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622:. The Canadian Party was formed by aristocrats, French or English. The Catholic Church did not openly advocate for any political party but tended to support the English party. With the power in the hand of the population, the French-Canadian business class needed support from the population more than from the British business class. Since the population was mostly French-Canadian, those elected to the House of Assembly tended to be French-speaking and to support the French-Canadian business class. The House of Assembly gave an illusion of power to French-Canadians, but the Executive and Legislative Councils advised the governor, who could veto any legislation. Both councils were made of people chosen by the English party. The appointed legislative council was dominated by a small group of businessmen known as the
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696:, outlining its grievances against the legislative council. The goal was to group all together, in a single document, the people's grievances. It was addressed to the British government to tell it the problems of the colony. The Patriotes were supported by an overwhelming majority of Lower Canada's population of all origins. There were popular gatherings all around the colony to sign a petition that was sent to London to show that the document was popular. In 1834, the Parti patriote swept the election by gaining more than three quarters of the popular vote.
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government. Dalhousie and
Papineau were soon at odds over the issue of uniting the Canadas. Dalhousie forced an election in 1827, rather than accept Papineau as assembly speaker. Dalhousie mistakenly hoped that the elected members would change and then decided to prorogue the parliament. The population reacted by sending a petition signed by 87,000 people to London against Dalhousie. Reformers in England had Dalhousie reassigned to India, but the legislative council and the assembly were still unable to reach a compromise.
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996:"For the most part, in the writing of Canadian history in English, the Lower Canada Rebellion was more or less swept under the rug — as an unfortunate incident, perhaps, in the struggle for responsible government. It was a lot more than that. I don't think one can even begin to understand French Canada until the size and scope of its wounds in those troubles is realized...Some of the effects of that rebellion are still stamped on our national character and still eating at us."
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645:, governor from 1807 to 1812, encountered multiple crises. He called elections three times in 16 months because he was not satisfied with the people elected even though they kept being re-elected. Craig thought that the Canadian Party and its supporters wanted a French-Canadian republic, and feared that if the United States invaded Lower Canada, the Canadian Party would collaborate. In 1810, Craig imprisoned journalists working for the
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French-Canadian members to the
Legislative Assembly. In September and October 1837, a group of more radical Patriotes tried to intimidate the colonial government by going out into the street and rioting near the homes of certain loyalists. At the end of October, the largest of the Patriotes' gatherings took place in Saint-Charles, led by
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majority and working-class
English-speaking citizens. The rebellion opposed the colonial government's appointed upper house of the legislature. Many of those appointed were English-speaking. French speakers felt that English-speakers were disproportionately represented in the lucrative fields of banking, timber, and transportation.
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to vote some subsidies to the administration during the assembly because the assembly members from the City of Quebec decided to go against
Papineau. The period of calm did not last long because a month later, Papineau found Gosford's secret instructions, which said that the British never planned on accepting the resolutions.
784:, the Patriotes were divided between supporters of Papineau and supporters of Nelson. On the other side, the supporters of the Russell Resolutions called a Constitutional Association led by Peter McGill and John Molson, and held gatherings around the province calling for government troops to return order to the colony.
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government forces were expecting strong resistance and so had brought 2,000 men. Most
Patriote leaders were killed or fled during the battle. The Battle of Saint-Eustache was a significant defeat. The defeat of the rebellions can be explained by the fact that the Patriotes were not quite ready to fight.
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in
Montreal was overfull. In July, Durham emptied it. When hostilities resumed in 1838, the prison filled with even more prisoners. Martial law was declared. This allowed the government to imprison people without reason. Ninety-nine prisoners from the second rebellion were sentenced to death. Twelve
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began fighting with them and violence and vandalism broke out everywhere in the city of
Montreal. Arrest warrants were issued for those responsible for the leaders of the Assemblée des Six-Comtés. The first armed conflict occurred in 1837 when the 26 members of the Patriotes who had been charged with
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In 1837, the
Russell resolutions rejected all of the Patriotes' resolutions and gave the right to the governor to take subsidies without voting in the assembly. It also said that the legislative council would continue to be chosen by the Crown. The Russell Resolutions were adopted in Westminster by a
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in
Montreal. At the Battle of Saint-Charles, the Patriotes were defeated. General Brown was confident but was not a capable commander. There was no discipline in the camp. Different people offered him men, but he turned down all the offers. Once the battle started, Brown escaped the fight. After the
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After hearing about the 99 grievances submitted by Robert
Gourlay, Papineau wrote the "Ninety-two Resolutions" while he was secretly co-ordinating with Upper Canada. After protestors were shot in Montreal in 1832, Papineau had to submit the list of "resolutions" to the governor himself. The document
780:. In his last speech before the armed conflict, Papineau said that it was not yet time to fight. He thought that political actions could still avoid fighting. Wolfred Nelson made a speech immediately afterwards, saying that he disagreed with Papineau and thought that it was time to fight. After the
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When London received the resolutions, they asked Governor Lord Gosford to analyze it. At first, he was trying to attract the Patriotes away from Papineau and his influence. However, the same governor created a loyal militia made of volunteers to fight the Patriotes. In 1836, the government was able
