208:
968:
185:
In next more advanced form of macrodiversity, multiple distributed users communicate with multiple distributed base stations in the same time and frequency resource. This form of configuration has been shown to utilize available spatial DoF optimally and thus increasing the cellular system capacity
168:
The baseline form of macrodiversity is called single-user macrodiversity. In this form, single user which may have multiple antennas, communicates with several base stations. Therefore, depending on the spatial degree of freedom (DoF) of the system, user may transmit or receive multiple independent
1096:
1394:
and the performance of multi-user macrodiversity systems in fading. Although it appears as if the macrodiversity only manifests itself in the power profile, systems that rely on macrodiversity will typically have other types of transmit power constraints (e.g., each element of
1417:
has a limited average power) and different sets of coordinating transmitters/receivers when communicating with different users. Note that the input-output relationship above can be easily extended to the case when each transmitter and/or receiver have multiple antennas.
797:
76:
services, where the same frequency channel can be used for all transmitters sending the same information. The diversity scheme may be based on transmitter (downlink) macro-diversity and/or receiver (uplink) macro-diversity.
700:
1362:
318:
1008:
61:, where the same signal is sent from several nodes. If the signals are sent over the same physical channel (e.g. the channel frequency and the spreading sequence), the transmitters are said to form a
789:
1139:
963:{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} ={\begin{pmatrix}g_{11}&\dots &g_{1N}\\g_{21}&\dots &g_{2N}\\\dots &\dots &\dots \\g_{n_{R}1}&\dots &g_{n_{R}N}\\\end{pmatrix}}.}
506:
417:
393:
369:
345:
211:
Typical multi-user macrodiversity uplink communication scenario with three base stations (BS) and two mobile stations (MS). All BSs are connected to a back-haul processing unit (BPU).
739:
72:
and to increase the received signal strength and signal quality in exposed positions in between the base stations or access points. Macro diversity may also facilitate efficient
454:
268:
1242:
1213:
1000:
568:
482:
57:, and requires an infrastructure that mediates the signals from the local antennas or receivers to a central receiver or decoder. Transmitter macro-diversity may be a form of
612:
590:
239:
1415:
1392:
1161:
1278:
1181:
536:
26:
scheme using several receiver or transmitter antennas for transferring the same signal. The distance between the transmitters is much longer than the
620:
1469:
147:(LTE) multicast-broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN), making it possible to efficiently send the same data to many mobiles in adjacent cells.
31:
1286:
973:
The original input-output relationship may be rewritten in terms of the macrodiversity power profile and so-called normalized channel matrix,
1091:{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} =\left(\left(\mathbf {G} ^{\circ {\frac {1}{2}}}\right)\circ \mathbf {H} _{w}\right)\mathbf {x} +\mathbf {n} }
280:
157:(CoMP), making it possible to increase the data rate to a mobile situated in the overlap of several base station transmission ranges.
748:
1105:
134:(DSFN), where a scheduling scheme adapts the SFN formations dynamically to traffic conditions and/or receiver conditions
1579:
131:
487:
398:
374:
350:
326:
110:
709:
1184:
430:
244:
1484:
126:
1558:, Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 9, no. 2–3, pp. 113–381, 2013.
1527:
Performance analysis of macrodiversity MIMO systems with MMSE and ZF receivers in flat
Rayleigh fading
1218:
1190:
976:
545:
459:
270:
distributed single antenna base stations (BS). Following the well established narrow band flat fading
595:
573:
222:
114:
62:
1398:
1375:
1144:
1454:
1369:
1555:
1247:
742:
150:
50:
1166:
511:
1507:
IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1380–1408, Dec. 2010.
8:
1449:
144:
1529:
IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 2240–2251, May 2013.
1574:
1479:
1439:
54:
1526:
1444:
38:
1432:
23:
1540:
Network coordination for spectrally efficient communications in cellular systems
45:, macro-diversity implies that the antennas are typically situated in different
1464:
695:{\displaystyle E\left\{\left|h_{ij}\right|^{2}\right\}=g_{ij}\quad \forall i,j}
207:
98:
1539:
1504:
1568:
1474:
1357:{\displaystyle E\left\{\left|h_{w,ij}\right|^{2}\right\}=1\quad \forall i,j}
169:
data streams to/from base stations in the same time and frequency resource.
1542:
IEEE Wireless
Communication Magazine, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 56–61, Aug. 2006.
89:
58:
46:
42:
570:
th constituent link which in this particular case, is the link between
27:
34:
where the distance is in the order of or shorter than the wavelength.
