Seminole Wars - Knowledge

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the task of persuading the Seminoles to move fell to him. He called the chiefs together at Fort King in October 1834 to talk to them about the removal to the west. The Seminoles informed Thompson that they had no intention of moving and that they did not feel bound by the Treaty of Payne's Landing. Thompson then requested reinforcements for Fort King and Fort Brooke, reporting that, "the Indians after they had received the Annuity, purchased an unusually large quantity of Powder & Lead." General Clinch also warned Washington that the Seminoles did not intend to move and that more troops would be needed to force them to move. In March 1835, Thompson called the chiefs together to read a letter from Andrew Jackson to them. In his letter, Jackson said, "Should you ... refuse to move, I have then directed the Commanding officer to remove you by force." The chiefs asked for thirty days to respond. A month later, the Seminole chiefs told Thompson that they would not move west. Thompson and the chiefs began arguing, and General Clinch had to intervene to prevent bloodshed. Eventually, eight of the chiefs agreed to move west but asked to delay the move until the end of the year, and Thompson and Clinch agreed.

2913:. There it was generally agreed that they would strike back at the increasing pressure being put on them and attack when an opportunity presented itself. According to one account, a warrior named Tiger, possibly Thlocklo Tustenuggee (Tom Tiger), argued in favor of military action while another leader, named Chipco, opposed war. On December 7, 1855, First Lieutenant George Hartsuff, who had led previous patrols into the reservation, left Fort Myers with ten men and two wagons. They found no Seminoles but did pass corn fields and three deserted villages, including Billy Bowlegs' village. On the evening of December 19, Hartsuff told his men that they would be returning to Fort Myers the next day. As the men were loading the wagons and saddling their horses the next morning (December 20, 1855), forty Seminoles led by Billy Bowlegs attacked the camp. Several soldiers were shot, including Lieutenant Hartsuff, who managed to hide himself. The Seminoles killed and scalped four men in the camp, killed the wagon mules, looted and burned the wagons and took several horses. Seven men, four of them wounded, made it back to Fort Myers. 1509:

immediately. As agreed, the Patriots held Fernandina for only one day before turning authority over to the U.S. military, an event that soon gave the U.S. control of the coast to St. Augustine. Within several days the Patriots, along with a regiment of regular Army troops and Georgian volunteers, moved toward St. Augustine. On this march the Patriots were slightly in advance of the American troops. The Patriots would proclaim possession of some ground, raise the Patriot flag, and as the "local authority" surrender the territory to the United States troops, who would then substitute the American flag for the Patriot flag. The Patriots faced no opposition as they marched, usually with Gen. Mathews. Accounts of witnesses state that the Patriots could have made no progress but for the protection of the U.S. forces and could not have maintained their position in the country without the aid of the U.S. troops. The American troops and Patriots acted in close concert, marching, camping, foraging and fighting together. In this way, the American troops sustained the Patriots, who, however, were unable to take the

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responsible. Captain Casey was able to get word to Bowlegs and arrange a meeting in April. Bowlegs promised to deliver the men responsible, although they apparently were members of Chipco's band, over whom Bowlegs had no authority. Chipco decided to surrender three men as the possible killers, and they were arrested when they showed up to trade in Fort Myers. Once in custody, the three protested their innocence, saying that Chipco did not like them and that other men in Chipco's band were the actual killers, and Captain Casey believed them. The three men tried to escape from the jail in Tampa but were caught and chained up in their cell. They were later found hanging from the bars in their cell. One was still alive when found but was not cut down until the next day, after he had died. It was noted in the community that the constable who had chained the three men in their cell was the father-in-law of a brother of one of the men killed at the Kennedy and Darling store in 1849 (the Paynes Creek Massacre).

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He explained that, because of this, the fort had already been taken over by the people living in the Mekasukian towns he had just destroyed and to prevent that from happening again, the fort would have to be guarded by American troops. He justified this on the "principal of self defense." By claiming that through this action he was a "Friend of Spain", Jackson was attempting to take possession of St. Marks by convincing the Spanish that they were allies with the American army against the Seminoles. Luengo responded, agreeing that he and Jackson were allies but denying the story that Chief Chennabee's wife had told, claiming that the Seminoles had not taken ammunition from or possession of the fort. He expressed to Jackson that he was worried about the challenges he would face if he allowed American troops to occupy the fort without first getting authorization from Spain. Despite Leungo asking him not to occupy the fort, Jackson seized St. Marks on April 7. There he found

2327:. The treaty negotiated there called for the Seminoles to move west, if the land were found to be suitable. They were to settle on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe. The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832. After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already been settled there, the seven chiefs signed a statement on March 28, 1833, that the new land was acceptable. Upon their return to Florida, however, most of the chiefs renounced the statement, claiming that they had not signed it, or that they had been forced to sign it, and in any case, that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation. The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded, however, and went west in 1834. 6061:, 1995, Global Security Website. Quote: "The greatest lesson of the Second Seminole War shows how a government can lose public support for a war that has simply lasted for too long. As the Army became more deeply involved in the conflict, as the government sent more troops into the theater, and as the public saw more money appropriated for the war, people began to lose their interest. Jesup's capture of Osceola, and the treachery he used to get him, turned public sentiment against the Army. The use of blood hounds only created more hostility in the halls of Congress. It did not matter to the American people that some of Jesup's deceptive practices helped him achieve success militarily. The public viewed his actions so negatively that he had undermined the political goals of the government." 1616:, former governor of Georgia and a supporter of the Patriot invasion of East Florida. By the time the blockhouse was completed, there were reported to be more than 160 men present in Elotchaway. On January 25, 1814, the settlers established a government, titled "The District of Elotchaway of the Republic of East Florida", with Buckner Harris as Director. The Legislative Council then petitioned the United States Congress to accept the District of Elotchaway as a territory of the United States. The petition was signed by 106 "citizens of Elotchaway." The Elotchaway settlers laid out farm plots and started planting crops. Some of the men apparently had brought families with them, as a child was born in Elotchaway on March 15, 1814. 2579:

volunteers. As soon as they came within range, the Seminoles opened fire. The volunteers broke, and their commander Colonel Gentry, fatally wounded, was unable to rally them. They fled back across the swamp. The fighting in the saw grass was deadliest for five companies of the Sixth Infantry; every officer but one, and most of their noncoms, were killed or wounded. When those units retired a short distance to re-form, they found only four men of these companies unharmed. The US eventually drove the Seminoles from the hammock, but they escaped across the lake. Taylor lost 26 killed and 112 wounded, while the Seminoles casualties were eleven dead and fourteen wounded. The US claimed the

2229:, the US was obligated to protect the Seminole as long as they remained law-abiding. The government was supposed to distribute farm implements, cattle and hogs to the Seminole, compensate them for travel and losses involved in relocating to the reservation, and provide rations for a year, until the Seminoles could plant and harvest new crops. The government was also supposed to pay the tribe US$ 5,000 per year for twenty years and provide an interpreter, a school and a blacksmith for twenty years. In turn, the Seminole had to allow roads to be built across the reservation and had to apprehend and return to US jurisdiction any runaway slaves or other fugitives. 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 271: 205: 193: 181: 169: 120: 2834:. They were paid a total of US$ 15,953 in bribes and compensation for property left behind in Florida. There were a couple of incidents that soured relations after that. A Muskogee and a Mikasuki who had gone in to trade at the same time as Kapiktoosootse and his band were surrendering were involuntarily shipped off to New Orleans with them. Then, in March a mounted detachment of the Seventh Infantry penetrated far in the reservation. As a result, the other Indians broke off contact with the negotiators. By April, Twiggs was reporting to Washington that there was no hope of convincing any more Indians to move. 7854: 7211: 2980:

Everglades, because he believed they would be unable to live there during the wet season. He anticipated being able to catch the Indians when they left their flooded sanctuaries seeking dry land for raising their crops. Part of Harney's plan involved using boats to reach islands and other dry spots in the swamps. He first made one more attempt to negotiate with the Seminoles but was unable to make contact with them. In early January 1857, he ordered his troops to actively pursue the Indians. Harney's plan, however, had shown few results by the time he and the Fifth Infantry were transferred to

331: 311: 291: 259: 247: 236: 225: 157: 2369:, was particularly upset by the ban, feeling that it equated Seminoles with slaves and said, "The white man shall not make me black. I will make the white man red with blood; and then blacken him in the sun and rain ... and the buzzard live upon his flesh." In spite of this, Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend and gave him a rifle. Later, though, when Osceola was causing trouble, Thompson had him locked up at Fort King for a night. The next day, in order to secure his release, Osceola agreed to abide by the Treaty of Payne's Landing and to bring his followers in. 2922:

under state control. The state troops, both those accepted by the Army and those remaining under state control, had been partly armed and supplied by private donations. General Jesse Carter was appointed by Governor Broome as "special agent ... without military rank" to lead the state troops. Carter set half of the state troops to growing crops, and so only 200 of his men were available for patrols. A Tampa newspaper noted that the mounted patrols preferred to patrol in open country, which was easier for the horses, but it allowed the Seminoles to see them coming.

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passed the Armed Occupation Act, which provided free land to settlers who improved the land and were prepared to defend themselves from Indians. At the end of 1842, the remaining Indians in Florida living outside the reservation in southwest Florida were rounded up and shipped west. By April 1843, the Army presence in Florida had been reduced to one regiment. By November 1843, Worth reported that only about 95 Seminole men and some 200 women and children living on the reservation were left, and that they were no longer a threat.

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considered West Florida as part of Louisiana. The second clause only served to render the first clause clearer. The third clause referred to the treaties of 1783 and 1795 and was designed to safeguard the rights of the United States. This clause then simply gave effect to the others. According to Monroe, France never dismembered Louisiana while it was in her possession. (He regarded November 3, 1762, as the termination date of French possession, rather than 1769, when France formally delivered Louisiana to Spain).

1024:, leading to a series of retaliatory raids and small skirmishes with no large battles fought. Once again, the United States military strategy was to target Seminole civilians by destroying their food supply. By 1858, most of the remaining Seminoles, war weary and facing starvation, acquiesced to being removed to the Indian Territory in exchange for promises of safe passage and cash payments. An estimated 200 to 500 Seminoles in small family bands still refused to leave and retreated deep into the Everglades and the 6077:, Philadelphia: J.H. Pearsol and Co., 1845. "Quote: "The Florida war consisted in the killing of Indians, because they refused to leave their native home—to hunt them amid the forests and swamps, from which they frequently issued to attack the intruders. To go or not to go, that was the question. Many a brave man lost his life and now sleeps beneath the sod of Florida. And yet neither these nor the heroes who exposed themselves there to so many dangers and suffer, could acquire any military glory in such a war." 1440:

of any territory adjacent to the United States east of the Perdido River, i.e., the balance of West Florida and all of East Florida. The United States would be authorized to either accept transfer of territory from "local authorities" or occupy territory to prevent it falling into the hands of a foreign power other than Spain. Congress debated and passed, on January 15, 1811, the requested resolution in closed session, and provided that the resolution could be kept secret until as late as March 1812.

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foraged and plundered almost every plantation and farm, most of them having been abandoned by their owners. The troops helped themselves to everything they could find. Stored food was used up, growing crops destroyed or fed to horses, all types of movable property plundered or destroyed, buildings and fences burned, cattle and hogs killed or stolen for butchering, and slaves often dispersed or abducted. This continued until May 1813 and left the formerly inhabited parts in a state of desolation.

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small raids around the state. On May 14, 1856, fifteen Seminoles attacked the farmhouse of Captain Robert Bradley north of Tampa, killing two of his young children. One Seminole was killed by Bradley. Bradley may have been targeted because he had killed Tiger Tail's brother during the Second Seminole War. On May 17, Seminoles attacked a wagon train in central Florida, killing three men. Mail and stagecoach service in and out of Tampa was suspended until the military could provide protection.

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the whites. Three whites were wounded, and one Indian was killed and one wounded, at what became known as the skirmish at Hickory Sink. After complaining to Indian Agent Thompson and not receiving a satisfactory response, the Seminoles became further convinced that they would not receive fair compensations for their complaints of hostile treatment by the settlers. Believed to be in response for the incident at Hickory Sink, in August 1835, Private Kinsley Dalton (for whom

2630:. He and some soldiers escaped by the river, but the Seminoles killed most of the garrison, as well as several civilians at the post. Many blamed the "Spanish" Indians, led by Chakaika, for the attack, but others suspected Sam Jones, whose band of Mikasuki had agreed to the treaty with Macomb. Jones, when questioned, promised to turn the men responsible for the attack over to Harney in 33 days. Before that time was up, two soldiers visiting Jones' camp were killed. 8248: 7640: 7847: 10217: 1842:

consider themselves Creek, did not feel bound by the treaty which they had not signed, and did not accept that the Creeks had any right to cede Mikasuki land. On November 21, 1817, General Gaines sent a force of 250 men to seize Fowltown. The first attempt was beaten off by the Mikasukis. The next day, November 22, 1817, the Mikasukis were driven from their village. Some historians date the start of the war to this attack on Fowltown.

1861:. There were forty to fifty people on the boat, including twenty sick soldiers, seven wives of soldiers, and possibly some children. (While there are reports of four children being killed by the Seminoles, they were not mentioned in early reports of the massacre, and their presence has not been confirmed.) Most of the boat's passengers were killed by the Indians. One woman was taken prisoner, and six survivors made it to the fort. 2531:(a.k.a. Abiaca, Ar-pi-uck-i, Opoica, Arpeika, Aripeka, Aripeika), had not surrendered, however, and were known to be vehemently opposed to relocation. On June 2 these two leaders with about 200 followers entered the poorly guarded holding camp at Fort Brooke and led away the 700 Seminoles who had surrendered. The war was on again, and Jesup decided against trusting the word of an Indian again. On Jesup's orders, Brigadier General 2099:

protest, then issued a letter (with 72 supporting documents) claiming that the United States was defending her national interests against the British, Spanish and Native Americans. In the letter he also apologized for the seizure of West Florida, said that it had not been American policy to seize Spanish territory, and offered to give St. Marks and Pensacola back to Spain. This notably did not include the return of Fort Gadsden.

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given their own reservation in Indian Territory separate from the Creeks. Cash payments of US$ 500 to each warrior (more to the chiefs) and $ 100 to each woman were promised. On March 15, Bowlegs' and Assinwar's bands accepted the offer and agreed to go west. On May 4, a total of 163 Seminoles (including some captured earlier) were shipped to New Orleans. On May 8, 1858, Colonel Loomis declared the war to be over.

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year some returned to their former homes between the Suwannee and Apalachicola rivers. By 1826, most of the Seminole had gone to the reservation, but were not thriving. They had to clear and plant new fields, and cultivated fields suffered in a long drought. Some of the tribe were reported to have starved to death. Both Col. George M. Brooke, commander of Fort Brooke, and Governor DuVal wrote to

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built earlier specifically for use in the Big Cypress Swamp and Everglades. Thirty feet (9.1 m) long, pointed at both ends, and drawing two to three feet (0.91 m) of water, the boats could carry up to sixteen men into the swamps. These boat companies were able to capture many Indians, primarily women and children. The regulars did not do as well. Some officers, including Captain

2015: 2491:, US Quartermaster, was placed in command of the war. Jesup brought a new approach to the war. He concentrated on wearing the Seminoles down rather than sending out large groups who were more easily ambushed. He needed a large military presence in the state to control it, and he eventually brought a force of more than 9,000 men into the state under his command. "Letters went off to the 2127:, and transform the United States into a military dictatorship. When Congress reconvened in December 1818, resolutions were introduced condemning Jackson's actions. Jackson was too popular, and the resolutions failed, but the Ambrister and Arbuthnot executions left a stain on his reputation for the rest of his life, although it was not enough to keep him from becoming president. 2331: 1540:, the governor of East Florida, tried to induce the Seminoles to fight on the Spanish side. Some of the Seminoles wanted to fight the Georgians in the Patriot Army, but King Payne and others held out for peace. The Seminoles were not happy with Spanish rule, comparing their treatment under the Spanish unfavorably with that received from the British when they held Florida. 1230:, the British, who controlled Florida, recruited Seminoles to raid Patriot-aligned settlements on the Georgia frontier. The confusion of war allowed American slaves to escape to Florida, where local British authorities promised them their freedom for in exchange for military service. These events made the new United States enemies of the Seminoles. In 1783, as part of the 3301:

settlement was described as being next to a prairie "7 or 8 miles wide and 20 long," which corresponds to the size of Payne's Prairie. Buckner Harris reported that the block house was "on the Pirara, near Payne's former residence." Payne's Town, which had been the residence of King Payne until 1812, has been identified with an archaeological site about 1/2 mile from

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out on February 15, 1859. Seminoles remained in Florida, however. Sam Jones' band was living in southeast Florida, inland from Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Chipco's band was living north of Lake Okeechobee, although the Army and militia had failed to locate it. And small bands consisting of a family or two were scattered across the wetlands of southern Florida.