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stationed in Lower Canada, and knew that the leaders of the Patriote movement were in the United States, so the government maintained contact with spies in the United States, and the American government kept their British counterparts informed of rebel activity. In February 1838, rebel leaders who
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On November 16, Constable Malo was sent to arrest three Patriotes. He transported them from Saint-Jean, accompanied by 15 people. The prisoners were liberated in Longueuil, where 150 Patriotes were waiting for them. The victory significantly improved the morale of the Patriotes, who knew that this
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Governor Gosford tried to forbid those gatherings but they were attended even by those loyal to him. At the end of the summer, many of Gosford's local representatives quit, in a show of support for the Patriotes. Gosford hired loyal people and tried to gain the Patriotes' trust by appointing seven
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From 1828 to 1832, there was a brief calm, and the assembly was able to pass several important laws. In 1832, the Patriote newspapers published controversial articles about the Legislative Council, and both heads of the newspapers got arrested. That created a huge tension in the population against
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safe, but knew there was no hope. The main leaders, including Papineau, O'Callaghan, and Nelson, left for the United States. The last battle of the rebellions was the Battle of Saint-Eustache. When the battle came, on December 14, 1837, there were between 500 and 600 people ready to fight. The
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rejected all of Papineau's requests. After the Russell Resolutions were announced, the Patriotes used their newspapers to organize popular gatherings to inform people about their positions. They encouraged people to boycott British produce and illegally import goods from the United States. The
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At the same time, some among the English-speaking business elite advocated a union of Upper and Lower Canada to ensure competitiveness with the increasingly-large and powerful economy of the United States, while some rebels were inspired by the success of the American War of Independence. The
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In the early 19th century the economy of Lower Canada changed drastically. Logging became more important than agriculture and the fur trade, which worried those who worked in the fields. Activists in Lower Canada began to work for reform of the economic disfranchisement of the French-speaking
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In 1811, James Stuart became leader of the Parti canadien in the assembly and in 1815, reformer Louis-Joseph Papineau was elected as speaker. The elected assembly had little power since its decisions could be vetoed by either the legislative council and the governor, appointed by the British
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on November 23, 1837. He had 800 people ready to fight, half of them equipped with firearms. With confidence among the Patriote supporters wavering, Nelson threatened them to make sure that they would not leave. Papineau was not there during the fight, which surprised many people.
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culture. For Durham, the fact that there were two groups (English and French) created a hostile environment. He thought that the way to solve to problems in Lower Canada was to assimilate the French-Canadians. He also recommended accepting the rebels' grievances by granting
707:, had quit the party in 1830 and joined the Constitutional Association four years later. Papineau's anticlerical position alienated reformers in the Catholic Church, and his support for secular, rather than religious, schools resulted in opposition by the powerful Bishop,
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Entre la Langue et L'Océan — a feature length film and a critical reading of the events of the Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 and the true story of the banishment of a political prisoner of the Lower Canada Rebellion to the Australian penal colony
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gatherings took place all over Lower Canada, and thousands participated. Papineau attended most gatherings in the summer of 1837, to ensure that people would pressure the government only by political measures, such as the boycott of British produce.
618:, Lower Canada could elect a House of Assembly, which led to the rise of two parties: the English Party and the Canadian Party. The English Party was mostly composed of the English merchants and bourgeoisie and had the support of bureaucrats and the
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launched an armed rebellion in December 1837. After the insurrection, the government prepared for another armed conflict. It reorganized the whole organization, mostly in the urban areas like Montréal and Quebec. The government had 5,000
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were defeated in 30 minutes. Shortly afterward, Robert Nelson and other members came from Napierville to take control of the same area. However, volunteers were already waiting and had help from the Loyal Rangers of
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Most Patriotes left the camps when they heard government forces approaching, and the latter were ultimately barely involved in the second uprising of the Patriotes. The British government subsequently dispatched
665:, favoured unification. In Lower Canada, the growing sense of nationalism among English- and the French-speaking citizens was organized into the Parti canadien, which, after 1826, was called the parti patriote.
966:. The Canadiens had a narrow majority in the new province, but with continued emigration of English-speakers to Canada West, that dominance was short lived. Eight years after the Union, the coalition between
808:. Arrest warrants against Papineau and other assembly members were issued. They left Montréal and hid in the countryside. Papineau escaped to the United States, and other rebels organized in the countryside.
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During the War of 1812 many rumours circulated in the colony of a possible invasion. The French-Canadians depended on the protection of Britain, which created a certain unity in the colony during wartime.
862:, crossed the Canada–U.S. border in an attempt to invade Lower Canada and Upper Canada, overthrow the colonial government, and establish two independent republics. A second revolt began with the
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event meant that government troops would soon intervene. However, the Patriotes were not quite ready to fight regular soldiers. Led by Wolfred Nelson, they defeated a government force at the
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to invade Lower Canada from the United States. The secret group also had members in Lower Canada itself, who would assist in the invasion. The goal was an independent state of Lower Canada.
