2023:
276:
3481:
1493:
1145:
5673:
2150:
2039:
lists, alongside
Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on the boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist
2286:
Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In
Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but
3541:
The
Lushootseed language originates from the coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different
2455:
Morphology also differs between
Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern
2038:
quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of
Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also
2043:
has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native
American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of
2125:. It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of
2072:
also teach at the
Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual
1469:'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity, a proclitic
2287:
generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern
Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like
2051:
In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of
Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by the
418:, numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the
2278:
The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in the same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the
422:
and classified as
Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across the region.
1258:
Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only a verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in
1289:
which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in the following phrases:
1278:
Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify the words themselves, but requires the particle
7138:
5423:. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
2068:' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children.
7133:
7143:
2118:-compliant typefaces that met the needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad.
1702:
is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use
5092:
1473:
must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence
2491:
which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as
2048:, d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published.
9822:
4268:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
4253:ʔəsdiɬdiɬgʷəs ti sdᶻəw̓il ʔi ti staltalx̌ ʔə ti sbək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ tul̕ʔal ti sgʷəcs. ʔəstalx̌ əlgʷəʔ kʷi gʷəsx̌əčbids gʷəl ɬutabab ti bək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ x̌əɬ ti tə təɬ syəyaʔyaʔ.
550:
with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants).
7012:
5761:
5072:
1251:
language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be
5047:
9837:
7328:
7169:
7164:
6385:
2111:
There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often.
9827:
7250:
7067:
6415:
434:
The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called
6345:
4838:
9550:
9832:
6420:
4937:
7022:
6720:
6340:
4941:
431:
Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually.
6495:
6375:
6324:
153:
2079:, a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed a family experience.
2209:
7321:
5982:
5597:
4548:
6715:
6400:
6395:
419:
286:
7042:
5543:
4342:
6445:
6350:
5089:
2509:
The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed
2114:
To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create
9685:
9655:
7047:
6655:
6246:
519:
7314:
7148:
1455:
Here, negation takes the first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence.
4377:
9766:
6296:
5406:
Beck, David. "Transitivity and causation in Lushootseed morphology." Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 13 (1996): 11–20.
9721:
9712:
9679:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9438:
7017:
4260:
4244:
2029:
ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčəł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul̕ul̕ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapu
9727:
9706:
9700:
9667:
9661:
9395:
9357:
7578:
5719:
2976:
873:
415:
83:
20:
4956:
1557:
1209:
9778:
9772:
7383:
3318:
2996:
2938:
956:
938:
843:
308:
1529:
1181:
9587:
8139:
5569:
2674:
795:
7112:
5867:
5401:
4775:
3528:
1576:
1228:
366:
3510:
9605:
8578:
7435:
6847:
6822:
5975:
5590:
3235:
2655:
1536:
1188:
887:
723:
9812:
9094:
8144:
7634:
7527:
5923:
5117:
2816:
2525:
2130:
2122:
1116:
1073:
459:
298:
7937:
8994:
8051:
7497:
7337:
7102:
6852:
5862:
5487:
5454:
5428:
5364:
5198:
4913:
4875:
4745:
3506:
3324:
1514:
1166:
9079:
2192:
9817:
8904:
8568:
7992:
7230:
6061:
2837:
1964:
1543:
1195:
668:
193:
2056:. By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day.
9540:
7745:
7559:
6782:
5465:
Lushootseed Book 1; The language of the Skagit, Nisqually, and other tribes of Puget Sound. An Introduction
3502:
3297:
3216:
2617:
1833:
literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in a short burst of energy', and is correctly used with
1510:
1162:
1088:
880:
716:
262:
6802:
6787:
6510:
6500:
3417:
3375:
3315:
3288:
3202:
3179:
2924:
2901:
2807:
2777:
2506:
that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript.
1711:
if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being":
1600:
Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their
1025:
1021:
9527:
9403:
9266:
7507:
7465:
7460:
6972:
6877:
6807:
6520:
6475:
5968:
5583:
4420:
2810:
2791:
2636:
2483:
According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses a
2097:
1252:
1067:
917:
788:
2085:
teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program.
1525:
1177:
8869:
8512:
8499:
8437:
8272:
8149:
7077:
6962:
6902:
6867:
6335:
6289:
5857:
5697:
5177:
A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
5022:
3431:
3390:
3253:
3096:
947:
903:
709:
702:
4556:
8538:
8265:
7522:
7502:
7492:
7037:
6630:
6231:
6190:
5892:
5852:
4382:
3448:
3429:
3407:
3388:
3365:
3342:
3270:
3251:
3233:
3214:
3192:
3169:
3150:
3131:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3055:
3032:
3012:
2994:
2974:
2955:
2936:
2914:
2891:
2872:
2853:
2835:
2789:
2767:
2748:
2730:
2711:
2709:
2690:
2672:
2653:
2634:
2615:
2596:
2577:
2561:
2559:
2541:
2303:
Differences in stress in Northern and Southern Lushootseed. (Stress is marked with an acute accent.)
2053:
2012:
1122:
661:
576:
4581:
9314:
8874:
8678:
8012:
7554:
7450:
7425:
7378:
7062:
5687:
3491:
3291:
3133:
1265:' managed to find '. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no
1082:
744:
1608:. Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications.
9842:
8821:
8624:
8603:
8543:
8022:
7724:
7717:
7487:
7390:
7092:
6952:
6947:
6892:
6827:
6757:
6545:
6470:
6465:
6236:
6150:
6143:
5882:
3495:
2855:
2692:
2579:
2134:
2126:
2093:
1503:
1155:
730:
654:
647:
100:
8899:
5223:
3542:
words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies.
2440:
Different dialects often use completely different words. For example, the word for "raccoon" is
2121:
In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the
9612:
9535:
8784:
8519:
8504:
8236:
8222:
8072:
7877:
7784:
7703:
7517:
7215:
7184:
7087:
7072:
6997:
6982:
6897:
6862:
6837:
6762:
6570:
6555:
6319:
6107:
6015:
5113:
3272:
3115:
1248:
781:
774:
407:
384:
125:
7919:
5575:
5505:
Way of the Lushootseed People; Ceremonies & Traditions of North Puget Sound's First People
9673:
9329:
9292:
9068:
9054:
8831:
8813:
8489:
8484:
8410:
8093:
8017:
7987:
7962:
7738:
7639:
7482:
6917:
6832:
6772:
6585:
6550:
6282:
5928:
5918:
5273:
4445:
3057:
3014:
2101:
925:
530:
Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common
9784:
7926:
7898:
4765:
2280:
2231:
2214:
2201:
9568:
9504:
9466:
9461:
9220:
9026:
8989:
8802:
8722:
8643:
8558:
8243:
7957:
7689:
7512:
7278:
7097:
7082:
7027:
7002:
6967:
6942:
6927:
6922:
6912:
6882:
6842:
6792:
6685:
6480:
6440:
6380:
5902:
5766:
5658:
4350:
4293:
3152:
2750:
2488:
2266:
2168:
2158:
2138:
2008:
1984:
1369:'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way.
1266:
1020:. However, the nasals , , , and may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of
816:
675:
396:
392:
171:
166:
7912:
5048:"Lushootseed, the endangered oral language of the coast Salish peoples, gets its own font"
8:
9790:
9456:
9324:
9194:
9047:
8981:
8879:
8358:
8255:
8159:
8044:
7888:
7859:
7802:
7664:
7649:
7549:
7539:
7477:
7472:
7455:
7395:
7260:
6932:
6907:
6887:
6872:
6797:
6777:
6540:
6515:
6505:
6370:
6329:
6092:
5639:
5533:
2874:
1590:
1550:
1242:
1202:
865:
802:
411:
8864:
7905:
2218:
9847:
9739:
9385:
9334:
9061:
9040:
9019:
9012:
8999:
8935:
8859:
8693:
8617:
8530:
8445:
8399:
8371:
8202:
8111:
8002:
7977:
7952:
7867:
7812:
7731:
7644:
7614:
7415:
7205:
6992:
6937:
6857:
6817:
6812:
6767:
6580:
6530:
6525:
6460:
6175:
6101:
5991:
5612:
5157:
4931:
2236:
2089:
1992:
1605:
767:
571:
505:
120:
69:
8917:
5554:
254:
9733:
9109:
9104:
8953:
8894:
8889:
8854:
8849:
8839:
8610:
8583:
8573:
8563:
8450:
8426:
8418:
8391:
8386:
8321:
8290:
8279:
8229:
8187:
8172:
8079:
7822:
7797:
7792:
7752:
7682:
7619:
7400:
7295:
7225:
7220:
6957:
6665:
6241:
6215:
6205:
6157:
6112:
6055:
5822:
5792:
5511:
dxʷlešucid xʷgʷədgʷatəd tul̓ʔal taqʷšəblu; Some Lushootseed Vocabulary from taqʷšəblu
5483:
5450:
5424:
5397:
5370:
5360:
4919:
4909:
4881:
4871:
4864:
4771:
4739:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4307:
2732:
2261:
2004:
1996:
1956:
1601:
1282:
to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate.
