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995:(MFAH) as additions to the Caroline Wiess Law Building. In 1953, the MFAH commissioned Mies van der Rohe to create a master plan for the institution. He designed two additions to the building—Cullinan Hall, completed in 1958, and the Brown Pavilion, completed in 1974. A renowned example of the International Style, these portions of the Caroline Wiess Law Building comprise one of only two Mies-designed museums in the world.
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1042:. Considered one of the most perfect statements of his architectural approach, the upper pavilion is a precise composition of monumental steel columns and a cantilevered (overhanging) roof plane with a glass enclosure. The simple square glass pavilion is a powerful expression of his ideas about flexible interior space, defined by transparent walls and supported by an external structural frame.
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living, dining and sleeping spaces without using walls. No partitions touch the surrounding all-glass enclosure. Without solid exterior walls, full-height draperies on a perimeter track allow freedom to provide full or partial privacy when and where desired. The house has been described as sublime, a temple hovering between heaven and earth, a poem, a work of art.
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although it was rejected by Hitler. Mies and
Gropius wanted to be accepted by the Nazis, and both signed an artists' manifesto supporting Hitler's succession to Hindenburg. Mies's Modernist designs of glass and steel were not considered suitable for state buildings by the Nazis, and in 1937 or 1938 he reluctantly followed Gropius to the United States.
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symbol of a now-discredited and outmoded social system. Progressive thinkers called for a completely new architectural design process guided by rational problem-solving and an exterior expression of modern materials and structure rather than what they considered the superficial application of classical facades.
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The highly crafted pristine white structural frame and all-glass walls define a simple rectilinear interior space, allowing nature and light to envelop the interior space. A wood-paneled fireplace (also housing mechanical equipment, kitchen, and toilets) is positioned within the open space to suggest
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Mies settled in
Chicago, Illinois, where he was appointed head of the architecture school at Chicago's Armour Institute of Technology (later renamed Illinois Institute of Technology). One of the benefits of taking this position was that he would be commissioned to design the new buildings and master
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Mies served as the last director of
Bauhaus, and then headed the department of architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, where he developed the Second Chicago School. He played a significant role as an educator, believing his architectural language could be learned, then applied to
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While continuing his traditional neoclassical design practice, Mies began to develop visionary projects that, though mostly unbuilt, rocketed him to fame as an architect capable of giving form that was in harmony with the spirit of the emerging modern society. Boldly abandoning ornament altogether,
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In 1961, a program at
Columbia University's School of Architecture celebrated the four great founders of contemporary architecture: Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright. It included addresses by Le Corbusier and Gropius as well as an interview with Mies van
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Like many other avant-garde architects of the day, Mies based his architectural mission and principles on his understanding and interpretation of ideas developed by theorists and critics who pondered the declining relevance of the traditional design styles. He selectively adopted theoretical ideas
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generated renewed interest in Mies's 1922 designs for a high-rise block on
Friedrichstrasse in Berlin. Mies's Farnsworth House in Plano Illinois became a recurrent theme in 20th century architecture because it resembled a glass house. Technological limits meant that Mies's vision for a "skin and
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Mies designed a series of four middle-income high-rise apartment buildings for developer
Herbert Greenwald. The towers were simple rectangular boxes with a non-hierarchical wall enclosure, raised on stilts above a glass-enclosed lobby. The lobby is set back from the perimeter columns, which were
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The mounting criticism of the historical styles gained substantial cultural credibility after World War I, a disaster widely seen as a failure of the old world order of imperial leadership of Europe. The aristocratic classical revival styles were particularly reviled by many as the architectural
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at the Art
Institute of Chicago. The Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Collection, 1929–1969 (bulk 1948–1960) includes correspondence, articles, and materials related to his association with the Illinois Institute of Technology. The Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Metropolitan Structures Collection, 1961–1969,
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Although now acclaimed and widely influential as an urban design feature, Mies had to convince
Bronfman's bankers that a taller tower with significant "unused" open space at ground level would enhance the presence and prestige of the building. Mies's design included a bronze curtain wall with
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service stations. Mies and
Gropius both joined the visual arts section of the Reich Culture Chamber and entered early Nazi architectural competitions, with designs showing structures decorated with swastikas. Mies's design for a Reich Bank building in Berlin was one of six to receive a prize,
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In 1944, he became an
American citizen, completing his severance from his native Germany. His thirty years as an American architect reflect a more structural, pure approach toward achieving his goal of a new architecture for the twentieth century. He focused his efforts on enclosing open and
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with their ideology of "efficient" sculptural assembly of modern industrial materials. Mies found appeal in the use of simple rectilinear and planar forms, clean lines, pure use of color, and the extension of space around and beyond interior walls expounded by the
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Ludwig Mies renamed himself as part of his transformation from a tradesman's son to an architect working with Berlin's cultural elite, adding "van der" and his mother's maiden name "Rohe" and using the Dutch "van der", because the German form
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645:. He joined the avant-garde Bauhaus design school as their director of architecture, adopting and developing their functionalist application of simple geometric forms in the design of useful objects. He served as its last director.
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In 1913 Mies married Adele Auguste (Ada) Bruhn (1885–1951), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. The couple separated in 1918, after having three daughters: Dorothea (1914–2008), an actress and dancer who was known as
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in Barcelona, constructed in 1929 for the world exposition. Never intended to be permanent, it was demolished in 1930 as was typically done for exhibition structures, but it was re-erected in 1986 by a team of local
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Mies placed great importance on education of architects who could carry on his design principles. He devoted a great deal of time and effort leading the architecture program at Illinois Institute of Technology.