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874:. They had many participants but not enough weapons. They planned to take control of the road between the United States and Napierville, but were intercepted by volunteers. The
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711:, who called on all Catholics to reject the reform movement and to support the authorities, forcing many to choose between their religion and their political convictions.
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had escaped across the border into the United States raided Lower Canada. During the summer of 1838, the Patriotes in the United States formed a secret society, called
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951:. The government feared that the populace would sympathize with the prisoners. So, 141 prisoners from Lower and Upper Canada were instead sent to work camps in
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The Lower Canada Rebellion, along with the Upper Canadian Rebellion, is often seen as an example of what might have occurred in the United States if the
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that was presented to the House of Assembly on January 7, 1834, and had 92 demands to the British government. By 1834, the assembly had passed the
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The rebellion had been preceded by nearly three decades of efforts at political reform in Lower Canada, led from the early 1800s by
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A Deep Sense of Wrong: The Treason Trials, and Transportation to New South Wales of Lower Canadian Rebels after the 1838 Rebellion
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Andrew Bonthius | The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism With a Gun? | Labour/Le Travail, 52 | The History Cooperative
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Papineau continued to push for reform. He petitioned the British government, but in March 1837 the administration of
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had failed. In Quebec, the rebellion, as well as the parliamentary and popular struggle, is now commemorated as the
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955:. In 1844, they were allowed to return. Although they had to pay for their fare home, most had returned by 1845.
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and sought accountability from the elected general assembly and the appointed governor of the colony. After the
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653:, the leader of the Canadian Party and editor of the newspaper. That created a leadership crisis in the party.
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1444:"The almost-forgotten rebellion: When Quebec exploded". Calgary Herald magazine. 7 January 1972. p. 58.
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achieved elected responsible government in the Province of Canada. The instability of this new regime (see
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on December 14, burning a rebel outpost after their second victory. On December 5, the government declared
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1522:"Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada,"
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were ultimately defeated. Then, three secondary camps were scattered very easily by armed volunteers.
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List of the 108 Lower Canadians prosecuted before the general court-martial of Montreal in 1838–39
1143:: some French Canadians who took part in the rebellions were expelled to this region of Australia.
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After the military defeat of the Patriotes, Lower Canada was merged with Upper Canada under the
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Dunning, Tom. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,"
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However, the reformers in Lower Canada were divided over several issues. A moderate reformer,
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The Revolt of French Canada, 1800–1835. A Chapter in the History of the British Commonwealth
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The Transition to Responsible Government: British Policy in British North America, 1815–1850
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had camps around Lower Canada, in which they were arming themselves. Their main camp was in
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illegal activities chose to resist their arrest by the authorities under the direction of
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Lower Canada at the turn of the nineteenth century : restructuring and modernization
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553:) in French, is the name given to the armed conflict in 1837–38 between rebels and the
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1837–38 populist uprising against the government of Lower Canada (present-day Quebec)
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Papineau organized protests and assemblies and eventually approved formation of the
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Rebellion in Canada, 1837–1885: Autocracy, Rebellion and Liberty (Volume 1) (2012)
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Two major armed conflicts occurred when groups of Lower Canadian Patriotes, led by
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Unequal Union: Confederation and the Roots of Conflict in the Canadas, 1815–1873
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Rebellion in Canada, 1837–1885, Volume 2: The Irish, the Fenians and the Metis
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submitted his "Ninety-two Resolutions" after protesters were shot in Montreal.
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982:. 1867 brought another major constitutional change and the formation of the
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Welcome Niall O'Donnell, Immigrant (A Chronicle of Lower Canada: Book One)
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in a crowd during a Montreal by-election in 1832 and nobody was arrested.
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The Relations of the United States to the Canadian Rebellion of 1837–1838
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Canadian state trials – Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839
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The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada
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30:"Patriots' War" redirects here. For the rebellion in Upper Canada, see
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When news of the arrest of the Patriote leaders reached Upper Canada,
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Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press,
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The "Patriotes" of '37: A Chronicle of the Lower Canadian Rebellion
1235:. Translated by Patricia Claxton. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
1016:. Since the late 20th century, the day has become a symbol for the
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1675:, selection of French documents translated into English for the
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in November 1838, which was also suppressed by the British. The
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Redcoats and Patriotes: The Rebellions in Lower Canada, 1837–38
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Government troops soon beat back the rebels, defeating them at
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The Canadian Crisis and the British Colonial Policy, 1828–1849
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Government forces engage Patriote rebels during the rebellion.
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were hanged; the last hanging is dramatized in the 2001 film
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Lower Canada, 1791–1840 : social change and nationalism
1459:
Bibliography of the 1837–1838 insurrections in Lower Canada
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was created from the former Lower Canada and Upper Canada.
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Greenwood, F. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002)
1584:, Salisbury (Wiltshire): Michael Russel Publishing, 211 p.
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British Supremacy and Canadian Self-Government, 1839–1854
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A Particular Duty: The Canadian Rebellions 1837–1839
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83:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1547:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 385 p. (
1147:Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38
992:, author of a book on the rebellion, once said:
932:The green, white, and red tricolour used by the
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1525:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
1404:The Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 in Lower Canada
883:. This time, the battle lasted longer, but the
1611:, Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 426 p.