1102:
834:
593:
531:
388:
9451:
9446:
2499:
do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed.
304:
9757:
9745:
9691:
9494:
9423:
9408:
9365:
9201:
9171:
9166:
9129:
9119:
9089:
8961:
8884:
8761:
8729:
8715:
8708:
8658:
8635:
8596:
8553:
8494:
8476:
8458:
8381:
8376:
8366:
8339:
8207:
8134:
8124:
8100:
8086:
8065:
7982:
7840:
7830:
7759:
7710:
7669:
7609:
7604:
7367:
7356:
7290:
7267:
7255:
7174:
6725:
6675:
6670:
6660:
6645:
6635:
6535:
6490:
6365:
6210:
6136:
6076:
6041:
5949:
5827:
5807:
5797:
5787:
5771:
5756:
5746:
4721:
3042:
2983:
Though they represent the same sound, all three variations of the letter are seen.
2246:
2000:
1976:
1960:
588:
566:
331:
90:
5176:
9489:
9476:
9375:
9230:
9124:
9114:
8966:
8924:
8779:
8750:
8743:
8701:
8688:
8683:
8673:
8668:
8653:
8465:
8329:
8197:
8182:
8177:
8167:
8007:
7997:
7848:
7807:
7659:
7654:
7596:
7420:
7306:
7240:
7107:
7032:
7007:
6977:
6705:
6680:
6620:
6565:
6485:
6425:
6360:
6071:
6005:
5897:
5877:
5817:
5802:
5096:
4998:
3352:
2040:
1017:
583:
112:
7967:
5449:. University of Montana occasional papers in linguistics. S.l.: Tulalip Tribes.
2069:
267:
9751:
9480:
9418:
9380:
9225:
9181:
9176:
9161:
9156:
9033:
8971:
8943:
8909:
8774:
8769:
8663:
8588:
8347:
8334:
8192:
8129:
8119:
8058:
8030:
7947:
7835:
7773:
7766:
7674:
7544:
7405:
7285:
7245:
7192:
7117:
6610:
6455:
6435:
6355:
6265:
6118:
6081:
6030:
5944:
5872:
5736:
5538:
5331:
4962:
4802:
2598:
2502:
Some older works based on the Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between
2484:
2256:
2096:. Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at
1952:
636:
182:
5549:
4609:"haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language"
4404:
9806:
9186:
9099:
9004:
8844:
8794:
8648:
8215:
8037:
7972:
7872:
7696:
7624:
7534:
7410:
7235:
6987:
6650:
6575:
6450:
6066:
4495:
3409:
3367:
3194:
3171:
2916:
2893:
2769:
1049:
910:
896:
823:
809:
751:
737:
682:
618:
539:
535:
515:
58:
5412:
Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America
5323:
5073:"Aesthetic Innovation in Indigenous Typefaces: Designing a Lushootseed Font"
4923:
4885:
4503:
1849:, which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with
538:
contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as
518:, believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to the word "
9428:
9413:
9370:
9238:
8789:
8736:
7629:
7445:
7440:
7057:
7052:
6625:
6615:
6305:
5741:
5247:
4725:
4477:
3450:
3344:
3077:
3034:
2957:
2543:
2510:
2197:
1943:
is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor.
998:
989:
980:
971:
758:
189:
5184:
237:
230:
223:
216:
6640:
5887:
5692:
5523:
4303:
2251:
1988:
1972:
1061:
1044:
403:
387:
of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the
73:
5161:
5145:
4549:"For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past"
2513:, sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with.
2022:
1428:
The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence:
514:, is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region. Some scholars, such as
9545:
8548:
7430:
7210:
6710:
6430:
6035:
5832:
5421:
Lushootseed texts: an introduction to Puget Salish narrative aesthetics
5389:
4695:
4482:
2270:
2105:
2045:
2035:
1517: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1169: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1110:
1054:
2092:. A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at
2082:
9499:
7564:
6736:
6695:
6690:
6600:
6595:
5960:
5812:
5528:
4712:
Maddieson, Ian (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
4520:
2241:
2016:
1980:
1285:
Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word,
1096:
543:
247:
207:
4608:
3480:
2183:). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects:
1492:
1144:
275:
6605:
6405:
5672:
5544:“History professor helps keep local Native American language alive”
5539:
Interactive alphabet app through the Tulalip Lushootseed Department
4343:"History professor helps keep local Native American language alive"
2605:
Rare, non-initial. Voiced bilabial stop with glottalized stricture
2149:
1971:
family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the
1968:
1760:
606:
547:
316:
5564:
6700:
6560:
6410:
5751:
5374:
5100:
4311:
4297:
3821:
a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout.
3560:
a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout.
2463:
2447:
2288:
2178:
2172:
2115:
2065:
1014:
453:
447:
441:
312:
46:
40:
402:
Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western
9560:
6741:
6731:
6590:
6390:
6274:
5707:
5605:
5418:
496:
487:
283:
5441:(Lushootseed language, cultural, and storytelling traditions.)
5204:(Report). Tacoma, Washington: Puyallup Tribal Language Program
1878:
There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns:
355:
4713:
3084:
Rare due to phonetic evolution. Laryngealized alveolar nasal
2725:
2503:
2026:
Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed:
346:
5181:
4664:
A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs
4650:
A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs
7013:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
5559:
4625:
343:
315:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
282:
Lushootseed is classified as Critically Endangered by the
2283:
should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed.
1796:-. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between
399:, which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects.
337:
4840:
Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective
2088:
As of 2013, an annual Lushootseed conference is held at
4803:"Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*"
4378:"Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed"
1946:
16:
Salishan language or dialect continuum of North America
5439:
Lushootseed Language & Literature: Program reader.
5090:
UWT to offer Lushootseed immersion program this summer
4903:
3305:
Pronounced either as in the English "boot" or "boat."
446:, whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it is pronounced
4347:
Scene - Life of the Mind, Pacific Lutheran University
367:
352:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4682:
Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.
3809:
Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Salmonoid Vocabulary
2824:
Pronounced either as in the English "bee" or "bay."
2475:
for more information on this dialectical variation.
1463:
Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb
358:
349:
334:
19:
For a list of all Lushootseed-speaking peoples, see
9823:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
340:
7336:
4863:
3878:Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Aquatic Vocabulary
1967:, are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the
7498:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
5318:
5316:
5307:The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax
4985:The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax
4961:. Lushootseed Press. pp. 2–4. Archived from
4823:
4582:"Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive"
4336:
4334:
4332:
4287:
4251:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
2457:
2441:
2294:
2162:
2157:Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups,
2074:
2027:
1861:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1715:
1704:
1695:
1474:
1464:
1442:
1432:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1325:
1310:
1294:
1270:
1260:
509:
499:
490:
481:
435:
34:
9804:
7365:
4861:
4648:Gibbs, George, Zahir, Zalmai (ed.), "Foreward",
4643:
4641:
9838:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
5498:Haboo: Native American Stories from Puget Sound
5414:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36.
5242:
5240:
5238:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
4862:Bates, Dawn E; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994).
480:The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from
420:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
227: – Southern Lushootseed (covered by )
5555:The Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country
5382:
5313:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
4675:
4673:
4620:
4618:
4329:
1723:'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.'
7322:
6290:
5976:
5591:
5534:Keyboards and fonts for typing in Lushootseed
5222:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994).
4899:
4897:
4895:
4764:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994).
4638:
5565:Dr. David Beck, Salishan Language specialist
5529:The Tulalip Lushootseed Department's Website
5480:Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar
5357:Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar
5235:
5124:
4936:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4906:Lushootseed reader with introductory grammar
4693:
4575:
4573:
4515:
4513:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4376:Gibeau, Steven; Bryant, Molly (2024-02-15).
4375:
4371:
4369:
4367:
5396:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
5291:
5221:
4954:
4870:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
4763:
4670:
4615:
4542:
4540:
3509:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1247:Lushootseed can be considered a relatively
9828:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
7329:
7315:
6297:
6283:
5983:
5969:
5671:
5598:
5584:
5309:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 8.