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were built between 1948 and 1951 and came to define postwar US Modernism. These towers, with façades of steel and glass, were radical departures from the typical residential brick apartment buildings.
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curriculum by a three-step-education beginning with crafts of drawing and construction leading to planning skills and finishing with theory of architecture. He worked personally and intensively on
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The Edith Farnsworth House and its 60-acre (240,000 m) wooded site was purchased at auction for US$ 7.5 million by preservation groups in 2004 and is now owned and operated by the
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While Mies's work had enormous influence and critical recognition, his approach failed to sustain a creative force as a style after his death and was eclipsed by the new wave of
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published an editorial under the title "The Threat to the Next America". In it, she criticized Mies's Villa Tugendhat as cold barren design dismissed Mies as European Architect.
1286:(drawings and photos) in Montreal, the Newberry Library in Chicago (personal correspondence), and at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. (professional correspondence).
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963:. The Seagram Building is said to be an early example of the innovative "fast-track" construction process, where design documentation and construction are done concurrently.
363:'s rise to power, with its strong opposition to modernism, Mies emigrated to the United States. He accepted the position to head the architecture school at what is today the
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design any type of modern building. He set up a new education at the department of architecture of the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago replacing the traditional
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forced the state-sponsored school to leave its campus in Dessau, and Mies moved it to an abandoned telephone factory in Berlin. In April 1933, the school was raided by the
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der Rohe. Discussion focused upon philosophies of design, aspects of their various architectural projects, and the juncture of architecture and city planning.
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adaptable "universal" spaces with clearly arranged structural frameworks, featuring prefabricated steel shapes filled in with large sheets of glass.
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in Chicago. His own work as architect focused on intensive personal involvement in design efforts to create prototype solutions for building types.
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in Washington, DC. The building was completed in 1972 at a cost of $ 18 million and three years after Mies death. It is the central facility of the
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solutions, and then allowed his students, both in school and his office, to develop derivative solutions for specific projects under his guidance.
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Starting in 1930, Mies served as the last director of the faltering Bauhaus, at the request of his colleague and competitor Gropius. In 1932, the
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group. In particular, the layering of functional sub-spaces within an overall space and the distinct articulation of parts as expressed by
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bones" architecture, where the steel frame was exposed internally and externally could never be fully realized. Mies also inspired the
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1007:, built in 1962, is a 23-story aluminum and glass building that heralded the beginning of Baltimore's downtown modern buildings. The
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that were exaggerated in depth beyond what was structurally necessary. Detractors criticized it as having committed Adolf Loos's "
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Chicago Federal Center Plaza, also known as Chicago Federal Plaza, unified three buildings of varying scales: the mid-rise
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Blaser, Werner. Mies Van der Rohe IIT Campus. Basel, Boston Berlin: Birkauser Publishers for Architecture. 2002. Print
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plan for the campus. All his buildings still stand there, including Alumni Hall, the chapel, and his masterpiece the
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caused by his smoking habit. After cremation, his ashes were buried near Chicago's other famous architects in
501:(1900–1989) was his primary companion. Mies carried on a romantic relationship with sculptor and art collector
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He continued with a series of pioneering projects, culminating in his two European masterworks: the temporary
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Mies made a dramatic modernist debut in 1921 with his stunning competition proposal for the faceted all-glass
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where he promised her he would help organize an exhibition in Chicago featuring the work of her late husband
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frames, and a distinct separation of the supporting structure and the supported surfaces, often employing
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2693:"Flashback: Mies van der Rohe profoundly reshaped Chicago's skyline with his structurally austere vision"
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prototype modernist housing exhibition. He was also one of the founders of the architectural association
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2608:"Philip Johnson and the making of the Seagram Building | architecture | Agenda | Phaidon"
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Mies van der Rohe's Illinois Institute of Technology: Analysis and History of a Compositive Development
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There is also a street named after him, in his birth town of Aachen known as Mies-van-der Rohe-Straße.
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1973 American Life Building – Louisville, Kentucky (completed after Mies's death by Bruno Conterato)
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Other archives are held at the University of Illinois at Chicago (personal book collection), the
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882:. The building influenced the creation of hundreds of modernist glass houses, most notably the
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coined the postmodern motto "less is a bore" as countervision to Mies's motto "less is more".
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2999:"The Forgotten History of Mies van der Rohe's MLK Memorial Library | Architect Magazine"
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959:". Philip Johnson had a role in interior materials selections, and he designed the sumptuous
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from 1908 to 1912, where he was exposed to the current design theories and to progressive
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pieces using new industrial technologies that have become popular classics, such as the
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During 1951–1952, Mies designed the steel, glass, and brick McCormick House, located in
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Serrano Avilés, Ramón; Osuna Redondo, Roberto; Valcarce Labrador, María Teresa (2016).
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to define interior spaces. He is often associated with his fondness for the aphorisms "
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The Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Archive, an administratively independent section of the
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Mies sought to establish his own particular architectural style that could represent
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skyscraper, followed by a taller curved version in 1922 named the Glass Skyscraper.
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3213:(New and revised ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 397.