833:Battle of Saint-Charles, Nelson tried to keep
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799:were holding a meeting in Montreal, when the
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1517:, Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co., 140 p.
1264:Paquet, Gilles; Wallot, Jean-Pierre (1988).
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684:the British government, especially when the
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373:1,380 regulars, rising to 10,000 by mid-1838
1639:Rebellion: the Rising in French Canada 1837
1406:. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association.
1273:. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association.
1047:François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier
895:to investigate the cause of the rebellion.
731:approved the formation of the paramilitary
38:. For the Patriot War of East Florida, see
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2277:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)
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1500:, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 358 p.
1361:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1566:, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 218 p. (
1434:Joseph Schull, Rebellion, Macmillan, 1972
1384:. University of Toronto/Université Laval.
1375:
978:) eventually led to the formation of the
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
1673:The Patriotes Rebellion Quebec 1837–1839
1619:The Rise and Fall of the Patriot Hunters
976:Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada
927:
786:
722:
667:
2749:
1682:Les rébellions des Patriotes de 1837–38
1621:, Toronto: Burns and Maceachern, 150 p.
1601:, Toronto : Progress Books, 477 p.
1401:
1328:
14:
4554:
3173:
3336:
2979:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
2194:
1725:
1699:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1020:and, to a lesser extent, a symbol of
440:
3614:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
2063:Northwest Territories capital cities
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1210:
907:) to assimilate the French-speaking
758:. It lasted for two days and formed
81:adding citations to reliable sources
52:
3252:Topics by provinces and territories
1645:
590:As a result of the rebellions, the
24:
1468:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 367 p. (
1452:
1022:Canada's small republican movement
940:After the first insurrection, the
194:6 November 1837 — 10 November 1838
25:
4593:
3363:Colonial conflicts involving the
1666:
1388:
1295:
1207:
3315:
3314:
3302:
2172:
2160:
2159:
1496:Buckner, Philip Alfred. (1985).
1382:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1204:, Chantecler Press, Ottawa, 1992
1105:
1091:
1008:(National Patriots' Day) on the
663:George Ramsey, Earl of Dalhousie
274:
254:
173:
57:
3439:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2337:Former colonies and territories
1842:Former colonies and territories
1587:Tiffany, Orrin Edward. (1980).
1006:Journée nationale des Patriotes
903:be united into one colony (the
760:La Confédération des Six-Comtés
543:), commonly referred to as the
68:needs additional citations for
3542:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
2272:Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
1562:Senior, Elionor Kyte. (1985).
1437:
1428:
1369:
1257:
1194:
1176:
771:Société des Fils de la Liberté
734:Société des Fils de la Liberté
569:in the neighbouring colony of
13:
1:
3939:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
3783:Castle Hill convict rebellion
1631:, Toronto: S. B.Gundy, 369 p.
1591:, Toronto: Coles Pub., 147 p.
1169:
719:Organizing for armed conflict
1817:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1641:, Toronto: Macmillan, 226 p.
1507:, Toronto: MacMillan, 118 p.
1331:Brève histoire des patriotes
1018:Quebec independence movement
923:
739:Assembly of the Six Counties
661:British-appointed governor,
7:
4572:Political history of Canada
2317:Crown and Indigenous people
1464:Boissery, Beverly. (1995).
1402:Bernard, Jean-Paul (1996).
1141:Canada Bay, New South Wales
1084:
351:Ferdinand-Alphonse Oklowski
10:
4598:
4456:Jewish revolt in Palestine
4101:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
3746:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
3638:American Revolutionary War
3207:Provincial and territorial
3130:Inventions and discoveries
2267:British Canada (1763–1867)
2220:
1503:Burroughs, Peter. (1972).
1456:
1376:Galarneau, France (1987).
1231:Ouellet, Fernand. (1980).
1131:Timeline of Quebec history
1027:
1010:Canadian statutory holiday
1002:American Revolutionary War
968:Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine
597:
391:25,000 sympathizer militia
44:
29:
4290:
4227:Jameson Raid South Africa
3761:
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2433:Newfoundland and Labrador
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2154:
2123:
2003:
1953:Newfoundland and Labrador
1916:
1792:
1733:
1677:Marxists Internet Archive
1059:Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan
649:newspaper, in particular
478:
422:1,600 wounded or captured
398:
364:
312:George Augustus Wetherall
286:
244:
186:
172:
164:
159:
4438:Arab revolt in Palestine
4035:Second Anglo-Burmese War
3777:Second Anglo-Maratha War
3668:Australian frontier wars
1595:Ryerson, Stanley Bréhaut
1537:(2009) 101#2 pp 129–141.
1329:Laporte, Gilles (2015).