419:
are the macrodiversity channel matrix and the spatially uncorrelated
73:
1368:
It has been shown that there exists a functional link between the
313:{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} =\mathbf {H} \mathbf {x} +\mathbf {n} }
791:. The macrodiversity power profile matrix can thus be defined as
137:
1505:
Multi-cell MIMO cooperative networks: A new look at interference
539:
69:
1503:
D. Gesbert, S. Hanly, H. Huang, S. Shamai, O. Simeone, W. Yu,
1556:
Optimal
Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems
122:
1427:
424:
420:
271:
216:
106:
95:
86:
423:
noise vector, respectively. The power spectral density of
1538:
M. K. Karakayali, G. J. Foschini, and R. A. Valenzuela,
371:
are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively, and
274:
system model, input-output relationship can be given as
219:
uplink communication system considered here consists of
1194:
814:
752:
713:
599:
577:
549:
491:
463:
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1401:
1378:
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1011:
979:
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712:
623:
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514:
490:
462:
433:
401:
377:
353:
329:
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247:
225:
784:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {g_{ij}}{N_{0}}}}
741:
is called the average link gain giving average link
1134:{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} ^{\circ {\frac {1}{2}}}}
65:—a term used especially in the broadcasting world.
1409:
1386:
1356:
1272:
1236:
1207:
1175:
1155:
1133:
1090:
994:
962:
783:
733:
694:
606:
584:
562:
530:
500:
476:
448:
411:
387:
363:
339:
312:
262:
233:
1566:
1525:D. A. Basnayaka, P. J. Smith and P. A. Martin,
614:th base station. In macrodiversity scenario,
155:coordinated multipoint transmission/reception
153:, for example 3GPP long term evolution (LTE)
193:Macrodiversity multiple access channel (MAC)
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
202:
1497:
1183:, represents Hadamard multiplication (see
1550:
1548:
1532:
501:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {H} }
412:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {n} }
388:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {H} }
364:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {x} }
340:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {y} }
1510:
1372:of macrodiversity power profile matrix,
206:
53:. Receiver macro-diversity is a form of
16:In the field of wireless communication,
538:represents the fading coefficient (see
1567:
1545:
121:used in broadcasting networks such as
241:distributed single antenna users and
196:Macrodiversity broadcast channel (BC)
734:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle g_{i,j}}
1280:, satisfies the condition given by
1141:is the element-wise square root of
13:
1342:
680:
449:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle N_{0}}
263:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle n_{R}}
14:
1591:
132:Dynamic single-frequency networks
1403:
1380:
1237:{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{w}}
1224:
1208:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i,j}
1149:
1111:
1084:
1076:
1060:
1031:
1013:
995:{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{w}}
982:
802:
563:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i,j}
493:
477:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i,j}
404:
380:
356:
332:
306:
298:
293:
285:
186:and user capacity considerably.
1341:
679:
140:macro diversity handover (MDHO)
1554:E. Björnson and E. Jorswieck,
607:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i}
585:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle j}
234:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle N}
215:The macrodiversity multi-user
1:
1490:
111:frequency-domain equalization
1410:{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
1387:{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} }
1156:{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} }
7:
1421:
173:Single-user macrodiversity
80:
10:
1596:
1485:Distributed antenna system
190:Multi-user macrodiversity
119:transmitter macrodiversity
1580:Radio resource management
115:single-frequency networks
1273:{\displaystyle h_{w,ij}}
203:Mathematical description
163:
63:single-frequency network
1455:Maximum ratio combining
427:noise is assumed to be
179:Downlink macrodiversity
1411:
1388:
1358:
1274:
1238:
1209:
1177:
1176:{\displaystyle \circ }
1157:
1135:
1092:
996:
964:
785:
735:
696:
608:
586:
564:
532:
531:{\displaystyle h_{ij}}
502:
478:
450:
413:
389:
365:
341:
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264:
235:
212:
1412:
1389:
1359:
1275:
1239:
1210:
1178:
1158:
1136:
1093:
997:
965:
786:
736:
697:
609:
587:
565:
533:
503:
479:
451:
414:
390:
366:
342:
315:
265:
236:
210:
176:Uplink macrodiversity
151:Cooperative diversity
68:The aim is to combat
1399:
1376:
1287:
1248:
1219:
1191:
1167:
1163:, and the operator,
1145:
1106:
1009:
977:
798:
749:
710:
621:
596:
574:
546:
512:
488:
460:
431:
399:
375:
351:
327:
281:
245:
223:
117:(SFN) are a form of
1459:Selective combining
1450:Diversity combining
145:long-term evolution
1407:
1384:
1354:
1270:
1234:
1205:
1204:
1173:
1153:
1131:
1088:
992:
960:
951:
781:
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692:
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409:
408:
385:
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361:
360:
337:
336:
310:
260:
259:
231:
230:
213:
1480:Multistatic radar
1445:Diversity schemes
1440:Antenna diversity
1127:
1047:
778:
55:antenna combining
1587:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1508:
1501:
1416:
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1413:
1408:
1406:
1393:
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1390:
1385:
1383:
1363:
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1355:
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1319:
1279:
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1271:
1269:
1268:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1185:Hadamard product
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
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1129:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1050:
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1048:
1040:
1034:
1016:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
991:
990:
985:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
955:
948:
947:
943:
942:
921:
920:
916:
915:
880:
879:
860:
859:
846:
845:
826:
825:
805:
790:
788:
787:
782:
779:
777:
776:
767:
766:
754:
740:
738:
737:
732:
729:
728:
701:
699:
698:
693:
678:
677:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
647:
613:
611:
610:
605:
592:th user and the
591:
589:
588:
583:
569:
567:
566:
561:
537:
535:
534:
529:
527:
526:
507:
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499:
496:
483:
481:
480:
475:
455:
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447:
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443:
418:
