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20:
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165:. The tholos in the centre of the square was a circular building standing on a podium reached by four symmetrically placed access stairways, with sixteen African marble columns supporting a domed vault. Marine animals decorated friezes around the base of the tholos. The courtyard had four secondary entrances on its longer sides, with latrines in the corners of the colonnade and four (probable)
448:
around AD 700 to 800, then after more subsidence the land rose again from around 1500 up to the last eruption in 1538. The land again subsided gradually, then between 1969 and 1973 the land rose by about 1.7 metres (5.6 ft). Over the following decade there was a little subsidence, then between
377:
of 1830 featured as its frontispiece a replication of di Jorio's illustration of the columns (shown above), and a detailed section discussing their significance. He strongly contested
Daubeny's argument, and instead proposed slow and steady geological forces. Lyell wrote "That buildings should have
353:
dismissed the implied sinking of the land by 30 feet (9.1 m) followed by almost as great a rise as unlikely, since "it is probable that not a single pillar of the temple would now retain its erect posture to attest the reality of these convulsions". Daubeny also doubted changing sea levels, so
407:
were published in 1847. In some of the rooms of the macellum
Babbage found a dark brownish encrustation of salts, and a thicker encrustation up to a height of about 9 feet (2.7 m) from floor level. These have been interpreted as showing that as the building lowered, a little lake formed and
140:
The building was in the form of an arcaded square courtyard, surrounded by two-storey buildings. Shops lined the marble floored colonnade forming an arcade with 34 grey granite columns. The main entrance and vestibule were positioned on a main axis, which lined up across a
466:
302:, with a map of the area which had many hot springs and volcanic craters as well as antiquarian sites including the supposed Temple. By this time the pavement was flooded by the sea, indicating a slight lowering of the land level. In 1820, he published a study of his
443:
of this shallow caldera resulting in relatively slow subsidence over long periods, drowning the ruin, punctuated by periods of relatively rapid uplift that caused it to re-emerge. After a long subsidence through Roman times, there was a period of uplift in the
229:
notoriously shook buildings until they collapsed, and the columns were still standing. He concluded that there must have been undetectable movement of the crust of the Earth, but recognised that this was unsatisfactory as the cause could not be seen. In 1802,
325:, published in 1822, included an account of the ruins as demonstrating relative changes in land and sea level. Hoff's second volume of 1824 reviewed how earthquakes might have caused this, and mentioned Jorio's study. Hoff's account motivated
100:
bivalve molluscs on three standing marble columns indicated that these columns had remained upright over centuries while the site sank below sea level, then re-emerged. This puzzling feature was the subject of debate in
378:
been submerged, and afterwards upheaved, without being entirely reduced to a heap of ruins, will appear no anomaly, when we recollect that in the year 1819, when the delta of the Indus sank down, the houses within the
341:
journal, to oppose
Playfair's views. Other naturalists thought this unlikely, as the fresh water lagoon would not have supported marine molluscs, and the sea was by then higher than at the time of Goethe's visit.
197:
had excavations carried out between 1750 and 1756, exposing the three large cipollino marble columns which gave the site its name of the "three column vineyard". It attracted visits from antiquarians, among them
453:. Detailed measurements indicated that the caldera deformation formed a nearly circular lens centred near Pozzuoli. Various models have been produced to find mechanisms explaining this pattern.
459:
624:
564:
538:
408:
allowed water to enter the building without there being a direct connection to the sea, then at a later stage the land subsided to the point where sea water came in, and the
449:
1982 and 1994 there was uplift of almost 2 metres (6.6 ft). Concerns about risks of earthquake damage and possible eruption led to temporary evacuation of the city of
1399:
938:
397:. In his journal, Darwin dismissed Daubeny's argument, and wrote that he felt "sure at St Jago in some places a town might have been raised without injuring a house."
221:, and theorised about changes in sea level around that coast. He argued that the evidence did not support the suggestion of falling sea levels worldwide, but thought
210:
who "Went to the Temple of
Jupiter Serapis" on 1 January 1779 and made rough sketches, as well as a plan of the complex, possibly copied from another drawing.
