861:), which was commissioned by Mánikc͟hi Sáhib. In Tehran, he was also imprisoned on three occasions. He was first imprisoned in December 1876 when it was found that he had converted to the Baháʼí Faith; he was released after five months. He was next imprisoned in 1882-83 for 19 months, with 50 or so other Baháʼís in Tehran, when the governor of the city, Kamran Mirza, ordered their arrests at the instigation of Sayyid Sadiq Sanglaji, a religious leader in the city. Then, in October 1885 he was imprisoned for another six months, once again, due to orders from Kamran Mirza.
797:
blacksmith asked, 'that if there is a dog in a house no angel will ever visit that house?' Before thinking of the connection between the two questions, Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl responded in the affirmative. 'In that case', commented the blacksmith, 'no rain should ever fall in a house where a dog is kept.' Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl, the noted learned man of Islam, was now confounded by an illiterate blacksmith. His rage knew no bounds, and his companions noticed that he was filled with shame. They whispered to him, 'This blacksmith is a Baháʼí!'"
55:
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905:. During his time in Ashgabat, Haji Muhammad Rida Isfahani, a prominent Baháʼí was assassinated; Abu'l-Faḍl acted as the spokesman on behalf of the Baháʼí at the trial of the murders, and helped establish the independence of the Baháʼí Faith from Islam for the Russian government. In Samarkand, his teaching efforts allowed for the conversion of the first
1030:, states that Abu'l-Faḍl possessed a critical mind, and had a complete devotion to the Baháʼí Faith. Momen states that Abu'l-Faḍl's writings "show a keen understanding of modern currents of thought remarkable in a man who only knew oriental languages." and was able to apply the Baháʼí teachings to a wide range of different issues.
1248:, which was hostile to the Baháʼí Faith, Abu'l-Faḍl began working on refutations of that book. When he learned that other Baháʼí scholars had also started working on refutations that had reached an advanced stage, he suspended his writing. He never completed the book, and when his papers were sent to his cousin in
849:. During his time at the school, a number of Zoroastrians converted to the Baháʼí Faith including Ustad Javanmard and Mulla Bahram Akhtar-Khavari. He continued to teach the Baháʼí Faith during the next ten years that he spent in Tehran, and helped Mírzá Husayn Hamadani produce an account of the history of the
796:
it is stated that each drop of rain is accompanied by an angel from heaven? And that this angel brings down the rain to the ground?' 'This is true,' Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl responded. After a pause, the blacksmith begged to be allowed to ask another question to which Mirza gave his assent. 'Is it true', the
791:
Ustad Husayn-i-Na'l-Band (shoeing smith), who was illiterate, was tempted to enter into conversation with the learned man. He said to Mirza that since he had honoured him with his presence, it would be a great privilege for him if he could be allowed to ask a question which had perplexed his mind for
936:
was assassinated in Iran, an enemy of the Baháʼís, Zaʻimu'd-Dawlih, used the rumour that the assassination had been performed by Baháʼís, to cause a massacre of the Baháʼís in Egypt. When Abu'l-Faḍl stood up in defence for the Baháʼís and stated that he himself was a Baháʼí, his allegiance became
836:
A few months later, when precisely the events foretold in the tablets occurred, Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl accepted the Baháʼí Faith and became a Baháʼí on 20 September 1876. As soon as he became a Baháʼí, Abu'l-Faḍl began to teach the new religion to others, and when news spread of his conversion away from
778:
was in the beginning of 1876 during his time in Tehran. Abu'l-Faḍl, at one point, met an uneducated cloth-seller, named Aqa ʻAbdu'l-Karim, with whom he would have discussions over difficult religious questions. Over time Abu'l-Faḍl came to appreciate ʻAbdu'l-Karim's keenness and moral qualities,
726:
at one of the religious colleges in the city; he was given a room by one of the prayer leaders, Imam-Jumʻih, Sayyid
Muhammad Sultanu'l-ʻUlama, who was a friend of his father's. Abu'l-Faḍl remained at the college for three years, becoming well-versed in several branches of knowledge. Abu'l-Faḍl's
1070:"His Honour Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl has written a treatise answering the criticisms of a London preacher. Each one of you should have a copy. Read, memorize and reflect upon it. Then, when accusations and criticisms are advanced by those unfavourable to the Cause, you will be well armed."
