399:
1019:'s advice for her to stop damaging relations with inflammatory remarks, Madame Nhu refused to back down, describing herself as a scapegoat for American shortcomings and failures. She went on to accuse the administration of betraying her family, saying "I refuse to play the role of an accomplice in an awful murder ... According to a few immature American junior officials—too imbued by a real but obsolete imperialist spirit, the Vietnamese regime is not puppet enough and must be liquidated." She accused the Americans of undermining South Vietnam through "briberies, threats and other means" to destroy her family because they "do not like" it. She further mocked Kennedy's entourage, asking why "all the people around President Kennedy are
581:
Vietnam. Madame Nhu frequently talked to the
Vietnamese, French and other foreign press quite candidly. Madame Nhu's marriage was unhappy as she wrote in her diary of an all consuming "rising desire" in her body, complained her husband had little interest in sex with her, and wrote with disgust of his affections for a younger woman whom she called that "creature" who was very "vulgar" and "dirty". Madame Nhu devoted her time to politics, championing a new Family Code she presented to parliament in October 1957 and passed in June 1958 to replace the old French code that banned concubinage and polygamy; allowed women to open bank accounts and own property; and required that daughters be given greater inheritance rights.
1031:, the Madison Avenue PR firm that had been hired to promote Diệm's image in the U.S. for $ 3,000 per month ended its relationship with Diệm during Madame Nhu's visit under the grounds she had so badly damaged the image of the Diệm government in America that there was nothing that could be done to improve his image and a continued association was going to cost the Oram Group other clients. American journalists had discovered Madame Nhu was "unfortunately too beautiful to ignore" as a Kennedy administration staffer complained, and that it was easy to provoke her into saying something outrageous, causing a media circus to develop around her as she traveled across America.
917:'s plans to assassinate him were uncovered. Madame Nhu gave a media interview in which she called on government troops to invade the American embassy and capture Thích Trí Quang and some other monks who were staying there, saying that the government must arrest "all key Buddhists". In a media interview, her husband responded to his parents-in-law by vowing to kill his father-in-law, claiming his wife would participate. He said "I will have his head cut off. I will hang him in the center of a square and let him dangle there. My wife will make the knot on the rope because she is proud of being a Vietnamese and she is a good patriot."
1008:
officers from helping the South
Vietnamese forces. Lodge denounced the comments and said, "These men should be thanked, not insulted." However, one of his aides lost his composure and asked if "there were not something the government could do to shut her up." Diệm was stunned by the comments and retorted that "one cannot deny a lady the right to defend herself when she has been unjustly attacked", saying his sister-in-law was entitled to freedom of speech. But McNamara reinforced the point, noting to Diệm that "This is not satisfactory. The problems were real and serious. They had to be solved before the war could be won."
608:
524:
rally in Saigon led to a confrontation on the streets between Madame Nhu and Bình Xuyên gunmen, with Madame Nhu daring the thugs to kill her right then and there, which caused them to demur, and the rally went on. Emboldened by this triumph, Diệm saw a chance to put his puritanical Roman
Catholic values into practice and to strike a blow at the Bình Xuyên at the same time by shutting down the brothels, gambling houses and opium dens of Saigon owned by the Bình Xuyên while having pornographic magazines burned on the streets (the Bình Xuyên were the largest producers and sellers of pornography in Vietnam).
701:" and "The Queen Bee". She once stated "Power is wonderful. Total power is totally wonderful." In Vietnam, Madame Nhu was called the Tiger Lady as dragons are considered lucky and benevolent (mythical) animals in Vietnamese culture that are the wise and kindly friends of humanity, whereas the tiger is considered a symbol of ferocity, and many Vietnamese found the term "Dragon Lady" mystifying and insulting. She once told a group of American congressmen, "I'm not exactly afraid of death. I love power and in the next life I have a chance to be even more powerful than I am." U.S. Defense Secretary
508:
associations with the French, which led them to back Diệm. Madame Nhu had lobbied Bảo Đại to appoint her brother-in-law Prime
Minister and believed that it was her influence that led to the appointment. She was deeply shocked to learn the real reason why Bảo Đại had appointed Diệm Prime Minister was out of the expectation that he would fail, thereby curtailing his career. The State of Vietnam was in a serious political and economic crisis by 1954 that almost nobody expected Diệm to navigate effectively. Nhu never forgave the Emperor and the French for this plot to ruin Diệm.
836:, Madame Nhu said that it was "embarrassing to see people so uncultured claiming to be leaders". The U.S. embassy told Diệm that these comments violated an agreement between the Buddhists and his regime to avoid verbal exchanges, but Diệm refused to keep his family's end of the bargain, saying that his sister-in-law was obliged to expose "extremists" to keep the public informed. In July, the U.S. government rejected a request from her to travel to the United States for a public speaking tour, fearing a public relations disaster. On 3 August, she called the Buddhists "
60:
311:
410:, a prestigious French school in Hanoi, was entirely in French, and she remembered as a schoolgirl learning about French history but nothing about Vietnamese history, and of singing songs about the forests and mountains of France, observing later the purpose of her education was to eradicate any sense of a Vietnamese identity, and to make her into a proper young Frenchwoman. The purpose of French educational policies in Vietnam was always in reference to France's self-proclaimed
906:, the ambassador to the United States, resigned in protest, along with all but one of the staffers at the embassy. Chương charged Diệm with having "copied the tactics of totalitarian regimes". His wife, who was South Vietnam's observer at the United Nations, resigned and spoke of mass executions and a reign of terror under Diệm and Nhu. She predicted that if Diệm, Nhu, and Madame Nhu did not leave Vietnam, then they would inevitably be killed. Madame Nhu claimed Buddhist leader
787:, as 8 May was the 2,527th anniversary of the Buddha's birthday. The Catholic Diệm disapproved of Vesak, and ordered the police to put down the celebrations under a law which forbade religious symbols from being paraded in the streets. A series of clashes occurred all over South Vietnam as the police sought to end the marches. When she heard that Diệm was to sign a statement offering compensation to the families of Buddhist protesters shot dead by the police of his brother
872:
had been a public relations disaster for his regime, both at home and abroad. Through her paramilitary organization, Madame Nhu claimed that the
Buddhists were "controlled by communism" and that they were manipulated by the Americans, calling on Diệm to "expel all foreign agitators whether they wear monks' robes or not". A few days after the raids, Madame Nhu described the deadly attacks on the Buddhists as "the happiest day in my life since we crushed the
3611:
1109:
involved in the coup, the troubles of the United States in
Vietnam were just beginning. She called the deaths an "indelible stigma" against the U.S. and said "My family has been treacherously killed with either official or unofficial blessing of the American government, I can predict to you now that the story is only at its beginning". She invoked biblical analogies, saying "
3623:
416:("civilizing mission") to make all Vietnamese into "Frenchmen with yellow skin," and thus French teachers tried to stamp out any sense of a Vietnamese identity in their students. The message French teachers taught their students was that to be French was to be "civilized" and to be Vietnamese was to be "uncivilized." She then dropped out of
984:, she said in an interview that "President Kennedy is a politician, and when he hears a loud opinion speaking in a certain way, he tries to appease it somehow", referring to the opposition to her family's rule. She continued: "if that opinion is misinformed, the solution is not to bow to it, but the solution should be to inform."