5174:Hollenbeck, Jan L.; Moss, Madonna (1987).
5103:, April 7, 2016 (retrieved April 25, 2016)
4987:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 3.
4940:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4892:
4687:
3548:Southern Lushootseed Salmonoid Vocabulary
2059:
274:
5503:Hilbert, Vi, Crisca Bierwest, Thom Hess.
5500:. Seattle: University of Washington, 1985
5472:Lushootseed Book 2 (Advanced Lushootseed)
4711:
4603:
4601:
4570:
4510:
4463:
4364:
3529:Learn how and when to remove this message
3457:Laryngealized high front unrounded glide
2153:Historical extent of Lushootseed dialects
1577:Learn how and when to remove this message
1229:Learn how and when to remove this message
5507:. Third Edition, Lushootseed Press, 2001
5419:Indiana University, Bloomington (1996).
5180:. United States Forest Service. p. 162.
5045:
4586:94.9 FM - Seattle News & Information
4537:
4406:Lushootseed, Seattle's original language
2148:
2123:University of Washington's Tacoma campus
2021:
287:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
9833:Native American language revitalization
7588:
7149:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
7139:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
5409:
5359:. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes.
5304:
5196:
4982:
4796:
4794:
4759:
4757:
4755:
2100:. It has been spoken during the annual
1482:
1345:Lushootseed has four subject pronouns:
309:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
9805:
5990:
4598:
4438:
7364:
7310:
7134:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
6278:
5964:
5579:
5077:Glimpse | the Art + Science of Seeing
4836:
4661:
4579:
4546:
4340:
4261:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4245:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3788:fish with a large amount of body fat
2133:, and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of
2070:Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers
563:
7144:Washington Indian Gaming Association
5546:by Drew Brown for PLU Scene Magazine
5477:
5444:
5354:
5143:
5070:
4791:
4752:
3507:adding citations to reliable sources
3474:
2487:writing system meaning that it is a
1947:Related languages and current status
1515:adding citations to reliable sources
1486:
1363:'you' (second-person singular), and
1167:adding citations to reliable sources
1138:
241: – Snohomish (covered by )
21:List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7023:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
5570:Developing a corpus for Lushootseed
5482:. Missoula: University of Montana.
3464:
2076:dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ
1813:-, and only one of them is correct:
1727:If a verb does involve motion, the
1269:. An example of such a sentence is
440:. In most southern dialects, it is
13:
4770:. University of Washington Press.
4662:Zahir, Zalmai (2009). "Foreward".
4626:"dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research"
416:large number of Indigenous peoples
14:
9859:
7113:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
5868:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
5517:
4647:
3323:
3317:
3296:
3290:
2815:
2809:
2452:is used in Southern Lushootseed.
2446:in Northern Lushootseed, whereas
1121:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
997:
988:
979:
955:
946:
937:
916:
909:
902:
895:
886:
879:
872:
842:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
234: – Skagit (covered by )
9606:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
7436:Inland Northern American English
6304:
5524:Puyallup Tribal Language Program
5114:"LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE"
4955:Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1995).
4800:
4679:
3479:
3351:Laryngealized high back rounded
3064:Rare due to phonetic evolution
3041:Rare due to phonetic evolution.
3021:Rare due to phonetic evolution.
2472:
2104:that takes place throughout the
1951:Lushootseed, like its neighbors
1595:
1491:
1143:
458:is derived from the original by
377:Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish
330:
9588:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5924:Port Madison Indian Reservation
5348:
5266:
5215:
5190:
5168:
5118:University of Washington Tacoma
5106:
5083:
5064:
5039:
5015:
4991:
4976:
4948:
4904:Hess, Thom, 1936-2009. (1995).
4855:
4837:Zahir, Zalmai (December 2018).
4705:
4655:
4238:
2462:and Southern Lushootseed using
2131:University of Washington Tacoma
1502:needs additional citations for
1154:needs additional citations for
391:composed of two main dialects,
7338:Languages of the United States
7127:Organizations and institutions
7103:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
5863:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
4421:"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed"
4413:
4396:
4280:
2478:
1965:North Straits Salish languages
469:and switching the position of
1:
7018:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
5248:"sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds"
5199:Twulshootseed Advisory Notice
5197:Hayward, Amber (2021-05-19).
5046:Anderson, Hans (2020-06-20).
4555:. Everett, WA. Archived from
4323:
3470:
1873:
1351:'I' (first-person singular),
553:
452:. The southern pronunciation
9541:Black American Sign Language
9319:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
7560:Western Pennsylvania English
6848:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
6783:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
5919:Swinomish Indian Reservation
5873:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
5071:Shen, Juliet (Autumn 2010).
4680:Hess, Thom, "Introduction",
4580:Gauld, Ben (June 24, 2015).
4403:Seattle Channel (Nov 2022).
1357:'we' (first-person plural),
525:
84:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7:
9335:Navajo Family Sign Language
7048:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
6973:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
6878:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
5846:Federally recognized tribes
5470:Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert.
5463:Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert.
5388:Bates, D., Hess, T., &
5383:Language-learning materials
5324:"tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic"
5150:Anthropological Linguistics
5024:Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf
2144:
2098:Pacific Lutheran University
1458:
1340:
406:roughly between modern-day
10:
9864:
9551:Puerto Rican Sign Language
7078:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
6963:Yakweakwioose First Nation
6868:Yakweakwioose First Nation
6823:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
5858:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
4958:Lushootseed Grammar Book 1
4744:: CS1 maint: url-status (
4547:Fiege, Gale (2013-03-31).
4226:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3416:Labialized counterpart of
3374:Labialized counterpart of
3201:Labialized counterpart of
3178:Labialized counterpart of
2923:Labialized counterpart of
2900:Labialized counterpart of
2776:Labialized counterpart of
2293:("wife") being pronounced
1939:The third person singular
1735:- prefix is replaced with
1588:
1240:
18:
9626:
9597:
9577:
9559:
9526:
9517:
9475:
9437:
9394:
9356:
9347:
9307:
9274:Anishinaabe Sign Language
9265:
9256:
9211:
9149:
9142:
9078:
8980:
8952:
8934:
8830:
8812:
8760:
8634:
8529:
8475:
8436:
8409:
8357:
8320:
8289:
8253:
8158:
8110:
7936:
7886:
7858:
7821:
7783:
7595:
7577:
7523:Southern American English
7503:Pacific Northwest English
7493:Northern American English
7374:
7355:
7344:
7183:
7157:
7126:
7043:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
7038:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
6750:
6312:
6259:
6224:
6198:
6189:
6167:
6128:
6023:
6014:
5998:
5937:
5911:
5893:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
5853:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
5845:
5780:
5729:
5718:
5680:
5669:
5648:
5632:
5621:
5513:. Lushootseed Press, 1993
5474:. Lushootseed Press, 1995
4694:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
4383:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
3877:
3808:
3547:
2991:Glottalized barred-lambda
1841:-. In contrast, the verb
1134:
1114:
1080:
1065:
1031:
924:
864:
635:
592:
587:
582:
575:
570:
565:
375:), historically known as
295:
273:
261:
245:
205:
200:
179:
160:
146:
109:
99:
89:
79:
64:
54:
33:
28:
8301:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
7555:Western American English
7451:Midland American English
7426:General American English
7379:African-American English
7063:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
5888:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
5688:Salishan oral narratives
5550:Lushootseed | Ethnologue
5467:. Lushootseed Press 1995
5278:Puyallup Tribal Language
4714:"Glottalized Consonants"
4450:The Lushootseed Language
4273:
4118:little neck steam clams
3445:Glottalized/Strictured y
3339:Glottalized/Strictured w
3072:Glottalized/Strictured n
3029:Glottalized/Strictured m
2952:Glottalized/Strictured l
1647:Completed telic actions
1479:'Don't get hurt again'.
1373:Pronouns of Lushootseed
220: – Lushootseed
9277:Blackfoot Sign Language
7488:New York Latino English
7391:American Indian English
7200:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
7093:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
6953:Tsawwassen First Nation
6948:Snuneymuxw First Nation
6893:Kwikwetlem First Nation
6828:Skawahlook First Nation
5883:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
5305:Kroeber, P. D. (1999).
4983:Kroeber, P. D. (1999).