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and then an offer to head the department of architecture of the newly established
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style. His architecture, with origins in the German Bauhaus and western European
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1895:– District of Columbia Public Library, Washington, D.C. (completed posthumously)
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On March 27, 2012, Google celebrated Mies van der Rohe’s 126th Birthday with a
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He joined the German avant-garde, working with the progressive design magazine
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1080:(DCPL), it is his only realized library and only building in Washington D.C.
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2957:"IU dedicates rediscovered Mies van der Rohe design, now under construction"
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to enhance the feeling of lightness created by delicate structural frames.
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2978:"Eskenazi School of Art, Architecture + Design Mies van der Rohe Building"
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336:; March 27, 1886 – August 17, 1969) was a German-American
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Chase, Al (January 7, 1950). "2 Apartment Projects to Be Started Soon".
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1962 Tourelle-Sur-Rive – Residential apartment complex of three towers,
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements
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2932:"Highfield House – Midcentury Modernist Landmark by Mies van der Rohe"
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Caroline Wiess Law Building of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas
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exposed around the perimeter of the building above, creating a modern
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Buildings on the Illinois Institute of Technology Campus (1939–1958)
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In 1952, a fraternity commissioned Mies to design a building on the
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Schulze, Franz; Windhorst, Edward (2012). "Recessional: 1962–69".
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1965 Meredith Hall – School of Journalism and Mass Communication,
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includes scrapbooks and photographs documenting Chicago projects.
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American Association of Railroads Mechanical Engineering Building
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Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography, New and Revised Edition
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Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography, New and Revised Edition
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Home Federal Savings and Loan Association of Des Moines Building
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1927 Afrikanische Straße Apartments – Multi-Family Residential,
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Between 1946 and 1951, Mies van der Rohe designed and built the
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rejected decorative architecture and became drivers of a modern
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lineage. He began his independent professional career designing
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modern architects like Mies, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and
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Renegades: Bruce Goff and the American School of Architecture
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University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration
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Furniture in the Tugendhat House, including Tugendhat chairs
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Mies and Le Corbusier later acknowledged the lasting impact
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Constructing Architecture: Materials, Processes, Structures
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Buildings after emigration to the United States (1939–1960)
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Mies Building at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana
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1608:– Residential home, relocated to the Elmhurst Art Museum,
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1930 Verseidag Factory – Dyeing and HE Silk Mill building
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shop and at several local design firms before he moved to
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Angela Person; Luca Guido; Stephanie Pilat, eds. (2020).
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American Association of Railroads Administration Building
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2408:(1st ed.). University of Texas Press. p. 318.
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Mies, often in collaboration with Lilly Reich, designed
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His early projects at the IIT campus, and for developer
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Interior Renovation – Art gallery, demolished in 1997,
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860–880 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois (1949–1951)
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Edith Farnsworth House by Mies Van Der Rohe (1946–1951)
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A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Americas
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Physics & Electrical Engineering Research Building
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Mies van der Rohe's grave marker in Graceland Cemetery
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American Association of Railroads Laboratory Building
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1965–1968 Brown Pavilion, Museum of Fine Art, Houston
1545:
Campus Master Plan, academic campus & buildings,
1112:. These pieces are manufactured under licence by the
793:, built as the home of IIT's School of Architecture.
313:
292:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
2147:
The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography
1968:(now the College of Music Building) – Administration
1578:
1951 Algonquin Apartments – Residential apartments,
1308:
Mies-van-der Rohe-Straße in Aachen Februar 2021 (02)
301:
2581:
286:
2757:"John C. Kluczynski Federal Building, Chicago, IL"
1671:Home Federal Savings and Loan Association Building
928:designed both by Mies's office and his followers.
707:
591:He constructed his first modernist house with the
3361:
3118:
2783:"Everett M. Dirksen U.S. Courthouse, Chicago, IL"
1877:– Nuns' Island, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (closed)
1185:Mies served on the initial Advisory Board of the
998:
835:Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse
489:In 1925, Mies began a relationship with designer
3991:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
3937:
3208:
2559:Machines for Living: Modernism and Domestic Life
2194:
2169:
1381:1913 Werner House – Residential home, Zehlendorf
1240:Mies van der Rohe died on August 17, 1969, from
355:In the 1930s, Mies was the last director of the
4051:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
3143:
2855:"The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Law Building"
2831:High Life: Condo Living in the Suburban Century
2556:
2144:
1345:designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, built by
1220:Technological advances in the manufacturing of
978:
723:Mies's first US commission was the interior of
4036:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
3417:
3307:. Projekt Mik. Retrieved on December 23, 2013.
3093:
2828:
2433:(in Dutch). SUN. pp. 188, 197 & 198.
772:
3473:
3121:Boredom, Architecture, and Spatial Experience
2732:Born in the USA: The American Book of Origins
2531:
1926:1945 Engineering Research Building – Research
1629:College of Architecture – Academic building,
1341:, president of the German Communist Party in
1038:art museum, the New National Gallery for the
437:. Mies served as construction manager of the
3487:
2728:
2532:Ross, Stephen; Lindgreen, Allana C. (2015).
2140:
2138:
1384:1917 Urbig House – Residential home, Potsdam
513:. He had a brief romantic relationship with
263:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library
3418:Vitullo-Martin, Julia (December 22, 2007).