596:, with the facial features modelled on herself, and also established the Women's Solidarity Movement, a female paramilitary organization. The statue cost US$ 20,000, a substantial sum at the time, given that South Vietnam was a developing country, but she was undeterred by criticism about largesse. She pressured the wives of
828:. She responded by calling him a "coward". Her mother said that "There is an old proverb in my country which means 'one should not make oneself or one's family naked before the world'... I was sick... Now, nobody can stop her ... She never listened to our advice." After these comments, the U.S. ambassador,
389:. The Trầns were under observation by the French police who doubted their loyalty to France, with M. Chương dismissed as a "little runt" controlled by his wife, while Madame Chương, described as "beautiful and very intriguing...the one who directs her husband," was known for "her dogged ambition as for her
1007:
On 29 September 1963 meeting with Diệm, McNamara bemoaned "the ill-advised and unfortunate declarations of Madame Nhu", who had described U.S. military advisors as "acting like little soldiers of fortune". McNamara said that such comments would damage bilateral military cooperation and deter
American
799:
of good faith" to stop helping the communists, otherwise
Vietnamese Buddhism would be seen as a "small anti-nationalist branch of a dubious international association, exploited and controlled by communism and oriented to the sowing of the disorder of neutralism". She made another attack on the United
580:
40. President Diệm never married and is not known to have had a relationship with any women, through his bodyguard noted he was fond of keeping "good looking men around him". Diệm, who was known for his poor social skills, decided to have his sister-in-law serve as the unofficial First Lady of South
523:
To win support for Diệm, Madame Nhu hit upon the idea of enlisting support from the million or so refugees from North
Vietnam, many of them Catholics who fled to the south after the Geneva accords had partitioned Vietnam, organizing them for a massive pro-Diệm demonstration on 21 September 1954. The
1311:
was born in Saigon in 1959. She received a PhD from the
University of Rome. Lệ Quyên was a lawyer in the legal IT sector and was invited as a guest lecturer at presentations by Law Faculty of the University of Rome. She served as Commissioner of Immigration Caritas Europe. On 16 April 2012, she was
1172:. The interview, one of at least two hundred and fifty-nine for the series, lasts a recorded fifty-two minutes but Madame Nhu's subjectivity was far from the hard facts demanded of the producers' intended content and barely two minutes of her observations found use. The series subsequently aired on
1108:
In response to the killings of Diệm and Nhu, she immediately accused the United States, saying "Whoever has the Americans as allies does not need enemies", and that "No coup can erupt without American incitement and backing". She went on to predict a bleak future for Vietnam and said that, by being
1044:
on 13 October 1963, defending her actions and those of the South Vietnamese government. "I don't know why you Americans dislike us ... Is it because the world is under a spell called liberalism? Your own public, here in America, is not as anti-Communistic as ours is in Vietnam. Americans talk about
1026:
She denounced American liberals as "worse than communists" and Buddhists as "hooligans in robes". Her father did not share the same beliefs and followed her around the country rebutting her comments, denouncing the "injustice and oppression" and stating that his daughter had "become unwittingly the
1011:
Madame Nhu arrived in the United States on 7 October, and her arrival was greeted by the United Nations' launching of an inquiry into the repression of Buddhists in South Vietnam. Kennedy had resisted the temptation to deny her an entry visa and his administration soon came under a flurry of verbal
929:
warned that development aid might be withheld if the repression orchestrated by the Ngôs continued, Madame Nhu denounced it as blackmail. Nhu and Diệm, fearing a cut in aid, sent Madame Nhu to the United States on a speaking tour. She departed South Vietnam on 9 September 1963 in an expedition that
871:
demolished, and the body of a deceased monk stolen. When the populace came to the defense of the monks, the resulting clashes saw 30 civilians killed and 200 wounded. Notably, President Diệm sent his sister-in-law a letter asking her not to talk in public about the clashes as her "barbecue" remarks
739:
who had led an advisory group that helped to train Vietnamese public servants and who had lobbied American politicians in the 1950s to support Diệm's bid for power, resigned along with his staff. Fishel called Madame Nhu "Brilliant, vivacious, bitchy and brutal in her Borgia-like fashion", claiming
519:
crime syndicate that dominated the economic life of Saigon. Giving Madame Nhu an additional reason to intrigue against Hinh was his repeated boasting that when he deposed Diệm he would make Madame Nhu into another of his concubines. At a party, Madame Nhu confronted Hinh to tell him: "You are never
600:
officers and public servants into joining her "movement". A flamboyant woman, Madame Nhu took to flashing around her handgun in public, and the Women's Solidarity Movement was intended to allow Vietnamese women to participate in the fight against the Viet Cong, just as the Trưng sisters had fought
1045:
my husband and I leaving our native land permanently. Why should we do this? Where would we go? To say that 70 percent of my country's population is Buddhistic is absolutely true. My father, who was our ambassador to the United States until two months ago, has been against me since my childhood."
432:
When she became an adult, her mother introduced her to a series of eligible young men, but she insisted on Nhu. He was fourteen years her senior and referred to her as "little niece" in accordance with Vietnamese custom. In accordance with Vietnamese tradition, they were married three years after
1003:
about the progress of the war. One of the purposes of the mission was to achieve, in the words of President Kennedy, "a visible reduction in influence of Nhus, who are symbol to disaffected of all that they dislike in GVN . This we think would require Nhus' departure from Saigon and preferably
683:
gowns to be sexually suggestive. In Vietnam's Confucian culture, overt displays of sexuality are considered inappropriate. Her family received further scorn as her sister Trần Lệ Chi, who was married to Nguyễn Hữu Châu, had a French lover named Etienne Oggeri, and critics alleged that Madame Nhu
812:
street to protest against the shooting of Buddhists by Diệm's regime. She labelled it a "barbecue" and stated, "Let them burn and we shall clap our hands." She further offered to provide more fuel and matches for the Buddhists, noting the "barbecuing" was not "self-sufficient" because "imported
770:
Diệm reacted to the bombing by cracking down on political dissidents and further tightening control of the press. Madame Nhu added, "ou open a window to let in light and air, not bullets. We want freedom, but we don't want to be exploited by it." In a radio interview in late 1962, she mockingly
507:
as Head of State, while the Americans wanted to push the French out by having Diệm create a republic. Diệm in the words of an American diplomat had developed "a blind hatred of the French" and the Americans believed that South Vietnam needed an anti-Communist leader who was not tainted with any
456:
She, her mother-in-law and her eldest daughter, at the time a baby, were captured. Thinking her piano was a radio for communicating with French colonialists, the Viet Minh blew it up and then exiled her to a remote village for four months, where she lived on two bowls of rice a day. The French
879:
The United States, in a position of some leverage owing to the considerable U.S. aid flowing into South Vietnam, in August 1963 wished to give President Diệm a chance to rid himself of both his brother and Madame Nhu. In a cable drafted by Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs,
539:
was prohibited, and the result was rigged, with Bảo Đại's supporters attacked by Nhu's paid thugs. Diệm claimed 98.2% of the vote, including 605,025 votes in Saigon, where only 450,000 voters were registered. Diệm's tally exceeded the registration numbers in other districts. As a result, Diệm
441:, her husband's religion. Madame Nhu later admitted she married Nhu as a way of getting away from her family, saying "I never had a sweeping love. I read about such things in books, but I do not believe that they really existed. Or perhaps only for a very few people". After an uprising by the
688:
rich entrepreneurs. Diệm had stated before becoming president, "The history of China bears witness to the grave crises brought on by the empresses and their relatives." The Diệm regime tended to favor giving high positions to Roman Catholics, which alienated the Buddhist majority over time.
1285:
that was considered controversial in its day due to its tight fit and low-cut neckline. According to Boi Tran Huynh, a scholar of Vietnamese visual arts, "To foreigners, this collar made sense given the tropical conditions, but conservatives saw it as too suggestive for Vietnamese women."