1960:. He traded with the Indians in Florida and had written letters to British and American officials on behalf of the Indians. He was rumored to be selling guns to the Indians and to be preparing them for war. He probably was selling guns, since the main trade item of the Indians was deer skins, and they needed guns to hunt the deer. Two Indian leaders, 2139:, and the United States took possession in 1821. Effective government was slow in coming to Florida. General Andrew Jackson was appointed military governor in March 1821, but he did not arrive in Pensacola until July. He resigned the post in September and returned home in October, having spent just three months in Florida. His successor, 1548:

Many blacks enlisted in the defense of St. Augustine, while others urged the Seminoles to fight the Patriot Army. In a third meeting with Seminole leaders, the Patriot Army leaders threatened the Seminoles with destruction if they fought on the side of the Spanish. This threat gave the Seminoles favoring war, led by King Payne's brother

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Billy Bowlegs promised, with the approval of other leaders, to deliver the five men responsible for the attacks to the Army within thirty days. On October 18, Bowlegs delivered three of the men to Twiggs, along with the severed hand of another who had been killed while trying to escape. The fifth man had been captured but had escaped.

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chiefs to meet with him. They were very distrustful of the Army since it had often seized chiefs while under a flag of truce. He did manage to meet with all of the chiefs in 1847, while investigating a report of a raid on a farm. He reported that the Indians in Florida then consisted of 120 warriors, including seventy Seminoles in

1286:. It prohibited the US from transport and trade on the lower Mississippi. In addition to its desire to expand west of the mountains, the United States wanted to acquire Florida. It wanted to gain free commerce on western rivers, and to prevent Florida from being used a base for possible invasion of the U.S. by a European country. 1173:, which roughly meant "wild ones" or "runaways". This was the probable origin of the term "Seminole". This name was eventually applied to the other groups in Florida, although the Indians still regarded themselves as members of different tribes. Other Native American groups in Florida during the Seminole Wars included the 2937:. A party of some twenty Seminoles under Ocsen Tustenuggee attacked a wood-cutting patrol outside of Fort Denaud, killing five of the six men. Despite the positioning of militia units to defend the area, the Seminoles also raided along the coast south of Tampa Bay. They killed one man and burned a house in what is now 2189: 2718: 1600:

in the Alachua Country would help keep the Seminoles away from the Georgia border, and would be able to intercept runaway slaves from Georgia before they could reach the Seminoles. Unfortunately for Harris, Georgia did not have funds available. Harris also hoped to acquire the land around the Alachua Prairie (

2812:. One band of Indians was living outside the reservation at this time. Called "outsiders", it consisted of twenty warriors under the leadership of Chipco, and included five Muscogees, seven Mikasukis, six Seminoles, one Creek and one Yuchi. On July 12, 1849, four members of this band attacked a farm on the 1348:. This government then entered into an alliance with Britain against France. This alliance raised fears in the United States that the British would establish military bases in Spanish colonies, including the Floridas, and as such potentially compromise the security of the southern frontiers of the U.S. 3012:

1858, again destroying the towns and cultivated fields they found. Another delegation from the Indian Territory arrived in Florida in January and attempted to contact Bowlegs. The troops stood down while the attempt was made, and Bowlegs was contacted. The previous year the Seminoles had finally been

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In 1857, ten companies of Florida militia were taken into federal service, totaling almost 800 men by September. In November these troops captured eighteen women and children from Billy Bowlegs' band. The troops also found and destroyed several towns and fields of crops. The troops moved into the Big

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The citizens of Florida were becoming disenchanted with the militia. There were complaints that the militiamen would pretend to patrol for a day or two and then go home to work their fields, and that they were given to idleness, drunkenness, and thievery. The officers were reported to be unwilling to

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On June 14, 1856, Seminoles attacked the farm of Willoughby Tillis two miles (3.2 km) from Fort Meade. All of the household made it safely into the house, and they were able to hold the Seminoles at bay. The gunfire was heard at Fort Meade, and seven mounted militiamen under Lt. Alderman Carlton

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started organizing as many volunteer companies as he could. Because the state had limited funds, he tried to have the Army accept the volunteers. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis accepted two infantry companies and three mounted companies, about 260 men. Governor Broome kept another 400 men mobilized

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appointed General Benjamin Hopkins to it in January 1853 after the Seminole refused to appear for a meeting in Washington. The Florida Militia pursued Seminole who were outside the reservation boundaries. In the period prior to the Third Seminole War, the militia captured one man and a few women, and

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from Georgia and was presumed capable of the task of removing the Seminole. He had funding to pay every adult male $ 800 and every woman and child $ 450. He went to the Indian Territory to find interpreters and returned to Florida in March 1852. Traveling into the field to meet with all of the Indian

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In August 1850, an orphan boy living on a farm in north central Florida was apparently killed by Indians. Eventually enough complaints about the incident had reached Washington to cause the secretary of war to order the surrender of the Indians responsible, or the president would hold the whole tribe

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After Bowlegs had delivered the three murderers, General Twiggs told the Indians, much to their dismay, that he had been ordered to remove them from Florida. The government would apply three tactics to carry out the removal. The Army in Florida was increased to 1,500 men. One hundred thousand dollars

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After Colonel Worth recommended early in 1842 that the remaining Seminoles be left in peace, he received authorization to leave the remaining Seminoles on an informal reservation in southwestern Florida and to declare an end to the war., He announced it on August 14, 1842. In the same month, Congress

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General Jackson later reported that Indians were gathering and being supplied by the Spanish, and he left Fort Gadsden with 1,000 men on May 7, headed for Pensacola. The governor of West Florida protested that most of the Indians at Pensacola were women and children and that the men were unarmed, but

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was convened, and Ambrister and Arbuthnot were charged with aiding the Seminoles and the Spanish, inciting them to war and leading them against the United States. Ambrister threw himself on the mercy of the court, while Arbuthnot maintained his innocence, saying that he had only been engaged in legal

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Upon reaching St. Marks, Jackson wrote to the commandant of the fort, Don Francisco Caso y Luengo, to tell him that he had invaded Florida at the President's instruction. He wrote that after capturing the wife of Chief Chennabee, she had testified to the Seminoles retrieving ammunition from the fort.

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Buckner Harris developed a plan to establish a settlement in the Alachua Country with financial support from the State of Georgia, the cession of land by treaty from the Seminoles, and a land grant from Spain. Harris petitioned the governor of Georgia for money, stating that a settlement of Americans

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included West Florida and gave the United States a strong claim to Texas. President Jefferson asked U.S. officials in the border area for advice on the limits of Louisiana, the best informed of whom did not believe it included West Florida. Later, in an 1809 letter, Jefferson virtually admitted that

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in July 1816, and subsequently Jackson's forces destroyed several Seminole/Creek and Miccosukee settlements pursuing them and Black Seminoles and allied Maroons across northern Florida in 1818. The Spanish government expressed outrage over Jackson's "punitive expeditions" into their territory and his

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was appropriated for bribing Indians to move. Finally, a delegation of Seminole chiefs was brought from the Indian Territory to negotiate with their counterparts in Florida. Eventually a Mikasuki sub-chief, Kapiktoosootse, agreed to lead his people west. In February 1850, 74 Indians boarded ship for

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the barges, sending them into the water, and the sailors had to retreat. The Indians looted and burned the buildings on Indian Key. In December 1840, Col. Harney at the head of ninety men found Chakaika's camp deep in the Everglades. His force killed the chief and hanged some of the men in his band.

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The naval base on the Key was manned by a doctor, his patients, and five sailors under a midshipman. They mounted a couple of cannons on barges to attack the Indians. The Indians fired back at the sailors with musket balls loaded in cannon on the shore. The recoil of the cannon broke them loose from

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in April 1834. The treaty had given the Seminoles three years to move west of the Mississippi. The government interpreted the three years as starting 1832 and expected the Seminoles to move in 1835. Fort King was reopened in 1834. A new Seminole agent, Wiley Thompson, had been appointed in 1834, and

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to be their chief representative or Speaker. Under the terms of the treaty negotiated there, the Seminole were forced to go under the protection of the United States and give up all claim to lands in Florida, in exchange for a reservation of about four million acres (16,000 km). The reservation

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Spain, seeing that the British would not join them in making a strong denouncement of the Florida invasion, accepted and eventually resumed negotiations for the sale of Florida. Defending Jackson's actions as necessary, and sensing that they strengthened his diplomatic standing, Adams demanded Spain

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The British government protested the execution of two of its subjects who had never entered United States territory. A number of British commentators discussed the possibility of demanding reparations and taking reprisals. At the end, Britain refused to risk another war with the United States due to

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promptly disavowed the actions and relieved Gen. Mathews of his commission on May 9, on the grounds that neither of the instructed contingencies had occurred. However, peace negotiations with the Spanish authorities were protracted and slow. Through the summer and autumn, the U.S. and Patriot troops

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proclaimed that he and his men would "surround the Flag-Staff and die in its defense". Claiborne refused to recognize the legitimacy of the West Florida government, however, and Skipwith and the legislature eventually agreed to accept Madison's proclamation. Claiborne only occupied the area west of

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The United States also hoped to acquire all of the Gulf coast east of Louisiana, and plans were made to offer to buy the remainder of West Florida (between the Perdido and Apalachicola rivers) and all of East Florida. It was soon decided, however, that rather than paying for the colonies, the United

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who could reach the fort were essentially free. Many were from Pensacola; some were free citizens, though others had escaped from United States territory. The Spanish offered the slaves freedom and land in Florida. They recruited former slaves as militia to help defend Pensacola and Fort Mose. Other

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allies had killed, carried off, or driven away most of the remaining native inhabitants during a series of raids across the Florida panhandle and down the full length of the peninsula. In the first decade of the 18th century. 10,000–12,000 Indians were taken as slaves according to the governor of La

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As many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed in this prolonged fighting, which cost the government between $ 40,000,000 and $ 60,000,000. Only after Osceola's capture while parleying under a flag of truce did Indian resistance decline. With peace, most Seminoles agreed to emigrate. The Third Seminole

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When Colonel Loomis declared an end to the Third Seminole War, the government believed that only about 100 Seminoles were left in Florida, though there were probably more than that. In December 1858, the US recruited two bands totaling 75 people, who agreed to removal to the West; they were shipped

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replaced General Harney as commander in Florida, but the withdrawal of the Fifth Infantry left him with only ten companies of the Fourth Artillery, which was later reduced to just four companies. Loomis organized volunteers into boat companies, which were given metal "alligator boats" that had been

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surprised a group of Seminoles along the Peace River, killing some of the Seminoles. The militiamen withdrew after losing two dead—Robert F. Prine, and George Howell—and three others wounded. They claimed to have killed as many as twenty Seminoles, but the Indians admitted to only four dead and two

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just north of Fort Pierce, killing one man and wounding another man and a woman. The news of this raid caused much of the population of the east coast of Florida to flee to St. Augustine. On July 17, four of the "outsiders" who had attacked the farm on the Indian River, plus a fifth man who had not

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In the last action of the war, General William Bailey and prominent planter Jack Bellamy led a posse of 52 men on a three-day pursuit of a small band of Tiger Tail's braves who had been attacking settlers, surprising their swampy encampment and killing all 24. William Wesley Hankins, at sixteen the

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Armistead received US$ 55,000 to use for bribing chiefs to surrender. Echo Emathla, a Tallahassee chief, surrendered, but most of the Tallahassee, under Tiger Tail, did not. Coosa Tustenuggee finally accepted US$ 5,000 for bringing in his 60 people. Lesser chiefs received US$ 200, and every warrior

2574:

with half a mile of swamp in front of it. On the far side of the hammock was Lake Okeechobee. Here the saw grass stood five feet high. The mud and water were three feet deep. Horses would be of no use. The Seminole had chosen their battleground. They had sliced the grass to provide an open field of

1807:

It has been called "the single deadliest cannon shot in American history." Of the 320 people known to be in the fort, including women and children, more than 250 died instantly, and many more died from their injuries soon after. Once the US Army destroyed the fort, it withdrew from Spanish Florida.

1783:

just north of the Florida border. Gaines said he intended to supply Fort Scott from New Orleans via the Apalachicola River. As this would mean passing through Spanish territory and past the Negro Fort, it would allow the U.S. Army to keep an eye on the Seminole and the Negro Fort. If the fort fired

1733:

guaranteed the return of all Indian lands lost to the United States during the War of 1812, including the Creek lands in Georgia and Alabama. As the Seminole were not interested in holding a fort, they returned to their villages. Before Nicolls left in the spring of 1815, he turned the fort over to

1607:

In January 1814, 70 men led by Buckner Harris crossed from Georgia into East Florida, headed for the Alachua Country. More men joined them as they traveled through East Florida, with more than 90 in the group when they reached the site of Payne's Town, which had been burned in 1812. The men built a

1458:

to deal with the disputes over West Florida. When Vicente Folch rescinded his offer to turn the remainder of West Florida over to the U.S., Mathews traveled to East Florida to engage the Spanish authorities there. When that effort failed, Mathews, in an extreme interpretation of his orders, schemed

1439:

Fearing that France would overrun all of Spain, with the presumed result being that Spanish colonies would either fall under French control or be seized by the British, in January 1811, Madison requested the U.S. Congress pass legislation authorizing the United States to take "temporary possession"

967:

was sent to Florida to take command of the campaign in 1836. Instead of futilely pursuing parties of Seminole fighters through the territory as previous commanders had done, Jesup changed tactics and engaged in finding, capturing or destroying Seminole homes, livestock, farms, and related supplies,

3025:

Since the war was officially over and the remaining Seminole carefully avoided contact with settlers, the government sent the militia home and reassigned most of the regular Army troops, leaving only small contingents in larger coastal forts such as Fort Brooke. Most of the smaller forts scattered

2953:

During April, regular Army and militiamen patrolled around and into the reservation but made little contact with the Seminoles. One six-hour battle was fought near Bowlegs Town in April, with four regulars killed and three wounded before the Seminoles withdrew. The Seminoles continued to carry out

2891:

initiated a program to force the Seminole into a final conflict. The plan included a trade embargo against them, the survey and sale of land in southern Florida to European-American settlers, and a stronger Army presence to protect the new settlers. Davis said that if the Seminole did not agree to

2586:

At the end of January, Jesup's troops caught up with a large body of Seminoles to the east of Lake Okeechobee. Originally positioned in a hammock, the Seminoles were driven across a wide stream by cannon and rocket fire and made another stand. They faded away, having inflicted more casualties than

2452:

was later burned by the Seminoles. Now a State Park, the site remains a window into the destruction of the conflict; the massive stone ruins of the huge Bulow sugar mill stand little changed from the 1830s. By February 1836 the Seminole and black allies had attacked 21 plantations along the river.

2380:

Throughout the summer of 1835, the Seminole who had agreed to leave Florida were gathered at Fort King, as well as other military posts. From these gathering places, they would be sent to Tampa Bay where transports would then take them to New Orleans, destined eventually for reservations out west.

2372:

The situation grew worse. On June 19, 1835, a group of whites searching for lost cattle found a group of Indians sitting around a campfire cooking the remains of what they claimed was one of their herd. The whites disarmed and proceeded to whip the Indians, when two more arrived and opened fire on

2300:

The Seminoles and slave catchers argued over the ownership of slaves. New plantations in Florida increased the pool of slaves who could escape to Seminole territory. Worried about the possibility of an Indian uprising and/or a slave rebellion, Governor DuVal requested additional Federal troops for

2291:

was built near the reservation agency, at the site of present-day Ocala, and by early 1827 the Army could report that the Seminoles were on the reservation and Florida was peaceful. During the five-year peace, some settlers continued to call for removal. The Seminole were opposed to any such move,

1619:

Buckner Harris hoped to expand American settlement in the Alachua Country and rode out alone to explore the area. On May 5, 1814, he was ambushed and killed by Seminoles. Without Harris, the District of Elotchaway collapsed. Fort Mitchell was abandoned, with all the settlers gone within two weeks.

3085:

A small number of Seminoles continued to live in relative isolation in the Lake Okeechobee and Everglades region into the 20th Century. Flood control and drainage projects beginning in the late 1800s opened up more land for development and significantly altered the natural environment, inundating

2949:

eating barbecued beef from a cow they had found and slaughtered, the militia caught up with them. The militiamen killed two of the Seminoles and recaptured the slaves and mules taken from Dr. Braden's plantation. The scalp of one of the dead Seminoles was displayed in Tampa, the other in Manatee.