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backgrounds, and his concepts in the presentation of the Baháʼí Faith continue to be important today. After his death, his papers, including several unfinished works, were taken to
Ashqabat, where his nephew lived; many of these papers were, however, lost during the
960:, by request of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, where his talks and writings enabled the fledgling Baháʼí communities to gain confidence and a clear understanding of the religion. During his travels, he was accompanied by Laura Clifford Barney, an American Baháʼí. In
787:"It so happened that on the way out one of the donkeys lost a shoe, so the party called at the nearest blacksmith for help. Noticing the long beard and large turban of Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl -- indications of his vast knowledge -- the
1038:
Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl wrote on a wide range of Baháʼí subjects, including extensive amounts of material about the proofs of Baháʼu'lláh's mission. He was consistently praised by the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith and
702:, in June or July 1844. His family were prominent religious scholars in the village; his father, Mirza Muhammad Rida Shariʻatmadar, was a religious leader, and his mother, Sharafu'n-Nisa, was related to the
1261:
In addition to the books that Abu'l-Faḍl wrote, he also wrote a number of shorter works in response to questions addressed to him; some of these letters have been published in a number of compilations:
783:, Abu'l-Faḍl was saddened. Abu'l-Faḍl, however, became curious about the Baháʼí Faith, and asked to meet other Baháʼís. There is a famous story of Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl's meeting with a Baháʼí blacksmith:
1015:
in mid 1911. Near the end of 1912, Abu'l-Faḍl he became ill, and Aqa
Muhammad-Taqi Isfahani was able to move Abu'l-Faḍl to his house in Cairo, where he remained until his death on 21 January 1914.
873:, especially after he received letters from Baháʼu'lláh in 1886 asking him to travel to teach the Baháʼí Faith. It was principally through his writings that the Baháʼí Faith was presented to the
27:
740:, or speculative theology, at the Madrasih Hakim Hashim, one of the religious colleges in the city. During his time there he continued learning about philosophy and mystical philosophy, or
1663:
1275:: Published in Persian in Tehran in 1977, and contains 23 treatises and 59 letters. Some of the treatises from this work have been translated by Juan Cole into English in
191:
1302:(Treatise of Alexander): Written in response to a request by E.G. Browne to write about the life of Baháʼu'lláh among other things. The letter was named in honour of
964:, his talks were translated by Anton Haddad, and over 30 people became Baháʼís. Then in the autumn of 1901 he travelled to the United States, and specifically to
1134:(The Brilliant Proof): Published, along with an English translation, in Chicago in 1912, the paper responds to a Christian clergyman's questions. Republished as
552:
1224:(Book of Justification): While no manuscript of this book currently exists, it was referred to in Abu'l-Faḍl's other works and seems to have dealt with the
1347:
817:
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and gave talks to both Baháʼís and the general population. During this time, he also continuously worked on an introductory book on the Baháʼí Faith.
746:, by attending the lectures of Mírzá Abu'l-Hasan Jilvih, one of the leading figures on the subject. He also discussed the history of religion with two
1149:(In Explanation of Massacre Verses that Prophesy Dates): Written in 1888, the work discusses the date of the prophecies concerning the coming of the
1312:(The Báb and Bábísm): A brief history of the Baháʼí Faith commissioned by the editor of the Egyptian magazine Al-Muqtataf after the assassination of
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and published in Cairo. Generally considered Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl's greatest work, written in
Persian, with occasional citations of Arabic statements.
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world. Abu'l-Faḍl also became friends with writers and magazine publishers, and he authored many articles in the
Egyptian press. In 1896, when
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Two treatises on the
Covenant: Published in 1911 in Cairo consisting of two treatises written in 1899 and 1896 which deal with proofs from the
282:
277:
1234:(The Baháʼí Proofs): A book written while in the United States, which explains and defends the Baháʼí Faith from a Christian point of view.
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father died in the winter of 1871, and after his death, Abu'l-Faḍl's brothers schemed against him and took all their father's inheritance.