3198:. University of Chicago Press. p. 189.
2428:
1021:
893:
529:Transition from traditionalism to Modernism
505:for whom he designed an artist's studio in
3480:
3466:
3411:
2906:"National Register Properties in Maryland"
2881:"National Register Properties in Maryland"
2188:
1973:Mechanical Engineering Research Building I
1837:– Office & Residential Tower Complex,
1393:1922 Eichstaedt House – Residential home,
890:and also now owned by the National Trust.
820:
413:. He began his architectural career as an
38:
3236:"27 March: Remembering Mies van der Rohe"
3169:James Stevens Curl; Susan Wilson (2015).
2929:
2722:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2135:
844:
741:Some of Mies's designs found favour with
568:built in 1930 in Brno for Fritz Tugendhat
4046:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
4001:Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
3173:. Oxford University Press. p. 488.
2690:
2664:
2241:
2163:
2115:
1893:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library
1399:1922 Feldmann House – Residential home,
1316:
1303:
1274:Archival materials are also held by the
1196:
1146:
1087:
1025:
982:
941:
903:
876:National Trust for Historic Preservation
854:
824:
776:
753:He accepted a residential commission in
711:
560:
548:
532:
3981:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
3737:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library
3519:(1928–1929; reconstructed, 1986) (with
3211:Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography
2266:"Ludwieg Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969)"
1921:Minerals & Metals Research Building
1575:– Residential apartment towers, Chicago
1387:1922 Kempner House – Residential home,
1074:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library
1068:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library
1062:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library
829:Chicago Federal Center, built 1964–1974
3938:
3890:
3634:Cullinan Hall and the Brown Pavilion,
3074:oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu
2833:. Yale University Press. p. 201.
2735:. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 167–.
2627:
2614:
2085:
2083:
1792:United States Post Office Loop Station
1482:– Residential home and an art museum,
1421:1926 Mosler House – Residential home,
1405:1923 Ryder House – Residential home,
704:had after it was exhibited in Berlin.
3461:
3316:
3171:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture
3123:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65.
2586:. Taylor & Francis. p. 443.
2453:
2403:
2397:
2290:
2213:
1823:– Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
1375:1911 Perls House – Residential home,
1368:1908 Riehl House – Residential home,
1123:, a mixture of traditional luxurious
398:, Germany. He worked in his father's
327:
16:German-American architect (1886–1969)
3870:
3281:"Mies van der Rohe's 126th Birthday"
3233:
2691:Grossman, Ron (September 10, 2019).
2199:. Taylor & Francis. p. 15.
2174:. Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
2045:Metals Technology Building Extension
1959:Institute of Gas Technology Building
1852:– Modern Art Museum, Berlin, Germany
991:Mies designed two buildings for the
815:
497:; from 1940 until his death, artist
329:[ˈluːtvɪçˈmiːsfandeːɐ̯ˈʁoːə]
3566:Interior of Villa Tugendhat in Brno
3234:Desk, OV Digital (March 26, 2023).
3193:
2665:Dyckhoff, Tom (November 30, 2002).
2335:
2223:. Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg
2116:Dyckhoff, Tom (November 30, 2002).
2080:
2019:– Academic, College of Architecture
1192:
1078:District of Columbia Public Library
931:
914:860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments
900:860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments
719:at Illinois Institute of Technology
13:
4041:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
3561:
3552:
3020:"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe | Knoll"
2729:Trevor Homer (December 13, 2013).
2634:Hitler and the power of aesthetics
2353:Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly
2242:Haubrich, Rainer (July 18, 2001).
2058:International style (architecture)
1363:Early career in Europe (1907–1938)
966:
14:
4067:
4016:Modernist architects from Germany
3652:Pavilion and Colonnade Apartments
3441:
3148:. Birkhäuser Basel. p. 116.
2145:Frank N. Magill (March 5, 2014).
1752:– Residential Apartment Complex,
1692:Pavilion and Colonnade Apartments
1647:Commonwealth Promenade Apartments
1555:– Residential apartment complex,
394:Mies was born March 27, 1886, in
344:. He was commonly referred to as
143:
4056:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
3971:20th-century American architects
3919:
3909:
3899:
3889:
3879:
3869:
3701:Lafayette Towers Apartments West
3695:Lafayette Towers Apartments East
2522:, Retrieved on January 30, 2013.
2268:. designboom.com. Archived from
1627:Illinois Institute of Technology
1543:Illinois Institute of Technology
1312:
1284:Canadian Centre for Architecture
1119:His furniture is known for fine
886:by Philip Johnson, located near
759:Illinois Institute of Technology
727:'s New York apartment, in 1930.
649:such as the aesthetic credos of
493:that ended when he moved to the
468:
406:, where he joined the office of
365:Illinois Institute of Technology
282:
3325:
3310:
3298:
3273:
3227:
3202:
3187:
3162:
3137:
3112:
3098:. Congressional Quarterly Inc.
3087:
3062:
3037:
3012:
2991:
2970:
2949:
2930:Hallmen, Sierra; Bruder, Anne.
2923:
2898:
2873:
2847:
2822:
2801:
2775:
2749:
2707:
2684:
2658:
2600:
2575:
2550:
2525:
2499:
2481:
2454:Lubow, Arthur (April 6, 2008).