4312:
4298:
4288:
4252:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2295:
2289:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2135:theoretical linguistics
2127:American Indian Studies
2094:Evergreen State College
2083:Wa He Lut Indian School
2075:
2060:Language revitalization
2028:
1862:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1763:actions use the prefix
1748:
1738:
1730:
1716:
1705:
1696:
1475:
1465:
1443:
1433:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1326:
1311:
1295:
1271:
1261:
559:Lushootseed consonants
510:
500:
491:
482:
454:
448:
442:
436:
426:
47:
41:
35:
9813:Coast Salish languages
9613:Henniker Sign Language
9536:American Sign Language
9280:Cheyenne Sign Language
8145:Central Siberian Yupik
8140:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
7635:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
7545:Upper Michigan English
7518:Puerto Rican Englishes
7088:Skokomish Indian Tribe
7073:Quinault Indian Nation
7068:Nisqually Indian Tribe
6998:Esquimalt First Nation
6983:Union Bar First Nation
6903:Chemainus First Nation
6898:Semiahmoo First Nation
6863:Tzeachten First Nation
6838:Soowahlie First Nation
6803:Sq'éwlets First Nation
6788:Leq'á:mel First Nation
6763:Chawathil First Nation
5898:Nisqually Indian Tribe
5437:Chamberlain, Rebecca,
5410:Browner, Tara (2009).
5394:Lushootseed Dictionary
5225:Lushootseed Dictionary
5146:"Lushootseed Dialects"
4866:Lushootseed dictionary
4767:Lushootseed Dictionary
4726:10.5281/zenodo.7385533
4700:Lushootseed Dictionary
4446:"What is Lushootseed?"
4286:Northern Lushootseed:
3728:kippered dried salmon
3189:Glottalized q-raised-w
2911:Glottalized k-raised-w
2299:in Northern dialects.
2154:
2032:
1975:region, including the
1871:
1827:
1771:-. Most verbs without
1757:
1725:
1476:xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ
1453:
1318:'My father is working
504:means "language." The
297:This article contains
105:472 L2 speakers (2022)
9315:Hawai'i Sign Language
9298:Ktunaxa Sign Language
9293:Plateau Sign Language
9055:Northern Sierra Miwok
8995:Southern Sierra Miwok
8304:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
8052:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
7540:Transatlantic English
7483:New York City English
7473:New Mexican Englishes
7456:New England Englishes
6918:Klahoose First Nation
6853:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
6833:Skowkale First Nation
6773:Kwantlen First Nation
6216:Thompson River Salish
5938:Non-recognized groups
5929:Nisqually Reservation
5611:-speaking peoples of
4810:University of Toronto
4521:"Tulalip Lushootseed"
3467:below for resources.
2311:Southern Lushootseed
2308:Northern Lushootseed
2152:
2102:Tribal Canoe Journeys
2025:
2003:in the south and the
1859:
1815:
1745:
1713:
1637:Imperfective present
1627:Imperfective present
1430:
385:Coast Salish language
9818:Lushootseed language
9763:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
9631:in 2021 in millions)
9569:Samoan Sign Language
9286:Navajo Sign Language
9221:Afro-Seminole Creole
8990:Central Sierra Miwok
8569:North Straits Salish
7993:Mescalero-Chiricahua
7513:Philadelphia English
7098:Squaxin Island Tribe
7083:Samish Indian Nation
7028:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
7003:Tsawout First Nation
6968:Tseycum First Nation
6928:Nanoose First Nation
6923:Malahat First Nation
6913:Homalco First Nation
6883:Musqueam Indian Band
6843:Squiala First Nation
6793:Matsqui First Nation
5903:Squaxin Island Tribe
5624:Lushootseed language
5560:Lushootseed Research
5101:Puyallup Tribal News
4908:. : Tulalip Tribes.
4341:Brown, Drew (2003).
4294:Southern Lushootseed
4130:large native oyster
3687:ʔalil tiʔiɫ ƛ̓usq̓íl
3503:improve this section
2404:take/hold something
2227:Southern Lushootseed
2188:Northern Lushootseed
2169:Southern Lushootseed
2159:Northern Lushootseed
2139:University of Oregon
1882:Possessive Suffixes
1511:improve this article
1483:Morphology and verbs
1163:improve this article
397:Southern Lushootseed
393:Northern Lushootseed
172:Southern Lushootseed
167:Northern Lushootseed
9629:(number of speakers
9627:Immigrant languages
9325:Inuit Sign Language
7550:Utah Mormon English
7478:New Orleans English
7396:Appalachian English
7158:Culture and society
6933:Peters First Nation
6908:Halalt First Nation
6888:Katzie First Nation
6808:Seabird Island Band
6778:Katzie First Nation
5698:Transformer/Changer
5640:Lushootseed grammar
5478:Hess, Thom (1995).
5445:Hess, Thom (1995).
5355:Hess, Thom (1995).
5252:Tulalip Lushootseed
5144:Hess, Thom (1977).
4698:, "Language Name",
2669:Glottalized c-wedge
2304:
1883:
1869:'You are jumping.'
1687:Subjunctive/future
1591:Lushootseed grammar
1374:
1328:šəqabac ʔal ti piit
1253:verb-subject-object
1243:Lushootseed grammar
1038:
1037:Lushootseed vowels
1013:Lushootseed has no
560:
9404:Pennsylvania Dutch
9283:Cree Sign Language
9095:Havasupai–Hualapai
9041:Kings River Yokuts
9020:Buena Vista Yokuts
9000:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
7508:Pennsylvania Dutch
7431:High Tider English
7416:California English
6858:Sumas First Nation
6818:Skway First Nation
6813:Skwah First Nation
6768:Cheam First Nation
5992:Salishan languages
5447:Lushootseed reader
5254:. 27 December 2016
5164:– via JSTOR.
5095:2016-04-17 at the
3890:orca/killer whale
3752:dried salmon eggs
2497:⟨pʼ⟩
2493:⟨p'⟩
2456:Lushootseed using
2302:
2155:
2090:Seattle University
2033:
1881:
1755:'I'm going home.'
1451:'I am not Lummi.'
1441:'Are you Lummi?'
1372:
1036:
558:
9800:
9799:
9622:
9621:
9513:
9512:
9343:
9342:
9257:Manual Indigenous
9252:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9138:
9137:
8513:Northeastern Pomo
8500:Southeastern Pomo
8273:Northern Kalapuya
7573:
7572:
7401:Baltimore English
7304:
7303:
6958:Yale First Nation
6272:
6271:
6266:extinct languages
6255:
6254:
6242:Colville-Okanagan
6185:
6184:
5958:
5957:
5841:
5840:
5667:
5666:
5052:KNKX Public Radio
4488:SIL International
4409:(Video). YouTube.
4259:Article 1 of the
4243:Article 1 of the
4236:
4235:
3873:
3872:
3804:
3803:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3461:
3460:
2489:phonemic alphabet
2438:
2437:
2281:Skykomish dialect
1937:
1936:
1691:
1690:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1561:
1426:
1425:
1334:On top of the bed
1239:
1238:
1231:
1213:
1129:
1128:
1011:
1010:
974:
932:
837:
770:
698:
643:
631:
626:
621:
614:
609:
602:
389:dialect continuum
323:
322:
305:rendering support
301:phonetic symbols.
9855:
9524:
9523:
9495:Louisiana Creole
9354:
9353:
9263:
9262:
9147:
9146:
8438:Plateau Penutian
8266:Central Kalapuya
7593:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7368:American English
7362:
7361:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7308:
7307:
6873:Sts'ailes Nation
6299:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6196:
6195:
6062:Northern Straits
6021:
6020:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5950:Steilacoom Tribe
5781:Southern peoples
5730:Northern peoples
5727:
5726:
5722:
5675:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5493:
5460:
5434:
5415:
5378:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5302:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5244:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5194:
5188:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5141:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5104:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4927:
4901:
4890:
4889:
4869:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4834:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4373:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4349:. Archived from
4338:
4317:
4315:
4301:
4291:
4284:
4255:
4247:in Lushootseed:
4229:
4228:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4175:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4151:
4150:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4115:
4114:
4103:
4102:
4091:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4067:
4066:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4030:
4019:
4018:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3971:
3970:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3935:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3898:
3887:
3886:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3853:
3842:
3841:
3833:Chinook or King
3830:
3829:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3785:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3748:
3737:
3736:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3712:
3701:
3700:
3692:spawning season
3689:
3688:
3677:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3629:
3628:
3620:the pink salmon
3617:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3593:
3592:
3581:
3580:
3572:Chinook or King
3569:
3568:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3483:
3475:
3454:
3435:
3419:
3413:
3394:
3377:
3371:
3348:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3276:
3257:
3239:
3220:
3204:
3198:
3181:
3175:
3156:
3137:
3119:
3100:
3081:
3061:
3038:
3018:
3000:
2980:
2961:
2942:
2926:
2920:
2903:
2897:
2878:
2859:
2841:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2795:
2779:
2773:
2754:
2736:
2715:
2696:
2678:
2659:
2640:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2565:
2547:
2516:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2467:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2078:
2064:As of 2013, the
2031:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1825:'You jump(ed).'