743:
She often exerted her influence through bouts of shouting. Sometimes when she disagreed with a proposal or decision that had been made inside the palace by some ministers or other senior public servants, she would verbally abuse them and intimidate them into adopting her preferred stance.
1186:
In 1993, she sued her parents' insurance company to prevent it from awarding their death-benefit because she contested the validity of their wills. Her parents allegedly changed their wills, disinheriting their son Khiem and Madame Nhu and making their sister Le Chi the sole beneficiary.
352:
Known for her incendiary comments that attacked and severely denounced the Buddhist community of South Vietnam and the strong U.S. influence and presence in the country, she went to live in exile in France after her husband, Nhu, and her brother-in-law, Diệm, were assassinated in 1963.
716:
wrote that Madame Nhu was "conceited, and obsessed with a drive for power that far surpasses that of even her husband ... It is no exaggeration to say that Madame Nhu is the most detested personality in South Vietnam." Sully was promptly expelled from Vietnam by the Ngô family.
774:
The following year she instructed her Women's Solidarity Movement to oppose American attempts "to make lackeys of Vietnamese and to seduce Vietnamese women into decadent paths." As relations became strained, she publicly accused the Americans of having supported the 1960 coup.
381:, studied law in France and practiced in Bac Lieu in the Mekong Delta before marrying into the ruling imperial dynasty. Her father also served as the first foreign secretary for Indochina under Japanese occupation. Her mother, Thân Thị Nam Trân, was a granddaughter of Emperor
813:
gasoline" was used. The monk's suicide followed Ngô Đình Nhu's repression of the Buddhist-inspired protests and was responsible for the regime's continuing instability. According to historian Howard Jones, these comments "all but put the finishing touch on the Diệm regime".
767:, the official residence of the Ngô family, with the aim of assassinating them. One bomb landed in a room where Diệm was reading, but failed to detonate. The family escaped to the cellar unhurt, except for Madame Nhu, who sustained an arm fracture while running for cover.
972:
There was also speculation that she could turn up at the United Nations in New York and embarrass South Vietnam and the U.S. Bundy said in a meeting that "this was the first time the world had been faced with collective madness in a ruling family since the days of the
1304:
Ngô Đình Quỳnh (son) was born in Dalat in 1952. He graduated from ESSEC (École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales), a private school training professionals in the economy; currently works as a trade representative for a U.S. company in Brussels,
472:(people were persons, not individuals) while Madame Nhu later saying "I was alone most of the time. My husband would simply disappear without a word". To improve her husband's career, Madame Nhu befriended her cousin, the Emperor Bảo Đại during this time.
1150:
that belonged to Madame Nhu and her family, and she was not allowed to return to South Vietnam. She went to Rome briefly before moving to France and later Italy, with her children. Her daughter, Lệ Thủy, died in 1967, at age 22, in a car accident in
684:
introduced the "morality laws" so that her sister's husband could not get a divorce. Since he was extremely wealthy, the Ngô family would have lost highly valuable assets. In addition, her brother, Khiêm, used his government connections to
692:
Madame Nhu exerted influence with her fiery attitude, often abusing Diệm and Nhu, who bowed to her angry tirades. Madame Nhu was frequently mocked by the media for her ostentatious flaunting of power, and was sometimes called the
1056:. The circumstances which allowed the flow towards the elimination from South Vietnam of the Diệm regime, Kennedy held, were due to the active personality of Madame Nhu. The Secretary recalls the President's feelings and in an
632:
and wore a small diamond crucifix", and "wore form-fitting apparel so tight that one French correspondent suggestively described her as 'molded into her ... dress like a dagger in its sheath.' On formal occasions, she wore red
1100:
and she feared that they would meet the same fate as their father. The children were not harmed by the generals and were flown out of the country into exile in Rome, where they were placed in the custody of their uncle,
424:
who loved ballet and piano, once dancing solo at Hanoi's National Theatre. She had an elder sister named Trần Lệ Chi (who married the Frenchman Etienne Oggeri and changed her name to Lechi Oggeri) and a younger brother,
791:, Nhu was reported to have thrown a bowl of soup at him. On 8 June 1963, Madame Nhu released a statement through the Women's Solidarity Movement accusing the Buddhists of neutralism, effectively accusing them of being
468:("a bizarre little war") as the fighting never affected her personally. Nhu was during these years building a secret political party called the Cần Lao (Personalist Labour Party) based on the Catholic philosophy of
395:—sleeping around with people of influence from any and all nationalities." Madame Chuong was accused by the French secret police (French Sûreté) of sleeping with Japanese diplomats so her husband was hired by them.
1068:
That goddamn bitch. She's responsible for the death of that kind man. You know, it's so totally unnecessary to have that kind man die because that bitch stuck her nose in and boiled up the whole situation down
502:
was dissolved, leaving Diệm in temporary control of the south. After the French defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, the French wanted to hang on to a zone of influence in the south by keeping the Emperor
832:, told Diệm that if he did not denounce his sister-in-law's comment in public, the U.S. would have to stop supporting him, but the president refused to do so, and assailed the monks. In an interview with
461:
and lived comfortably, editing a newspaper, where his wife bore three more children. The French war in Vietnam made little impression on Madame Nhu from her home in Đà Lạt, and she often called the war
1203:
In her last years, she lived with her eldest son, Ngô Đình Trác, and youngest daughter, Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên, in Rome, and was reportedly working on a book of memoirs to be published posthumously.
420:. She spoke French at home and could not write in Vietnamese; as an adult, she drafted her speeches in French and had them translated into Vietnamese. She gained a reputation in her youth as a
1301:
Ngô Đình Trác (son) was born in Dalat in 1949. He graduated with a degree in agricultural engineering, married an Italian woman, and had 4 children. He died in 2021 due to a stroke.
800:
States, calling on Diệm to "keep vigilance on all others, particularly those inclined to take Viet Nam for satellite of foreign power or organization." Madame Nhu publicly mocked
540:
eliminated the Emperor Bảo Đại and became the first president of South Vietnam. Madame Nhu made no secret of her dislike for the Emperor Bảo Đại, calling him "that French puppet".
511:
In order to ensure American support for Diệm, Madame Nhu befriended Americans working at the embassy in Saigon known to be CIA agents. For their part, the French backed General
3124:
520:
going to overthrow this government because you don't have the guts. And if you do overthrow the government, you will never have me because I will claw your throat out first!"
1196:
601:
against the Chinese, but most of the women who joined the movement were upper-class women who believed that their husbands would benefit by being given government jobs.
1831:
The couple was found strangled to death in Washington, D.C., in 1986, killed by their son, Trần Văn Khiêm, reportedly for being cut out of their will, according to "
604:
Her father became the ambassador to the United States while her mother was South Vietnam's observer at the United Nations. Two of her uncles were cabinet ministers.
429:. Like many other Vietnamese, Lệ Xuân was to find that no matter how hard she tried to be French, that the French were only prepared to accept whites as French.
3261:
1200:, a Vietnamese Catholic community publication. It was published in October 2004. The article stated that she was living in Paris and working on her memoirs.
1079:
3673:
2532:
625:
Her parents resigned from their posts in 1963, in protest over the treatment of Buddhists under the regime of President Diệm and disowned their daughter.
3643:
3358:
1163:
1121:
in the United States, she said, "I cannot stay in a country whose government stabbed me in the back. I believe all the devils in hell are against us".
728:
in 1954. She claimed it was the family's destiny to save South Vietnam. Following the collapse of the coup, her influence in the family began to rise.