2447:
2422:
2367:
2344:
2329:
2307:
1702:Late career Worldwide (1961–69)
1449:Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde
1276:Ryerson & Burnham Libraries
1011:, just to the northeast of the
769:, which was completed in 1958.
708:Emigration to the United States
457:legally restricted to those of
389:
139:
4031:People from the Rhine Province
4011:International style architects
3986:20th-century German architects
2809:"Chicago Federal Center Plaza"
2340:. University of Chicago Press.
2291:Adams, Cecil (April 6, 1990).
2284:
2258:
2235:
2109:
1794:– General Post Office, Chicago
1750:2400 North Lakeview Apartments
1618:– Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
999:Two buildings in Baltimore, MD
1:
3976:Academic staff of the Bauhaus
3855:Portrait of Sir David Webster
3619:Lafayette Pavilion Apartments
3420:"The Biggest Mies Collection"
3144:Andrea Deplazes, ed. (2005).
2637:. Woodstock: Overlook Press.
2073:
1666:, Museum of Fine Art, Houston
1211:Presidential Medal of Freedom
637:, organizing the influential
187:Presidential Medal of Freedom
3966:19th-century Prussian people
3557:German Pavilion in Barcelona
3507:(1925–1926; destroyed, 1945)
3453:Mies van der Rohe Foundation
2582:Clare Cardinal-Pett (2015).
2431:Nelly van Doesburg 1899–1975
2355:. 53/54: 32. February 1960.
2244:"Die Moderne ist Geschichte"
2068:Mies van der Rohe Foundation
2006:1955 Bailey Hall – Dormitory
1209:In 1963, he was awarded the
1083:
993:Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
979:Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
439:Embassy of the German Empire
7:
3749:Kluczynski Federal Building
3689:Highfield House Condominium
3601:Lake Shore Drive Apartments
2149:. Routledge. p. 2520.
2051:
1786:Kluczynski Federal Building
1683:– Residential development,
1664:Caroline Wiess Law Building
1573:Lake Shore Drive Apartments
1563:Sheridan-Oakdale Apartments
1262:
1142:
1030:Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin
839:John C. Kluczynski Building
773:Career in the United States
10:
4072:
3996:German furniture designers
3527:Haus Lange and Haus Esters
3119:Christian Parreno (2021).
2936:Explore Baltimore Heritage
2857:. Mfah.org. Archived from
2561:. OUP Oxford. p. 17.
2536:. Routledge. p. 317.
2512:February 24, 2007, at the
2429:van Moorsel, Wies (2000).
2406:Philip Johnson & Texas
2315:"Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe"
1480:Haus Lange and Haus Esters
1289:
1065:
935:
897:
848:
745:, such as his designs for
679:could increasingly afford
601:Haus Lange and Haus Esters
18:
3865:
3830:
3809:
3758:
3661:
3573:
3550:
3495:
3448:Mies van der Rohe Society
3353:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2221:"German Embassy Building"
2195:Jean-Louis Cohen (1996).
2170:Jean-Louis Cohen (1996).
1606:Robert H. McCormick House
1553:The Promontory Apartments
1492:– World's Fair Pavilion,
1034:Mies's last work was the
334:Maria Ludwig Michael Mies
271:
200:
196:
161:
153:
123:
115:
108:United States (1944–1969)
98:
79:
51:Maria Ludwig Michael Mies
46:
37:
30:
3951:Functionalist architects
3946:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
3731:Nuns' Island gas station
3719:Richard King Mellon Hall
3683:Dirksen Federal Building
3613:900-910 North Lake Shore
3513:(four homes) (1927–1928)
3489:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
2557:Victoria Rosner (2020).
2404:Welch, Frank D. (2000).
1909:(completed posthumously)
1888:(completed posthumously)
1862:– Office Tower Complex,
1821:Richard King Mellon Hall
1780:Dirksen Federal Building
1637:900-910 North Lake Shore
1507:, Czechia, designated a
1438:– Monument dedicated to
1022:National Gallery, Berlin
894:860–880 Lake Shore Drive
689:Arts and Crafts movement
595:in 1926 in Guben (today
480:Art Institute of Chicago
278:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
228:860–880 Lake Shore Drive
32:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
19:Not to be confused with
4026:Architects from Chicago
3725:Toronto-Dominion Centre
3671:Bacardi Office Building
3094:Bruce Wetterau (1996).
2829:Matthew Lasner (2012).
2489:"Die "Mies-Memory-Box""
2011:I.I.T. Commons Building
1860:Toronto-Dominion Centre
1788:– Office Tower, Chicago
1782:– Office Tower, Chicago
1709:Bacardi Office Building
1694:– Residential complex,
1658:New York City, New York
1040:Berlin National Gallery
961:Four Seasons Restaurant
845:Edith Farnsworth House
821:Chicago Federal Complex
248:Toronto-Dominion Centre
4006:Architecture educators
3648:(co-authorship) (1959)
3567:
3558:
3333:"Algonquin Apartments"
1770:Chicago Federal Center
1760:Morris Greenwald House
1353:
1329:revolutionary leaders
1309:
1202:
1155:
1093:
1031:
988:
957:crime of ornamentation
947:
909:
865:Edith Farnsworth House
860:
851:Edith Farnsworth House
830:
785:
720:
569:
558:
546:
425:. He worked alongside
3583:Promontory Apartments
3565:
3556:
3319:Chicago Daily Tribune
2789:on September 24, 2015
2763:on September 24, 2015
2246:(in German). Die Welt
1320:
1307:
1231:Japanese architecture
1229:movement which fused
1200:
1150:
1131:combined with modern
1091:
1029:
986:
945:
907:
858:
828:
780:
715:
671:As households in the
626:, completed in 1930.