931:
317:
proposed that the columns below the bands had been protected from the molluscs by being buried in silt or volcanic ash. The first volume of
333:, he suggested that silt or ash had partially buried the columns and at the same time held back water forming a lagoon above sea level.
628:
924:
598:
242:'s ideas of slow changes, attributing the differing heights of water around the columns to "oscillations" in the level of the land.
419:
or marketplace rather than a temple was made by
Charles Dubois, who published a detailed account of the ruins of Pozzuoli in his
133:
or food market was built between the late first and early second century AD, and restored during the third century AD under the
777:
737:
500:
887:
869:
789:
608:
496:
701:
817:
272:
Between 1806 and 1818 further excavations exposed the whole of the "Serapeum" or "Temple of
Serapis". The excavations lost
824:, vol. 24, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, The British Society for the History of Science, pp. 159–192,
431:
More recent investigations of the vertical movements have shown that the site is near the centre of the Campi
Flegrei (
1394:
859:
1336:
1346:
1261:
354:
concluded that the bands of holes bored by molluscs must be due to local damming of water around the buildings.
713:
670:"Il Serapeo ed i Granai Imperiali di Pozzuoli = The Serapis Temple and the Imperial Granaries of Pozzuoli"
387:
199:
1341:
1024:
326:
1205:
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314:
109:
in the area, showing that the Earth's crust could be subject to gradual movement without destructive
1210:
1106:
1084:
1029:
1089:
776:
De Natale, G; Troise, C; Pingue, F; Mastrolorenzo G; Pappalardo L; Battaglia M; Boschi E (2006).
1195:
1094:
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373:
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on the three standing marble columns provided a good record of relative sea level variation.
142:
29:
669:
1389:
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190:
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42:
16:
Market building of the Roman colony of
Puteoli, now the city of Pozzuoli in southern Italy
8:
1318:
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1166:
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1227:
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1131:
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758:
102:
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information in the deposits which had buried the building, but the band of borings or
268:
View across the marketplace to two of the columns, showing the bands of mollusc holes.
161:
for statues of divinities giving protection to the market, including the sculpture of
19:
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started drilling holes in the masonry up to 19 feet (5.8 m) from floor level.
329:
to publish his own idea, coined when he visited the site in 1787. In Goethe's 1823
154:
54:
784:. Special Publications. Vol. 269. London: Geological Society. pp. 26–7.
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The city of
Dicaearchia, founded by Greek refugees escaping dictatorship on
1271:
273:
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126:
1326:
1303:
1161:
600:
Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform
445:
379:
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177:
77:. When first excavated in the 18th century, the discovery of a statue of
382:
subsided beneath the waves without being overthrown." In 1832 the young
206:
of 1776 showed a distant view of the buildings dry above sea level, and
837:
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110:
106:
96:
762:
714:"Popular Science Monthly, Earthquake Phenomena, Volume 02, March 1873"
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with their own external entrances as well as access from the arcade.
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molluscs bore into rocks or corals, forming shallow holes called
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showing the three columns with the bands affected by molluscs.
194:
146:
603:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 106–13, 117.
405:
Observations on the Temple of
Serapis at Pozzuoli, near Naples
1363:
1149:
1144:
1079:
245:
122:
74:
298:
studied the ruins, and in 1817 published a guidebook to the
33:
of 1830, "carefully reduced from that given by the Canonico
403:
carried out a detailed survey of the ruins in 1828 and his
778:"The Campi Flegrei caldera: unrest mechanisms and hazards"
668:
Liber, Lucio; Paola Petrosino; Valentina Armiero (2010).
439:
and has been subject to repeated "slow earthquakes" or
172:
81:
led to the building being misidentified as the city's
533:
531:
529:
527:
946:
780:. In Troise C, De Natale G & Kilburn CRJ (ed.).