531:, the Emperor, advocating the restoration of the monarchy, while Diệm ran on a republican platform. The elections were held, with Nhu and the family's
3348:
760:
3718:
2626:
1234:, published September 2013). There is the significant claim upon this book that the author was ultimately entrusted with Madame Nhu's unpublished
3318:
2528:
957:
thought her comments were so damaging that it would only be acceptable for Ngô Đình Diệm to remain in power if she were out of the picture. The
902:
Her comments further stoked open infighting with her parents, who would eventually disown her and seek refuge in the United States. Her father,
2608:
2168:
1937:
1088:(Armed Forces Council) with the understanding that the United States would not intervene. At the time of the assassinations, Madame Nhu was in
930:
brought widespread international scorn to her family's regime. She had predicted "a triumphant lecture tour". She left on 17 September for the
848:
2840:
2789:
1258:
3678:
398:
3648:
1270:– written by the children of Madame Nhu, Ngô Đình Quynh and Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên, also family friend Madame Jacqueline Willemetz (French book)
859:, which included a heart which had not disintegrated, were confiscated. Simultaneous raids were carried out across the country, with the
3723:
3267:
3209:
962:
885:
1210:, 24 April 2011. News of her death were announced by her sister Lechi Oggeri, while family friend Truong Phu Thu was interviewed by
2800:
1476:
958:
3257:
1102:
645:." When Diệm once criticized her collarless apparel, she snapped: "It's not your neck that sticks out, it's mine. So, shut up."
1183:, who was charged in the strangling-deaths of their parents in their Washington, D.C., home after being cut out of their will.
2882:
1832:
1445:
3232:
1179:
On 2 November 1986, Madame Nhu charged the United States with hounding her family during the arrest of her younger brother,
3242:
3119:
2531:
archive. Oral History Interview with Paul B. Fay, Jr., November 11, 1970. (Oral transcript p. to be found on PDF doc p.14.)
495:
2811:
783:
On 8 May 1963, a series of celebrations were held by Buddhist priests all over South Vietnam to honor Buddhist holiday of
3658:
3653:
2765:
1266:
457:
dismissed Nhu from his post at the National Library due to his brother (Diệm)'s nationalist activities, and he moved to
3103:
3708:
3054:
3035:
3013:
2990:
2964:
2942:
2923:
2904:
2693:
2035:
705:
noted that "I saw Madame Nhu as bright, forceful, and beautiful, but also diabolical and scheming—a true sorceress."
527:
A referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955, to determine the future direction of the south. It was contested by
1369:
1295:
1093:
752:
262:
1308:
1156:
653:
During her brother-in-law's presidency, Madame Nhu pushed for the passing of "morality laws" outlawing abortion,
267:
2713:
1341:
3408:
2465:
677:
dens. She was widely mocked by the public who regarded her as a hypocrite, with older Vietnamese believing her
607:
481:
2363:
2352:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August–December 1963 › Document 94
3663:
3293:
3202:
1250:
1168:
748:
310:
3283:
1224:
1128:
that Madame Nhu had erected with her own facial features were demolished by jubilant anti-Diệm rioters. The
3328:
856:
801:
535:, which supplied Diệm's electoral base, organising and supervising the elections. Campaigning for Emperor
3713:
3298:
2769:
1048:
Upon the assassination of the Diệm brothers, President Kennedy's feelings were expressed to close friend
1000:
764:
346:
334:
74:
35:
in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the
3531:
3511:
3433:
2815:
by Boi Tran Huynh; Chapter 4: Visual Arts of the Republic of Viet-Nam (The South) 1954–1975: The 'Other'
1162:
In November 1982 Madame Nhu accorded a first significant interview on the historic events in Vietnam to
903:
821:
283:
3688:
3601:
3516:
2683:
2623:
1559:
123:
3403:
3252:
1868:
1762:
1194:
and charging the press for interviews. In 2002, she gave an interview to journalist Truong Phu Thu of
852:
3703:
1089:
931:
736:
612:
3521:
3398:
2736:
2178:
1298:
was born in Hue in 1945. She died on 12 April 1967, in an automobile accident in Longjumeau, France.
1159:, who grew up to be an Italian-Vietnamese human rights lawyer, also died in a car accident in 2012.
1027:
greatest asset to the communists." She predicted that Buddhism would become extinct in Vietnam. The
553:
342:
3683:
3588:
3247:
3237:
3195:
2844:
2351:
891:, Lodge was instructed to advise Diệm of a call for "the removal of the Nhus from the scene." U.S.
235:
3536:
3496:
3383:
2801:
Finding The Dragon Lady: In Search of Vietnam's Infamous Madame Nhu . . The Daily Beast, 09.24.13
788:
756:
450:
3178:
1180:
1114:
824:
said that the regime had alienated "the strongest moral forces", implying that they had lost the
446:
426:
229:
3506:
731:
As her husband's influence grew, as did her own vicariously, so did American distaste for them.
417:
407:
299:
3526:
860:
374:
3476:
2457:
1560:"Vietnam: A Television History; America's Mandarin (1954–1963); Interview with Ngo Dinh Luyen"
1206:
In early April 2011, she was taken to a hospital in Rome where she died three weeks later, on
1143:
1085:
512:
469:
377:. Her paternal grandfather was close to the French colonial administration, while her father,
3368:
1242:
presented as Madame Nhu's, from the years leading up to the coup, this having the only known
1053:
992:
966:
888:
3698:
3693:
3423:
2668:
907:
3481:
3393:
2826:
914:
855:
in Saigon in August. The pagoda was vandalized, monks beaten, and the cremated remains of
338:
194:
8:
3668:
3466:
3443:
3338:
3069:
2453:
953:
became personally concerned. He asked his advisers to find means of having Diệm gag her.
943:
720:
Madame Nhu claimed that she and her husband were responsible for Diệm's triumph over the
549:
382:
362:
3501:
361:
Trần Lệ Xuân, whose given name means "Spring's Beauty," was born in 1924 into a wealthy
3567:
3088:
2935:
Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War
2916:
Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
1837:
536:
528:
504:
491:
386:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3378:
3333:
3140:
3099:
3050:
3031:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2960:
2938:
2919:
2900:
2878:
2461:
2446:
2367:
2031:
1441:
926:
829:
825:
725:
532:
486:
Madame Nhu's brother-in-law, Ngô Đình Diệm, had been appointed Prime Minister of the
434:
59:
3471:
713:
585:
3627:
3562:
3363:
2870:
2682:. Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, November 1982.
1130:
1084:
On 2 November 1963, Diệm and Nhu were assassinated in a coup d'état led by General
942:
and possibly to the United States, where she had an invitation to speak before the
833:
641:, which was the mark of the highest-ranking women of the imperial court in ancient
499:
487:
433:
being betrothed in 1940. In May 1943, aged 18, she married Nhu, and converted from
370:
155:
3486:
1125:
593:
569:
3491:
3373:
3353:
3323:
3218:
3157:
2979:
2841:"ImmigrazioneOggi – Oblò: i rifugiati... ed il coraggio di chi salva vite umane"
2630:
2173:
1942:
1872:
1766:
1435:
1118:
1097:
988:
950:
913:
Following the pagoda raids, Trí Quang was given asylum at the U.S. Embassy after
892:
873:
805:
792:
721:
702:
698:
666:
552:. Madame Nhu was influential on government policy and, since her brother-in-law,
516:
458:
449:, the eldest of the Ngô brothers, was buried alive, and Nhu and another brother,
438:
378:
20:
3615:
3557:
3130:
3023:
2974:
2952:
2019:
1191:
1117:. The Ngô brothers have been sold for a few dollars". When asked if she wanted
1110:
1040:
1016:
996:
954:
868:
679:
565:
1279:
In the early 1960s, Madame Nhu popularized her own version of the traditional
709:
3637:
3461:
3388:
3343:
3168:
3095:
2027:
1231:
1207:
881:
732:
658:
629:
561:
223:
99:
3572:
3552:
3127:
speaking after the assassination of husband and brother-in-law (audio file)
2892:
1057:
987:
The issue resulted in an awkward confrontation when U.S. Defense Secretary
977:" and her comments provoked much debate on how to get Diệm to silence her.