782:Assemblée des Six-Comtés
777:assemblée des six-comtés
626:, the equivalent of the
620:old seigneurial families
428:58 deported to Australia
181:Battle of Saint-Eustache
92:"Lower Canada Rebellion"
4432:Second Mohmand campaign
4167:Third Anglo-Burmese War
4131:Second Anglo-Afghan War
3933:First Anglo-Burmese War
3909:Third Anglo-Maratha War
3740:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
3650:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3644:First Anglo-Maratha War
2367:Persons of significance
2362:National Historic Sites
1806:Persons of significance
1511:Decelles, Alfred Duclos
1052:Amury Girod (1800–1837)
651:Pierre-Stanislas Bédard
616:Constitutional Act 1791
550:Rébellion des patriotes
541:rébellion du Bas-Canada
425:29 executed for treason
376:33,000 Canadian militia
167:Rebellions of 1837–1838
160:Lower Canada Rebellions
47:Rebellions of 1837–1838
4562:Lower Canada Rebellion
4372:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4257:First Mohmand campaign
3981:First Anglo-Afghan War
3680:Third Anglo-Mysore War
2262:New France (1534–1763)
1837:Events of significance
1126:Upper Canada Rebellion
998:
984:Canadian Confederation
942:Pied-du-Courant Prison
937:
936:between 1832 and 1838.
918:responsible government
843:William Lyon Mackenzie
824:on November 25 and at
797:Les Fils de la Liberté
792:
742:
694:Ninety-two Resolutions
686:army shot three people
676:
583:
567:simultaneous rebellion
549:
540:
533:Lower Canada Rebellion
470:Lower Canada Rebellion
287:Commanders and leaders
231:Upper and Lower Canada
32:Upper Canada Rebellion
4029:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3686:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
3572:French and Indian War
2474:Northwest Territories
2377:Territorial evolution
1958:Northwest Territories
1903:Territorial evolution
1457:Further information:
1077:Louis-Joseph Papineau
1055:James Ard (1802–1840)
994:
931:
864:Battle of Beauharnois
814:Battle of Saint-Denis
795:On November 6, 1837,
790:
726:
709:Jean-Jacques Lartigue
673:Louis-Joseph Papineau
671:
608:Louis-Joseph Papineau
584:rébellions de 1837–38
579:Rebellions of 1837–38
565:). Together with the
399:Casualties and losses
356:Louis-Joseph Papineau
40:Florida Seminole Wars
4582:1838 in Lower Canada
4577:1837 in Lower Canada
4191:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
3999:First Anglo-Sikh War
3975:Egyptian–Ottoman War
2448:Prince Edward Island
1978:Prince Edward Island
1615:Kinchen, Oscar Arvle
1491:excerpt for volume 2
1041:Jean-Olivier Chénier
1035:Thomas Storrow Brown
328:Jean-Olivier Chénier
323:Thomas Storrow Brown
219:Rebellion suppressed
77:improve this article
18:Loyal (Lower Canada)
4567:Conflicts in Canada
4444:Waziristan campaign
4378:Waziristan campaign
4071:Revolt of Rajab Ali
3548:War of Jenkins' Ear
2803:Firearms regulation
1893:Population history
1864:Chinese immigration
1605:Manning, Helen Taft
1333:. Québec (Québec).
1200:Morgan, Jan Henry,
920:to the new colony.
545:Patriots' Rebellion
4318:Bambatha Rebellion
4233:Anglo-Zanzibar War
4221:Chitral Expedition
4155:Anglo-Egyptian War
3927:Anglo-Ashanti wars
3632:Lord Dunmore's War
3590:Anglo-Cherokee War
3499:King William's War
2984:Population centres
1625:Morison, John Lyle
1520:Ducharme, Michel.
1188:2008-10-11 at the
1136:Politics of Quebec
964:British Parliament
938:
905:Province of Canada
897:His report in 1839
793:
743:
741:, in October 1837.
677:
592:Province of Canada
235:Province of Canada
4549:
4548:
4480:Malayan Emergency
4390:Malabar rebellion
4251:Siege of Malakand
4197:Anglo-Manipur War
4053:Anglo-Persian War
3602:Anglo-Spanish War
3554:King George's War
3475:King Philip's War
3451:Anglo-Spanish War
3330:
3329:
3309:Canada portal
3230:
3229:
2997:
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2766:Political parties
2734:Foreign relations
2649:
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2536:Canadian Prairies
2526:Pacific Northwest
2492:
2491:
2390:
2389:
2347:Foreign relations
2188:
2187:
2179:Canada portal
1749:18000 BCE–1500 CE
1727:History of Canada
1530:(2):413–430. 2006
1340:978-2-89448-817-1
1153:February 15, 1839
1121:History of Canada
948:February 15, 1839
899:recommended that
853:Frères chasseurs,
729:Patriote movement
643:James Henry Craig
610:, who formed the
577:), it formed the
526:
525:
435:
434:
407:20–68 combat dead
240:
239:
153:
152:
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127:
16:(Redirected from
4589:
4498:Cyprus Emergency
4324:Maritz rebellion
4312:Tibet expedition
4245:Benin Expedition
4065:Indian Rebellion
4059:Second Opium War
4041:Eureka Rebellion
4017:British Honduras
3993:New Zealand Wars
3578:Seven Years' War
3524:Queen Anne's War
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2906:Science and tech
2793:Multiculturalism
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2729:Local government
2694:House of Commons
2678:Governor General
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2418:British Columbia
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2257:Pre-colonization
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2114:Name etymologies
1994:Name etymologies
1933:British Columbia
1848:Heritage Minutes
1720:
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1697:
1696:
1686:
1646:Primary services
1483:excerpt volume 1
1479:Brown, Richard.