1824:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1754:
1741:
1733:
1722:
1708:
1699:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1519:
1495:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1450:
1440:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1317:
1312:ʔuyayus ti dbad
1302:
1296:stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ
1274:
1264:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1171:
1147:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1001:
992:
983:
970:
959:
950:
941:
930:
920:
913:
906:
899:
890:
883:
876:
846:
835:lateral ejective
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
766:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
696:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
641:
629:
624:
617:
612:
605:
600:
561:
557:
513:
503:
494:
485:
457:
451:
445:
439:
381:Skagit-Nisqually
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
289:
278:
257:
240:
233:
226:
219:
210:
185:
115:
50:
44:
38:
26:
25:
9863:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9630:
9628:
9618:
9593:
9573:
9555:
9519:
9509:
9471:
9433:
9390:
9349:
9339:
9303:
9258:
9244:
9213:
9207:
9134:
9081:
9074:
8976:
8948:
8930:
8875:Northern Paiute
8826:
8822:Coast Tsimshian
8808:
8756:
8630:
8525:
8471:
8432:
8405:
8353:
8316:
8285:
8249:
8154:
8106:
8013:Upper Kuskokwim
7939:
7932:
7882:
7854:
7817:
7779:
7580:
7579:Oral Indigenous
7569:
7565:Yeshiva English
7421:Chicano English
7370:
7351:
7340:
7335:
7305:
7300:
7179:
7153:
7122:
7108:Suquamish Tribe
7033:Suquamish Tribe
7008:Cowichan Tribes
6993:T'Sou-ke Nation
6978:Squamish Nation
6943:shíshálh Nation
6938:Tla'amin Nation
6758:Aitchelitz Band
6746:
6308:
6303:
6273:
6268:
6251:
6220:
6191:Interior Salish
6181:
6163:
6124:
6010:
5994:
5989:
5959:
5954:
5933:
5907:
5878:Suquamish Tribe
5837:
5776:
5720:
5714:
5676:
5663:
5644:
5623:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5520:
5490:
5457:
5431:
5385:
5367:
5351:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5303:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5173:
5169:
5142:
5125:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:Wayback Machine
5088:
5084:
5069:
5065:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4981:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4953:
4949:
4929:
4928:
4916:
4902:
4893:
4878:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4835:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4762:
4753:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4710:
4706:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4671:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4588:
4578:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4476:
4475:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4388:
4386:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4302:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4241:
3845:sockeye salmon
3800:Lightly smoked
3783:sxʷudᶻəʔdaliɫəd
3584:Sockeye salmon
3535:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3500:
3484:
3473:
3404:Rounded x-wedge
3045:bilabial nasal
2971:Barred/Belted l
2496:
2492:
2481:
2147:
2062:
2041:Marianne Mithun
1949:
1876:
1752:ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal.
1598:
1593:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1496:
1485:
1461:
1343:
1275:'What that?'.
1272:stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ
1245:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1034:
578:
556:
528:
495:along with the
429:
383:, is a Central
369:
333:
329:
303:Without proper
291:
290:
281:
253:
236:
235:
229:
228:
222:
221:
215:
214:
206:
186:
181:
156:
149:
142:
116:
113:Language family
111:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9861:
9851:
9850:
9845:
9843:Tulalip Tribes
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9725:
9719:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9698:
9695:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9671:
9665:
9659:
9653:
9647:
9641:
9634:
9632:
9624:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9609:
9601:
9599:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9591:
9583:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9565:
9563:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9532:
9530:
9521:
9518:Manual settler
9515:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9486:
9484:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9447:Caló (Chicano)
9443:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9400:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9362:
9360:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9330:Keresan Pueblo
9327:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9269:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9242:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9226:Chinook Jargon
9223:
9217:
9215:
9212:Mixed or trade
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9198:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9153:
9151:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9086:
9084:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9044:
9037:
9034:Gashowu Yokuts
9030:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8986:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8958:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8940:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8921:
8913:
8912:
8907:
8905:Ute-Chemehuevi
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8836:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8818:
8816:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8766:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8625:Upper Chehalis
8621:
8614:
8607:
8604:Lower Chehalis
8600:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8544:Columbia-Moses
8541:
8535:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8516:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8422:
8421:
8415:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8363:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8298:Cochiti Pueblo
8295:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8259:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
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8170:
8164:
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8137:
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8127:
8122:
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8114:
8108:
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8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8023:Western Apache
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
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7909:
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7862:
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7805:
7800:
7795:
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7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7725:Mohegan-Pequot
7721:
7718:Miami-Illinois
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
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7463:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7406:Boston English
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7342:
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7334:
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7326:
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7299:
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7243:
7238:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7197:Island Comox †
7189:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7118:Tulalip Tribes
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
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7045:
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7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
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6985:
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6805:
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6754:
6752:
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6708:
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6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
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6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6521:Seabird Island
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6476:Tsleil-Waututh
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6270:
6269:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6247:Montana Salish
6244:
6239:
6237:Columbia-Moses
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6154:
6151:Upper Chehalis
6147:
6144:Lower Chehalis
6140:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6059:
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6038:
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6027:
6025:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
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6000:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5945:Duwamish Tribe
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
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5855:
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5842:
5839:
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5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Skagit peoples
5733:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5704:Spirit Powers
5702:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
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5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5518:External links
5516:
5515:
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5508:
5501:
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5488:
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5461:
5455:
5442:
5435:
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5407:
5404:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5365:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5332:Tulalip Tribes
5312:
5290:
5274:"The Alphabet"
5265:
5234:
5231:. pp. xi.
5214:
5189:
5167:
5156:(9): 403–419.
5123:
5105:
5082:
5063:
5038:
5014:
5003:Tulalip Tribes
4990:
4975:
4947:
4914:
4891:
4876:
4854:
4822:
4790:
4776:
4751:
4704:
4686:
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4132:
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4128:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4094:native oyster
4092:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4068:
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4056:
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4008:
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3996:
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3912:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3869:silver salmon
3867:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3819:
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3487:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3465:external links
3459:
3458:
3455:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3362:x-w/x-raised-w
3360:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
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3258:
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2523:
2520:
2485:morphophonemic
2480:
2477:
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2249:
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2239:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2193:(Upper) Skagit
2146:
2143:
2066:Tulalip Tribes
2061:
2058:
2054:Puyallup Tribe
2019:in the north.
1948:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:Second Person
1890:
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1589:Main article:
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1387:
1384:
1383:Second Person
1381:
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1323:
1308:
1303:'What is that
1241:Main article:
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586:
581:
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569:
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552:
527:
524:
428:
425:
321:
320:
307:, you may see
293:
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201:Language codes
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183:Writing system
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68:North Western
66:
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61:
56:
55:Native to
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31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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9402:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9352:
9346:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9290:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9264:
9261:
9255:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9141:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9077:
9071:
9070:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9005:Valley Yokuts
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8979:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8922:
8920:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8785:Southern Tiwa
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8744:Tutelo-Saponi
8741:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8539:Coeur d'Alene
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8520:Northern Pomo
8517:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8506:
8505:Southern Pomo
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8313:Laguna Pueblo
8312:
8309:
8307:Western Keres
8306:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8237:Susquehannock
8234:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8223:Neutral Huron
8220:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8150:Chevak Cup’ik
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8073:Plains Apache
8070:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7879:
7878:Upper Chinook
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7704:Nawathinehena
7701:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7576:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7535:Texan English
7533:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:Maine English
7444:
7442:
7441:Miami English
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:Cajun English
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7346:Languages in
7343:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7325:
7320:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7277:Northern and
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7231:North Straits
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:Nuxalk Nation
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:Stillaquamish
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6656:Sauk-Suiattle
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:Yakweakwioose
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6541:Shxw'ow'hamel
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Kway-quit-lam
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6341:Clemclemaluts
6339:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Coeur d’Alene
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5951:
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5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
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5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
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5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5834:
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5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:Stillaguamish
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
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5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5660:
5657:
5654:
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5651:
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5641:
5638:
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5631:
5628:
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5620:
5616:
5610:
5601:
5596:
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5589:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5496:Hilbert, Vi.
5495:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:9780295973234
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5004:
5000:
4999:"Lushootseed"
4994:
4986:
4979:
4965:on 2021-02-25
4964:
4960:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4907:
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4898:
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4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4858:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4811:
4804:
4801:Beck, David.