817:
708:
She had a message to Diệm's opponents: "We will track down, neutralize and
1134:
office was also burned down, and the newspaper was never published again.
345:. As Diệm was a lifelong bachelor and because she and her family lived in
3047:
Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History
2643:
1281:
1049:
694:
617:
577:
573:
568:
with a cult around herself as a modern reincarnation of Vietnam's fabled
182:
3164:
3136:
1243:
1152:
1061:
1028:
935:
841:
557:
294:
36:
771:
remarked that American journalists were "intoxicated with communism".
3288:
1477:"Finding The Dragon Lady: In Search of Vietnam's Infamous Madame Nhu"
896:
740:
that she and her husband were evil influences corrupting the regime.
442:
326:(22 August 1924 – 24 April 2011), more popularly known in English as
2875:
The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era
685:
1211:
981:
974:
837:
654:
3187:
2679:
2664:
910:"spoke for many intellectuals who had repeatedly ridiculed her."
864:
796:
670:
642:
572:, who raised a revolt against China and temporarily defeated the
24:
1235:
1147:
1035:
809:
662:
589:
421:
2694:
FindACase™ | 03/02/93 ESTATE TRAN VAN CHUONG v. FIRST AMERICAN
1096:. Her other children were in Vietnam at the family retreat in
999:, traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission known as the
1239:
1034:
In the wake of the tumultuous events, Madame Nhu appeared on
1020:
939:
784:
674:
638:
634:
515:
as Prime Minister, and he in turn had won the support of the
366:
151:
3090:
Finding the Dragon Lady: The Mystery of Vietnam's Madame Nhu
1225:
Finding the Dragon Lady: the Mystery of Vietnam's Madame Nhu
349:
together with him, she was considered to be the first lady.
2869:
597:
171:
3066:
The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West
2644:"American Experience | Vietnam, a Television History"
1740:
1738:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1531:
1529:
1246:, a Vietnamese-American U.S. Army Captain James Văn Thạch.
1238:; and that additionally revealed to the author had been a
1461:
1459:
1457:
1173:
628:
Howard Jones says "Madame Nhu was chauffeured in a black
611:
Madame Nhu and Vice President Johnson, visit to Vietnam,
3133:
speaking of "barbecued monks" (download mp3 or mpg file)
1312:
killed in a traffic accident on the way to work in Rome.
961:
deemed her a threat to U.S. security, and told the then
816:
Her own father went on radio to condemn her comments. A
1735:
1622:
1526:
1454:
840:
elements who use the most odious Communist tactics to
3599:
2766:"Bà Ngô Đình Nhu từ trần tại Roma, hưởng thọ 87 tuổi"
341:, who was the brother and chief advisor to President
3125:
Madame Ngô Đình Nhu, sister-in-law of President Diệm
3087:
3001:
2978:
2794:
2445:
1274:
969:to seek her permanent removal from South Vietnam.
1707:
1705:
1437:The Ignorance of Bliss: An American Kid in Saigon
1367:
1142:The military government of Vietnam under General
1124:In the aftermath of the coup, the statues of the
3635:
1659:
1657:
1415:J. Lacouture, Vietnam: Between Two Truces, p. 79
402:Mandarin Trần Văn Thông, the grandfather of Xuân
2973:
2529:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1363:
1361:
1359:
1190:In the 1990s, she was reportedly living on the
949:Madame Nhu's comments were such that President
2918:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
2877:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
2734:
1702:
1105:. Madame Nhu later flew to Rome to join them.
548:After the election, the couple moved into the
3203:
2897:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963
2506:, New York: Public Affairs, 2013 pp. 180–181.
1654:
1370:"Madame Nhu, Vietnam War Lightning Rod, Dies"
920:
876:in 1955", and assailed them as "communists".
16:First Lady of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963
2103:
2101:
1833:Change in Will Linked to Saigon Aide's Death
1356:
494:, after the French had been defeated at the
463:
411:
390:
3674:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism
3079:Triumph Forsaken The Vietnam War, 1954–1965
2805:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2602:
1333:
1331:
1092:, traveling with her 18-year-old daughter,
899:upon its approval by most of his advisors.
712:all these scabby sheep." French journalist
3210:
3196:
2937:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
2754:
91:26 October 1955 – 2 November 1963
58:
3644:20th-century Vietnamese women politicians
3268:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
2728:
2350:US Dept of State: Historical Documents ›
2161:
2098:
1719:
1717:
1492:
1490:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1267:La République du Viêt-Nam et les Ngô-Đình
1217:
1080:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm
1004:Vietnam at least for extended vacation."
963:United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
556:, was unmarried, she was regarded as the
2698:
2595:
2593:
2519:, New York: Public Affairs, 2013 p. 173.
1328:
606:
490:by her mother's distant cousin, Emperor
397:
3719:People educated at Lycee Albert Sarraut
3049:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
2999:
2985:. New York City: Simon & Schuster.
2813:Vietnamese Aesthetics from 1925 Onwards
2790:Barnes & Noble sales dept promotion
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2314:
2286:
2284:
2247:
2245:
2115:
2113:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1963:
1961:
1888:
1886:
1800:
1798:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1517:
615:. Madame Nhu is wearing her collarless
337:from 1955 to 1963. She was the wife of
209: 1943; died 1963)
3636:
3085:
3063:
3044:
2951:
2913:
2891:
2763:
2714:"'Bà Nhu như tôi từng biết' (phần 1)'"
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2482:A Pictorial History of the Vietnam War
2443:
2437:
2263:
2211:
2018:
1714:
1487:
1387:
1166:in Rome. Vecchione was a producer for
3191:
3076:
3022:
3008:. New York City: Methuen Publishing.
2932:
2590:
2572:
1771:, Vol. 73, Issue 4, 26 January 1959.
1474:
1433:
3679:Italian people of Vietnamese descent
2554:
2448:The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam
2419:
2401:
2383:
2332:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2281:
2272:
2254:
2242:
2152:
2143:
2110:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2000:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1958:
1913:
1883:
1795:
1538:
1228:, authored by Monique Brinson Demery
445:in August 1945, her brother-in-law,
3649:20th-century Vietnamese politicians
3217:
2667:The Vietnam Collection, interviews.
2581:
2536:
1368:Joseph R. Gregory (26 April 2011).
1251:Trần Lệ Xuân Giấc Mộng Chính Trường
1146:confiscated all of the property in
980:In Madame Nhu's first destination,
747:On 27 February 1962, two dissident
735:, the anti-Communist academic from
13:
3243:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức
2827:"Bà Ngô Đình Nhu – Trương Phú Thứ"
2364:"Madame Nhu meets Belgrade Press."
1475:Baker, Katie (24 September 2013).
778:
14:
3735:
3258:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
3113:
3004:Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War
2012:
543:
3724:Spouses of Vietnamese presidents
3621:
3609:
2959:. New York City: Penguin Books.
2833:
2819:
2783:
2735:Robert Templer (26 April 2011).
2687:
2672:
2658:
2636:
2617:
2563:
2177:. 30 August 1963. Archived from
2131:: America's Mandarin (1954–1963)
1434:Hanna, Sandy (15 January 2019).