818:"Charles Darwin as a Prospective Geological Author"
782:
Mechanisms of activity and unrest at large calderas
41:Napoli, 1820, which had been based on a drawing by
1400:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Pozzuoli
757:(102). Oxford University Press: 410–32. Apr 1911.
524:
393:, while considering evidence of land rising up at
386:used Lyell's methods at the first landfall of the
306:, including an illustration based on a drawing by
236:Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth
1381:
822:The British Journal for the History of Science
105:, and eventually led to the identification of
932:
625:"Soane Drawings — Copy of a measured drawing"
347:A Description of Active and Extinct Volcanoes
39:Ricerche sul Tempio di Serapide, in Puzzuoli.
648:
646:
304:Ricerche sul Tempio di Serapide, in Puzzuoli
691:
421:Pouzzoles antiques. Histoire et topographie
217:described his fieldwork at the site in his
939:
925:
488:
486:
484:
238:, used Breislak's descriptions to support
854:, Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press,
769:
643:
592:
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331:Architektonisch-naturhistorisches Problem
426:
415:The identification of the building as a
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263:
244:
176:
18:
849:
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663:
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129:as the city of Puteoli in 194 BC. The
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583:
920:
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492:
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173:Excavation and influence on geology
145:in the centre of the square to the
13:
874:, vol. 1, London: John Murray
337:had this paper translated for his
14:
1411:
1337:Heraion at the mouth of the Sele
1001:
995:
989:
983:
458:
219:Topografia fisica della Campania
116:
1262:Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)
727:
706:
565:"Temple of Serapis -- Percorsi"
319:Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche
674:Italian Journal of Geosciences
617:
539:"Temple of Serapis -- History"
505:
157:columns. The exedra had three
1:
751:The English Historical Review
474:
69:of Puteoli, now the city of
7:
627:. UK: Soane. Archived from
10:
1416:
809:
327:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
125:, was integrated into the
65:or market building of the
1317:
1206:Catacombs of San Gaudioso
1130:
1055:
1010:
981:
955:
852:Charles Darwin, Geologist
830:10.1017/s0007087400027060
323:Karl Ernst Adolf von Hoff
315:Giovanni Battista Brocchi
1395:History of Earth science
1211:Catacombs of San Gennaro
1085:Santa Maria Capua Vetere
947:Archaeological sites in
850:Herbert, Sandra (2005),
816:Herbert, Sandra (1991),
469:Panorama of the macellum
149:for worship which had a
1090:Arch of Hadrian (Capua)
868:Lyell, Charles (1830),
1369:Villa Romana of Minori
365:
364:before the earthquake.
269:
261:
186:
85:or Temple of Serapis.
58:
46:
1347:Second Temple of Hera
1107:Sant'Angelo in Formis
1095:Amphitheatre of Capua
1012:Province of Benevento
903:40.82611°N 14.12056°E
871:Principles of Geology
597:Rudwick, MJS (2010).
427:Modern investigations
374:Principles of Geology
360:
267:
248:
180:
153:formed by four large
88:A band of borings or
30:Principles of Geology
22:
1277:Macellum of Pozzuoli
957:Province of Avellino
308:John Izard Middleton
223:seismic explanations
59:Macellum di Pozzuoli
51:Macellum of Pozzuoli
43:John Izard Middleton
1319:Province of Salerno
1299:Castello Barbarossa
1167:Villa of the Papyri
1057:Province of Caserta
899: /
225:were inadequate as
1228:Macellum of Naples
1216:Crypta Neapolitana
1132:Province of Naples
1117:Trebula Balliensis
908:40.82611; 14.12056
366:
270:
262:
187:
47:
1377:
1376:
1352:Tomb of the Diver
1184:Piscina Mirabilis
1155:Grotta di Cocceio
791:978-1-86239-211-3
749:"Short Notices".