1446:
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1378:"Tracey, Daniel"
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913:English Canadian
885:Frères Chasseurs
876:Frères Chasseurs
868:Frères Chasseurs
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4486:Kenya Emergency
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4281:Second Boer War
4275:Boxer Rebellion
4203:Pahang Uprising
4083:Ambela campaign
4005:Río de la Plata
3987:First Opium War
3969:Aden Expedition
3801:Río de la Plata
3763:
3757:
3728:Irish Rebellion
3620:First Carib War
3516:
3510:
3433:Confederate War
3427:Irish Rebellion
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3371:
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3072:Social programs
3038:Law enforcement
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2745:
2645:
2585:
2572:Atlantic Canada
2550:Canadian Shield
2545:Northern Canada
2512:
2511:
2488:
2462:
2398:and territories
2397:
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2296:
2243:
2224:
2219:
2189:
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2173:
2171:
2150:
2119:
1999:
1920:and territories
1919:
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1535:Ontario History
1461:
1455:
1453:Further reading
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1190:Wayback Machine
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980:Great Coalition
926:
727:Leaders of the
721:
715:huge majority.
600:
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3273:Historiography
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51:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4384:Iraqi Revolt
4239:Matabeleland
4215:North Borneo
4209:Matabeleland
4161:Saskatchewan
3963:Upper Canada
3957:Lower Canada
3956:
3915:Persian Gulf
3831:Persian Gulf
3771:Newfoundland
3752:Polygar Wars
3722:Kandyan Wars
3674:Nootka Sound
3319:
3300:
3268:Bibliography
3190:Coat of arms
3174:
3095:Architecture
3065:Homelessness
2916:Demographics
2835:Floriculture
2771:Human rights
2750:
2739:Peacekeeping
2668:Constitution
2590:
2531:Great Plains
2506:
2458:Saskatchewan
2301:
2245:
2238:
2170:
2158:
2131:Bibliography
1983:Saskatchewan
1881:Peacekeeping
1846:
1784:1982–present
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1581:
1563:
1544:
1541:Greer, Allan
1534:
1527:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1465:
1439:
1430:
1403:
1381:
1371:
1330:
1266:
1259:
1232:
1201:
1196:
1178:
1159:Félix Poutré
1151:
1014:Victoria Day
999:
995:
988:
960:Act of Union
957:
946:
939:
889:
884:
875:
867:
857:
852:
840:
819:
810:
796:
794:
781:
775:
769:
767:paramilitary
764:
759:
752:
744:
732:
713:
705:John Neilson
702:
698:
690:
682:
678:
659:
655:
646:
640:
636:
632:Upper Canada
604:James Stuart
601:
589:
571:Upper Canada
559:Lower Canada
544:
532:
530:
508:Baker's Farm
468:
386:
333:
308:John Scriver
301:Charles Gore
261:Lower Canada
245:Belligerents
204:Lower Canada
165:Part of the
139:
130:
120:
113:
106:
99:
87:
75:Please help
70:verification
67:
50:
4504:Suez Crisis
4402:Transjordan
4306:West Africa
4283:(1899–1902)
4277:(1898–1901)
4269:Six-Day War
4217:(1894–1905)
4205:(1891–1895)
4185:Mashonaland
4149:Mahdist War
4089:Shimonoseki
4019:(1847–1901)
3929:(1824–1901)
3897:Cape Colony
3795:Cape Colony
3754:(1799–1805)
3748:(1799–1803)
3736:(1798–1800)
3724:(1796–1818)
3698:Cape Colony
3688:(1793–1806)
3670:(1788–1934)
3566:Nova Scotia
3536:Yamasee War
3507:(1694–1700)
3481:Child's War
3469:2nd Tangier
3463:1st Tangier
3459:(1655–1739)
3409:Saint Kitts
3387:(1593–1603)
3150:Individuals
2958:2021 Census
2943:Immigration
2825:Agriculture
2786:Transgender
2626:Great Lakes
2606:Earthquakes
2560:Great Lakes
2467:Territories
2438:Nova Scotia
2357:Monarchical
2342:Immigration
2073:Quebec City
2028:Fredericton
1963:Nova Scotia
1888:Monarchical
1859:Immigration
1685:(in French)
1079:(1786–1871)
1073:(1791–1863)
1067:(1794–1873)
1061:(1797–1880)
1049:(1803–1839)
1043:(1806–1837)
1037:(1803–1888)
901:the Canadas
893:Lord Durham
872:Napierville
835:Saint-Denis
830:martial law
774:during the
737:during the
647:Le Canadien
518:Beauharnois
483:Saint-Denis
419:73–130 dead
305:Lewis Odell
224:Territorial
36:Patriot War
4556:Categories
4408:Pink's War
4300:Somaliland
4137:Basutoland
3891:Guadeloupe
3873:Xhosa Wars
3855:Seychelles
3837:Guadeloupe
3825:Martinique
3692:Rohilkhand
3656:Gold Coast
3626:Rohilkhand
3584:Bengal War
3421:Pequot War
3278:Historians
3135:Literature
3048:Corruption
3031:Euthanasia
3021:Healthcare
2963:Population
2685:Parliament
2655:Government
2292:since 1982
2141:Historians
2078:Saint John
2043:Lethbridge
1876:Operations
1572:0920002285
1553:0802069304
1513:. (1916).