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407:
394:
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386:
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370:
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359:
346:
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319:
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309:
301:
296:
288:
269:
267:
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261:
258:
257:
240:
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237:
232:
39:cellular network
30:, as opposed to
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1433:Multi-user MIMO
1424:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1325:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1228:
1223:
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1217:
1216:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1083:
1075:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1039:
1035:
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1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
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1007:
1006:
986:
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975:
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938:
934:
933:
929:
927:
922:
911:
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902:
899:
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868:
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861:
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848:
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834:
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827:
821:
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801:
799:
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795:
772:
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747:
746:
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708:
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653:
640:
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632:
631:
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622:
619:
618:
597:
594:
593:
575:
572:
571:
547:
544:
543:
519:
515:
513:
510:
509:
492:
489:
486:
485:
461:
458:
457:
439:
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432:
429:
428:
403:
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396:
379:
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372:
355:
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331:
328:
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305:
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284:
282:
279:
278:
253:
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166:
83:
24:space diversity
12:
11:
5:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1531:
1509:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:Microdiversity
1467:
1465:Diversity gain
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1420:
1405:
1382:
1366:
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1353:
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1347:
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1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1231:
1226:
1215:th element of
1203:
1200:
1197:
1172:
1151:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
989:
984:
971:
970:
959:
954:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
926:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
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883:
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875:
871:
867:
865:
862:
858:
854:
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849:
844:
841:
837:
833:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
813:
808:
804:
775:
771:
765:
762:
758:
727:
724:
721:
717:
704:
703:
691:
688:
685:
682:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
651:
646:
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
602:
580:
558:
555:
552:
525:
522:
518:
495:
484:th element of
472:
469:
466:
442:
438:
406:
382:
358:
334:
321:
320:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
256:
252:
229:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
194:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
148:
141:
135:
104:
103:
102:
99:softer handoff
82:
79:
32:microdiversity
19:macrodiversity
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Many Antennas
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
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1446:
1443:
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1426:
1425:
1419:
1371:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1229:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1170:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1005:
1004:
1003:
987:
957:
952:
944:
939:
935:
930:
924:
917:
912:
908:
903:
895:
890:
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869:
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842:
839:
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829:
822:
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811:
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769:
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719:
715:
689:
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674:
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659:
654:
649:
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637:
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628:
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541:
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66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:access points
48:
44:
40:
35:
33:
29:
25:
22:is a kind of
21:
20:
1534:
1499:
1367:
1101:
972:
705:
322:
214:
184:
167:
154:
118:
113:(FDE) based
90:soft handoff
67:
59:simulcasting
47:base station
43:wireless LAN
36:
18:
17:
15:
1569:Categories
1491:References
28:wavelength
1370:permanent
1343:∀
1171:∘
1117:∘
1056:∘
1037:∘
925:…
896:…
891:…
886:…
864:…
830:…
681:∀
542:) of the
74:multicast
49:sites or
1575:Antennas
1422:See also
81:Examples
1187:). The
138:802.16e
1102:where
706:where
540:Fading
456:. The
323:where
70:fading
1002:, as
164:Forms
143:3GPP
123:DVB-T
41:or a
37:In a
1428:MIMO
425:AWGN
421:AWGN
395:and
347:and
272:MIMO
217:MIMO
125:and
109:and
107:OFDM
96:UMTS
87:CDMA
745:of
743:SNR
127:DAB
1571::
1547:^
1512:^
1244:,
857:21
823:11
508:,
92::
1404:x
1381:G
1364:.
1352:j
1349:,
1346:i
1339:1
1336:=
1332:}
1327:2
1322:|
1317:j
1314:i
1311:,
1308:w
1304:h
1300:|
1295:{
1291:E
1266:j
1263:i
1260:,
1257:w
1253:h
1230:w
1225:H
1202:j
1199:,
1196:i
1150:G
1125:2
1122:1
1112:G
1098:.
1085:n
1081:+
1077:x
1072:)
1066:w
1061:H
1052:)
1045:2
1042:1
1032:G
1027:(
1022:(
1018:=
1014:y
988:w
983:H
958:.
953:)
945:N
940:R
936:n
931:g
918:1
913:R
909:n
904:g
877:N
874:2
870:g
853:g
843:N
840:1
836:g
819:g
812:(
807:=
803:G
774:0
770:N
764:j
761:i
757:g
726:j
723:,
720:i
716:g
702:,
690:j
687:,
684:i
675:j
672:i
668:g
664:=
660:}
655:2
650:|
645:j
642:i
638:h
634:|
629:{
625:E
601:i
579:j
557:j
554:,
551:i
524:j
521:i
517:h
494:H
471:j
468:,
465:i
441:0
437:N
405:n
381:H
357:x
333:y
307:n
303:+
299:x
294:H
290:=
286:y
255:R
251:n
228:N
101:.
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