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where he stayed during July and August 1903 and lectured to a Baháʼí audience. In 1904, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá asked that Abu'l-Faḍl return to the
1643:
177:
805:, Mirza Ismaʻil Dhabih and Aqa Mirza Haydar ʻAli Ardistani. While he was at Mirza Ismaʻil Dhabih's house, he read two of Baháʼu'lláh's
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1097:(The Shining Pearls): Published in 1900, it is a collection of essays on the history of the Baháʼí Faith. Since it was written in
1411:
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Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl lived most of his later years in Cairo until his death on 21 January 1914. During his final years, he visited
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but when eventually he learnt that ʻAbdu'l-Karim was a Baháʼí and that the points he was making were predominantly derived from
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968:, where the largest Baháʼí community was, and gave a large number of talks. Then in December 1901, Abu'l-Faḍl travelled to
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from the Sultan. He determined that if the events portrayed in those tablets came to pass, he would believe in Baháʼu'lláh.
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of Iran in such a way as to bring a large number of them into accepting Baháʼu'lláh. During his travels in Iran he visited
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1011:. Abu'l-Faḍl was in Egypt when ʻAbdu'l-Bahá visited Egypt in August 1910, and he stayed near ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in
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766:. After a short time at the Madrasih Hakim Hashim, he was selected to be the head of the religious college.
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924:, where he settled for several years. In Egypt, he was successful in converting some 30 of the students of
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Bibliography of works contained in the library of Mirzá Abu'l-Faḍl held in the Baháʼí World Centre
Library
1175:(Treatise addressed to Ayyub): Written in 1887, concerning prophecies relating to the Promised One in the
682:. His given name was Muhammad, and he chose the alias Abu'l-Faḍl (progenitor of virtue) for himself, but
837:
Islam, he was removed from the religious college. He found a new position as a teacher at a school for
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of the town. Abu'l-Faḍl completed his preliminary education in
Gulpaygan, and then successively went to
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scholars who were in Tehran at the same time, and attended science classes at the élite school of
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267:
155:
54:
1512:
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regarding the persecution of the
Promised One. The book was written in reply to an attack by an
342:
1568:
1252:, his cousin worked on completing the book, of which 132 of 438 pages are written by Abu'l-Faḍl.
1043:. His papers and letters include a wide range of presentations of the Baháʼí Faith for those of
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1101:, it was responsible for making the Baháʼís known in Egypt. It has been translated by
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In the next several months, Abu'l-Faḍl met with some of the leading Baháʼís including
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some time. When permission was granted he said, 'Is it true that in the
Traditions of
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prophethood from Christian and Jewish scripture. It also explains the verse from the
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were published in 1897-1900 the al-Azhar University decreed that Abu'l-Faḍl was an
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821:(Tablet of Fu'ad Pasha), which contain prophecies both of the fall of the
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1085:(The Peerless Gems): A book written in 1898 in reply to an attack on the
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160:
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A treatise regarding Baháʼu'lláh's ancestry which traces it to the last
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The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 3: ʻAkka, The Early Years 1868-77
1548:(Hardcover ed.), Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust,
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After his 1882 imprisonment, he began extensive travels throughout the
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Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpaygani - Collected Works in Arabic and Persian
1269:: Published in Cairo in 1920 and contains 16 letters and treatises.
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frequently addressed him as Abu'l-Fada'il (progenitor of virtues).
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After his death, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá gave a eulogy which can be found in
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in 1892; among its subjects, it discusses the traditions in
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893:. In 1888 and the three years thereafter he travelled to
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1306:, who had also requested information about Baháʼu'lláh.
1185:(The Decisive Utterance): A large book written in
1444:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp. 22–23,
730:In October 1873, Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl was invited to
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1538:
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718:to continue his education. In 1868 he left for
1501:, Oxford, UK: George Ronald, pp. 309–312,
928:, the foremost institution of learning in the
1438:"Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, Mírzá Muḥammad"
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185:
1664:Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Shia Islam
694:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl was born in a village near
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1495:Eminent Baháʼís in the time of Baháʼu'lláh
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1442:A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1335:Eminent Baháʼís in the time of Baháʼu'lláh
770:Conversion to the Baháʼí Faith and arrests
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613:
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1200:cleric. No known copy of the work exists.
912:In 1894 Abu'l-Faḍl spent ten months with
774:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl's first encounters with
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1329:. Part of this text was translated by
952:Between 1900 and 1904 he travelled to
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1136:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání (1998),
1111:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání (1981),
1545:The Promulgation of Universal Peace
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13:
1348:Mírzá Asadu'llah Fádil Mázandarání
1240:(The Uncovering of Error): After
14:
1710:
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975:Abu'l-Faḍl then travelled to the
841:children that was established by
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1218:"Then it is ours to explain it."