1474:1550022423
1170:References
801:Doric Club
410:47 wounded
103:newspapers
4540:Falklands
4536:(1963–67)
4530:(1962–66)
4524:(1962–90)
4512:(1962–76)
4500:(1955–59)
4494:(1954–59)
4488:(1952–60)
4482:(1948–60)
4476:(1946–50)
4468:Indonesia
4464:(1945–46)
4462:Indochina
4458:(1944–48)
4446:(1936–39)
4440:(1936–39)
4428:(1931–32)
4422:(1930–31)
4416:(1927–30)
4398:(1922–24)
4396:Kurdistan
4380:(1919–20)
4356:(1916–17)
4336:Nyasaland
4332:(1914–15)
4326:(1914–15)
4314:(1903–04)
4308:(1901–02)
4302:(1900–20)
4265:(1897–98)
4259:(1897–98)
4241:(1896–97)
4211:(1893–94)
4175:(1886–89)
4151:(1881–99)
4145:(1880–81)
4139:(1880–81)
4133:(1879–80)
4121:(1875–76)
4107:Abyssinia
4103:(1866–71)
4097:(1864–65)
4085:(1863–64)
4077:Kagoshima
4073:(1857–58)
4067:(1857–59)
4061:(1856–60)
4055:(1856–57)
4049:(1854–56)
4047:Åland War
4031:(1848–49)
4007:(1845–50)
4001:(1845–46)
3995:(1845–72)
3989:(1839–42)
3983:(1839–42)
3977:(1839–41)
3965:(1837–38)
3959:(1837–38)
3953:(1831–33)
3947:(1831–32)
3941:(1828–32)
3935:(1824–26)
3911:(1817–18)
3887:(1814–16)
3881:(1812–15)
3875:(1811–79)
3869:(1810–11)
3849:Mauritius
3821:(1808–09)
3803:(1806–07)
3779:(1803–05)
3742:(1798–99)
3712:(1795–96)
3706:(1795–96)
3682:(1789–92)
3658:(1781–82)
3652:(1779–84)
3646:(1775–82)
3640:(1775–83)
3628:(1773–74)
3622:(1769–73)
3616:(1765–71)
3610:(1763–66)
3604:(1762–63)
3592:(1758–61)
3586:(1756–65)
3580:(1756–63)
3574:(1754–63)
3568:(1749–55)
3562:(1746–63)
3556:(1744–48)
3550:(1740–42)
3544:(1722–25)
3538:(1715–17)
3532:(1711–15)
3526:(1702–13)
3501:(1688–97)
3495:(1688–91)
3483:(1686–90)
3477:(1675–78)
3453:(1654–60)
3447:(1654–67)
3441:(1649–53)
3435:(1641–53)
3423:(1634–38)
3393:(1609–46)
3053:Terrorism
3009:Education
2948:Languages
2936:Ethnicity
2931:Canadians
2879:Petroleum
2859:Companies
2761:Elections
2641:Volcanism
2616:Mountains
2498:Geography
2406:Provinces
2396:Provinces
2327:Etymology
2287:1960–1981
2282:1945–1960
2240:Year list
2103:Vancouver
2093:Saskatoon
1918:Provinces
1832:Etymology
1802:Canadians
1779:1960–1981
1774:1945–1960
1769:1914–1945
1764:1867–1914
1759:1763–1867
1754:1534–1763
1735:Year list
1357:cite book
1349:909317079
953:Australia
924:Aftermath
909:Canadiens
513:Odelltown
387:Patriotes
281:Patriotes
233:into the
4528:Malaysia
4450:Ethiopia
4348:Peshawar
4113:Manitoba
4095:Duar War
3391:Virginia
3321:Category
3261:Research
3235:Contents
3217:Heraldic
3125:Identity
3120:Holidays
3115:Folklore
3026:Abortion
2953:Religion
2891:Taxation
2798:Cannabis
2776:Intersex
2752:Politics
2724:Military
2636:Wildlife
2423:Manitoba
2352:Military
2322:Economic
2247:timeline
2165:Category
2124:Research
2108:Winnipeg
2058:Montreal
2038:Hamilton
2023:Edmonton
2013:Brampton
1938:Manitoba
1871:Military
1827:Economic
1822:Cultural
1740:Timeline
1637:(1971).
1627:(1919).
1617:(1956).
1607:(1962).
1597:(1968).
1580:(1986).
1543:(1993).