1155:, France. Her younger daughter,
1137:
661:, dance halls, beauty pageants,
475:
309:
3120:Interview with Madame Nhu, 1982
2981:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975
2899:. New York City: E. P. Dutton.
2863:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2487:
2474:
2410:
2374:
2357:
2344:
2233:
2220:
2202:
2193:
2169:"South Viet Nam: The Crackdown"
2134:
2122:
2089:
2053:
2044:
1949:
1931:
1928:McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 42.
1922:
1904:
1895:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1786:
1777:
1756:
1747:
1726:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1645:
1636:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1552:
1508:
1499:
1275:Influence on Vietnamese fashion
1064:of the words addressed to him,
637:pantaloons with three vertical
206:
3233:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings
1869:"South Vietnam: The Queen Bee"
1468:
1427:
1418:
1409:
564:. She attempted to syncretize
482:1955 South Vietnamese election
356:
1:
2129:Vietnam: A Television History
1316:
1259:Đệ Nhất Phu Nhân Trần Lệ Xuân
1169:Vietnam: A Television History
808:on 11 June 1963 in a crowded
749:Republic of Vietnam Air Force
257:
252:
31:, but is often simplified to
2873:; Singal, Daniel J. (2008).
1321:
1015:Despite U.S. Vice President
925:When acting U.S. ambassador
867:being looted, the statue of
7:
3045:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000).
2770:Radio France Internationale
2444:Cooper, Chester L. (1970).
1289:
1073:
1060:interview gave volunteered
648:
406:Lệ Xuân's education at the
335:First Lady of South Vietnam
75:First Lady of South Vietnam
10:
3740:
3659:Vietnamese Roman Catholics
3654:Vietnamese anti-communists
2633:, 1982 by Judith Vecchione
2480:p. 73 Newcomb, Richard F.
1919:Maitland and Weiss, p. 65.
1077:
921:Visiting the United States
479:
18:
3581:
3545:
3452:
3307:
3294:Krulak–Mendenhall mission
3276:
3225:
3175:
3162:
3153:
3148:
3000:Maclear, Michael (1981).
2716:. BBC News. 26 April 2011
2609:Milestones: 21 April 1967
1344:. BBC News. 24 April 2011
1342:"Bà Trần Lệ Xuân qua đời"
1090:Beverly Hills, California
959:National Security Council
932:Inter-Parliamentary Union
895:supported the message in
737:Michigan State University
317:
305:
293:
276:
245:
216:
188:
178:
161:
138:
133:
129:
117:
105:
95:
84:
73:
69:
57:
50:
3709:Persecution of Buddhists
3589:Persecution of Buddhists
3248:Double Seven Day scuffle
3086:Demery, Monique (2013).
2764:Tú Anh (25 April 2011).
1113:has sold the Christ for
991:and the Chairman of the
938:, followed by a trip to
853:raided the Xá Lợi Pagoda
498:. At the start of 1955,
453:, were forced to flee.
385:and a cousin of Emperor
3299:McNamara–Taylor mission
3179:Madame Nguyen Van Thieu
2624:Interviewing Madame Nhu
2517:Finding the Dragon Lady
2504:Finding the Dragon Lady
1879:(subscription required)
1773:(subscription required)
1115:thirty pieces of silver
1001:McNamara–Taylor mission
793:communist collaborators
496:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ
465:une guerre bizardouille
64:Madame Nhu in the 1950s
3064:Warner, Denis (1964).
3030:. St. Martin's Press.
2933:Jones, Howard (2003).
2629:6 January 2014 at the
1792:Langguth, pp. 169–171.
1218:Books about Madame Nhu
1071:
669:, and closed down the
622:
464:
412:
403:
392:coucheries utilitaires
391:
375:French colonial empire
3369:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
3028:Where the Domino Fell
2914:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
2737:"Madame Nhu obituary"
1859:Langguth, pp. 109–111
1523:Prochnau, pp. 122–23.
1066:
1054:Secretary of the Navy
993:Joint Chiefs of Staff
967:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
610:
592:to the memory of the
413:mission civilisatrice
401:
3664:Vietnamese feminists
3238:Hue chemical attacks
3077:Moyar, Mark (2006).
2454:Dodd, Mead & Co.
2371:, 17 September 1963.
1813:Demery, pp. 125–126.
1763:"Dainty Emancipator"
1406:Karnow, pp. 280–284.
847:This occurred after
795:. It then implored "
418:Lycée Albert Sarraut
408:Lycée Albert Sarraut
300:Lycée Albert Sarraut
112:Position established
3339:W. Averell Harriman
3253:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
3070:Angus and Robertson
2847:on 25 February 2014
2493:Karnow, pp. 296–320
2416:R. McNamara, p. 76.
2380:R. McNamara, p. 67.
2269:Halberstam, p. 151.
2217:Halberstam, p. 146.
2030:. pp. 280–81.
1955:Jones, pp. 195–196.
1938:"Joan or Lucrezia?"
1901:Warner, pp. 117–19.
1610:Maclear, pp. 65–68.
1440:. Post Hill Press.
1232:PublicAffairs Books
944:Overseas Press Club
765:Independence Palace
584:In 1962, she had a
550:Presidential Palace
373:, then part of the
347:Independence Palace
3714:Catholic feminists
3568:Marguerite Higgins
2957:Vietnam: A History
2569:Jones, pp. 432–33.
2140:Jacobs, pp. 294–5.
2024:Vietnam: A history
1838:The New York Times
1651:Demery, pp. 82–83.
1642:Demery, pp. 81–82.
1619:Demery, pp. 80–81.
1601:Demery, pp. 65–66.
1564:openvault.wgbh.org
1496:Jones, pp. 292–93.
1374:The New York Times
851:loyal to the Ngôs
804:, who performed a
623:
576:Chinese troops in
404:
124:Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh
3689:People from Hanoi
3597:
3596:
3439:William Trueheart
3429:Maxwell D. Taylor
3419:Frederick Nolting
3409:Nguyễn Đình Thuận
3379:Joseph Mendenhall
3334:Michael Forrestal
3186:
3185:
3176:Succeeded by
2884:978-0-7425-6007-9
2871:Halberstam, David
2407:Langguth, p. 246.
2368:The Straits Times
2107:Langguth, p. 216.
2086:Langguth, p. 219.
2009:Langguth, p. 212.
1997:Langguth, p. 164.
1985:Langguth, p. 111.
1976:Langguth, p. 109.
1877:, 9 August 1963.
1804:Langguth, p. 170.
1447:978-1-68261-794-6
1424:Lacouture, p. 79.
1309:Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên
1262:(Vietnamese book)
1254:(Vietnamese book)
1157:Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên
927:William Trueheart
893:President Kennedy
889:Henry Cabot Lodge
830:Frederick Nolting
826:Mandate of Heaven
726:Battle for Saigon
566:Roman Catholicism
439:Roman Catholicism
435:Mahayana Buddhism
321:
320:
268:Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên
3731:
3704:Anti-Americanism
3626:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3563:David Halberstam
3532:Trần Thiện Khiêm
3512:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
3507:Nguyễn Văn Nhung
3364:Victor H. Krulak
3359:Thich Tinh Khiet
3284:Joint Communiqué
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3154:Preceded by
3149:Honorary titles
3146:
3145:
3109:
3093:
3082:
3073:
3060:
3041:
3019:
3007:
2996:
2984:
2970:
2948:
2929:
2910:
2893:Hammer, Ellen J.