4797:
4795:
4779:
4777:9780295973234
4773:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4574:
4559:on 2013-06-30
4558:
4554:
4553:HeraldNet.com
4550:
4543:
4541:
4526:
4525:Tualip Tribes
4522:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4478:"Lushootseed"
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:on 2007-07-04
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4232:small chiton
4231:
4224:
4223:
4220:large chiton
4219:
4212:
4211:
4208:any seashell
4207:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4185:č̓ič̓əlpyaqid
4182:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3998:sea cucumber
3997:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3716:fillet knife
3715:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3522:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3488:This section
3486:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:Glottalized t
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3147:Glottalized q
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3110:Glottalized p
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:Laryngealized
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:Glottalized k
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:Glottalized c
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2593:Glottalized b
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2044:tribal elder
2042:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Stillaguamish
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:Third Person
1894:
1891:
1889:First Person
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1866:təlawil čəxʷ.
1865:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1759:Completed or
1756:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1596:Verb prefixes
1592:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1567:December 2023
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528: –
1527:
1526:"Lushootseed"
1523:
1522:Find sources:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:This section
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:Third Person
1385:
1382:
1380:First Person
1379:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:ʔal tə stulək
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:agglutinating
1244:
1233:
1230:
1222:
1219:December 2023
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180: –
1179:
1178:"Lushootseed"
1175:
1174:Find sources:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:This section
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
987:
985:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:laryngealized
969:
968:
965:
963:
961:
958:
954:
952:
949:
945:
943:
940:
936:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
898:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
869:
867:
863:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
845:
841:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
765:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
695:
694:
691:
689:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
628:
623:
620:
616:
611:
608:
604:
599:
598:
595:
590:
585:
580:
573:
568:
562:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:laryngealized
537:
536:labialization
533:
523:
521:
517:
516:Wayne Suttles
512:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
363:
327:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
294:
288:
285:
277:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
250:
249:
244:
239:
232:
225:
218:
212:
209:
204:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
178:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
118:
114:
108:
104:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:, around the
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:United States
57:
53:
49:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
9611:
9604:
9586:
9578:
9467:Sabine River
9462:Puerto Rican
9414:Plautdietsch
9348:Oral settler
9291:
9239:Mohawk Dutch
9237:
9200:
9193:
9069:Plains Miwok
9067:
9060:
9053:
9046:
9039:
9032:
9025:
9018:
9011:
8923:
8916:
8801:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8595:
8518:
8511:
8490:Eastern Pomo
8485:Central Pomo
8464:
8457:
8425:
8398:
8346:
8310:Acoma Pueblo
8278:
8271:
8264:
8254:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8214:
8099:
8094:Upper Umpqua
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8036:
8029:
8018:Upper Tanana
7988:Lower Tanana
7925:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7887:
7847:
7785:Austronesian
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7739:Narragansett
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7640:Massachusett
7366:Dialects of
7350:are extinct.
7347:
7272:
7053:Lummi Nation
6631:Upper Skagit
6626:Lower Skagit
6306:Coast Salish
6261:
6174:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6117:
6100:
6091:
6086:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6016:Coast Salish
5912:Reservations
5622:
5606:
5510:
5504:
5497:
5479:
5471:
5464:
5446:
5438:
5420:
5411:
5393:
5356:
5349:Bibliography
5336:. Retrieved
5334:. 2017-03-19
5327:
5306:
5281:. Retrieved
5277:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5251:
5224:
5217:
5206:. Retrieved
5192:
5175:
5170:
5153:
5149:
5108:
5085:
5076:
5066:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:
5041:
5031:, retrieved
5023:
5017:
5006:. Retrieved
5002:
4993:
4984:
4978:
4967:. Retrieved
4963:the original
4957:
4950:
4905:
4865:
4857:
4845:. Retrieved
4839:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:
4781:. Retrieved
4766:
4729:. Retrieved
4717:
4707:
4699:
4689:
4681:
4663:
4657:
4649:
4629:. Retrieved
4589:. Retrieved
4585:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:the original
4552:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:
4481:
4454:. Retrieved
4452:. 2016-06-07
4449:
4440:
4429:. Retrieved
4427:. 2014-12-05
4424:
4415:
4405:
4398:
4387:. Retrieved
4381:
4355:. Retrieved
4351:the original
4346:
4282:
4267:
4263:in English:
4258:
4242:
4239:Example text
4166:cockle clam
4154:butter clam
4089:ƛ̓ux̌ʷƛ̓ux̌ʷ
3926:harbor seal
3885:qal̓qaləx̌ič
3857:chum salmon
3680:net fishing
3644:coho season
3608:chum salmon
3596:coho salmon
3540:
3525:
3516:
3501:Please help
3489:
3462:
2538:Glottal stop
2508:
2501:
2482:
2470:
2454:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2419:go upstream
2414:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2285:
2277:
2226:
2198:Lower Skagit
2187:
2156:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2087:
2081:
2063:
2050:
2034:
2013:Upper Skagit
1950:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1877:
1863:
1860:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1822:saxʷəb čəxʷ.
1819:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1599:
1573:
1564:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1509:Please help
1504:verification
1501:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1445:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1399:
1394:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1305:in the river
1304:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1257:
1246:
1225:
1216:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1173:
1161:Please help
1156:verification
1153:
1130:
1012:
529:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
433:
430:
401:
380:
376:
325:
324:
296:
246:
154:Proto-Salish
133:
126:Coast Salish
9697:Hindi (0.9)
9505:Angloromani
9457:New Mexican
9386:New England
9027:Coast Miwok
8900:Tübatulabal
8832:Uto-Aztecan
8814:Tsimshianic
8803:Piro Pueblo
8723:Mitchigamea
8679:Omaha–Ponca
8644:Assiniboine
8559:Lushootseed
8411:Palaihnihan
8244:Wenrohronon
7940:Yeniseian?)
7803:Refaluwasch
7690:Gros Ventre
7273:Lushootseed
7058:Makah Tribe
6798:Popkum Band
6751:Governments
6728:(Tillamook)
6641:Muckleshoot
6049:Lushootseed
5999:Bella Coola
5614:Puget Sound
5608:Lushootseed
5390:Hilbert, V.
5328:Lushootseed
4847:15 December
4718:WALS Online
4696:Hilbert, Vi
4425:Lushootseed
4310:dialects:
4304:Muckleshoot
4196:periwinkle
4178:horse clam
4058:jelly fish
4053:kəlapx̌ʷəlč
3986:sea urchin
3902:grey whale
3776:dried chum
3764:fresh eggs
3740:fish heads
2522:Letter Name
2479:Orthography
2473:Determiners
2252:Muckleshoot
1989:Muckleshoot
1973:Puget Sound
1720:ƛ̕ubil čəd.
1693:The prefix
926:Approximant
404:Puget Sound
326:Lushootseed
311:instead of
268:Lushootseed
134:Lushootseed
74:Puget Sound
29:Lushootseed
9807:Categories
9718:Urdu (0.5)
9686:Portuguese
9656:Vietnamese
9546:Protactile
9528:Francosign
9195:Chitimacha
9048:Lake Miwok
8549:Halkomelem
8045:Holikachuk
7920:Purisimeño
7665:Potawatomi
7384:Vernacular
7211:Halkomelem
6711:Sahewamish
6666:Snoqualmie
6546:Skawahlook
6471:Tsawwassen
6466:Snuneymuxw
6386:Humptulips
6336:Stz'uminus
6036:Halkomelem
5833:Sahewamish
5823:Steilacoom
5793:Snoqualmie
5572:(archived)
5489:1879763117
5456:1879763141
5430:0803212623
5366:1879763117
5338:2023-03-09
5208:2023-04-02
5057:2023-03-07
5033:2013-04-04
5008:2013-04-04
4969:2019-06-03
4915:1879763117
4877:0295973234
4731:2024-09-20
4720:. Zenodo.