1422:36030701
1289:19768507
1186:Archived
1085:See also
555:colonial
365:Strength
199:Location
4522:Sarawak
4474:Sarawak
4366:Nigeria
4354:Mohmand
4342:Nigeria
4293:century
3951:Malacca
3945:Jamaica
3903:Algiers
3843:Reunion
3789:Surinam
3764:century
3710:Grenada
3704:Jamaica
3596:Jamaica
3517:century
3457:Jamaica
3385:Ireland
3378:century
3365:English
3288:Surveys
3283:Studies
3247:Outline
3222:Tartans
3176:Symbols
3165:Theatre
3110:Cuisine
3087:Culture
3060:Poverty
3002:Society
2896:Tourism
2869:Fishing
2842:Banking
2817:Economy
2673:Monarch
2611:Islands
2508:Regions
2479:Nunavut
2443:Ontario
2413:Alberta
2230:History
2146:Surveys
2098:Toronto
2053:Moncton
2048:Markham
2033:Halifax
1968:Nunavut
1943:Ontario
1928:Alberta
1557:preview
1489:(2012)
1251:6498327
1028:Leaders
598:History
575:Ontario
503:Lacolle
385:≈4,100
334:†
226:changes
117:scholar
4542:(1982)
4518:(1962)
4516:Brunei
4506:(1956)
4470:(1945)
4452:(1943)
4434:(1935)
4410:(1925)
4404:(1923)
4392:(1921)
4386:(1920)
4374:(1919)
4368:(1918)
4362:(1917)
4360:Quebec
4350:(1915)
4344:(1915)
4338:(1915)
4320:(1906)
4271:(1899)
4253:(1897)
4247:(1897)
4235:(1896)
4229:(1896)
4223:(1895)
4199:(1891)
4193:(1891)
4187:(1890)
4181:(1888)
4179:Hazara
4169:(1885)
4163:(1885)
4157:(1882)
4127:(1879)
4115:(1870)
4109:(1868)
4091:(1864)
4079:(1863)
4043:(1854)
4037:(1852)
4025:(1848)
4023:Ceylon
4013:(1847)
4011:Canton
3971:(1839)
3923:(1823)
3921:Guiana
3917:(1819)
3905:(1816)
3899:(1815)
3893:(1815)
3863:(1810)
3857:(1810)
3851:(1810)
3845:(1810)
3839:(1810)
3833:(1809)
3827:(1809)
3815:(1807)
3809:(1807)
3797:(1806)
3791:(1804)
3785:(1804)
3773:(1800)
3730:(1798)
3718:(1795)
3716:Ceylon
3700:(1795)
3694:(1794)
3676:(1789)
3664:(1786)
3634:(1774)
3598:(1762)
3489:(1687)
3471:(1664)
3465:(1662)
3445:Acadia
3429:(1641)
3417:(1628)
3415:Quebec
3411:(1626)
3405:(1622)
3399:(1612)
3397:Swally
3185:Anthem
3160:Sports
3105:Cinema
3077:Values
2924:Topics
2864:Energy
2847:Dollar
2712:Courts
2689:Senate
2631:Rivers
2601:Cities
2592:Topics
2453:Quebec
2372:Racism
2303:Topics
2222:Canada
2083:Regina
2068:Ottawa
2005:Cities
1973:Quebec
1898:Sports
1794:Topics
1659:
1570:
1551:
1472:
1420:
1410:
1347:
1337:
1287:
1277:
1249:
1239:
563:Quebec
537:French
330:
216:Result
208:Quebec
119:
112:
105:
98:
90:
4420:Tirah
4330:Tochi
4119:Perak
3885:Nepal
3807:Egypt
3734:Malta
3662:Assam
3505:Ghana
3403:Ormuz
3242:Index
3212:Royal
3145:Media
3140:Music
3043:Crime
2972:Lists
2484:Yukon
2382:Women
1988:Yukon
1908:Women
1271:(PDF)
911:into
124:JSTOR
110:books
4534:Aden
4510:Oman
4492:Oman
4291:20th
3867:Java
3762:19th
3515:18th
3487:Siam
3376:17th
3200:List
3195:Flag
2781:LGBT
2705:list
1657:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1363:link
1345:OCLC
1335:ISBN
1285:OCLC
1275:ISBN
1247:OCLC
1237:ISBN
970:and
641:Sir
606:and
531:The
191:Date
179:The
96:news
34:and
3879:USA
3100:Art
2874:Oil
2663:Law
1804:- (
1555:) (
1528:116
630:in
587:).
79:by
4558::
1485:;
1416:.
1390:^
1380:.
1359:}}
1355:{{
1343:.
1297:^
1283:.
1245:.
1209:^
1024:.
1012:,
986:.
762:.
634:.
539::
3367:/
3356:e
3349:t
3342:v
2696:)
2687:(
2249:)
2244:(
2214:e
2207:t
2200:v
2116:)
2112:(
1996:)
1992:(
1808:)
1742:)
1738:(
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1574:)
1559:)
1476:)
1424:.
1365:)
1351:.
1291:.
1253:.
581:(
547:(
535:(
460:e
453:t
446:v
210:)
146:)
140:(
135:)
131:(
121:·
114:·
107:·
100:·
73:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