2888:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2843:. Archived from
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2515:Demery, Monique
2513:
2507:
2502:Demery, Monique
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2068:Sheehan, p. 208.
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2016:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:, 23 March 1962.
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1841:, 8 August 1986.
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1700:
1699:Langguth, p. 99.
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1296:Ngô Đình Lệ Thủy
1197:Dân Chúa Mỹ Châu
1164:Judith Vecchione
1131:Times of Vietnam
1094:Ngô Đình Lệ Thủy
834:David Halberstam
500:French Indochina
488:State of Vietnam
467:
415:
394:
371:French Indochina
313:
263:Ngô Đình Lệ Thủy
226:(brother-in-law)
210:
208:
168:
156:French Indochina
148:
146:
134:Personal details
120:
108:
89:
62:
48:
47:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3684:Buddhist crisis
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3577:
3541:
3454:
3448:
3434:Trần Văn Chương
3424:Thích Trí Quang
3404:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
3374:Robert McNamara
3354:John F. Kennedy
3349:Thich Thien Hoa
3329:Thích Quảng Đức
3311:
3309:
3303:
3272:
3221:
3219:Buddhist crisis
3216:
3182:
3172:
3160:
3116:
3106:
3057:
3038:
3024:Olson, James S.
3016:
2993:
2975:Langguth, A. J.
2967:
2953:Karnow, Stanley
2945:
2926:
2907:
2885:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2761:(in Vietnamese)
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:(in Vietnamese)
2709:
2708:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2678:openvault from
2677:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2631:Wayback Machine
2622:
2618:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2537:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:Doubleday, 1987
2479:
2475:
2468:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2278:Hammer, p. 171.
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:Karnow, p. 302.
2259:
2255:
2251:Jacobs, p. 154.
2250:
2243:
2239:Id., pp. 53–54.
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:Demery, p. 166.
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2181:on 13 July 2007
2167:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2095:Demery, p. 158.
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:Tucker, p. 405.
2049:
2045:
2038:
2020:Karnow, Stanley
2017:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:Demery, p. 117.
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1822:Tucker, p. 293.
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:Demery, p. 102.
1782:
1778:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1753:Demery, p. 107.
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1711:Karnow, p. 239.
1710:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1481:The Daily Beast
1473:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:(in Vietnamese)
1337:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1292:
1277:
1229:
1220:
1140:
1103:Archbishop Thục
1082:
1076:
989:Robert McNamara
951:John F. Kennedy
923:
908:Thích Trí Quang
904:Trần Văn Chương
857:Thích Quảng Đức
806:self-immolation
802:Thích Quảng Đức
781:
779:Buddhist crisis
699:Lucretia Borgia
697:", as well as "
667:animal fighting
651:
546:
513:Nguyễn Văn Hinh
484:
478:
379:Trần Văn Chương
359:
289:
284:Trần Văn Chương
272:
241:
212:
204:
200:
197:
179:Political party
170:
166:
150:
144:
142:
118:
106:
90:
85:
77:
65:
53:
44:
21:Vietnamese name
17:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3631:
3630:
3618:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Malcolm Browne
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:Trần Kim Tuyến
3524:
3519:
3517:Phạm Ngọc Thảo
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Dương Văn Minh
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3114:External links
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:978-1610392815
3104:
3083:
3074:
3061:
3055:
3042:
3036:
3020:
3014:
2997:
2991:
2971:
2965:
2949:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2911:
2905:
2889:
2883:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2793:
2782:
2753:
2727:
2697:
2686:
2671:
2657:
2635:
2616:
2601:
2599:Jones, p. 424.
2589:
2587:Jones, p. 423.
2580:
2578:Jones, p. 407.
2571:
2562:
2560:Jones, p. 431.
2553:
2551:Jones, p. 433.
2535:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2486:
2473:
2466:
2436:
2434:Jones, p. 385.
2418:
2409:
2400:
2398:Jones, p. 372.
2382:
2373:
2356:
2343:
2341:Jones, p. 359.
2331:
2329:Jones, p. 357.
2322:
2320:Jones, p. 352.
2310:
2308:Jones, p. 351.
2301:
2299:Jones, p. 393.
2292:
2290:Jones, p. 306.
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2241:
2232:
2219:
2210:
2208:Jacobs, p. 146
2201:
2192:
2160:
2158:Jones, p. 291.
2151:
2149:Jones, p. 290.
2142:
2133:
2121:
2119:Jones, p. 266.
2109:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2077:Jones, p. 245.
2070:
2061:
2059:Warner, p. 92.
2052:
2043:
2036:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1967:Jones, p. 196.
1957:
1948:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1892:Jones, p. 292.
1882:
1861:
1852:
1850:Jones, p. 294.
1843:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1755:
1746:
1744:Demery, p. 98.
1734:
1732:Demery, p. 66.
1725:
1723:Jacobs, p. 95.
1713:
1701:
1692:
1690:Demery, p. 88.
1683:
1681:Demery, p. 87.
1674:
1672:Demery, p. 86.
1665:
1663:Demery, p. 83.
1653:
1644:
1635:
1633:Demery, p. 81.
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1592:Demery, p. 64.
1585:
1583:Demery, p. 63.
1576:
1551:
1549:Jones, p. 293.
1537:
1535:Demery, p. 37.
1525:
1516:
1514:Demery, p. 30.
1507:
1505:Warner, p. 93.
1498:
1486:
1467:
1465:Demery, p. 33.
1453:
1446:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1386:
1355:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1219:
1216:
1192:French Riviera
1181:Trần Văn Khiêm
1144:Dương Văn Minh
1139:
1136:
1086:Dương Văn Minh
1075:
1072:
1050:Paul "Red" Fay
1041:Meet the Press
1017:Lyndon Johnson
997:Maxwell Taylor
955:McGeorge Bundy
922:
919:
869:Gautama Buddha
849:special forces
844:the country."
780:
777:
714:François Sully
659:contraceptives
650:
647:
545:
544:Post-elections
542:
480:Main article:
477:
474:
427:Trần Văn Khiêm
358:
355:
319:
318:
315:
314:
307:
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
288:
287:
280:
278:
274:
273:
271:
270:
265:
260:
258:Ngô Đình Quynh
255:
249:
247:
243:
242:
240:
239:
233:
230:Trần Văn Khiêm
227:
220:
218:
214:
213:
202:
198:
193:
192:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
169:(aged 86)
163:
159:
158:
149:22 August 1924
140:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
82:
81:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Tôn Thất Đính
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Nguyễn Hữu Có
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Lê Quang Tung
3485:
3483:
3482:Huỳnh Văn Cao
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Lucien Conein
3460:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Ngô Đình Thục
3397:
3395:
3394:Ngô Đình Nhu
3392:
3390:
3389:Ngô Đình Diệm
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Roger Hilsman
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Bui Van Luong
3317:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3169:South Vietnam
3166:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3096:PublicAffairs
3092:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3056:1-57607-040-9
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3037:0-312-08431-5
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3015:0-423-00580-4
3011:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2992:0-684-81202-9
2988:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:0-670-84218-4
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2944:0-19-505286-2
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2925:0-7425-4447-8
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2906:0-525-24210-4
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2236:
2229:
2228:In Retrospect
2226:R. McNamara,
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2037:0-670-84218-4
2033:
2029:
2028:Penguin Books
2025:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:Easter Sunday
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1138:Life in exile
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:Trưng Sisters
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
946:of New York.