2599:

assumed command of the Army in Florida. With reduced forces, Taylor concentrated on keeping the Seminole out of northern Florida by building many small posts at twenty-mile (30 km) intervals across the peninsula, connected by a grid of roads. The winter season was fairly quiet, without major

2522:

In January 1837, the Army began to achieve more tangible successes, capturing or killing numerous Indians and blacks. At the end of January, some Seminole chiefs sent messengers to Jesup, and arranged a truce. In March a "Capitulation" was signed by several chiefs, including Micanopy, stipulating

2270:

The move had not begun, but DuVal began paying the Seminole compensation for the improvements they were having to leave as an incentive to move. He also had the promised rations sent to Fort Brooke on Tampa Bay for distribution. The Seminole finally began moving onto the reservation, but within a

2169:

Officials in Florida were concerned from the beginning about the situation with the Seminoles. Until a treaty was signed establishing a reservation, the Indians were not sure of where they could plant crops and expect to be able to harvest them, and they had to contend with white squatters moving

1596:, had been involved in recruiting men for the Patriot Army and was the President of the Legislative Council of the Territory of East Florida. Harris became the leader of a small band of Patriots who roamed the countryside threatening residents who had accepted pardons from the Spanish government. 1547:

The blacks living in Florida outside of St. Augustine, many of whom were former slaves from Georgia and South Carolina, were not disposed to be neutral. Often slaves in name only to Seminoles, they lived in freedom and feared loss of that freedom if the United States took Florida away from Spain.

1481:

to approach the Spanish governor of East Florida in an attempt to acquire the territory. His instructions were to take possession of any part of the territory of the Floridas upon making "arrangement" with the "local authority" to deliver possession to the U.S. Barring that or invasion by another

889:

in particular accused the Seminoles of inciting slaves to escape and then stealing their human property. In retaliation, plantation owners organized repeated raids into Spanish Florida in which they captured Africans they accused of being escaped slaves and harassed the Seminole villages near the

2825:

in command, and the state called up two companies of mounted volunteers to guard settlements. Captain John Casey, who was in charge of the effort to move the Indians west, was able to arrange a meeting between General Twiggs and several of the Indian leaders at Charlotte Harbor. At that meeting,

2791:

The Florida authorities continued to press for removal of all Indians from Florida. The Indians for their part tried to limit their contacts with whites as much as possible. In 1846, Captain John T. Sprague was placed in charge of Indian affairs in Florida. He had great difficulty in getting the

1841:

of Fowltown got into a dispute with the commander of Fort Scott over the use of land on the eastern side of the Flint River, essentially claiming Mikasuki sovereignty over the area. The land in southern Georgia had been ceded by the Creeks in the Treaty of Fort Jackson, but the Mikasukis did not

1571:

led 220 U.S. Army regulars and Tennessee volunteers in a raid on Payne's Town, the chief town of the Alachua Seminoles. Smith's force found a few Indians, but the Alachua Seminoles had abandoned Payne's Town and moved southward. After burning Payne's Town, Smith's force returned to American held

1394:

governor of the district had appealed for military aid to put down an "insurrection", residents of the Baton Rouge District overthrew the local Spanish authorities on September 23 by seizing the Spanish fort in Baton Rouge. On September 26, the convention declared West Florida to be independent.

1328:

wrote nine reports to Madison in which he stated that West Florida was not in the possession of France. In November 1804, in response to Livingston, France declared the American claim to West Florida absolutely unfounded. Upon the failure of Monroe's later 1804–1805 mission, Madison was ready to

727:

tactics and knowledge of the land to evade and frustrate a combined U.S. Army and Marine force that grew to over 30,000. Instead of continuing to pursue these small bands, American commanders eventually changed their strategy and focused on seeking out and destroying hidden Seminole villages and

2384:

In November 1835 Chief Charley Emathla, wanting no part of a war, agreed to removal and sold his cattle at Fort King in preparation for moving his people to Fort Brooke to emigrate to the west. This act was considered a betrayal by other Seminoles who months earlier declared in council that any

1393:

in the summer of 1810. The convention was concerned about maintaining public order and preventing control of the district from falling into French hands; at first it tried to establish a government under local control that was nominally loyal to Ferdinand VII. After discovering that the Spanish

2750:

The Second Seminole War may have cost as much as $ 40,000,000. More than 40,000 regular U.S. military, militiamen and volunteers served in the war. This Indian war cost the lives of 1,500 soldiers, mostly from disease. It is estimated that more than 300 regular U.S. Army, Navy and Marine Corps

2098:

had just started negotiations with Spain for the purchase of Florida. Spain protested the invasion and seizure of West Florida and suspended the negotiations. Spain did not have the means to retaliate against the United States or regain West Florida by force, so Adams let the Spanish officials

1254:

established in 1799, envisioned as a single nation of American Indians independent of both Spain and the United States, until 1803 when both nations conspired to entrap its founder. Mikasukis and other Seminole groups still occupied towns on the United States side of the border, while American

2979:

returned to Florida as commander of the federal troops. Remembering lessons he had learned in the Second Seminole War, Harney set up a system of forts in a line across Florida, and patrols moved deep into Seminole territory. He planned to confine the Seminoles to the Big Cypress Swamp and the

2637:

to track the Indians, with poor results. Taylor's blockhouse and patrol system in northern Florida kept the Seminoles on the move but could not clear them out. In May 1839, Taylor, having served longer than any preceding commander in the Florida war, was granted his request for a transfer and

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was over. In February 1838, the Seminole chiefs Tuskegee and Halleck Hadjo approached Jesup with the proposal to stop fighting if they could stay in the area south of Lake Okeechobee, rather than relocating west. Jesup favored the idea but had to gain approval from officials in Washington for

3300:

The location of the settlement at Fort Mitchell is disputed. Frederick Davis, based on its reported latitude, placed it east of present-day Ocala. Chris Monaco argues that the reported latitude was in error, and that other evidence supports a location on the south side of Paynes Prairie. The

1508:

On March 17, the Patriots and the town's Spanish authorities signed articles of capitulation. The next day, a detachment of 250 regular United States troops were brought over from Point Peter, Georgia, and the Patriots surrendered the town to Gen. George Mathews, who had the U.S. flag raised

2886:

Pressure from Florida officials pushed the federal government to take action. Captain Casey continued to try to persuade the Seminole to move west without success. He sent Billy Bowlegs and others to Washington again, but the chiefs refused to agree to move. In August 1854, Secretary of War

1312:

The ambiguity in this third article lent itself to the purpose of U.S. envoy James Monroe, although he had to adopt an interpretation that France had not asserted, nor Spain allowed. Monroe examined each clause of the third article and interpreted the first clause as if Spain since 1783 had

2578:

At about half past noon, with the sun shining directly overhead and the air still and quiet, Taylor moved his troops squarely into the center of the swamp. His plan was to attack directly rather than try to encircle the Indians. All his men were on foot. In the first line were the Missouri

2729:

as commander of Army forces in Florida. Worth had to cut back on the unpopular war: he released nearly 1,000 civilian employees and consolidated commands. Worth ordered his men out on "search and destroy" missions during the summer and drove the Seminoles out of much of northern Florida.

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The government is in the wrong, and this is the chief cause of the persevering opposition of the Indians, who have nobly defended their country against our attempt to enforce a fraudulent treaty. The natives used every means to avoid a war, but were forced into it by the tyranny of our

2642:. Armistead immediately went on the offensive, actively campaigning during the summer. Seeking hidden camps, the Army also burned fields and drove off livestock: horses, cattle and pigs. By the middle of the summer, the Army had destroyed 500 acres (2.0 km) of Seminole crops. 2733:

The Army's actions became a war of attrition; some Seminole surrendered to avoid starvation. Others were seized when they came in to negotiate surrender, including, for the second time, Coacoochee. A large bribe secured Coacoochee's cooperation in persuading others to surrender.

2381:

However, the Seminole ran into issues getting fair prices for the property they needed to sell (chiefly livestock and slaves). Furthermore, there were issues with furnishing the Seminole with proper clothing. These issues led many Seminoles to think twice about leaving Florida.

2233: 2714:

got US$ 30 and a rifle. By the spring of 1841, Armistead had sent 450 Seminoles west. Another 236 were at Fort Brooke awaiting transportation. Armistead estimated that 120 warriors had been shipped west during his tenure and that no more than 300 warriors remained in Florida.

2200:

In 1823, the government decided to settle the Seminole on a reservation in the central part of the territory. A meeting to negotiate a treaty was scheduled for early September 1823 at Moultrie Creek, south of St. Augustine. About 425 Seminole attended the meeting, choosing

2751:

personnel were killed in action, along with 55 volunteers. There is no record of the number of Seminole killed in action, but many homes and Indian lives were lost. A great many Seminole died of disease or starvation in Florida, on the journey west, and after they reached

2154:, provisional secretary of the Florida territory and temporary agent to the Seminoles, prepared an estimate of the number of Indians in Florida. He reported about 22,000 Indians, and 5,000 slaves held by Indians. He estimated that two-thirds of them were refugees from the 2684:

port. Early in the morning of August 7, 1840, a large party of "Spanish" Indians snuck onto Indian Key. By chance, one man was up and raised the alarm after spotting the Indians. Of about fifty people living on the island, forty were able to escape. The dead included Dr.

1213:

ran south. The Blacks who stayed with or later joined the Seminoles became integrated into the tribes, learning the languages, adopting the dress, and inter-marrying. The blacks knew how to farm and served as interpreters between the Seminole and the whites. Some of the

1795:, and its two gunboats took positions across the river from the fort. The inhabitants of the fort fired their cannon at the invading U.S. soldiers and the Creek but had no training in aiming the weapon. The American military fired back, and the gunboats' ninth shot, a " 1011:

The Third Seminole War (1855–1858) was precipitated as an increasing number of settlers in Southwest Florida led to increasing tension with Seminoles living in the area. In December 1855, U.S. Army personnel located and destroyed a large Seminole plantation west of the

991:

by luring them under a false flag of truce. General Jesup clearly violated the rules of war, and spent 21 years defending himself over it, "Viewed from the distance of more than a century, it hardly seems worthwhile to try to grace the capture with any other label than

2820:

The U.S. Army was not prepared to engage the Indians. It had few men stationed in Florida and no means to move them quickly to where they could protect the white settlers and capture the Indians. The War Department began a new buildup in Florida, placing Major General

1591:

and withdrew American troops and ships from Spanish territory, most of the Patriots in East Florida either withdrew to Georgia or accepted the offer of amnesty from the Spanish government. Some of the Patriots still dreamed of claiming land in Florida. One of them,

2259:, who was the principal author of the treaty and charged with implementing it, was reporting that the Seminole were unhappy with the treaty and were hoping to renegotiate it. Fear of a new war crept in. In July, Governor DuVal mobilized the militia and ordered the 1677:

on the Creek, resulting in the loss of much Creek territory in what is today southern Georgia and central and southern Alabama. As a result, many Creek left Alabama and Georgia, and moved to Spanish West Florida. The Creek refugees joined the Seminole of Florida.

1329:

abandon the American claim to West Florida altogether. In 1805, Monroe's last proposition to Spain to obtain West Florida was absolutely rejected, and American plans to establish a customs house at Mobile Bay in 1804 were dropped in the face of Spanish protests.

3090:

which bisected the Everglades in 1928, simultaneously ended old ways of life and introduced new opportunities. A steady stream of white developers and tourists came to the area, and the Seminoles began to work in local farms, ranches, and souvenir stands.

1728:

When the War of 1812 ended, all British forces left the Gulf of Mexico except for Nicolls and his forces in Spanish West Florida. He directed the provisioning of the fort at Prospect Bluff with cannon, muskets, and ammunition. He told the Indians that the

2958:

responded. Three of the militiamen—Lt. Alderman Carlton, Lott Whidden, and William Parker—were killed and two others wounded. More militiamen pursued the Seminoles but had to retreat when a sudden rain wet their powder. On June 16, twenty militiamen from

2357:

of the Alachua Seminoles, had not agreed to the move. In retaliation, Thompson declared that those chiefs were removed from their positions. As relations with the Seminoles deteriorated, Thompson forbade the sale of guns and ammunition to the Seminoles.

2122:

There were also repercussions in America. Congressional committees held hearings into the irregularities of the Ambrister and Arbuthnot trials. While most Americans supported Jackson, some worried that Jackson could become a "man on horseback", a second

1208:

Most of the former slaves at Fort Mose went to Cuba with the Spanish when they left Florida in 1763, while others lived with or near various bands of Indians. Fugitive slaves from the Carolinas and Georgia continued to make their way to Florida, as the

1811:

American squatters and outlaws raided the Seminole, killing villagers and stealing their cattle. Seminole resentment grew and they retaliated by stealing back the cattle. On February 24, 1817, a raiding party killed Mrs. Garrett, a woman living in

1397:

Pro-Spanish, pro-American, and pro-independence factions quickly formed in the newly proclaimed republic. The pro-American faction appealed to the United States to annex the area and to provide financial aid. On October 27, 1810, U.S. President

2916:

When the news of the attack reached Tampa, the men of the city elected militia officers and organized companies. The newly formed militia marched to the Peace River valley, recruited more men, and manned some forts along the river. Governor

5741: 2411:

As Florida officials realized the Seminole would resist relocation, preparations for war began. Settlers fled to safety as Seminole attacked plantations and a militia wagon train. Two companies totaling 110 men under the command of Major

3037:

contacted Sam Jones with promises of aid to keep the Seminole from fighting on the side of the Union. The state did not follow through on its promises, but the Seminole were not interested in fighting another war and remained neutral.

999:" By the early 1840s, many Seminoles had been killed, and many more were forced by impending starvation to surrender and be removed to Indian Territory. Though there was no official peace treaty, several hundred Seminoles remained in 907:

brief occupation of Pensacola. But as was made clear by several local uprisings and other forms of "border anarchy", Spain was no longer able to defend nor control Florida and eventually agreed to cede it to the United States per the

1432:, governor of West Florida, hoping to avoid fighting, abolished customs duties on American goods at Mobile, and offered to surrender all of West Florida to the United States if he had not received help or instructions from Havana or 5517:

Correct and Authentic Narrative of the Indian War in Florida, with a Description of Dade's Massacre and an Account of the Extreme Suffering, For Want of Provisions, of the Army, Having Been Obliged to Eat Horses' and Dogs' Flesh,

1544:, or Cowkeeper, King Payne's predecessor, had sworn to kill 100 Spaniards, and on his deathbed lamented having killed only 84. At a second conference with the Patriot Army leaders, the Seminoles again promised to remain neutral. 1294:

In order to obtain a port on the Gulf of Mexico with secure access for Americans, United States diplomats in Europe were instructed to try to purchase the Isle of Orleans and West Florida from whichever country owned them. When

2657:. Traveling from December 1840 to the middle of January 1841, McLaughlin's force crossed the Everglades from east to west in dugout canoes, the first group of whites to complete a crossing. The Seminoles kept out of their way. 2600:

actions. In Washington and around the country, support for the war was eroding. Many people began to think the Seminoles had earned the right to stay in Florida. Far from being over, the war had become very costly. President

2592:

approval. The chiefs and their followers camped near the Army while awaiting the reply. When the secretary of war rejected the idea, Jesup seized the 500 Indians in the camp, and had them transported to the Indian Territory.

1333:

States would offer to assume Spanish debts to American citizens in return for Spain ceding the Floridas. The American position was that it was placing a lien on East Florida in lieu of seizing the colony to settle the debts.

2301:

Florida, but in 1828 the US closed Fort King. Short of food and finding the hunting declining on the reservation, the Seminole wandered off to get food. In 1828, Andrew Jackson, the old enemy of the Seminoles, was elected

1689:

In May 1814, a British force entered the mouth of the Apalachicola River, and distributed arms to Seminole and Creek warriors along with fugitive American slaves. The British moved upriver and began building a fort at

2275:

seeking help for the starving Seminole, but the requests got caught up in a debate over whether the people should be moved to west of the Mississippi River. For five months, no additional relief reached the Seminole.

1308:

was part of Louisiana. As part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase treaty, France repeated verbatim Article 3 of its 1800 treaty with Spain, thus expressly subrogating the United States to the rights of France and Spain.

8285: 3449:

War (1855–58) resulted from renewed efforts to track down the Seminole remnant remaining in Florida. It caused little bloodshed and ended with the United States paying the most resistant band of refugees to go West.

2817:

been at Indian River, attacked the Kennedy and Darling store. Two workers at the store, including a Captain Payne, were killed, and another worker and his wife were wounded as they escorted their child into hiding.

2416:

were sent from Fort Brooke to reinforce Fort King in mid-December 1835. On the morning of December 28, the train of troops was ambushed by a group of Seminole warriors under the command of Alligator near modern-day

2174:. However, because of the part-time presence and frequent turnover of territorial officials, meetings with the Seminoles were canceled, postponed, or sometimes held merely to set a time and place for a new meeting. 3715:(the first of that name) took most of the band to the Suwannee River. Disturbed by Andrew Jackson's campaign in 1818, the Alachua Seminole moved into central Florida. After the death of Bowlegs in 1821, his nephew 9630: 2575:

fire and had notched the trees to steady their rifles. Their scouts were perched in the treetops to follow every movement of the troops coming up. As Taylor's army came up to this position, he decided to attack.