4631:2013-04-04
4591:2015-10-03
4563:2013-04-04
4530:2013-04-04
4483:Ethnologue
4456:2022-11-28
4431:2022-11-28
4389:2024-02-27
4357:2013-04-04
4324:References
4308:Snoqualmie
4299:txʷəlšucid
4289:dxʷləšucid
4010:star fish
3897:č(ə)xʷəluʔ
3759:ƛ̓ǝbƛ̓əbqʷ
3675:ɫičaʔalikʷ
3639:pədkʷəxʷic
3632:Steelhead
3519:March 2023
3471:Vocabulary
3166:q-raised-w
2888:k-raised-w
2764:g-raised-w
2706:d-raised-z
2443:x̌aʔx̌əlus
2271:Sahewamish
2237:Snoqualmie
2174:txʷəlšucid
2164:dxʷləšucid
2106:Salish Sea
2046:Vi Hilbert
2036:Ethnologue
1993:Snoqualmie
1963:, and the
1874:Possession
1537:newspapers
1448:lədxʷləbiʔ
1320:over there
1189:newspapers
577:(Alveolo-)
554:Consonants
483:dxʷləšucid
460:de-voicing
455:txʷəlšucid
443:txʷəlšucid
437:dxʷləšucid
408:Bellingham
213:Variously:
148:Early form
70:Washington
42:txʷəlšucid
36:dxʷləšucid
9848:Nisqually
9520:languages
9500:Spanglish
9483:languages
9409:Hutterite
9366:Louisiana
9350:languages
9267:Hand Talk
9259:languages
9214:Languages
9062:Palewyami
9013:Bay Miwok
8982:Yuk-Utian
8860:Kitanemuk
8694:Winnebago
8618:Tillamook
8446:Nez Perce
8400:Apalachee
8372:Chickasaw
8359:Muskogean
8256:Kalapuyan
8203:Tuscarora
8160:Iroquoian
8003:Tanacross
7978:Jicarilla
7953:Deg Xinag
7927:Ventureño
7899:Barbareño
7889:Chumashan
7868:Kathlamet
7860:Chinookan
7813:Tokelauan
7732:Nanticoke
7645:Menominee
7615:Blackfoot
7581:languages
7251:Semiahmoo
7206:Pentlatch
7185:Languages
7170:Mythology
6737:Quamichan
6716:Wynoochee
6696:Swinomish
6691:Suquamish
6676:Nisqually
6671:Skykomish
6661:Snohomish
6646:Sammamish
6636:Skokomish
6601:Penelakut
6596:Quamichan
6571:Tzeachten
6556:Soowahlie
6536:Shilshole
6511:Leq'á:mel
6506:Sts'ailes
6501:Sq'éwlets
6491:Semiahmoo
6401:Kilpahlas
6396:Khenipsen
6366:Esquimalt
6330:Sts'ailes
6320:Chawathil
6264:indicate
6176:Tillamook
6168:Tillamook
6102:Pentlatch
6087:Semiahmoo
5828:Nisqually
5813:Suquamish
5808:Sammamish
5798:Shilshole
5788:Skykomish
5772:Snohomish
5757:Kikiallus
5747:Swinomish
5375:95-060060
5185:892024380
4932:cite book
4496:1946-9675
4313:xʷəlšucid
4106:barnacle
4046:flounder
4034:rock cod
4005:q̓ʷəlačiʔ
3651:sc̓ay̓ay̓
3490:does not
2344:backbone
2262:Nisqually
2242:Suquamish
2232:Skykomish
2215:Snohomish
2202:Swinomish
2180:xʷəlšucid
2017:Swinomish
2005:Snohomish
1997:Nisqually
1981:Suquamish
1900:Singular
1829:The verb
1788:will use
1677:Habitual
1434:dxʷləbiʔ
1391:Singular
1314:ʔal tudiʔ
1262:ʔuʔəy’dub
866:Fricative
697:voiceless
544:sonorants
526:Phonology
506:root word
449:xʷəlšucid
248:Glottolog
208:ISO 639-3
80:Ethnicity
48:xʷəlšucid
9767:Armenian
9740:Gujarati
9734:Japanese
9598:Isolates
9424:Alsatian
9376:Missouri
9308:Isolates
9150:Isolates
9110:Maricopa
9105:Kumeyaay
8936:Wakashan
8895:Timbisha
8890:Shoshoni
8855:Kawaiisu
8850:Ivilyuat
8840:Comanche
8611:Quinault
8584:Thompson
8574:Okanagan
8564:Nooksack
8531:Salishan
8451:Sahaptin
8427:Atsugewi
8419:Achumawi
8392:Muscogee
8387:Mikasuki
8280:Yoncalla
8230:Nottoway
8188:Onondaga
8173:Cherokee
8112:Eskaleut
8080:Tsetsaut
7963:Gwich’in
7958:Dena'ina
7913:Obispeño
7798:Hawaiian
7793:Chamorro
7753:Powhatan
7683:Etchemin
7620:Cheyenne
7589:Families
7296:Quinault
7279:Southern
7261:T'sou-ke
7256:Songhees
7226:Nooksack
7221:Squamish
7216:shíshálh
6706:Quinault
6681:Puyallup
6621:Nooksack
6606:Lamalcha
6586:Tsartlip
6581:T'souk-e
6551:Skowkale
6486:Squamish
6481:shíshálh
6461:Sliammon
6441:Musqueam
6426:Kwantlen
6416:Koksilah
6406:Klahoose
6361:Duwamish
6346:Comiaken
6225:Southern
6206:Lillooet
6199:Northern
6158:Quinault
6129:Tsamosan
6113:Squamish
6108:shíshálh
6093:T'Sou-ke
6077:Songhees
6056:Nooksack
5818:Puyallup
5803:Duwamish
5693:dukʷibəɬ
5659:Southern
5655:Northern
5649:Dialects
5392:(1994).
5283:27 April
5258:27 April
5162:30027548
5093:Archived
4924:79169469
4886:29877333
4843:(Thesis)
4815:15 April
4783:15 April
4740:cite web
4504:43349556
4203:sč̓awəyʔ
4161:sx̌əp̓ab
4142:geoduck
4125:xʷč̓iɬqs
4101:c̕ubc̕ub
4065:sʔax̌ʷuʔ
4029:t̓aɬiɡʷs
3981:sk̕ʷic̕i
3969:waq̓waq̓
3950:octopus
3864:skʷəxʷic
3816:sʔuladxʷ
3735:səlusqid
3723:sq̓ʷəlus
3704:tailfin
3627:skʷawǝl̓
3591:skʷǝxʷic
3463:See the
2511:alphabet
2355:č̓ə́ƛ̕əʔ
2340:sc̓ə́lič
2314:English
2257:Puyallup
2247:Duwamish
2145:Dialects
2001:Puyallup
1977:Duwamish
1969:Salishan
1957:Nooksack
1459:Negation
1341:Pronouns
1015:phonemic
768:ejective
607:sibilant
572:Alveolar
548:ejective
317:Help:IPA
255:lush1251
161:Dialects
121:Salishan
9758:Punjabi
9746:Bengali
9722:Persian
9713:Italian
9692:Haitian
9680:Russian
9650:Tagalog
9644:Chinese
9638:Spanish
9579:Kentish
9439:Spanish
9419:Bernese
9381:Muskrat
9202:Tonkawa
9172:Siuslaw
9167:Kutenai
9130:Yavapai
9120:Quechan
9090:Cocopah
9082:Cochimí
8962:Nomlaki
8954:Wintuan
8885:Serrano
8880:O'odham
8865:Luiseño
8780:Picuris
8730:Moneton
8716:Chiwere
8709:Catawba
8659:Hidatsa
8597:Cowlitz
8554:Klallam
8495:Kashaya
8459:Klamath
8382:Koasati
8377:Choctaw
8367:Alabama
8340:Nisenan
8322:Maiduan
8291:Keresan
8208:Wyandot
8135:Alutiiq
8125:Inupiat
8101:Wailaki
8087:Tututni
8066:Mattole
7983:Koyukon
7906:Cruzeño
7841:Wichita
7831:Arikara
7823:Caddoan
7760:Quiripi
7746:Pamlico
7711:Mahican
7670:Shawnee
7650:Mi'kmaq
7610:Arapaho
7605:Abenaki
7466:Western
7461:Eastern
7357:English
7348:italics
7291:Cowlitz
7268:Klallam
7241:Saanich
6726:Nehalem
6701:Tulalip
6611:Saanich
6561:Squiala
6456:Malahat
6446:Nanoose
6436:Matsqui
6411:Klallam
6381:Homalco
6356:Cowlitz
6351:Copalis
6313:Peoples
6262:Italics
6211:Shuswap
6137:Cowlitz
6072:Saanich
6042:Klallam
6024:Central
5752:Nuwhaha
5721:Peoples
5681:Culture
5633:Grammar
4113:sx̌aʔaʔ
4082:mussel
3993:təǰabac
3962:turtle
3957:ʔaləšək
3945:sqibk̕ʷ
3938:beaver
3933:st̓əqxʷ
3852:ƛ̓xʷayʔ
3795:xʷšabus
3711:t̓altəd
3603:ƛ̓xʷay̓
3555:sčədadx
3511:removed
3496:sources
3385:x-wedge
3230:s-wedge
2832:j-wedge
2650:c-wedge
2400:kʷə́dəd
2385:k̓ádəyu
2380:k̓ədáyu
2335:sc̓əlíč
2267:Squaxin
2219:Tulalip
2137:at the
2129:at the
2116:Unicode
1985:Squaxin
1961:Klallam
1933:(none)
1920:Plural
1845:təlawil
1667:Future
1614:Prefix
1604:and/or
1551:scholar
1409:Plural
1255:(VSO).