564:
552:
536:
511:Long Island, New York
384:God is in the details
3817:God is in the detail
3713:New National Gallery
3709:(Canada) (1964–1967)
3673:(Mexico) (1958–1961)
3595:Carr Memorial Chapel
2667:"Mies and the Nazis"
2456:"The Contextualizer"
2118:"Mies and the Nazis"
1980:Carr Memorial Chapel
1931:Alumni Memorial Hall
1850:Neue Nationalgalerie
1813:– Academic Building
1596:Arts Club of Chicago
1528:– Residential home,
1503:– Residential home,
1415:– Residential home,
1325:to the assassinated
1269:Museum of Modern Art
1056:Bloomington, Indiana
1036:Neue Nationalgalerie
681:household appliances
612:Barcelona exposition
243:New National Gallery
142: 1913;
3636:Museum of Fine Arts
3424:Wall Street Journal
2534:The Modernist World
2295:. The Straight Dope
1952:I.I.T. Boiler Plant
1882:One Illinois Center
1805:Baltimore, Maryland
1764:Weston, Connecticut
1744:Baltimore, Maryland
1732:– Office Building,
1711:– Office Building,
1673:– Office building,
1509:World Heritage Site
1222:architectural glass
1172:Ecole des Beaux-Art
1116:furniture company.
810:International Style
784:, Chicago, Illinois
350:modern architecture
129:Adele Auguste Bruhn
105:Germany (1886–1944)
4021:People from Aachen
3798:(1929–1930) (with
3788:(1929–1930) (with
3677:One Charles Center
3627:(1955–1958) (with
3615:(completion, 1956)
3568:
3559:
3535:(1928–1930) (with
3517:Barcelona Pavilion
3265:has generic name (
2861:on October 3, 2006
2505:Farnsworth House.
2460:The New York Times
2317:. Architectuul.com
2272:on August 10, 2001
2095:The New York Times
1994:Carman Hall at IIT
1843:Island of Montreal
1740:One Charles Center
1696:Newark, New Jersey
1610:Elmhurst, Illinois
1490:Barcelona Pavilion
1429:Revolutionsdenkmal
1354:
1337:, commissioned by
1310:
1250:Graceland Cemetery
1203:
1156:
1094:
1052:Indiana University
1032:
1005:One Charles Center
989:
973:Elmhurst, Illinois
951:external H-shaped
948:
910:
861:
831:
786:
721:
696:Frank Lloyd Wright
668:appealed to Mies.
570:
559:
554:Barcelona Pavilion
547:
515:Nelly van Doesburg
455:nobiliary particle
233:One Charles Center
208:Barcelona Pavilion
69:Kingdom of Prussia
3933:
3932:
3511:Weissenhof Estate
2742:978-1-62636-976-4
2695:. Chicago Tribune
2197:Mies Van Der Rohe
2172:Mies Van Der Rohe
2097:. August 17, 1969
1886:Chicago, Illinois
1815:Chicago, Illinois
1774:Chicago, Illinois
1772:– Civic Complex,
1762:– Vacation Home,
1754:Chicago, Illinois
1685:Detroit, Michigan
1641:Chicago, Illinois
1631:Chicago, Illinois
1600:Chicago, Illinois
1588:– Vacation home,
1580:Chicago, Illinois
1567:Chicago, Illinois
1557:Chicago, Illinois
1547:Chicago, Illinois
1511:by UNESCO in 2001
1470:Weissenhof Estate
1242:esophageal cancer
1187:Graham Foundation
816:Notable buildings
802:Herbert Greenwald
701:Wasmuth Portfolio
639:Weissenhof Estate
523:Theo van Doesburg
417:at the studio of
408:interior designer
342:interior designer
275:
274:
91:Chicago, Illinois
4063:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3766:Weissenhof chair
3715:(Germany) (1968)
3707:Westmount Square
3625:Seagram Building
3589:Farnsworth House
3482:
3475:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2910:mht.maryland.gov
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2885:mht.maryland.gov
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2785:. Archived from
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2759:. Archived from
2753:
2747:
2746:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2629:Spotts, Frederic
2625:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2529:
2523:
2519:Farnsworth House
2503:
2497:
2496:
2495:. July 29, 2006.