2774:

Peace had come to Florida. The Indians were mostly staying on the reservation. Groups of ten or so men would visit Tampa to trade. Squatters were moving closer to the reservation, however, and in 1845 President

2437:, led large numbers of troops in futile pursuits of the Seminoles. In the meantime, the Seminoles struck throughout the state, attacking isolated farms, settlements, plantations and Army forts, even burning the 2039:

trade. The tribunal sentenced both men to death but then relented and changed Ambrister's sentence to fifty lashes and a year at hard labor. Jackson, however, reinstated Ambrister's death penalty. Ambrister was

1070:

Florida and by 1710, observers noted that north Florida was virtually depopulated. The Spanish missions all closed, as without natives, there was nothing for them to do. The few remaining natives fled west to

1299:

approached France in 1803 about buying the Isle of Orleans, the French government offered to sell it and all of Louisiana as well. While the purchase of Louisiana exceeded their authorization, Livingston and

10285: 3129:

branch of the Seminoles held to a more traditional lifestyle in the Everglades region, simultaneously seeking privacy and serving as a tourist attraction, wrestling alligators, selling crafts, and giving

2385:

Seminole chief who sold his cattle would be sentenced to death. Osceola met Charley Emathla on the trail back to his village and killed him, scattering the money from the cattle purchase across his body.

2296:

relations. Most whites regarded the Seminole as simply Creeks who had recently moved to Florida, while the Seminole claimed Florida as their home and denied that they had any connection with the Creeks.

2787:

into a trading post for the Indians. The post did not do well, however, because whites who sold whiskey to the Indians told them that they would be seized and sent west if they went to Kennedy's store.

2011:, FL. Having destroyed the major Seminole and black villages, Jackson declared victory and sent the Georgia militiamen and the Lower Creeks home. The remaining army then returned to Fort St. Marks. 2003:

were killed, and about 100 women and children were captured. In the village, they found Elizabeth Stewart, the woman who had been captured in the attack (the Scott Massacre) on the supply boat on the

2875:

and New York City. Upon returning to Florida, the chiefs repudiated the agreement they had signed in Washington. Blake was fired in 1853, and Captain Casey was put back in charge of Indian removal.

1050:

declined significantly in number after the arrival of European explorers in the early 1500s, mainly because the Native Americans had little resistance to diseases newly introduced from Europe.

8278: 5965:. By John T. Sprague, Brevet Captain, Eighth Regiment U.S. Infantry. A Reproduction of the 1848 Edition. Seminole Wars Historic Foundation. University of Tampa Press, Tampa, Florida (2000). 1402:

proclaimed that the United States should take possession of West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido Rivers, based on the tenuous claim that it was part of the Louisiana Purchase.

2764: 1872:, Gaines was ordered to invade Florida and pursue the Indians but not to attack any Spanish installations. However, Gaines had left for East Florida to deal with pirates who had occupied 1787:

In July 1816, a supply fleet for Fort Scott reached the Apalachicola River. Clinch took a force of more than 100 American soldiers and about 150 Lower Creek warriors, including the chief

1632:

gives dates of 1816–1818. Another Army site dates the war as 1817–1818. Finally, the unit history of the 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery describes the war as occurring solely in 1818.

1520:

As soon as the U.S. government was notified of these events, Congress became alarmed at the possibility of being drawn into war with Spain, and the effort fell apart. Secretary of State

6095: 2796:' band, thirty Mikasukis in Sam Jones' band, twelve Creeks (Muscogee speakers) in Chipco's band, 4 Yuchis and 4 Choctaws. He also estimated that there were 100 women and 140 children. 10339: 1567:. Newnan's force never reached the Seminole towns, losing eight men dead, eight missing, and nine wounded after battling Seminoles for more than a week. Four months later Lt. Colonel 2945:. The "Castle" was too strong for them, but they led away seven slaves and three mules. Burdened with prisoners and loot, the Seminoles did not move fast. While they were stopped at 2608:, to negotiate a new treaty with the Seminoles. On May 19, 1839, Macomb announced an agreement. In exchange for a reservation in southern Florida, the Seminoles would stop fighting. 2079:, leaving the city of Pensacola to Jackson. The two sides exchanged cannon fire for a couple of days, and then the Spanish surrendered Fort Barrancas on May 28. Jackson left Colonel 8271: 4036:

The Territory of Florida: Or Sketches of the Topography, Civil and Natural History, of the Country, the Climate, and the Indian Tribes, from the First Discovery to the Present Time

1374:, Spain was largely overrun by the French army. Rebellions against the Spanish authorities broke out in many of its American colonies. Settlers in West Florida and in the adjacent 2804:

The trading post on Pine Island had burned down in 1848, and in 1849 Thomas Kennedy and his new partner, John Darling, were given permission to open a trading post on what is now

1713:, that in August 1814 there were 1,000 Indians at Pensacola, of whom 700 were warriors. Two months after the British and their Indian allies were beaten back from an attack on 7140: 3000:, observed that the Seminoles easily avoided the Army patrols. Doubleday attributed this to the fact that most of the enlisted men were recent immigrants who had no skills in 2883:

140 hogs. One Seminole woman elder committed suicide while being held by the militia, after the rest of her family had escaped. The whole operation cost the state US$ 40,000.

2779:

established a 20-mile (32 km) wide buffer zone around the reservation. No land could be claimed within the buffer zone, no title would be issued for land there, and the

10271:

Note-The people, events, and places are factual. The dialogue and personalities are the authors', based on the author's research from 1962 to the publication date (2008);

7526: 2867:

presented Bowlegs with a medal, and he and three other chiefs were persuaded to sign an agreement promising to leave Florida. The chiefs were taken on a tour that included

10374: 9625: 3053:

legislature passed a new constitution abolishing the seats reserved for Seminoles and establishing barriers to voter registration and electoral practices that essentially

1482:

foreign power, they were not to take possession of any part of Florida. Most of the residents of East Florida were happy with the status quo, so Mathews raised a force of

6965: 5131:

D.B. McKay's "Pioneer Florida", "Buckshot from 26 Shotguns Swept Band of Ferocious, Marauding Seminoles Off Face of The Earth", The Tampa Tribune, June 27, 1954, p. 16-C

919:

in the center of the Florida peninsula, and the United States constructed a series of forts and trading posts along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts to enforce the treaty.

8727: 2946: 2421:. The entire command and their small cannon were destroyed, with only two badly wounded soldiers surviving to return to Fort Brooke. Over the next few months Generals 1620:

Some of the men at Fort Mitchell who signed the petition to Congress settled again in the Alachua Country after Florida was transferred to the United States in 1821.

7503: 3049:

legislature, gave the Seminole one seat in the house and one seat in the senate of the state legislature. The Seminole never filled the positions. In 1885, the now

10293: 540: 6015: 4331: 8201: 1628:

There is no consensus about the beginning and ending dates for the First Seminole War. The U.S. Army Infantry indicates that it lasted from 1814 until 1819. The

8036: 7389: 2103:

a variety of factors, including the increasing importance of British trade with the United States, particularly in grain and cotton. British foreign secretary

4800: 2649:. In late 1839 Navy Lt. John T. McLaughlin was given command of a joint Army-Navy amphibious force to operate in Florida. McLaughlin established his base at 2783:

would remove squatters from the buffer zone upon request. In 1845, Thomas P. Kennedy, who operated a store at Fort Brooke, converted his fishing station on

8876: 7724: 2448:

and fortified it with cotton bales and a stockade. Local planters took refuge with their slaves. The Major abandoned the site on January 23, 1836, and the

8433: 723:(1835-1842), which was by far the longest and most wide-ranging of the three conflicts. Initially, less than 2000 Seminole warriors employed hit-and-run 550: 515: 5658: 839:

from Georgia and Alabama, and during the 1700s, they came together with other native peoples to establish independent chiefdoms and villages across the

8007: 7148: 7013: 1498: 1054:

suppression of native revolts further reduced the population in northern Florida until the early 1600s, at which time the establishment of a series of

2721:

The remaining Seminoles in Florida were allowed to stay on an informal reservation in southwest Florida at the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842.

9393: 8674: 7511: 7110: 3461: 1734:

the fugitive slaves and Seminoles whom he had originally recruited for possible incursions into U.S. territory during the war. As word spread in the

902:

to take command in person and bring the Seminoles under control, precipitating the First Seminole War. The war preceded with the destruction of the

2963:

wounded. However, one of the dead was Ocsen Tustenuggee, who seems to have been the only chief who would actively lead attacks against settlements.

7811: 7287: 4370: 2701:, who was waiting at Indian Key until it was safe to take up a 36-square mile (93 km) grant on the mainland that Congress had awarded to him. 2075:

gave additional reason for his march on Pensacola. When he reached Pensacola on May 23, the governor and the 175-man Spanish garrison retreated to

1604:) by treaty from the Seminoles but could not persuade the Seminoles to meet with him. The Spanish were also not interested in dealing with Harris. 3257:

American claims against Spain arose from the use of Spanish ports by French warships and privateers that had attacked American vessels during the

3134:

of their land. They received federal recognition as a separate nation in 1962 and received their own reservation lands, collectively known as the

3138:, including a 333-acre (1.35 km) reservation on the northern border of Everglades National Park, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Miami. 2527:

property", in their removal to the West. By the end of May, many chiefs, including Micanopy, had surrendered. Two important leaders, Osceola and

1764:

of West Florida that if the Spanish did not eliminate the fort, he would. The governor replied that he did not have the forces to take the fort.

1304:(who had been sent to help him negotiate the sale) in the deliberations with France pursued a claim that the area east of the Mississippi to the 3094:

In the 1940s, Seminoles living across the state began moving to reservations and establishing official tribal governments to form ties with the

2484:. The skirmish restored Seminole confidence, showing their ability to hold their ground against their old enemies the Creek and white settlers. 8689: 7728: 7487: 2847: 10359: 8722: 7708: 7482: 7164: 7025: 658:

into Spanish Florida, prompting slaveowners to conduct slave raids across the border. A series of cross-border skirmishes escalated into the

2460:

was among those who found the remains of the Dade party in February. In his journal he wrote of the discovery and expressed his discontent:

1864:

While General Gaines had been under orders not to invade Florida, he later decided to allow short intrusions into Florida. When news of the

9375: 8579: 7399: 7394: 7156: 2158:, with no valid claim (in the U.S. view) to Florida. Indian settlements were located in the areas around the Apalachicola River, along the 1976:

that had anchored off of St. Marks. As soon as Jackson arrived at St. Marks, the two Indians were brought ashore and hanged without trial.

835:

expanded further westward, resulting in a stream of refugees relocating to depopulated areas of Florida. A majority of these refugees were

7341: 2905:

By late 1855, there were more than 700 Army troops stationed on the Florida peninsula. In fall of 1855, a group of Seminole gathered near

2738:

youngest of the posse, accounted for the last of the kills and was acknowledged as having fired the last shot of the Second Seminole War.

2210:

to a line even with the southern end of Tampa Bay. The boundaries were well inland from both coasts, to prevent contact with traders from

1575:

Negotiations concluded for the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1813. On May 6, 1813, the army lowered the flag at Fernandina and crossed the

1016:, perhaps to deliberately provoke a violent response that would result in the removal of the remaining Seminole citizens from the region. 10354: 9650: 10234: 10315: 9452: 9126: 8742: 8732: 6405: 2449: 2445: 1937: 743:

broke out in 1855. By the cessation of active fighting in 1858, the few remaining bands of Seminoles in Florida had fled deep into the

6064: 2558:

Jesup organized a sweep down the peninsula with multiple columns, pushing the Seminoles further south. On Christmas Day 1837, Colonel

861:

and a few living amongst the Seminole, who treated them with varying levels of equality. Their numbers increased during and after the

10379: 8479: 8453: 7826: 3054: 1873: 731:

Most of the Seminole population had been relocated to Indian Territory or killed by the mid-1840s, though several hundred settled in

9489: 8747: 8717: 7952: 7821: 7806: 7776: 7676: 7419: 7414: 7409: 6504: 6442: 7353: 3707:

The Alachua Seminoles retained a separate identity at least through the Third Seminole War. Cowkeeper was succeeded by his nephew

2473:, the Seminole fought against American allied forces numbering 2500, successfully driving them back.; among the American dead was 2107:

chose not to let the incident interfere with the warming relations between the two countries, and continued on with plans for the

8989: 8679: 8028: 7697: 7099: 6137: 5819: 2503:

Resulting in about half of the force volunteering as volunteers and militia. It also included a brigade of Marines, and Navy and

2080: 1386: 698: 508: 5534:(University Press of Florida; 2011) 279 pages; studies of strategy, operations, and tactics in the Second Seminole War (1835–42) 3678: 1417:

on December 10, 1810. The West Florida government opposed annexation, preferring to negotiate terms to join the Union. Governor

1159:, an area where the Spanish had maintained cattle ranches in the 17th century. Because one of the best-known ranches was called 1065:

and their Indian allies began another steep decline in the indigenous population. By 1707, settlers based in Carolina and their

898:

The increasing border tensions came to a head on December 26, 1817, as the U.S. War Department wrote an order directing General

808:

never established real control over its vast claim outside of the immediate vicinity of its scattered missions and the towns of

9635: 9117: 8960: 8712: 8458: 7531: 7078: 6970: 6240: 2622:

As the summer passed, the agreement seemed to be holding. However, on July 23, some 150 Indians attacked a trading post on the

963:

to frustrate United States military forces, which eventually numbered over 30,000 regulars, militiamen and volunteers. General

6080: 5838: 5826: 5502:

Budd Boetticher: The Last Interview Wheeler, Winston Dixon. Film Criticism; Meadville Vol. 26, Iss. 3, (Spring 2002): 52-0_3.

9612: 8757: 8737: 8353: 7967: 7193: 7180: 7008: 6108: 5978: 5915: 5866: 5640: 5610: 5547: 5443:"Concerning the Miccosukee Tribe's Ongoing Negotiations with the National Park Service Regarding the Special Use Permit Area" 4543: 4110: 2255:

in early 1824, to show the Seminole that the government was serious about moving them onto the reservation. However, by June

2170:

into land they occupied. There was no system for licensing traders, and unlicensed traders were supplying the Seminoles with

1576: 650:. Tensions grew between the Seminoles and settlers in the newly independent United States in the early 1800s, mainly because 17: 6178: 2941:, and on March 31, 1856, they tried to attack the "Braden Castle", the plantation home of Dr. Joseph Braden, in what is now 1857:

A week later a boat carrying supplies for Fort Scott, under the command of Lieutenant Richard W. Scott, was attacked on the

10364: 8881: 7870: 7756: 7040: 6342: 6308: 5903: 2504: 1537: 1413:, to take possession of the territory. He entered the capital of St. Francisville with his forces on December 6, 1810, and 1201: 847: 780:

was established in the 1500s, when Spain laid claim to land explored by several expeditions across the future southeastern

6187: 9064: 8696: 8664: 8023: 7957: 7232: 6717: 6232: 6130: 3042: 2267:

chiefs to meet him in St. Marks. At that meeting, he ordered the Seminole to move to the reservation by October 1, 1824.

1423: 959:. Though the Seminole fighters were at a tactical and numerical disadvantage, Seminole military leaders effectively used 857:. Hundreds of Black people escaped slavery to Florida over the ensuing decades, with most settling near St. Augustine at 6840: 8684: 8649: 8569: 7227: 6737: 6215: 4339: 1629: 501: 5249: 4065:

In the Senate of The United States. Report of the Court of Claims in the case of Robert Harrison vs. The United States

2115:

either control the inhabitants of East Florida or cede it to the United States. An agreement was then reached whereby

9735: 9069: 8955: 8851: 8810: 8609: 8544: 7442: 6894: 6876: 6852: 6125: 6052: 6030: 6009: 5952: 5792: 5777: 5701: 5682: 5594: 5473: 4596: 3661: 3611: 3408: 3341: 2879: 2784: 2108: 2092: 1897: 1834: 1776: 1325: 1296: 828:

and their Indian allies into Spanish Florida devastated both the mission system and the remaining native population.

2566:. The Seminole were led by Sam Jones, Alligator and the recently escaped Coacoochee; they were well positioned in a 955:

and continued for the next several years with a series of engagements throughout the peninsula and extending to the

9254: 9164: 8659: 8619: 7113: 6882: 6870: 6760: 6755: 6449: 6070: 5751:

a novel. The story of Pvt. Ransom Clark, survivor of Dade's Battle, 1835. Pineapple Press, Inc. Sarasota, Florida.