1210:, the paper provides proofs for
937:public; then when his two books
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223:
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16:Prominent Iranian Baháʼí scholar
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1412:"Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpaygani, Mirza"
1117:, Los Angeles: Kalimát Press,
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909:Baháʼí, Dr. ʻAta'u'llah Khan.
815:(Tablet of the Chief) and the
658:scholar who helped spread the
654:(1844–1914), was the foremost
1:
1619:Works by Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl
1600: (archived May 25, 2005).
1573:, Oxford, UK: George Ronald,
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652:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání
31:Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání
1694:Iranian expatriates in Egypt
1354:ʻAbdu'l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari
1142:, Los Angeles: Kalimát Press
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1684:20th-century Iranian people
1679:19th-century Iranian people
1625:(public domain audiobooks)
1604:Baha'i Encyclopedia article
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1292:, and about the actions of
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1333:and published in his book
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1204:Risaliyyih Iskandaraniyyih
1147:Sharh-i-Ayat-i-Mu'arrakhih
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853:and Baháʼí religions, the
823:Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz
382:Universal House of Justice
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1699:Iranian religious writers
1062:once wrote, referring to
553:Socioeconomic development
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977:Green Acre Baháʼí School
1644:Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh
1206:: Published along with
920:, then in 1894 went to
678:who never actually met
676:Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh
674:. He is one of the few
367:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
343:Some Answered Questions
39:Part of a series on the
1689:People from Golpayegan
1232:Al-Hujaju'l-Baháʼíyyih
1114:Miracles and metaphors
1107:Miracles and Metaphors
558:Progressive revelation
33:
1436:Smith, Peter (2000),
1300:Risalih Iskandariyyih
1153:in the scriptures of
995:on 29 November 1904.
498:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
463:Letters of the Living
29:
1674:20th-century Bahá'ís
1669:19th-century Bahá'ís
1310:Al-Bab wa'l-Babiyyih
1278:Letters & Essays
1208:Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih
1095:Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih
943:Al-Duraru'l-Bahiyyih
387:Spiritual Assemblies
372:Administrative Order
151:Shaykh Muhammad-ʻAlí
19:For other uses, see
1139:The Brilliant Proof
1064:The Brilliant Proof
926:Al-Azhar University
829:and of the loss of
79:("King of Martyrs")
76:Sultánu'sh-Shuhadaʼ
1314:Nasser al-Din Shah
1304:Alexander Tumansky
1273:Rasa'il wa Raqa'im
1173:Risalih Ayyubiyyih
1054:Russian Revolution
443:Hands of the Cause
303:Nineteen Day Feast
156:Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín
34:
1477:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá 1982
1294:Covenant-breakers
1222:The Kitab-i-Ibrar
1026:, a historian of
934:Nasiru'd-Din Shah
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278:Unity of humanity
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1580:0-85398-144-2
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1557:
1555:0-87743-172-8
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1547:
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1537:
1536:
1518:on 2020-04-16
1514:
1510:
1508:0-85398-152-3
1504:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:Balyuzi, H.M.