1203:scholar
1050:Central
594:Glottal
579:palatal
532:voicing
412:Olympia
313:Unicode
130:Central
101:Revival
91:Extinct
9785:Hebrew
9728:Telugu
9707:Polish
9701:German
9674:Korean
9668:French
9662:Arabic
9640:(41.3)
9561:BANZSL
9490:Gullah
9477:Creole
9452:Isleño
9396:German
9358:French
9231:Michif
9143:Others
9125:Tiipai
9115:Mojave
9080:Yuman–
8967:Patwin
8925:Tongva
8918:Cupeño
8762:Tanoan
8751:Woccon
8702:Biloxi
8689:Stoney
8684:Quapaw
8674:Mandan
8669:Lakota
8654:Dakota
8636:Siouan
8579:Salish
8477:Pomoan
8466:Molala
8330:Konkow
8198:Seneca
8183:Oneida
8178:Mohawk
8168:Cayuga
8008:Tolowa
7998:Navajo
7938:Dené(–
7873:Tsinúk
7849:Kitsai
7808:Samoan
7660:Ojibwe
7655:Munsee
7246:Samish
6742:Somena
6732:Siletz
6721:Satsop
6651:Samish
6591:Somena
6566:Stó꞉lō
6516:Popkum
6451:Nuxalk
6391:Katzie
6371:Halalt
6082:Samish
6006:Nuxálk
5742:Skagit
5708:Ayahos
5486:
5453:
5427:
5400:
5373:
5363:
5160:
4922:
4912:
4884:
4874:
4774:
4502:
4494:
4215:ʔuk̕ʷs
4149:stxʷub
4137:ɡʷidəq
4041:p̓uay̓
3921:sup̓qs
3914:otter
3909:sq̓aƛ̓
3840:scəqiʔ
3699:skʷǝɫt
3663:ɫičaʔa
3656:gills
3579:c̓uwad
3567:sac̓əb
2530:Notes
2519:Letter
2504:schwas
2449:bəlups
2434:I, me
2395:kʷədád
2370:də́čuʔ
2365:dəč̓úʔ
2350:č̓ƛ̕áʔ
2329:child
2325:bə́dəʔ
2296:čəgʷas
2290:čəgʷəš
2167:) and
2015:, and
1999:, and
1831:saxʷəb
1683:gʷ(ə)-
1617:Usage
1606:aspect
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1267:copula
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1135:Syntax
1032:Vowels
1018:nasals
642:voiced
630:labio.
589:Uvular
567:Labial
546:, and
520:Salish
497:suffix
488:prefix
486:. The
372:-tseed
284:UNESCO
65:Region
9793:(0.2)
9791:Khmer
9787:(0.2)
9781:(0.2)
9779:Hmong
9775:(0.3)
9773:Greek
9769:(0.3)
9760:(0.3)
9754:(0.3)
9752:Tamil
9748:(0.4)
9742:(0.4)
9736:(0.5)
9730:(0.5)
9724:(0.5)
9715:(0.5)
9709:(0.5)
9703:(0.9)
9694:(0.9)
9688:(0.9)
9682:(1.0)
9676:(1.1)
9670:(1.2)
9664:(1.4)
9658:(1.5)
9652:(1.7)
9646:(3.4)
9481:mixed
9429:Texas
9371:Métis
9182:Yuchi
9177:Washo
9162:Karuk
9157:Haida
8972:Wintu
8944:Makah
8910:Yaqui
8775:Kiowa
8770:Jemez
8664:Kansa
8589:Twana
8348:Chico
8335:Maidu
8193:Osage
8130:Aleut
8120:Inuit
8059:Lipan
8031:Cahto
7948:Ahtna
7836:Caddo
7774:Wiyot
7767:Unami
7675:Yurok
7597:Algic
7528:Older
7286:Twana
7236:Lummi
7193:Comox
7165:Music
6616:Lummi
6531:Skway
6526:Skwah
6496:Sumas
6325:Cheam
6119:Twana
6067:Lummi
6031:Comox
5229:(PDF)
5202:(PDF)
5158:JSTOR
5028:(PDF)
4806:(PDF)
4274:Notes
4227:x̌ald
4191:puʔps
4173:haʔəc
4077:tulqʷ
4070:clam
4022:crab
4017:bəsqʷ
3974:frog
3828:yubəč
3771:sɫuʔb
3747:qəlx̌
3668:nets
3353:glide
2968:ɫ/ɬ/ł
2726:Schwa
2459:dəxʷ-
2430:ʔə́cə
2415:táyil
2410:təyíl
2359:rock
2320:bədáʔ
1953:Twana
1779:- or
1761:telic
1657:Past
1602:tense
1558:JSTOR
1544:books
1444:xʷiʔ
1418:čələp
1366:čələp
1210:JSTOR
1196:books
1045:Front
931:plain
625:plain
613:plain
601:plain
584:Velar
542:with
501:-ucid
465:into
414:by a
379:, or
370:SHOOT
190:Latin
9479:and
9187:Zuni
9100:Ipai
8870:Mono
8845:Hopi
8795:Tewa
8790:Taos
8649:Crow
8216:Erie
8038:Eyak
7973:Hupa
7697:Loup
7625:Cree
6332:(WA)
5762:Sauk
5484:ISBN
5451:ISBN
5425:ISBN
5398:ISBN
5371:LCCN
5361:ISBN
5285:2022
5260:2022
5182:OCLC
5079:(7).
4942:link
4938:link
4920:OCLC
4910:ISBN
4882:OCLC
4872:ISBN
4849:2022
4817:2017
4785:2017
4772:ISBN
4746:link
4500:OCLC
4492:ISSN
4306:and
3615:hədu
3494:any
3492:cite
3203:/qʼ/
2997:t͜ɬʼ
2925:/kʼ/
2675:t͡ʃʼ
2637:t͡sʼ
2495:and
2471:See
2465:sxʷ-
2425:ʔəcá
2389:rat
2374:one
2210:Sauk
1929:-ləp
1924:-čəɬ
1805:and
1673:ƛ̕u-
1623:ʔəs-
1530:news
1466:xʷiʔ
1436:čəxʷ
1400:čəxʷ
1360:čəxʷ
1287:ʔal,
1182:news
1062:High
1055:Back
1024:and
637:Stop
619:lab.
534:and
492:dxʷ-
473:and
427:Name
410:and
395:and
368:luh-
194:NAPA
95:2008
8737:Ofo
7968:Hän
7630:Fox
7175:Art
6376:Hoh
4722:doi
3505:by
3418:/χ/
3401:x̌ʷ
3376:/x/
3195:qʷʼ
3186:q̓ʷ
3180:/q/
2917:kʷʼ
2908:k̓ʷ
2902:/k/
2838:d͡ʒ
2778:/ɡ/
2712:d͡z
2656:t͡ʃ
2618:t͡s
2526:IPA
1909:ad-
1775:ʔəs
1731:ʔəs
1718:ʔəs
1706:ʔəs
1697:ʔəs
1663:ɬu-
1653:tu-
1643:ʔu-
1633:lə-
1513:by
1471:lə-
1446:čəd
1413:čəɬ
1395:čəd
1354:čəɬ
1348:čəd
1165:by
1111:Low
1097:Mid
1026:/d/
1022:/b/
844:tɬʼ
824:qʷʼ
810:kʷʼ
796:tʃʼ
789:tsʼ
522:."
511:ləš
299:IPA
263:ELP
238:sno
231:ska
224:slh
217:lut
9809::
5369:.
5330:.
5326:.
5315:^
5293:^
5276:.
5250:.
5237:^
5154:19
5152:.
5148:.
5126:^
5116:.
5099:,
5075:.
5050:.
5001:.
4934:}}
4930:{{
4918:.
4894:^
4880:.
4825:^
4808:.
4793:^
4754:^
4742:}}
4738:{{
4716:.
4672:^
4640:^
4617:^
4600:^
4584:.
4572:^
4551:.
4539:^
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