2805: 2027: 2019: 1949: 560: 8263: 5673:

A Traveler in Indian Territory: The Journal of Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Late Major-General in the United States Army

4808: 9239: 8898: 8856: 8328: 7947: 7942: 7277: 6864: 6541: 6436: 3150:

by Paul Varnes. A 2007 historical fiction that takes place around the time of the First and Second Seminole Wars.

2851: 2283:

View of a Seminole village shows the log cabins they lived in prior to the disruptions of the Second Seminole War

2151: 1702:, was to subsequently arrive, but was invited to relocate to Pensacola in late August 1814. It was estimated, by 1670: 685:

The United States gained possession of Florida in 1821 and coerced the Seminoles into leaving their lands in the

2878:

In January 1851, the Florida Legislature created the position of commander of the Florida Militia, and Governor

2309:

he promoted, which was to resolve the problems by moving the Seminole and other tribes west of the Mississippi.

9645: 9249: 9079: 8945: 8614: 7910: 7700: 7121: 7102: 7018: 6948: 6924: 6888: 5989: 3636: 3107: 2780: 2665: 2302: 1877: 1490:

with a promise of arms and continued defense. On 16 March 1812, this force of "Patriots", with the aid of nine

1451:), with the exception of the area around Mobile, in 1811. Mobile was occupied by United States forces in 1813. 1270:

in 1763, a division retained by the Spanish when they regained Florida in 1783. West Florida extended from the

792:

caused a steep decline in the original native population over the following century, and most of the remaining

702: 9715: 9685: 9447: 9229: 9059: 8967: 8950: 8762: 8669: 8173: 8109: 7927: 7580: 7568: 7536: 7368: 7363: 7336: 7188: 7168: 7129: 7045: 6936: 6816: 6804: 5655: 5442: 3135: 3034: 1961: 1641: 1443:

American forces occupied most of the Spanish territory between the Pearl and Perdido rivers (today's coastal

1047: 976: 789: 585: 915:(1823) between the United States and Seminole Nation, the Seminoles were removed from Northern Florida to a 10011: 10001: 9705: 8438: 8087: 7862: 7751: 7716: 7669: 7437: 6906: 6497: 5668: 4934:

Tucker, Phillip Thomas (1992). "John Horse: Forgotten African-American Leader of the Second Seminole War".

2457: 2346: 2323:

In the spring of 1832, the Seminoles on the reservation were called to a meeting at Payne's Landing on the

2318: 1901: 1250:. They did not control the border between Florida and the United States and were unable to act against the 948: 862: 651: 610: 2755:. An unknown but apparently substantial number of white civilians were killed by Seminole during the war. 2499:. In stressing his great need, Jesup did not hesitate to mention a fact harrowing to his correspondents. 2147:

before the end of the year. Other official positions in the territory had similar turn-over and absences.

1987:

near Old Town, FL. On April 12, en-route to the Suwannee the U.S. army and allied Native Americans led by

9858: 9690: 9427: 9204: 9174: 9112: 9022: 9012: 8554: 7875: 7602: 7544: 6245: 5586: 2967:

submit required paperwork. Most importantly, the militia had failed to prevent attacks against settlers.

2441:. Supply problems and a high rate of illness during the summer caused the Army to abandon several forts. 1055: 801: 605: 4378: 3086:

some areas while leaving former swamps dry and arable. These projects, along with the completion of the

3026:

across the Florida wilderness were decommissioned and soon stripped by settlers of any usable material.

10202: 10142: 10117: 10102: 10076: 9665: 9194: 9074: 8930: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8509: 8474: 8211: 8196: 7982: 7791: 7219: 7071: 6626: 5708:

Kruse, Paul (May 1952). "A Secret Agent in East Florida: General George Matthews and the Patriot War".

2677: 2605: 1936:

was taken the next day. More than 300 Indian homes were destroyed. Jackson then turned south, reaching

1722: 1282:, the Spanish controlled the lower reaches of all of the rivers draining the United States west of the 1235: 1227: 1103: 820:

established several colonies along the Atlantic coast during the 1600s. After the establishment of the

53: 7282: 5532:

America's Hundred Years' War: U.S. Expansion to the Gulf Coast and the Fate of the Seminole, 1763–1858

3727:) led the remnants of the Seminole until his surrender in 1858. Weisman. pp. 22–24. Covington. p. 143. 2863:

insistent on staying in Florida, Blake took Bowlegs and several other chiefs to Washington. President

2532: 1536:

leaders. After the meeting, Mathews believed that the Seminoles would remain neutral in the conflict.

678:

before withdrawing in 1818. The U.S. and Spain soon negotiated the transfer of the territory with the

10162: 10157: 10026: 10021: 9996: 9961: 9901: 9710: 9700: 9219: 9154: 9137: 8994: 8910: 8866: 8504: 8065: 8057: 7920: 7310: 6858: 6834: 6822: 6649: 6250: 6058: 3099: 3070: 2580: 2040: 2031: 1588: 1087: 595: 9467: 4085: 3371: 10349: 10172: 10152: 10147: 10127: 10097: 10086: 9991: 9976: 9951: 9941: 9921: 9881: 9823: 9788: 9388: 9244: 9234: 9209: 8777: 8549: 8519: 8418: 7781: 6912: 6707: 6471: 6173: 6169: 3711:

in 1784. Payne was killed in an attack on the Seminole by the Georgia militia in 1812. His brother

3095: 2287:

The Seminoles slowly settled into the reservation, although they had isolated clashes with whites.

2226: 2193: 2183: 1725:, and back to the Apalachicola River. They managed to continue work on the fort at Prospect Bluff. 1474: 1455: 1357: 1079: 912: 694: 580: 7237: 4040: 2162:, from there south-eastwards to the Alachua Prairie, and then south-westward to a little north of 2136: 2116: 908: 877:. The presence of a nearby refuge for free Africans was considered a threat to the institution of 10344: 10192: 10187: 10112: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10016: 9956: 9946: 9916: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9866: 9793: 9773: 9763: 9680: 9660: 9655: 9537: 9462: 9405: 8925: 8251: 8143: 8050: 7662: 7477: 7472: 7358: 6810: 6667: 6490: 6278: 6268: 6100: 3074: 2690: 2528: 2072: 1406: 1238:, Florida, was returned to Spain. Spain's grip on Florida was light, as it maintained only small 1156: 643: 600: 555: 9435: 890:

border, resulting in bands of Seminoles crossing into U.S. territory to stage reprisal attacks.

666:

led an incursion into the territory over Spanish objections. Jackson's forces destroyed several

10334: 10197: 10177: 10167: 10137: 10107: 10092: 10081: 10071: 10066: 10006: 9986: 9981: 9966: 9926: 9906: 9843: 9838: 9813: 9725: 9670: 9640: 9415: 9259: 9224: 8940: 8893: 8534: 8514: 8448: 8408: 7786: 7746: 7030: 6846: 6798: 6780: 6631: 6598: 6293: 6208: 5489: 2813: 2639: 2377:, is named) was killed by Seminoles as he was carrying the mail from Fort Brooke to Fort King. 2008: 1851: 1813: 1674: 1609: 1514: 1510: 1414: 1390: 1337: 1279: 1231: 1083: 1075: 809: 367: 335: 185: 4533: 4100: 1916:, a Creek chief). On March 15, Jackson's army entered Florida, marching down the banks of the 10182: 10122: 9936: 9931: 9871: 9743: 9562: 9264: 9169: 8920: 8803: 8752: 8524: 8368: 8149: 8118: 8080: 7853: 7796: 7643: 7210: 7064: 6987: 6565: 6288: 6283: 4063: 3218: 3115: 3066: 2959: 2930: 2906: 2809: 2726: 2588: 2470: 1972:), and Homathlemico, had been captured when they had gone out to an American ship flying the 1924:. The army then set out for the Mikasuki villages around Lake Miccosukee. The Indian town of 1843: 1780: 1613: 1468: 1375: 1283: 590: 275: 3398: 3331: 1552:(also known as Bowlegs) the upper hand. Joined by warriors from Alligator (near present-day 728:

crops, putting increasing pressure on resisters to surrender or starve with their families.

10132: 10046: 10041: 10031: 9971: 9911: 9803: 9778: 9422: 9214: 9104: 9089: 8888: 8833: 8594: 8443: 8363: 8323: 7972: 7836: 7608: 7404: 7252: 7132: 6982: 6918: 6828: 6609: 6547: 6529: 6420: 6374: 6316: 6273: 6086: 5769: 3111: 2681: 2623: 2422: 2342: 2055: 1929: 1800: 1772: 1753: 1703: 1487: 1410: 1210: 1141: 1111: 1062: 886: 821: 755: 754:

Taken together, the Seminole Wars were the longest, most expensive, and most deadly of all

735:, where they were allowed to remain in an uneasy truce. Tensions over the growth of nearby 655: 646:

which coalesced in northern Florida during the early 1700s, when the territory was still a

639: 428: 229: 39: 2547:

of truce. Coacoochee and other captives, including John Horse, escaped from their cell at

1920:. When they reached the site of the Negro Fort, Jackson had his men construct a new fort, 1646: 8: 10036: 9876: 9828: 9783: 9620: 9474: 9440: 8604: 8423: 8313: 8206: 8167: 8100: 7962: 7932: 7771: 7257: 7203: 6942: 6930: 6379: 6347: 6260: 6182: 4464: 3238: 3208: 2536: 2394: 1933: 1760:

Acknowledging that it was in Spanish territory, in April 1816, Jackson informed Governor

964: 928: 719: 568: 61: 5799:

Monaco, Chris (Summer 2000). "Fort Mitchell and the Settlement of the Alachua Country".

5603:

The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida

4698: 4535:

American Military History: The United States Army and the forging of a nation, 1775-1917

4102:

The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida

4034: 3915: 1742:." Americans worried that it would inspire their slaves to escape to Florida or revolt. 1556:) and other towns, the Seminoles sent 200 Indians and 40 blacks to attack the Patriots. 1505:, just south of the border with Georgia, approximately 50 miles north of St. Augustine. 9798: 9500: 9410: 9400: 9179: 9004: 8915: 8861: 8539: 8499: 8388: 8383: 8358: 8073: 8044: 7900: 7305: 6673: 6655: 6593: 6571: 6553: 6535: 5941: 5808: 5725: 5676: 5629: 5315: 4959: 4951: 4073: 3944: 3916:"Proclamation 16 – Taking Possession of Part of Louisiana (Annexation of West Florida)" 3832: 3228: 3213: 3103: 3046: 3030: 2942: 2926: 2694: 2438: 2434: 2306: 2219: 2171: 2143:, was not appointed until April 1822, and he left for an extended visit to his home in 2140: 2068: 2004: 1917: 1858: 1826: 1735: 1568: 1564: 1553: 1483: 1382:, the last of which was outside the part of West Florida claimed by the United States. 1379: 1317: 1271: 1247: 1243: 1071: 980: 944: 916: 874: 785: 714: 690: 7331: 6148: 4699:

Acquisition of Florida: Treaty of Adams-Onis (1819) and Transcontinental Treaty (1821)

1345: 10369: 10309: 9833: 9818: 9582: 9572: 9547: 9479: 9344: 9334: 9309: 9304: 9094: 9049: 8489: 8318: 8230: 7630: 7373: 7346: 6900: 6326: 6321: 6298: 6201: 6104: 6048: 6026: 6005: 5974: 5971:

Borderlines in Borderlands: James Madison and the Spanish-America Frontier, 1776-1821

5948: 5911: 5881: 5862: 5788: 5773: 5697: 5606: 5590: 5543: 5469: 5307: 4963: 4592: 4539: 4106: 3864: 3686: 3657: 3632: 3607: 3404: 3337: 3302: 3203: 3119: 3098:. In 1957, most Seminoles established formal relations with the US government as the 3058: 3009: 2976: 2938: 2627: 2567: 2418: 2095: 2054:. Jackson had first reported that all was peaceful and that he would be returning to 2035: 1707: 1593: 1275: 1251: 1110:

moved into Florida as allies of the Spanish, after conflicts with colonists from the

1025: 1000: 960: 854: 840: 832: 732: 686: 679: 415: 88: 5835: 3935:(2). Oxford University Press on behalf of American Historical Association: 290–311. 2562:'s column of 800 men encountered a body of about 400 warriors on the north shore of 1912:, and about 1,400 friendly Lower Creek warriors (under command of Brigadier General 1563:

led 117 Georgia militiamen in an attempt to seize the Alachua Seminole lands around

994: 9808: 9768: 9758: 9592: 9380: 9359: 9349: 9324: 9319: 9294: 9284: 8905: 8843: 8796: 8629: 8529: 8398: 8378: 8293: 8237: 7885: 7831: 7596: 7575: 7563: 7462: 7457: 6992: 6977: 6765: 6643: 6603: 6466: 5823: 5717: 4943: 3936: 3828: 3271: 3193: 2864: 2752: 2601: 2551:

in St. Augustine, but Osceola did not go with them. He died in prison, probably of

2426: 2293: 2272: 2104: 1988: 1913: 1869: 1788: 1768: 1749: 1344:

as King. Resistance to the French invasion coalesced in a national government, the

1341: 1144:. (Descendants of this group have maintained a separate tribal identity as today's 947:(1830). After several ultimatums and the departure of a few Seminole clans per the 936: 748: 724: 706: 451: 379: 339: 319: 299: 279: 240: 213: 173: 2444:

On Dec. 28, 1835, Major Benjamine A. Putnam with a force of soldiers occupied the

2206:

would run down the middle of the Florida peninsula from just north of present-day

9675: 9532: 9512: 9329: 9289: 9279: 9274: 9142: 9017: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8559: 8343: 8333: 8155: 8094: 7937: 7890: 7816: 7467: 7267: 6692: 6661: 6352: 6059:

Major John C. White, Jr., "American Military Strategy In The Second Seminole War"

5842: 5830: 5662: 5463: 4646:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 397. 4163: 3736: 3551: 3432: 3284: 3166: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2910: 2888: 2822: 2563: 2523:

that the Seminole could be accompanied by their allies and "their negroes, their

2413: 2374: 2363: 1953: 1880: 1730: 1718: 1433: 1418: 1215: 1190: 1182: 1137: 1020:, a Seminole leader known as Billy Bowlegs by whites, responded with a raid near 878: 851: 817: 777: 647: 391: 142: 84: 5575: 3866:

West Florida and its relation to the historical cartography of the United States

2218:. Neamathla and five other chiefs were allowed to keep their villages along the 2150:

The Seminoles were still a problem for the new government. In early 1822, Capt.

1687:

and many British commanders started enlisting the military aid of local Indians.

10221: 9848: 9753: 9748: 9720: 9695: 9602: 9597: 9505: 9339: 9314: 9299: 9269: 9184: 9084: 8935: 8403: 8393: 8338: 8216: 8161: 8137: 7992: 7977: 7905: 7895: 7685: 7272: 7242: 6775: 6770: 6727: 6712: 6637: 6559: 6513: 6415: 6384: 4588: 3606:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 187–8, 191, 195. 3223: 3188: 3062: 2596: 2559: 2430: 2324: 2252: 2207: 2159: 2076: 2044: 1996: 1984: 1865: 1699: 1662: 1650: 1601: 1371: 1166: 1102:

During the mid-1700s, small bands from various Native American tribes from the

911:

of 1819, with the transfer taking place in 1821. According to the terms of the

899: 866: 717:. A few bands reluctantly complied but most resisted violently, leading to the 671: 663: 403: 355: 295: 251: 209: 161: 4068:. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1858. pp. 12–13, 43–49. 3001: 2251:, with four companies of infantry, was established on the site of present-day 1791:(White Warrior), to protect their passage. The supply fleet met Clinch at the 1362: 10328: 10249: 10236: 9577: 9567: 9517: 9354: 8772: 8179: 8002: 7880: 7766: 7623: 7247: 6702: 6071:"Tour of the Florida Territory during the Seminole (Florida) Wars, 1792-1859" 6065:

Letter Concerning the Outbreak of Hostilities in the Third Seminole War, 1856

5754: 5311: 3720: 3604:

Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians

3162:. Shot on location in Florida and takes place during the Second Seminole War. 3154: 3087: 2860: 2793: 2767: 2686: 2650: 2626:; it was guarded by a detachment of 23 soldiers under the command of Colonel 2611: 2399: 2256: 1992: 1833:(Creek) village in southwestern Georgia, about 15 miles (24 km) east of 1695: 1560: 1502: 1478: 1429: 1399: 1305: 1161: 1017: 972: 781: 631: 444: 125: 47: 1761: 9557: 9552: 9542: 9149: 9132: 9037: 9032: 8584: 7492: 7087: 7035: 6722: 6162: 5736:

Lacey, Michael O., Maj. 2002. "Military Commissions: A Historical Survey".

5643:

Soldiers of Florida in the Seminole Indian, Civil and Spanish-American wars

3940: 3927:

Cox, Isaac Joslin (Jan 1912). "The American Intervention in West Florida".