1485:
1478:
1473:
1467:, pp. 93
1466:
1461:
1453:
1451:1-85168-184-1
1447:
1443:
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1418:on 2008-05-13
1417:
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1246:Nuqtatu'l-Kaf
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1021:
1020:Baháʼí Proofs
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
993:New York City
990:
986:
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978:
973:
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803:Nabíl-i-Akbar
795:
790:
786:
785:
784:
782:
777:
767:
765:
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754:, founded by
753:
752:Dar ol-Fonoon
749:
745:
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739:
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728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:prayer leader
701:
697:
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685:
681:
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672:United States
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453:Other Baháʼís
451:
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333:
331:
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326:
324:
323:
322:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
319:
318:
315:Key scripture
312:
311:
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149:
147:
144:
142:
141:Mishkín-Qalam
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
126:Nabíl-i-Aʻzam
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Nabíl-i-Akbar
109:
107:
104:
102:
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73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
43:
42:
38:
37:
28:
22:
1608:Moojan Momen
1569:
1544:
1540:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1520:, retrieved
1513:the original
1494:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1441:
1431:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1334:
1331:H.M. Balyuzi
1327:Yazdgerd III
1309:
1299:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1221:
1207:
1203:
1182:
1172:
1159:Christianity
1151:Promised One
1146:
1138:
1131:
1113:
1106:
1094:
1088:Kitáb-i-Íqán
1086:
1080:
1075:Publications
1063:
1060:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1058:
1037:
1034:As an author
1024:Moojan Momen
1019:
1017:
1002:
974:
951:
942:
938:
930:Sunni Muslim
914:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
911:
868:
858:
854:
845:, an Indian
835:
818:Lawh-i-Fu'ád
816:
812:Lawh-i-Ra'ís
810:
800:
794:Shí'ah Islam
773:
758:, the grand
741:
735:
729:
693:
684:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
668:Turkmenistan
660:Baháʼí Faith
651:
639:
638:
547:Other topics
520:World Centre
468:Mullá Husayn
361:Institutions
341:
334:
329:Kitáb-i-Íqán
327:
320:
273:Unity of God
250:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
217:Baháʼí Faith
101:Mírzá Mahmúd
90:
1659:1914 deaths
1654:1844 births
1362:(1921–2000)
1356:(1902–1972)
1350:(1881–1957)
1281:including:
1242:E.G. Browne
1195:Adharbayjan
999:Later years
989:Middle East
839:Zoroastrian
825:and vizier
680:Baháʼu'lláh
583:Orthography
420:Persecution
349:Other Texts
240:Baháʼu'lláh
161:Ibn-i-Asdaq
121:Ibn-i-Abhar
106:Hají Ákhúnd
47:Baháʼu'lláh
45:Apostles of
1638:Categories
1533:References
1522:2010-09-10
1422:2007-02-19
1212:Muhammad's
1191:Shia Islam
1013:Alexandria
831:Adrianople
827:ʻAli Páshá
789:blacksmith
756:Amir Kabir
690:Early life
670:, and the
578:Statistics
573:Prophecies
525:Pilgrimage
515:Síyáh-Chál
65:Mírzá Músá
21:Abu'l-Faḍl
1542:(1982) ,
1250:Ashkhabad
1187:Samarqand
1103:Juan Cole
1045:Christian
899:Samarkand
734:to teach
722:to study
696:Gulpaygan
563:Cosmology
268:Teachings
86:Hájí Amín
1623:LibriVox
1567:(1984),
1492:(1985),
1342:See also
1323:Sasanian
1288:and the
1226:Covenant
956:and the
895:Ashgabat
748:Buddhist
601:Category
448:Apostles
410:Timeline
298:Calendar
209:a series
207:Part of
131:Samandar
1596:at the
1257:Letters
1163:Judaism
1082:Fara'id
966:Chicago
947:infidel
939:Fara'id
903:Bukhara
883:Isfahan
865:Travels
807:tablets
776:Baháʼís
720:Isfahan
712:Karbala
644:Persian
568:Symbols
473:Táhirih
399:History
245:The Báb
1577:
1552:
1505:
1448:
1325:king,
1290:Qurʼan
1216:Qurʼan
1165:, and
1121:
1099:Arabic
1049:Jewish
1005:Beirut
907:Afghan
901:, and
891:Tabriz
879:Kashan
809:, the
760:vizier
732:Tehran
656:Baháʼí
650:), or
503:Qiblih
487:Places
432:People
415:Bábism
293:Prayer
262:Basics
211:on the
169:
1516:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1367:Notes
1286:Bible
1177:Torah
1155:Islam
1009:Haifa
985:Maine
981:Eliot
962:Paris
954:Paris
922:Cairo
918:'Akká
847:Parsi
743:Irfan
737:Kalam
716:Najaf
664:Egypt
530:Haifa
458:Bábis
96:Varqá
70:Badíʻ
1575:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1198:Shia
1119:ISBN
1047:and
1007:and
941:and
889:and
887:Yazd
875:Jews
851:Bábí
714:and
708:Arak
700:Iran
535:Acre
288:Laws
146:Adíb
1621:at
1606:by
1105:as
979:in
916:in
762:to
662:in
1640::
1440:,
1375:^
1161:,
1157:,
1066::
1056:.
1022:.
983:,
949:.
897:,
885:,
881:,
710:,
698:,
666:,
646::
1610:.
1454:.
1425:.
1337:.
1316:.
1296:.
1228:.
1179:.
1169:.
1128:)
1109:(
857:(
642:(
628:e
621:t
614:v
193:e
186:t
179:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