610:978-0-226-73129-2
433:Phlegraean Fields
345:In his 1826 book
300:Phlegraean Fields
279:gastrochaenolites
257:gastrochaenolites
215:Scipione Breislak
91:Gastrochaenolites
1407:
1342:Temple of Athena
1309:Villa Boscoreale
1042:Ligures Baebiani
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655:, pp. 152–5
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631:on 26 March 2012
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569:Cultura Campania
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543:Cultura Campania
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519:, In Italy today
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294:The antiquarian
200:William Hamilton
155:cipollino marble
23:Frontispiece of
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429:
401:Charles Babbage
380:fort of Sindree
362:Fort of Sindree
351:Charles Daubeny
296:Andrea di Jorio
282:left by marine
204:Campi Phlegraei
175:
135:Severan dynasty
119:
94:left by marine
35:Andrea de Jorio
17:
12:
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335:Robert Jameson
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861:0-8014-4348-2
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232:John Playfair
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40:
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32:
31:
26:
25:Charles Lyell
21:
1276:
1272:Lake Avernus
1196:Aqua Augusta
884:
876:, retrieved
870:
851:
841:, retrieved
821:
795:. Retrieved
781:
771:
754:
750:
744:
729:
717:. Retrieved
708:
698:Herbert 1991
693:
682:. Retrieved
677:
673:
653:Herbert 2005
633:. Retrieved
629:the original
619:
599:
573:. Retrieved
568:
559:
547:. Retrieved
542:
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255:
249:
240:James Hutton
235:
218:
212:
203:
188:
139:
127:Roman Empire
120:
95:
89:
87:
73:in southern
67:Roman colony
50:
48:
38:
28:
1390:Volcanology
1327:Monte Pruno
1304:Villa Jovis
1162:Herculaneum
906: /
736:, pp.
719:21 December
700:, pp.
680:(2): 237–50
495:, pp.
446:Middle Ages
227:earthquakes
111:earthquakes
1384:Categories
894:14°07′14″E
891:40°49′34″N
878:2011-07-15
843:2011-07-08
734:Lyell 1830
684:2011-07-09
513:"Pozzuoli"
493:Lyell 1830
475:References
441:bradyseism
410:Lithophaga
285:Lithophaga
251:Lithophaga
208:John Soane
107:bradyseism
97:Lithophaga
61:) was the
1102:Casilinum
1020:Benevento
423:of 1907.
339:Edinburgh
313:In 1819,
234:, in his
213:In 1798,
1294:Suessula
1257:Pozzuoli
1235:Oplontis
1174:Liternum
1112:Sinuessa
1047:Saticula
965:Aeclanum
949:Campania
517:Campania
451:Pozzuoli
417:macellum
395:St. Jago
289:bivalves
183:macellum
167:tabernae
131:macellum
83:serapeum
71:Pozzuoli
63:macellum
1332:Paestum
1289:Stabiae
1252:Pompeii
1075:Calatia
1065:Allifae
1037:Caudium
838:4027165
810:Sources
797:14 July
437:caldera
191:Charles
185:in 2004
163:Serapis
151:portico
79:Serapis
55:Italian
37:in his
1191:Naples
1179:Miseno
1140:Atella
1122:Vescia
1070:Ausona
975:Compsa
858:
836:
788:
763:550521
761:
738:449–60
702:169–71
635:9 July
607:
575:9 July
549:9 July
389:Beagle
202:whose
195:Naples
159:niches
147:exedra
143:tholos
1364:Velia
1150:Cumae
1145:Baiae
1080:Cales
834:JSTOR
759:JSTOR
571:. RAI
545:. RAI
189:King
123:Samos
75:Italy
856:ISBN
799:2011
786:ISBN
721:2012
637:2011
605:ISBN
577:2011
551:2011
181:The
49:The
826:doi
678:129
501:xiv
371:'s
321:by
193:of
27:'s
1386::
832:,
820:,
755:26
753:.
676:.
672:.
660:^
645:^
585:^
567:.
541:.
526:^
515:,
499:,
497:ii
483:^
435:)
349:,
137:.
113:.
57::
940:e
933:t
926:v
828::
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765:.
723:.
687:.
639:.
613:.
579:.
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260:.
53:(
45:.
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