3175: 2934: 2918: 2872: 2669: 2654: 2515: 2488: 2477: 2474: 2188: 2051: 1921: 1847: 1691: 1521: 1301: 1267: 1263: 1115: 956: 772: 705:

Andrew Jackson demanded that they leave Florida altogether and relocate to

315: 263: 2717: 2645:

The Navy sent its sailors and Marines up rivers and streams, and into the

935:

the Treaty of Moultrie Creek and demanding that all Seminoles relocate to

846:

Beginning in the 1730s, Spain established a policy of providing refuge to

843:

as they coalesced into a new culture which became known as the Seminoles.

9587: 9527: 8599: 8574: 8564: 8494: 7518: 7497: 7452: 7315: 6732: 6389: 5652:"Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful": The U.S. Takeover of West Florida 3233: 3171: 3159: 2831: 2673: 2615: 2548: 2260: 2248: 2237: 1969: 1796: 1714: 1682: 1444: 1123: 1119: 1086:

in 1763, the majority of Florida's Indians travelled with the Spanish to

952: 882: 824:

in the late 17th century, a series of raids by British settlers from the

575: 420: 5812: 5633: 5319: 2763: 2535:

commanded an expedition that captured several Indian leaders, including

983:. Jesup also authorized the controversial abduction of Seminole leaders 831:

British settlers repeatedly came into conflict with Native Americans as

9522: 9122: 8819: 8589: 8428: 8413: 7987: 6697: 5859:

Filibusters and Expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny, 1800-1821

5729: 5295: 4955: 3948: 3834:

The West Florida Controversy, 1798–1813 – a Study in American Diplomacy

3739:, the name for fugitive slaves in a number of locations throughout the 3708: 3131: 3126: 2933:

were killed. The settlers in the area promptly fled to Fort Dallas and

2776: 2646: 2634: 2544: 2540: 2496: 2481: 2264: 2000: 1973: 1965: 1830: 1792: 1784:

on the supply boats, the Americans would have an excuse to destroy it.

1739: 1666: 1529: 1145: 1061:

Beginning in the late-17th century, raids by British settlers from the

1021: 1013: 932: 903: 870: 744: 736: 545: 440: 197: 57: 27:

Conflicts in Florida between the US govt. and Seminole Nation (1816–58)

7846: 5878:

Florida Fiasco: Rampant Rebels on the Georgia-Florida Border 1810-1815

5620:

Davis, T. Frederick (January 1930). "Elotchaway, East Florida, 1814".

5445:. Resources Committee, US House of Representatives. September 25, 1997 8484: 8373: 7997: 7761: 6369: 3258: 3050: 2868: 2859:

leaders, by July he had found sixteen Seminole to send west. Finding

2492: 2288: 2241: 2163: 2155: 1983:(aka "Bowlegs") old town and maroon villages (Nero's town) along the 1905: 1854:

that the attack on Fowltown was the start of the First Seminole War.

1838: 1658: 1491: 1197: 1152: 1091: 858: 825: 813: 793: 675: 5721: 4947: 2518:

when he appeared for a meeting under a white peace or "parley" flag.

2043:

of American troops on April 29, 1818. Arbuthnot was hanged from the

1721:, a U.S. force led by General Jackson drove the British and Spanish 1205:

fugitive slaves joined Seminole bands as free members of the tribe.

881:

in the southern United States, and settlers in the border states of

9159: 9044: 8788: 8767: 8654: 8624: 8348: 7915: 7447: 6357: 6224: 3740: 3716: 3198: 2855: 2595:

In May, Jesup's request to be relieved of command was granted, and

2354: 2144: 2124: 1799:" (a cannonball heated to a red glow), landed in the fort's powder 1533: 1459:

to incite a rebellion similar to that in the Baton Rouge District.

1385:

Residents of westernmost West Florida (between the Mississippi and

1256: 1239: 1132: 1127: 988: 940: 836: 797: 710: 667: 635: 424: 130: 5908:

The Louisiana Purchase: a Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia

2543:, Osceola and Micanopy when they appeared for conferences under a 2279: 1196:

In 1738, the Spanish governor of Florida, Manuel de Montiano, had

1169:". The Spanish in Saint Augustine began calling the Alachua Creek 8823: 7654: 6482: 6364: 2571: 2552: 2366: 2359: 2334: 2215: 2014: 1957: 1925: 1909: 1891: 1494: 1448: 1185:(so called because it was believed that they were descended from 1174: 1126:, also started moving into Florida from the area of Georgia. The 1107: 1066: 984: 969: 436: 138: 92: 5885: 5861:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and London: University of Alabama Press. 5740:, March, 2002. Department of the Army Pam. 27-50-350. P. 42. at 2510: 2196:

provided for a reservation in central Florida for the Seminoles.

2061: 1106:

began moving into the unoccupied lands of Florida. In 1715, the

968:

thus starving them out; a strategy which would be duplicated by

931:(1835–1842) began as a result of the United States unilaterally 493: 8294:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

7056: 6096:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

3719:

succeeded him. After he was captured and sent west, his nephew

2981: 2698: 1186: 869:

either near Seminole towns or living independently, such as at

432: 5910:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 112–113. 2507:

personnel patrolling the coast and inland rivers and streams.

2495:

of the adjacent states calling for regiments of twelve-months

2405:

A true and authentic account of the Indian war in Florida ...

2362:, a young warrior beginning to be noticed particularly by the 2119:

to the United States and renounced all claim to West Florida.

1805:

was heard more than 100 miles (160 km) away in Pensacola.

1559:

In retaliation for Seminole raids, in September 1812, Colonel

5540:

The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America

3712: 3679:"Apalachee Tribe, Missing for Centuries, Comes out of Hiding" 2900: 2854:

to move the Indians west. Blake had successfully removed the

2353:

Five of the most important of the Seminole chiefs, including

2232: 2091:

There were international repercussions to Jackson's actions.

1980: 1883:

then ordered Andrew Jackson to lead the invasion of Florida.

1549: 1541: 1378:

started organizing in the summer of 1810 to seize Mobile and

1178: 1051: 805: 134: 5990:"The Southern Indians in the War of 1812: The Closing Phase" 3800:

Curry, J. L. M. (April 1888). "The Acquisition of Florida".

3283:

The Alachua Country was the interior of Florida west of the

1745: 1587:

After the United States government disavowed support of the

1366:

A 1903 map showing the territorial changes of "West Florida"

1028:

to live on land considered unsuitable by American settlers.

6193: 5933:

Border Law: The First Seminole War and American Nationhood.

5558:

Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades 1835–1842

4869:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. p. 87. 4105:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 103, 261, 288–291. 3065:. This situation lasted until changes brought about by the 2211: 1316:

President Thomas Jefferson had initially believed that the

5572:

Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798–1993

5560:. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. 3403:. United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. 3336:. United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. 2330: 2135:

Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 with the

2067:

Jackson did not stop. Jackson also stated (in a letter to

2050:

Jackson left a garrison at Fort St. Marks and returned to

1979:

Jackson left Fort St. Marks to attack the Native American

10340:

United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries

7504:

The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776

5935:

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.

4610: 4608: 3073:, eventually prompting the state of Florida to adopt the 1653:

led an invasion of Florida during the First Seminole War.

1665:

became a national hero after his victory over the Creek

1340:, King of Spain, to abdicate, and installed his brother 1321:

West Florida was not a possession of the United States.

1218:, as they were called, became important tribal leaders. 951:(1832), hostilities commenced in December 1835 with the 630:) were a series of three military conflicts between the 5963:

The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the FLORIDA WAR

4165:

United States Troops in Spanish East Florida, 1812-1813

1608:

25-foot square, two-story blockhouse, which they named

6131:

Black Seminoles and the Second Seminole War: 1832-1838

5563:

Cohen, Myer M. (An Officer of the Left Wing) (1836).

4664: 4662: 4605: 3656:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 209–213. 2292:

and especially to the suggestion that they join their

7359:

James Monroe Law Office, Museum, and Memorial Library

6047:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 5605:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 5527:

University of Florida Press. Edited by John K. Mahon.

5250:"The Seminoles: Action of the Legislature of Florida" 4642:

Jackson, Andrew (1927). Bassett, John Spencer (ed.).

1968:

also known as the "Prophet" (not to be confused with

1771:

to take control of the fort. Gaines directed Colonel

1462: 6004:, Coral Gables, Florida, University of Miami Press. 5943:

The Plot to Steal Florida: James Madison's Phony War

5897:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. 5785:

The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict

5761:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. 2083:

as military governor of West Florida and went home.

1189:), and "rancho Indians", who lived at Spanish/Cuban 10375:

Wars between the United States and Native Americans

7390:

1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election

5857:Owsley, Frank Lawrence Jr.; Smith, Gene A. (1997). 4659: 3462:"A Brief History of the Seminole People of Florida" 2034:, was captured by Jackson's troops. At St. Marks a 8008:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson 5940: 5696:. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. 5248: 4161: 3325: 3323: 3321: 1821: 1200:built and established as a free Black settlement. 1058:improved relations and stabilized the population. 6067:, from the State Library and Archives of Florida. 6016:U.S. Army National Infantry Museum, "Indian Wars" 5973:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 5432:, 3rd ed. New York: Checkmark Books, 2009. Print. 4538:. Government Printing Office. 2006. p. 162. 4371:"1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Unit History" 4032: 3827: 2618:searching for the Indians during the Seminole War 1041: 642:between about 1816 and 1858. The Seminoles are a 10326: 7812:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services 5880:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 4168:. Part 5. Florida Historical Society. p. 34 3837:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press. 3540:. London: Harvard University Press. p. 193. 3178:that takes place during the Second Seminole War. 1991:, found and attacked a Red Stick village led by 1324:During his negotiations with France, U.S. envoy 5851:1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Unit History 4098: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3869:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press. 3318: 2850:was appointed by the Secretary of the Interior 1738:about the fort, white Americans called it the " 1635: 5508: 3522: 3520: 1892:East Florida (east side of Apalachicola River) 865:, and it became common to find settlements of 8804: 8279: 7670: 7072: 7026:Native American genocide in the United States 6498: 6209: 5853:. P. 17. at – URL retrieved October 22, 2006. 5742:The Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army 2062:West Florida (west of the Apalachicola River) 1426:(the current eastern boundary of Louisiana). 509: 5766:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe 4801:"The Seminole Wars – Seminole Nation Museum" 4021: 3743:, is also probably derived from the Spanish 3631:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 3579:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 219. 2725:In May 1841, Armistead was replaced by Col. 2312: 1202:Fugitive African and African American slaves 6147:. No. 2. pp. 12–5. Archived from 6099:. The Oxford History of the United States. 6025:, Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. 6023:The Florida Keys: A History of the Pioneers 5856: 5641:Florida Board of State Institutions. 1903. 5435: 4377:. June 25, 1999. p. 17. Archived from 3960: 3958: 3858: 3856: 3517: 2177: 1151:Another group of Hitchiti speakers, led by 8811: 8797: 8743:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 8728:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 8286: 8272: 7677: 7663: 7079: 7065: 6505: 6491: 6406:Indigenous people of the Everglades region 6216: 6202: 5783:Missall, John and Mary Lou Missall. 2004. 5175:Florida Board of State Institutions. P. 9. 4092: 3538:Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions 3490: 2901:Increased Army presence and Indian attacks 1932:) was burned on March 31, and the town of 1886: 1097: 516: 502: 8040:(Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues) 7827:Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign 5567:New York: B. B. Hussey, 378 Pearl-Street. 5525:Reminiscences of the Second Seminole War. 5520:New York: J. Narine, Printer, 11 Wall St. 5293: 4155: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 2841: 2604:sent the Commanding General of the Army, 2514:Osceola was seized at the orders of Gen. 2071:) that the seizure of supplies meant for 1582: 1289: 7953:1832 United States presidential election 7822:1828 United States presidential election 7807:1824 United States presidential election 7777:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek 7717:Federal Military Commissioner of Florida 6443:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States 5901: 5622:The Florida Historical Society Quarterly 5537: 3955: 3862: 3853: 3795: 3793: 3651: 3620: 3601: 2762: 2716: 2610: 2509: 2480:, the first Native American graduate of 2398: 2388: 2329: 2278: 2231: 2187: 2020:Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot 2013: 1744: 1673:. After his victory, Jackson forced the 1645: 1361: 1336:In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain, forced 5892: 5875: 5820:Office of the Chief of Military History 4864: 4641: 4635: 3920: 3676: 3645: 3597: 3595: 3552:"Seminole Wars | United States history" 3535: 3378:. State Library and Archives of Florida 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 2895: 1900:in March 1818, including 800 U.S. Army 1846:, former governor of Georgia and Creek 1623: 693:in the center of the peninsula per the 674:towns, as well as the briefly occupied 14: 10327: 10314:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7532:Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar 7488:Monroe Township, (Southern) New Jersey 7483:Monroe Township, (Northern) New Jersey 6241:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 5987: 5798: 5600: 5296:"An Episode in the Third Seminole War" 4933: 4582: 4332:"National Infantry Museum Indian Wars" 4047: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3626: 2925:On January 6, 1856, two men gathering 2247:Implementation of the treaty stalled. 1579:to Georgia with the remaining troops. 1528:In June 1812, George Mathews met with 1136:-speakers, settled around what is now 1074:and beyond or east to the vicinity of 922: 697:. About ten years later, however, the 9656:Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach 8792: 8267: 7968:Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson 7658: 7060: 6486: 6197: 5968: 5938: 5707: 5689:– Archived URL retrieved May 9, 2008. 5619: 5565:Notices of Florida and The Campaigns. 5496: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 3799: 3790: 3574: 3270:The area has since been known as the 3141: 2975:In September 1856, Brigadier General 2758: 1803:. The explosion leveled the fort and 1262:The British had divided Florida into 1006: 893: 497: 10360:Indian wars of the American Old West 8818: 8723:Timeline of U.S. military operations 7871:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson 6174:A History of Central Florida Podcast 6135: 6092: 5824:Chapter 7: "The Thirty Years' Peace" 4668: 4587:(1st ed.). New York, New York: 4585:Andrew Jackson & His Indian Wars 4336:United States Army Infantry Homepage 3592: 3468:. Florida Museum of Natural History. 3454: 3396: 3357: 3329: 2501:"This is a negro not an Indian war." 2130: 1278:. Together with their possession of 739:led to renewed hostilities, and the 8024:List of memorials to Andrew Jackson 7958:1832 Democratic National Convention 7405:Governor of Virginia election, 1799 7395:1790 and 1791 U.S. Senate elections 7141:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 5772:: The University Press of Florida. 4462: 3926: 3812: 3372:"Timeline of the Florida Seminoles" 1850:at the time, stated in a report to 1767:Jackson assigned Brigadier General 1036: 485:Militia and civilian deaths unknown 24: 10355:Native American history of Florida 9631:Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach 9626:Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin 7684: 6512: 5759:History of the Second Seminole War 5694:Florida's Seminole Wars: 1817–1858 5671:. (1930) Edited by Grant Foreman. 5465:Black Creek: The Taking of Florida 5430:Atlas of the North American Indian 4561: 3629:The Spanish missions of La Florida 3577:Osceola and the Great Seminole War 3148:Black Creek: The Taking of Florida 2433:, as well as territorial governor 2007:the previous November near modern 1698:, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 1463:Patriot War of East Florida (1812) 1389:rivers) organized a convention at 1165:, the region became known as the " 1003:after active conflict wound down. 25: 10391: 8480:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 7306:Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase 6119: 6038:History of Camden County, Georgia 5939:Smith, Joseph Burkholder (1983). 5665:– URL retrieved October 22, 2006. 5578:– URL retrieved October 22, 2006. 5160:Dictionary of Wars: Third Edition 3430: 3400:Dictionary of Wars: Third Edition 3333:Dictionary of Wars: Third Edition 3035:Confederate government of Florida 2892:leave, the Army would use force. 2799: 2708: 2109:Anglo-American Convention of 1818 1630:U.S. Navy Naval Historical Center 1221: 804:spread out across north Florida. 523: 469:Peak: 40,000 Expeditionary: 8,000 10380:Pre-statehood history of Florida 10278: 10265: 10215: 8247: 8246: 7852: 7845: 7639: 7638: 7512:Washington Crossing the Delaware 7410:U.S. presidential election, 1808 7278:State of the Union Address, 1824 7209: 7202: 7114:United States Secretary of State 7086: 6450:Seminole Nation v. United States 5906:. In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). 5801:The Florida Historical Quarterly 5482: 5456: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5396: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5300:The Florida Historical Quarterly 5287: 5278: 5269: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5165: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4644:Correspondence of Andrew Jackson 4338:. August 8, 2006. Archived from 4099:James G. Cusick (1 April 2007). 1752:commanded Federal troops at the 561:Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident 409: 397: 385: 373: 361: 349: 329: 309: 289: 269: 257: 245: 234: 223: 203: 191: 179: 167: 155: 118: 46: 9721:Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater 7948:1830 State of the Union Address 7943:1829 State of the Union Address 6983:Indian barrier state (proposed) 6043:Weisman, Brent Richards. 1999. 5787:. University Press of Florida. 5710:The Journal of Southern History 4703: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4650: 4626: 4617: 4552: 4526: 4517: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4465:"Prospect Bluff Historic Sites" 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4363: 4354: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3863:Chambers, Henry E. (May 1898). 3844: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3750: 3730: 3701: 3670: 3583: 3568: 3544: 3529: 3508: 3294: 3277: 3264: 3251: 3080: 2970: 2852:Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan 2668:is a small island in the upper 2305:. In 1830, Congress passed the 2086: 1896:Jackson gathered his forces at 1822:Fowltown and the Scott Massacre 1351: 1031: 662:in 1817, when American General 9459:Puerto Rican-American culture 9080:Florida land boom of the 1920s 8758:List of anti-war organizations 7911:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 7701:President of the United States 7288:Federal judiciary appointments 7122:United States Secretary of War 7103:President of the United States 6521:Battles and military incidents 6145:South Florida History Magazine 6126:Seminole Wars Foundation, Inc. 6018:, U.S. Army Infantry Home Page 4994:Missall. pp. 138–139, 142–143. 4976:Missall. pp. 126–134, 140–141. 4152:Patrick. pp. 184–212, 230–234. 4134:Patrick. pp. 174, 176, 179–81. 3929:The American Historical Review 3677:Horwitz, Tony (9 March 2005). 3499: 3481: 3472: 3424: 3390: 3108:Big Cypress Indian Reservation 3016: 2303:President of the United States 1816:, and her two young children. 1681:In 1814, Britain was still at 1477:was commissioned by President 1078:. When Spain ceded Florida to 1042:Decline of indigenous cultures 56:boat expedition searching the 13: 1: 9681:Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville 9666:North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton 9661:Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island 8670:War against the Islamic State 7928:Banking in the Jacksonian Era 7569:American Colonization Society 7189:Virginia Ratifying Convention 7169:Congress of the Confederation 5988:Sugden, John (January 1982). 4294:Davis (January 1930). p. 155. 4249:Davis (January 1930). p. 145. 3136:Miccosukee Indian Reservation 3118:, Immokalee Reservation, and 2660: 2469:On November 21, 1836, at the 2022:during the First Seminole War 1962:Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo) 1642:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites 1048:indigenous peoples of Florida 790:indigenous peoples of Florida 766: 8088:Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson 7448:Monrovia, capital of Liberia 6223: 6093:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 6075:The Army and Navy of America 5994:Florida Historical Quarterly 5902:Pugliese, Elizabeth (2002). 5893:Patrick, Rembert W. (1963). 5876:Patrick, Rembert W. (1954). 5822:, United States Army. 2001. 5744:– URL retrieved May 9, 2008. 5538:Borneman, Walter R. (2006). 5294:Covington, James W. (1966). 5257:. 26 January 1853. p. 6 5030:Missall. pp. 169–181, 182–4. 4936:The Journal of Negro History 4865:Patrick, Rembert W. (1963). 4805:www.seminolenationmuseum.org 4467:. exploresouthernhistory.com 3802:Magazine of American History 3652:Milanich, Jerald T. (1999). 3602:Milanich, Jerald T. (2006). 3397:Kohn, George Childs (2004). 3330:Kohn, George Childs (2004). 3312: 3102:, which is headquartered in 2909:, on the north-east side of 2745: 2487:Late in 1836, Major General 1868:on the Apalachicola reached 1636:Creek War and the Negro Fort 1538:Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan 1259:moved into Spanish Florida. 863:American War of Independence 850:in an attempt to weaken the 7: 10365:19th-century guerrilla wars 7876:Tenure of Office Act (1820) 7354:Monroe Hill home and office 7337:Birthplace and boyhood home 7031:Reservation checkerboarding 6246:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 6233:Federally recognized tribes 5587:University Press of Florida 5542:. New York: HarperCollins. 5515:Barr, James, Capt. (1836). 5509:References and bibliography 4162:T. Frederick Davis (1930). 4039:. A. T. Goodrich. pp. 3287:, which the Spanish called 3182: 3114:, Fort Pierce Reservation, 761: 648:Spanish colonial possession 483:1,500-2,000 Federal troops 10: 10396: 9691:Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent 9075:Florida East Coast Railway 9065:Plantations of Leon County 8660:War in North-West Pakistan 8510:Second Sumatran expedition 8475:American Revolutionary War 7983:Ordinance of Nullification 7792:Battle of Pensacola (1814) 7157:U.S. Senator from Virginia 7046:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost 6627:Indian removals in Indiana 6620:Removals (chronologically) 6083:, Tampa Bay History Center 6000:Tebeau, Charlton W. 1971. 5904:"Fontainebleau, Treaty of" 5849:Officers of 1-5 FA. 1999. 5764:Milanich, Jerald T. 1995. 5581:Covington, James W. 1993. 5173:Missall. pp. 177, 204–205. 5012:Missall. pp. 152, 157–164. 5003:Missall. pp. 144–147, 151. 4623:Missall. pp. 33–34, 41–42. 4583:Remini, Robert V. (2001). 4321:Monaco. pp. 14, 18, 21–22. 4033:John Lee Williams (1837). 3627:Mcewan, Bonnie G. (1993). 3466:museumoffloridahistory.com 3229:Indian Removal Act of 1830 3075:current state constitution 3008:Cypress Swamp starting on 2392: 2316: 2181: 2041:executed by a firing squad 2030:, a former officer in the 1950:Alexander George Arbuthnot 1908:volunteers, 1,000 Georgia 1683:war with the United States 1639: 1466: 1355: 1228:American Revolutionary War 1104:southeastern United States 770: 715:Indian Removal Act of 1830 10211: 9857: 9734: 9676:Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford 9611: 9488: 9432:Haitian-American culture 9368: 9193: 9103: 9003: 8842: 8830: 8705: 8505:First Sumatran expedition 8467: 8306: 8299: 8225: 8189: 8130: 8016: 7861: 7843: 7739: 7692: 7618: 7589: 7556: 7428: 7382: 7342:Revolutionary War service 7324: 7296: 7218: 7200: 7179: 7094: 7001: 6958: 6789: 6747:People who helped Indians 6746: 6683: 6650:Potawatomi Trail of Death 6619: 6586: 6520: 6459: 6429: 6398: 6335: 6307: 6259: 6251:Seminole Tribe of Florida 6231: 6040:, Camden Printing Company 5961:Sprague, John T. (1848). 5947:. New York: Arbor House. 5836:American Military History 5656:The Independent Institute 5601:Cusick, James G. (2003). 5468:. Pineapple Press. 2007. 5171:Mahon. pp. 321, 323, 325. 4240:Patrick. pp. 269–71, 277. 4018:Patrick. pp. 34–35, 40–54 3100:Seminole Tribe of Florida 3071:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3043:1868 Florida Constitution 2581:Battle of Lake Okeechobee 2347:Treaty of Payne's Landing 2319:Treaty of Payne's Landing 2313:Treaty of Payne's Landing 2032:Corps of Colonial Marines 1589:Territory of East Florida 1430:Juan Vicente Folch y Juan 1155:, settled in what is now 1118:, at first primarily the 949:Treaty of Payne's Landing 533: 476: 463: 148: 111: 67: 60:for Seminoles during the 45: 37: 32: 9127:drainage and development 8459:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 8419:Battle of Blair Mountain 7782:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 7036:Reservation diminishment 7014:in the Thirteen Colonies 6708:George Rockingham Gilmer 6542:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 6472:Miccosukee Indian School 6036:Vocelle, James T. 1914. 5969:Stagg, J. C. A. (2009). 5585:. Gainesville, Florida: 5583:The Seminoles of Florida 5570:Collier, Ellen C. 1993. 5149:Mahon. pp. 313–4, 316–8. 3244: 3170:, A 1953 movie starring 3096:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2947:Big Charley Apopka Creek 2227:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 2194:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 2184:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 2178:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 2117:Spain ceded East Florida 1956:trader based out of the 1671:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1436:by the end of the year. 1358:Republic of West Florida 913:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 837:Muscogee (Creek) Indians 786:introduction of diseases 695:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 9385:Cuban-American culture 8718:Wars involving the U.S. 8555:Philippine–American War 8439:1960s ghetto rebellions 8202:Jackson as slave trader 8144:Andrew Jackson Donelson 7478:Monroe County, New York 7473:Monroe County, Kentucky 7149:U.S. Minister to France 7019:Land claims settlements 6668:Long Walk of the Navajo 6101:Oxford University Press 5576:Naval Historical Center 5556:Buker, George E. 1975. 4709:Missall. pp. 44, 47–50. 4614:Missall. pp. 33, 40–41. 3839:isaac cox west florida. 3787:Missall. pp. 13, 15–18. 3683:The Wall Street Journal 3556:Encyclopædia Britannica 3437:Encyclopædia Britannica 3158:, A 1951 film starring 2689:, former United States 2638:replaced by Brig. Gen. 2587:they suffered, and the 2533:Joseph Marion Hernández 2439:Cape Florida lighthouse 1887:Jackson invades Florida 1769:Edmund Pendleton Gaines 1750:Edmund Pendleton Gaines 1407:William C. C. Claiborne 1191:fishing camps (ranchos) 1098:Origin of the Seminoles 773:Seminole § Origins 703:United States President 9260:1949 Florida hurricane 9250:Fort Lauderdale (1947) 8763:Conscientious objector 8665:First Libyan Civil War 8535:Second Fiji expedition 8515:Ivory Coast expedition 8449:1992 Los Angeles riots 8409:Colorado Coalfield War 8301:Listed chronologically 7787:Treaty of Fort Jackson 7747:Battle of Hanging Rock 7711:(1797–1798, 1823–1825) 7709:Senator from Tennessee 6895:Prairie du Chien (4th) 6883:Prairie du Chien (3rd) 6877:Prairie du Chien (2nd) 6871:Prairie du Chien (1st) 6749:or documented removals 6686:and military officials 6632:Choctaw Trail of Tears 6599:Georgia Land Lotteries 6138:"Blacks and Seminoles" 6087:"State-funded library" 6073:, from Jacob K. Neff, 5747:Laumer, Frank. (2008) 5683:Kimball, Chris. 2003. 5669:Hitchcock, Ethan Allen 5530:Belko, William S. ed. 5523:Bemrose, John (1966). 5402:Covington. pp. 135–40. 5348:Covington. pp. 129–30. 5220:Covington. pp. 118–21. 5093:Mahon. pp. 282, 285–7. 4897:Hitchcock. pp.120–131. 3982:Stagg. pp. 89–91 80–86 3778:Missall. pp. 12–13, 18 3756:Missall. pp. 4–7, 128. 3536:Landers, Jane (2010). 2842:Further Indian removal 2771: 2722: 2672:. In 1840, it was the 2640:Walker Keith Armistead 2619: 2519: 2467: 2408: 2338: 2284: 2244: 2236:Barracks and tents at 2197: 2023: 1814:Camden County, Georgia 1757: 1675:Treaty of Fort Jackson 1654: 1583:District of Elotchaway 1511:Castillo de San Marcos 1367: 1290:The Louisiana Purchase 1193:on the Florida coast. 644:Native American nation 541:Watering Hole Massacre 186:William Henry Harrison 149:Commanders and leaders 10250:27.32542°N 80.83740°W 9651:Lakeland–Winter Haven 9621:Cape Coral–Fort Myers 9563:North Central Florida 9230:Treasure Coast (1933) 8733:Territorial evolution 8713:Conflicts in the U.S. 8635:Intervention in Haiti 8525:First Fiji expedition 8150:Daniel Smith Donelson 8081:The Remarkable Andrew 8032:(U.S. Capitol statue) 7797:Battle of New Orleans 7332:Early life and career 7311:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty 6988:Indian Reserve (1763) 6790:Land cession treaties 6566:Attack at Fort Hughes 6181:historical marker in 6136:Klos, George (1991). 5895:Aristocrat in Uniform 5650:Higgs, Robert. 2005. 5420:Covington. pp. 145–6. 5411:Covington. pp. 140–3. 5393:Covington. pp. 135–6. 5384:Covington. pp. 134–5. 5375:Covington. pp. 133–4. 5366:Covington. pp. 132–3. 