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2381:. Archived from
2375:"Mies' Children"
2371:
2365:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
1905:– Office Tower,
1884:– Office Tower,
1845:, Quebec, Canada
1835:Westmount Square
1830:, Des Moines, IA
1828:Drake University
1742:– Office Tower,
1734:Des Moines, Iowa
1723:Montreal, Quebec
1675:Des Moines, Iowa
1656:– Office tower,
1654:Seagram Building
1586:Farnsworth House
1437:
1193:Death and legacy
1164:Elizabeth Gordon
1153:Farnsworth House
1098:modern furniture
946:Seagram Building
938:Seagram Building
932:Seagram Building
837:, the high-rise
767:Seagram Building
519:Josep Lluís Sert
443:Saint Petersburg
340:, academic, and
331:
326:
320:
316:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
299:
295:
294:
291:
288:
258:Westmount Square
238:Seagram Building
218:Farnsworth House
175:Royal Gold Medal
147:
145:
141:
86:
60:
58:
42:
28:
27:
21:Ludwig von Mises
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4060:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3861:
3858:(1971 painting)
3826:
3805:
3796:Tugendhat chair
3776:Barcelona chair
3754:
3733:(Canada) (1969)
3663:
3657:
3575:
3569:
3560:
3548:
3533:Villa Tugendhat
3497:
3491:
3486:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3362:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3305:Mies In Krefeld
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3207:
3203:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
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2755:
2754:
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2743:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2626:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2530:
2526:
2514:Wayback Machine
2504:
2500:
2493:Deutschlandfunk
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2385:on May 28, 2013
2373:
2372:
2368:
2351:"In Memoriam".
2350:
2349:
2345:
2334:
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2320:
2318:
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2240:
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2207:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2063:Barcelona chair
2054:
2001:Cunningham Hall
1875:Filling station
1801:Highfield House
1590:Plano, Illinois
1501:Villa Tugendhat
1440:Karl Liebknecht
1431:
1359:
1356:
1331:Karl Liebknecht
1315:
1292:
1265:
1195:
1160:House Beautiful
1145:
1110:Tugendhat chair
1104:and table, the
1102:Barcelona chair
1086:
1070:
1064:
1048:
1024:
1016:Homewood campus
1009:Highfield House
1001:
981:
969:
967:McCormick House
940:
934:
902:
896:
853:
847:
823:
818:
791:S.R. Crown Hall
775:
710:
666:Gerrit Rietveld
616:Villa Tugendhat
608:German Pavilion
586:Friedrichstraße
566:Villa Tugendhat
531:
471:
459:German nobility
445:under Behrens.
392:
324:
318:
314:
300:
297:
285:
281:
267:
253:Tugendhat House
223:Highfield House
192:
149:
146: 1918)
137:
133:
130:
111:
94:
88:
84:
83:August 17, 1969
75:
62:
56:
54:
53:
52:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4069:
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4018:
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3998:
3993:
3988:
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3958:
3953:
3948:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3850:(collaborator)
3845:
3843:Walter Gropius
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3813:
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3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3646:Lafayette Park
3643:
3632:
3629:Philip Johnson
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3571:
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3524:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3442:External links
3440:
3437:
3436:
3410:
3360:
3324:
3309:
3297:
3285:www.google.com
3272:
3240:Observer Voice
3226:
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2027:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1945:Perlstein Hall
1941:
1934:
1927:
1924:
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1911:
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1681:Lafayette Park
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1444:Rosa Luxemburg
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1389:Charlottenburg
1385:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1335:Rosa Luxemburg
1314:
1311:
1291:
1288:
1264:
1261:
1259:by the 1980s.
1257:Post Modernism
1215:Robert Venturi
1194:
1191:
1144:
1141:
1085:
1082:
1072:Mies designed
1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
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1020:
1000:
997:
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977:
968:
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936:Main article:
933:
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898:Main article:
895:
892:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
822:
819:
817:
814:
806:Chicago School
774:
771:
725:Philip Johnson
709:
706:
654:Constructivism
624:Czechoslovakia
530:
527:
484:out of wedlock
470:
467:
431:Walter Gropius
423:German culture
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169:Pour le Mérite
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89:
87:(aged 83)
81:
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76:
63:
61:March 27, 1886
50:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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3808:
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3797:
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3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:(1929) (with
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:(1927) (with
3767:
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3599:
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3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:United States
3572:
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3328:
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3306:
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3286:
3282:
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3268:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3220:9780226756004
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3180:9780199674985
3176:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3155:9783764371906
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3130:9781350148147
3126:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3055:9780806166391
3051:
3047:
3040:
3029:September 15,
3025:
3024:www.knoll.com
3021:
3015:
3000:
2994:
2979:
2973:
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2840:9780300269345
2836:
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2788:
2784:
2778:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2710:
2699:September 22,
2694:
2687:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2646:
2644:9781590201787
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2595:
2593:9781317431251
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2568:9780192583819
2564:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2543:9780415473781
2539:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2462:. p. 4.
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2440:9789061689669
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2206:9780419203308
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2181:9780419203308
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2156:9781317740605
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2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:Wishnick Hall
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
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1900:
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1616:Cullinan Hall
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1380:
1378:
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1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:Wilhelm Pieck
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1313:List of works
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Google Doodle
1287:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1260:
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1207:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1183:
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1177:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:craftsmanship
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:Johns Hopkins
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
985:
976:
974:
964:
962:
958:
954:
944:
939:
929:
927:
923:
917:
915:
906:
901:
891:
889:
888:New York City
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
866:
857:
852:
842:
840:
836:
827:
813:
811:
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524:
520:
516:
512:
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495:United States
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
469:Personal life
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Peter Behrens
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
400:stone carving
397:
387:
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381:
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82:
78:
74:
73:German Empire
70:
66:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3853:
3822:Less is more
3821:
3642:(1958; 1974)
3496:Berlin years
3488:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:
3413:
3337:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3312:
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3229:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3170:
3164:
3145:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3095:
3089:
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380:less is more
372:modern times
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3961:1969 deaths
3956:1886 births
3925:Wikiversity
3848:Lilly Reich
3800:Lilly Reich
3790:Lilly Reich
3780:Lilly Reich
3770:Lilly Reich
3751:(1960–1974)
3727:(1964–1969)
3685:(1960–1964)
3664:(1960–1969)
3654:(1958–1960)
3621:(1955–1958)
3609:(1950–1956)
3603:(1949–1951)
3597:(1949–1952)
3591:(1945–1951)
3576:(1939–1959)
3543:Lemke House
3537:Lilly Reich
3529:(1928–1930)
3521:Lilly Reich
3498:(1907–1938)
3263:|last=
2389:October 22,
2033:– Classroom
2031:Siegel Hall
2003:– Dormitory
1996:– Dormitory
1982:– Religious
1947:– Classroom
1940:– Classroom
1933:– Classroom
1713:Mexico City
1526:Lemke House
1432: [
1401:Wilmersdorf
1235:Zen gardens
1137:cantilevers
884:Glass House
691:in Europe.