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
918:
916:
911:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
882:Roger Hilsman
877:
875:
870:
866:
862:
861:Từ Đàm Pagoda
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:Phạm Phú Quốc
754:
753:Nguyễn Văn Cử
750:
745:
741:
738:
734:
733:Wesley Fishel
729:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
690:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
665:matches, and
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
626:
620:
619:
614:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:Trưng Sisters
591:
587:
582:
579:
575:
571:
570:Trưng Sisters
567:
563:
562:South Vietnam
559:
555:
554:Ngô Đình Diệm
551:
541:
538:
534:
533:Cần Lao Party
530:
525:
521:
518:
514:
509:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
476:Rise to power
473:
471:
466:
460:
454:
452:
448:
447:Ngô Đình Khôi
444:
440:
436:
430:
428:
423:
419:
414:
409:
400:
396:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
350:
348:
344:
343:Ngô Đình Diệm
340:
336:
333:
329:
325:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
296:
292:
285:
282:
281:
279:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
253:Ngô Đình Trác
251:
250:
248:
244:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:Ngo Dinh Diem
222:
221:
219:
215:
196:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
165:24 April 2011
164:
160:
157:
153:
141:
137:
132:
128:
125:
122:
116:
113:
110:
104:
101:
100:Ngo Dinh Diem
98:
94:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
56:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3573:Neil Sheehan
3553:Peter Arnett
3537:Trần Văn Đôn
3502:Nguyễn Khánh
3413:
3384:Ngô Đình Cẩn
3308:Political or
3163:
3094:. New York:
3089:
3081:. Cambridge.
3078:
3065:
3046:
3027:
3003:
2980:
2956:
2934:
2915:
2896:
2874:
2864:Bibliography
2849:. Retrieved
2845:the original
2835:
2821:
2812:
2807:
2796:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2741:The Guardian
2740:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2689:
2674:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2638:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2452:. New York:
2447:
2439:
2412:
2403:
2376:
2366:
2359:
2354:(see Note 4)
2346:
2325:
2304:
2295:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2023:
2014:
1981:
1972:
1951:
1941:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1788:
1779:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1728:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1647:
1638:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1480:
1470:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1346:. Retrieved
1280:
1278:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1223:
1214:afterwards.
1205:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1141:
1129:
1123:
1107:
1083:
1067:
1058:oral history
1047:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1006:
986:
979:
971:
948:
924:
915:Ngô Đình Nhu
912:
901:
878:
846:
815:
789:Ngô Đình Cẩn
782:
773:
769:
746:
742:
730:
719:
707:
691:
678:
652:
627:
624:
616:
603:
583:
547:
526:
522:
510:
485:
455:
451:Ngô Đình Cẩn
431:
405:
363:aristocratic
360:
351:
339:Ngô Đình Nhu
331:
327:
324:Trần Lệ Xuân
323:
322:
195:Ngô Đình Nhu
167:(2011-04-24)
119:Succeeded by
111:
86:
78:
52:Trần Lệ Xuân
45:
40:
32:
28:
3699:2011 deaths
3694:1924 births
3546:Journalists
2650:14 December
934:meeting in
695:Dragon Lady
657:, divorce,
588:erected in
574:Hán dynasty
470:personalism
357:Early years
236:Trần Văn Đỗ
107:Preceded by
3669:Ngo family
3638:Categories
3492:Lê Văn Kim
3467:Đỗ Cao Trí
3444:Vũ Văn Mẫu
3414:Madame Nhu
3165:First Lady
3158:Nam Phương
3137:Madame Nhu
3131:Madame Nhu
3068:. Sydney:
2467:0396062415
1569:22 October
1317:References
1244:provenance
1153:Longjumeau
1078:See also:
1062:paraphrase
1029:Oram Group
995:, General
936:Yugoslavia
886:Ambassador
874:Bình Xuyên
722:Bình Xuyên
558:First Lady
517:Bình Xuyên
383:Đồng Khánh
365:family in
330:, was the
328:Madame Nhu
295:Alma mater
145:1924-08-22
37:given name
3628:Biography
3310:religious
3289:Cable 243
3181:(in 1967)
2456:pp.
1322:Citations
1176:in 1983.
1052:, Acting
1012:attacks.
897:the cable
838:seditious
818:Confucian
710:extirpate
680:décolleté
443:Viet Minh
306:Signature
232:(brother)
217:Relations
96:President
3453:Military
3262:reaction
3173:1955–63
3156:Empress
3026:(1996).
2977:(2000).
2955:(1997).
2895:(1987).
2851:21 April
2775:25 April
2746:26 April
2720:26 April
2627:Archived
2230:, p. 53.
2022:(1997).
1379:26 April
1348:25 April
1305:Belgium.
1290:Children
1212:BBC News
1074:Downfall
982:Belgrade
751:pilots,
703:McNamara
671:brothels
655:adultery
649:Advocacy
630:Mercedes
613:May 1961
332:de facto
286:(father)
246:Children
79:de facto
19:In this
3616:Vietnam
3602:Portals
3582:Related
3455:figures
3324:Bửu Hội
3312:figures
2680:WGBH-TV
2665:WGBH-TV
1236:memoirs
842:subvert
724:in the
537:Bảo Đại
529:Bảo Đại
505:Bảo Đại
492:Bảo Đại
387:Bảo Đại
238:(uncle)
211:
203:
199:
183:Cần Lao
174:, Italy
87:In role
25:surname
3472:Đỗ Mậu
3277:Policy
3226:Events
3102:
3053:
3034:
3012:
2989:
2963:
2941:
2922:
2903:
2881:
2464:
2460:–197.
2185:12 May
2034:
1444:
1282:áo dài
1148:Saigon
1119:asylum
1098:Đà Lạt
1069:there.
1036:NBC-TV
822:Chương
810:Saigon
797:bonzes
761:bombed
663:boxing
639:pleats
618:áo dài
590:Saigon
586:statue
459:Đà Lạt
422:tomboy
277:Parent
189:Spouse
23:, the
2646:. PBS
1240:diary
1111:Judas
975:czars
940:Italy
884:, to
785:Vesak
675:opium
643:Annam
635:satin
367:Hanoi
205:(
201:
152:Hanoi
3141:IMDb
3100:ISBN
3051:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2853:2012
2777:2011
2748:2011
2722:2011
2652:2012
2613:Time
2462:ISBN
2187:2010
2174:Time
2032:ISBN
1943:Time
1874:Time
1768:Time
1571:2019
1442:ISBN
1381:2011
1350:2011
1021:pink
763:the
755:and
686:bilk
673:and
598:ARVN
172:Rome
162:Died
139:Born
41:Xuân
33:Tran
29:Trần
3167:of
3139:at
2458:196
1835:",
1174:PBS
1038:'s
1023:?"
865:Huế
863:in
560:of
437:to
27:is
3640::
3098:.
2768:.
2739:.
2700:^
2611:,
2592:^
2538:^
2421:^
2385:^
2334:^
2313:^
2283:^
2244:^
2171:.
2112:^
2100:^
2026:.
2002:^
1990:^
1960:^
1940:,
1885:^
1871:.
1797:^
1765:.
1737:^
1716:^
1704:^
1656:^
1624:^
1562:.
1540:^
1528:^
1489:^
1479:.
1456:^
1389:^
1372:.
1358:^
1330:^
965:,
820:,
759:,
578:AD
369:,
207:m.
154:,
39:,
3604::
3264:)
3260:(
3211:e
3204:t
3197:v
3108:.
3072:.
3059:.
3040:.
3018:.
2995:.
2969:.
2947:.
2928:.
2909:.
2887:.
2855:.
2829:.
2779:.
2750:.
2724:.
2654:.
2470:.
2189:.
2040:.
1573:.
1483:.
1450:.
1383:.
1352:.
1230:(
693:"
621:.
147:)
143:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.