
592:, and
529:, and
408:, and
325:Crimes
283:Marais
259:prévôt
210:French
192:Mother
184:Father
105:, 1676
596:, by
433:Trial
414:Liège
307:Exili
172:(
168:
125:Paris
1530:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1495:2020
1472:2020
1447:2020
1421:2020
1378:2020
1354:2020
1326:link
1312:2020
1101:ISBN
1035:ISBN
965:ISBN
809:ISBN
525:, a
391:The
367:Ă©cus
136:Died
111:Born
43:but
1282:hdl
626:by
616:by
588:by
580:by
572:by
564:by
1566::
1549:.
1463:.
1438:.
1411:.
1369:.
1334:^
1322:}}
1318:{{
1303:.
1266:^
1227:^
1217:.
1213:.
1193:^
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224:,
204:,
174:m.
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1536:.
1521:.
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1449:.
1423:.
1380:.
1328:)
1314:.
1288:.
1284::
1219:4
1109:.
1043:.
973:.
817:.
119:)
115:(
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