677:upper class
574:World War I
557:architects.
491:Lilly Reich
463:upper-class
376:plate glass
99:Citizenship
3940:Categories
3905:Wiktionary
3786:Brno chair
3607:Crown Hall
3505:Villa Wolf
3105:1568021283
2983:August 31,
2962:August 31,
2415:0292791348
2227:August 11,
2074:References
2047:– Research
2040:– Research
2026:– Research
2017:Crown Hall
1989:– Research
1975:– Research
1961:– Research
1954:– Academic
1923:– Research
1858:1967–1969
1778:1960–1964
1623:Crown Hall
1530:Weissensee
1423:Babelsberg
1413:Villa Wolf
1377:Zehlendorf
1327:Spartacist
1227:minimalism
1213:. In 1966
1108:, and the
1106:Brno chair
1054:campus in
926:high rises
717:Crown Hall
685:Adolf Loos
593:Villa Wolf
539:Villa Wolf
507:Huntington
415:apprentice
411:Bruno Paul
296: ...
213:Crown Hall
116:Occupation
57:1886-03-27
3915:Wikibooks
3895:Wikiquote
3759:Furniture
3743:IBM Plaza
3662:Worldwide
3429:March 10,
3290:March 26,
3245:March 26,
3194:Schulze.
3004:March 10,
2865:March 27,
2507:"History"
2473:March 10,
2468:0362-4331
2336:Schulze.
2299:March 10,
2276:March 22,
1903:IBM Plaza
1839:Westmount
1494:Barcelona
1474:Stuttgart
1407:Wiesbaden
1372:, Germany
1176:prototype
1084:Furniture
922:colonnade
782:IBM Plaza
603:in 1928.
537:Patio of
499:Lora Marx
338:architect
201:Buildings
119:Architect
3885:Wikinews
3349:cite web
3339:July 20,
3255:cite web
2814:July 14,
2793:July 14,
2767:July 14,
2676:June 30,
2631:(2009).
2510:Archived
2321:April 7,
2250:July 24,
2127:June 20,
2101:July 21,
2052:See also
1870:, Canada
1725:, Canada
1323:memorial
1263:Archives
1143:Educator
953:mullions
763:commerce
747:autobahn
662:De Stijl
643:Der Ring
635:Werkbund
610:for the
453:" was a
154:Children
3875:Commons
3838:Bauhaus
3831:Related
3640:Houston
2361:4120547
1907:Chicago
1868:Ontario
1864:Toronto
1520:Germany
1516:Krefeld
1496:, Spain
1484:Krefeld
1464:Germany
1395:Wannsee
1370:Potsdam
1343:Germany
1290:Tribute
1246:Chicago
1162:editor
1129:leather
1125:fabrics
755:Wyoming
736:Gestapo
651:Russian
476:Georgia
465:homes.
435:Bauhaus
382:" and "
367:(IIT).
357:Bauhaus
332:; born
325:German:
298:
148:
136:
132:
3810:Quotes
3745:(1973)
3739:(1972)
3721:(1968)
3703:(1963)
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3679:(1962)
3585:(1949)
3545:(1933)
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1460:Berlin
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1133:chrome
880:museum
572:After
404:Berlin
396:Aachen
361:Nazism
189:(1963)
183:(1960)
177:(1959)
171:(1959)
162:Awards
124:Spouse
93:, U.S.
65:Aachen
2357:JSTOR
2043:1958
2036:1953
2029:1957
2022:1957
2015:1956
2009:1955
1999:1955
1992:1953
1985:1953
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1964:1950
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1436:]
1427:1926
1417:Guben
1411:1925
1351:Nazis
1233:with
1127:like
1114:Knoll
732:Nazis
659:Dutch
597:Gubin
317:-...-
315:MEESS
138:(
134:
3431:2023
3355:link
3341:2008
3292:2023
3267:help
3247:2023
3215:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3150:ISBN
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3100:ISBN
3081:2022
3050:ISBN
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3006:2023
2985:2021
2964:2021
2943:2018
2917:2018
2892:2018
2867:2012
2835:ISBN
2816:2015
2795:2015
2769:2015
2737:ISBN
2701:2019
2678:2023
2652:2024
2639:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2475:2023
2464:ISSN
2435:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2391:2012
2323:2020
2301:2023
2278:2011
2252:2018
2229:2008
2201:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2151:ISBN
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2103:2007
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1442:and
1333:and
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