5357:Covington. pp. 130–2. 5339:Covington. pp. 128–9. 5284:Covington. pp. 126–7. 5238:Covington. pp. 123–6. 5229:Covington. pp. 122-3. 5211:Covington. pp. 116–8. 5202:Covington. pp. 114–6. 5193:Covington. pp. 112–4. 5184:Covington. pp. 110–1. 5158:Kohn, George Childs: 5140:Covington. Pp. 107-7. 5122:Covington. pp. 103–6. 5102:Knetsch. Pp. 128-131. 5039:Covington. pp. 98–99. 5021:Missall. pp. 165–168. 4942:(2 (Spring)): 74–83. 4924:Missall. pp. 122–125. 4867:Aristocrat in Uniform 3219:Indian Campaign Medal 3116:Hollywood Reservation 3067:civil rights movement 2808:, a tributary of the 2766: 2727:William Jenkins Worth 2720: 2676:of the newly created 2614: 2589:Battle of Loxahatchee 2513: 2471:Battle of Wahoo Swamp 2462: 2458:Ethan Allen Hitchcock 2402: 2345:finally ratified the 2333: 2282: 2235: 2191: 2017: 1844:David Brydie Mitchell 1748: 1661:(1813–1814), Colonel 1649: 1469:Patriot War (Florida) 1376:Mississippi Territory 1365: 1284:Appalachian Mountains 477:Casualties and losses 276:Alexander R. Thompson 103:United States victory 18:Florida Seminole Wars 9706:Sebastian-Vero Beach 9255:South Florida (1948) 9090:Kennedy Space Center 8899:environmental issues 8595:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8550:Spanish–American War 8520:Mexican–American War 8444:Kent State shootings 8434:Puerto Rican revolts 8364:American Indian Wars 8051:The President's Lady 7973:Nullification crisis 7837:Jacksonian democracy 7609:Samuel L. Gouverneur 7581:Limestone plantation 7253:Era of Good Feelings 7133:Governor of Virginia 7041:Reservation politics 6889:Dancing Rabbit Creek 6776:Benjamin Marie Petit 6684:American politicians 6610:Worcester v. Georgia 6548:Battle of Negro Fort 6530:Battle of Burnt Corn 6421:Green Corn Rebellion 6375:Four Mothers Society 6343:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum 6317:Afro-Seminole Creole 6002:A history of Florida 5770:Gainesville, Florida 5692:Knetsch, Joe. 2003. 5255:New-York Daily Times 4888:Missall. Pp. 94-121. 4745:Missall. pp. 63–-64. 4591:. pp. 148–149. 4267:Patrick, Pp. 279-80. 4222:Patrick. pp. 268–69. 4143:Patrick. pp. 183–85. 3941:10.1086/ahr/17.2.290 3575:Hatch, Thom (2012). 3234:American Indian Wars 3112:Brighton Reservation 2624:Caloosahatchee River 2583:as a great victory. 2343:United States Senate 2056:Nashville, Tennessee 1773:Duncan Lamont Clinch 1754:Battle of Negro Fort 1706:Nicholas Lockyer of 1411:Territory of Orleans 1370:By 1810, during the 1211:Underground Railroad 1122:but later including 1112:Province of Carolina 822:Province of Carolina 802:a series of missions 756:American Indian Wars 747:to land unwanted by 654:regularly fled from 546:Battle of Negro Fort 40:American Indian Wars 10255:27.32542; -80.83740 10246: / 9240:Dry Tortugas (1944) 9225:Florida Keys (1929) 9205:Florida Keys (1919) 8990:Tourist attractions 8610:Invasion of Grenada 8605:Dominican Civil War 8231:← John Quincy Adams 8197:Jackson and slavery 8170:(acting First Lady) 8168:Sarah Yorke Jackson 8164:(acting First Lady) 7963:Maysville Road veto 7772:Battle of Talladega 7725:U.S. Representative 7631:John Quincy Adams → 7597:Elizabeth Kortright 7527:U.S. postage stamps 7258:Missouri Compromise 7233:Second inauguration 6966:Former reservations 6949:Buffalo Creek (4th) 6937:Buffalo Creek (3rd) 6925:Buffalo Creek (2nd) 6817:Buffalo Creek (1st) 6756:Robert C. Ambrister 6380:Green Corn Ceremony 6348:Alligator wrestling 6183:Bainbridge, Georgia 6021:Viele, John. 1996. 5113:Mahon. pp. 298–300. 5066:Buker. pp. 106–107. 4879:Missall. pp. 91–92. 4846:Missall. pp. 90–91. 4837:Missall. pp. 86–90. 4828:Missall. pp. 83–85. 4790:Missall. pp. 78–80. 4781:Missall. pp. 75–76. 4772:Missall. pp. 71–73. 4763:Missall. pp. 69–71. 4754:Missall. pp. 64–65. 4736:Missall. pp. 58–62. 4718:Missall. pp. 53–61. 4689:Missall. pp. 46–47. 4656:Missall. pp. 42–43. 4558:Missall. pp. 39–40. 4514:Knetsch. Pp. 26-27. 4512:Missall. Pp. 36-37. 4503:Missall. Pp. 33-37. 4485:Missall. pp. 28–32. 4453:Missall. pp. 27–28. 4444:Missall. pp. 24–27. 4399:Missall. pp. 21–22. 4375:Fort Riley, US Army 4186:Missall. pp. 16–20. 4125:Patrick. pp. 83–98. 3769:Missall. pp. 10–12. 3239:Population transfer 3209:settler colonialism 3045:, developed by the 2633:The Army turned to 2395:Second Seminole War 2389:Second Seminole War 1405:Madison authorized 965:Thomas Sidney Jesup 929:Second Seminole War 923:Second Seminole War 800:peoples settled in 720:Second Seminole War 638:that took place in 626:(also known as the 586:San Felasco Hammock 569:Second Seminole War 450:Homathlemico 164:(1816–19, 1835–37) 62:Second Seminole War 10290:www.riley.army.mil 10222:Florida portal 9448:Indigenous peoples 8650:War in Afghanistan 8620:Invasion of Panama 8615:Lebanese Civil War 8540:Formosa Expedition 8500:Second Barbary War 8454:2020 racial unrest 8389:Johnson County War 8384:Lincoln County War 8359:American Civil War 8354:Harpers Ferry raid 8329:Turner's Rebellion 8238:Martin Van Buren → 8074:The Gorgeous Hussy 7901:Indian Removal Act 7729:Tennessee at-large 7228:First inauguration 6805:Fort Stanwix (2nd) 6799:Fort Stanwix (1st) 6674:Burt Lake burn-out 6656:Sandy Lake Tragedy 6572:Battle of Ocheesee 6554:Battle of Fowltown 6536:Fort Mims massacre 6045:Unconquered People 5931:Rosen, Deborah A. 5841:2007-12-12 at the 5829:2016-01-15 at the 5677:Cedar Rapids, Iowa 5661:2016-05-23 at the 5275:Covington. p. 126. 5048:Buker. pp. 99–101. 4463:Cox, Dale (2017). 4276:Monaco. pp. 11–12. 3689:on 6 November 2016 3431:Bluhm, Raymond K. 3289:Tierras de la Chua 3214:History of Florida 3142:In popular culture 3106:, and control the 3104:Hollywood, Florida 3051:redeemer dominated 3031:American Civil War 2896:Third Seminole War 2772: 2759:Second Interbellum 2723: 2620: 2520: 2435:Richard Keith Call 2409: 2339: 2307:Indian Removal Act 2285: 2245: 2220:Apalachicola River 2198: 2093:Secretary of State 2069:George W. Campbell 2024: 2005:Apalachicola River 1918:Apalachicola River 1859:Apalachicola River 1789:Tustunnugee Hutkee 1758: 1736:American Southeast 1655: 1624:First Seminole War 1569:Thomas Adams Smith 1499:town of Fernandina 1409:, governor of the 1368: 1318:Louisiana Purchase 1272:Apalachicola River 1242:at St. Augustine, 1063:colony of Carolina 1007:Third Seminole War 981:American Civil War 945:Indian Removal Act 894:First Seminole War 875:Apalachicola River 741:Third Seminole War 699:federal government 691:Indian reservation 660:First Seminole War 536:First Seminole War 10273:Afterword chapter 10229: 10228: 9641:Homosassa Springs 9583:Southwest Florida 9220:Okeechobee (1928) 9050:Florida Territory 8786: 8785: 8748:Casualties of war 8580:Russian Civil War 8545:Korean Expedition 8490:First Barbary War 8369:Brooks–Baxter War 8324:Fries's Rebellion 8319:Whiskey Rebellion 8261: 8260: 8121:President Jackson 7652: 7651: 7564:Monroe on slavery 7374:James Monroe Tomb 7347:Battle of Trenton 7135:(1799–1802, 1811) 7054: 7053: 6792:(chronologically) 6587:Policies and laws 6523:(chronologically) 6480: 6479: 6327:Muscogee language 6322:Mikasuki language 6190:historical marker 6110:978-0-19-507894-7 5980:978-0-300-13905-1 5917:978-1-57607-188-5 5868:978-0-8173-5117-5 5685:The Withlacoochee 5647:October 22, 2006. 5612:978-0-8203-2921-5 5549:978-0-06-076184-4 5084:Mahon. pp. 283–4. 5075:Viele. pp. 33–35. 4545:978-0-16-087327-0 4231:Monaco. pp. 2, 4. 4112:978-0-8203-2921-5 3829:Cox, Isaac Joslin 3204:cultural genocide 3120:Tampa Reservation 3059:African Americans 2977:William S. Harney 2846:In 1851, General 2628:William S. Harney 2419:Bushnell, Florida 2337:, Seminole leader 2137:Adams–Onís Treaty 2131:First Interbellum 2096:John Quincy Adams 2047:of his own ship. 2036:military tribunal 2026:About this time, 1473:In 1812, General 1326:Robert Livingston 1297:Robert Livingston 1276:Mississippi River 1252:State of Muskogee 1236:Revolutionary War 1026:Big Cypress Swamp 1001:Southwest Florida 961:guerrilla warfare 909:Adams–Onís Treaty 855:Southern Colonies 841:Florida panhandle 749:American settlers 733:southwest Florida 687:Florida panhandle 680:Adams-Onis Treaty 619: 618: 606:Pine Island Ridge 551:Battle of Suwanee 492: 491: 107: 106: 89:Florida territory 16:(Redirected from 10387: 10320: 10319: 10313: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10292:. Archived from 10282: 10276: 10269: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10220: 10219: 10218: 9376:African-American 9245:Homestead (1945) 9235:Labor Day (1935) 9210:Tampa Bay (1921) 8813: 8806: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8738:Military history 8697:Yemeni civil war 8630:Somali Civil War 8530:Second Opium War 8399:Homestead strike 8314:Shays' Rebellion 8288: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8250: 8249: 8045:Black Jack stamp 7886:Petticoat affair 7856: 7849: 7832:Coffin Handbills 7732: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7642: 7641: 7576:Virginia dynasty 7539:President Monroe 7515:(1851 paintings) 7463:Monroe, New York 7458:Monroe, Michigan 7213: 7206: 7194:Founding Fathers 7172: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7136: 7125: 7117: 7106: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7009:Aboriginal title 6993:Unassigned Lands 6978:Indian Territory 6766:Benjamin Hawkins 6761:George Arbuthnot 6718:Thomas Jefferson 6644:Cherokee removal 6604:Manifest destiny 6507: 6500: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6467:Ahfachkee School 6430:Politics and law 6218: 6211: 6204: 6195: 6194: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6142: 6114: 6089:, July 17, 2017. 5997: 5984: 5958: 5946: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5898: 5889: 5872: 5816: 5733: 5637: 5616: 5553: 5503: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5252: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4807:. Archived from 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4657: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4580: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4381:on June 25, 2007 4367: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4342:on June 24, 2007 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4285:Patrick. p. 279. 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4258:Monaco. pp. 3–5. 4256: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4213:Patrick. p. 259. 4211: 4205: 4204:Patrick. p. 113. 4202: 4196: 4195:Patrick. p. 268. 4193: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4060: 4045: 4044: 4030: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3991:Stagg. pp. 89-91 3989: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3973:Patrick. p 11-12 3971: 3965: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3924: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3906:Stagg. pp. 58–67 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3860: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3825: 3810: 3809: 3797: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3760:Buker. pp. 9–10. 3754: 3748: 3734: 3728: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3685:. Archived from 3674: 3668: 3667: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3368: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3327: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3272:Florida Parishes 3268: 3262: 3255: 3194:Ethnic cleansing 3069:, including the 2988:there in April. 2865:Millard Fillmore 2753:Indian Territory 2606:Alexander Macomb 2602:Martin Van Buren 2450:Bulow Plantation 2446:Bulow Plantation 2141:William P. Duval 2105:Lord Castlereagh 2028:Robert Ambrister 1989:William McIntosh 1914:William McIntosh 1878:Secretary of War 1806: 1723:out of Pensacola 1688: 1342:Joseph Bonaparte 1056:Spanish missions 1037:Colonial Florida 977:march to the sea 937:Indian Territory 818:British settlers 725:guerilla warfare 707:Indian Territory 528: 518: 511: 504: 495: 494: 456: 414: 413: 412: 402: 401: 400: 390: 389: 388: 378: 377: 376: 368:Walker Armistead 366: 365: 364: 354: 353: 352: 344: 334: 333: 332: 324: 314: 313: 312: 304: 294: 293: 292: 284: 274: 273: 272: 262: 261: 260: 250: 249: 248: 239: 238: 237: 228: 227: 226: 218: 208: 207: 206: 196: 195: 194: 184: 183: 182: 174:Martin Van Buren 172: 171: 170: 160: 159: 158: 124: 122: 121: 69: 68: 50: 30: 29: 21: 10395: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10350:Spanish Florida 10325: 10324: 10323: 10307: 10306: 10299: 10297: 10296:on 25 June 2007 10286:"Archived copy" 10284: 10283: 10279: 10270: 10266: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10225: 10216: 10214: 10207: 10089:(former county) 9853: 9824:West Palm Beach 9789:Fort Lauderdale 9730: 9607: 9533:Forgotten Coast 9513:Central Florida 9484: 9364: 9196: 9189: 9143:Lake Okeechobee 9099: 9018:Spanish Florida 8999: 8857:Ballot measures 8838: 8826: 8817: 8787: 8782: 8701: 8560:Boxer Rebellion 8463: 8344:Bleeding Kansas 8302: 8295: 8292: 8262: 8257: 8221: 8185: 8156:Lyncoya Jackson 8126: 8095:Man of Conquest 8012: 7938:Specie Circular 7891:Kitchen Cabinet 7857: 7851: 7850: 7841: 7817:Corrupt bargain 7735: 7723: 7715: 7707: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7653: 7648: 7624:← James Madison 7614: 7585: 7552: 7468:Monroe, Georgia 7431:popular culture 7430: 7424: 7378: 7320: 7298: 7292: 7268:Monroe Doctrine 7214: 7208: 7207: 7198: 7181:Founding events 7175: 7163: 7155: 7147: 7139: 7128: 7120: 7109: 7098: 7090: 7085: 7055: 7050: 6997: 6954: 6943:La Pointe (2nd) 6931:La Pointe (1st) 6907:Payne's Landing 6841:Forbes Purchase 6791: 6785: 6748: 6742: 6693:John C. Calhoun 6685: 6679: 6662:Nome Cult Trail 6615: 6582: 6522: 6516: 6511: 6481: 6476: 6455: 6425: 6394: 6353:Black Seminoles 6331: 6303: 6255: 6227: 6222: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6140: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6081:"Seminole Wars" 5981: 5955: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5869: 5843:Wayback Machine 5831:Wayback Machine 5738:The Army Lawyer 5722:10.2307/2954272 5663:Wayback Machine 5613: 5550: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5490:"Distant Drums" 5488: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4948:10.2307/3031484 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727:Missall. p. 55. 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680:Missall. p. 45. 4679: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4640: 4636: 4632:Missall. p. 42. 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4581: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4523:Missall. P. 38. 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494:Vocelle. p. 75. 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4081: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4048: 4031: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888:Stagg. p. 42–43 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3826: 3813: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3758:Knetsch. p. 13. 3757: 3755: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487:Mahon p. 19, 20 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3441: 3439: 3433:"Seminole Wars" 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3295: 3285:St. Johns River 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3185: 3144: 3083: 3019: 2998:Abner Doubleday 2993:Gustavus Loomis 2973: 2911:Lake Okeechobee 2903: 2898: 2889:Jefferson Davis 2844: 2823:David E. Twiggs 2802: 2761: 2748: 2711: 2663: 2564:Lake Okeechobee 2414:Francis L. Dade 2397: 2391: 2375:Dalton, Georgia 2321: 2315: 2186: 2180: 2133: 2089: 2064: 1966:Red Stick Creek 1894: 1889: 1881:John C. Calhoun 1824: 1804: 1731:Treaty of Ghent 1694:. A company of 1686: 1644: 1638: 1626: 1585: 1577:St. Marys River 1565:Payne's Prairie 1471: 1465: 1419:Fulwar Skipwith 1360: 1354: 1346:Cortes of Cádiz 1292: 1224: 1216:Black Seminoles 1183:Spanish Indians 1167:Alachua Prairie 1138:Lake Miccosukee 1100: 1084:Treaty of Paris 1082:as part of the 1044: 1039: 1034: 1009: 939:in present-day 925: 896: 879:chattel slavery 867:Black Seminoles 816:, however, and 778:Spanish Florida 775: 769: 764: 652:enslaved people 620: 615: 596:Lake Okeechobee 565: 529: 524: 522: 458: 452: 449: 448:Josiah Francis 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 410: 408: 407: 398: 396: 395: 392:Franklin Pierce 386: 384: 383: 374: 372: 371: 362: 360: 359: 350: 348: 347: 340: 330: 328: 327: 320: 310: 308: 307: 300: 290: 288: 287: 280: 270: 268: 267: 258: 256: 255: 246: 244: 243: 235: 233: 232: 224: 222: 221: 214: 204: 202: 201: 192: 190: 189: 180: 178: 177: 168: 166: 165: 156: 154: 143:Black Seminoles 141: 137: 133: 119: 117: 95: 85:Spanish Florida 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10393: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10345:Andrew Jackson 10342: 10337: 10322: 10321: 10277: 10263: 10227: 10226: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9794:Pembroke Pines 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9774:Port St. Lucie 9771: 9766: 9764:St. Petersburg 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9740: 9738: 9736:Largest cities 9732: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9696:Port St. Lucie 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9617: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9603:Treasure Coast 9600: 9598:Tampa Bay Area 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9494: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9345:Michael (2018) 9342: 9337: 9335:Matthew (2016) 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9310:Frances (2004) 9307: 9305:Charley (2004) 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9135: 9130: 9120: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9085:Cape Canaveral 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9015: 9009: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8995:Transportation 8992: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8873:Congressional 8871: 8870: 8869: 8867:climate change 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8816: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8753:Peace movement 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8404:Pullman Strike 8401: 8396: 8394:Coal Creek War 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8339:Dorr Rebellion 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8242: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8217:Hannah Jackson 8214: 8212:Alfred Jackson 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8177: 8174:John Hutchings 8171: 8165: 8162:Emily Donelson 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8138:Rachel Jackson 8134: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8112:Andrew Jackson 8107: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8062: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8038:Andrew Jackson 8034: 8030:Andrew Jackson 8026: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7993:Tariff of 1833 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978:Tariff of 1832 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7921:Senate censure 7913: 7908: 7906:Trail of Tears 7903: 7898: 7896:Indian removal 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7686:Andrew Jackson 7682: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7299:accomplisments 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7273:Tariff of 1824 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7243:Treaty of 1818 7240: 7238:Florida Treaty 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7161: 7153: 7145: 7137: 7126: 7118: 7107: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7005: 7003: 7002:Related topics 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6913:Pontotoc Creek 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6865:Indian Springs 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6835:New York (2nd) 6832: 6826: 6823:New York (1st) 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6771:Edward Nicolls 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6728:Winfield Scott 6725: 6720: 6715: 6713:Andrew Jackson 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6638:Trail of Tears 6635: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6560:Scott Massacre 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6514:Indian Removal 6510: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6437:List of chiefs 6433: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6416:Trail of Tears 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6385:Seminole music 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6176: 6167: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6120:External links 6118: 6116: 6115: 6109: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6041: 6034: 6019: 6013: 5998: 5985: 5979: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5936: 5929: 5916: 5899: 5890: 5873: 5867: 5854: 5847: 5817: 5796: 5781: 5762: 5755:Mahon, John K. 5752: 5745: 5734: 5716:(2): 193–217. 5705: 5690: 5680: 5666: 5648: 5638: 5628:(3): 143–155. 5617: 5611: 5598: 5579: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5495: 5481: 5474: 5455: 5434: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5164: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5104:Mahon. P. 298. 5095: 5086: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5057:Mahon. p. 289. 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4985:Mahon. P. 228. 4978: 4969: 4926: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4857: 4855:Tebeau. p. 158 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4671:, p. 106. 4658: 4649: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4604: 4597: 4589:Viking Penguin 4560: 4551: 4544: 4525: 4516: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4435:Sugden, p. 306 4428: 4426:Sugden, p. 291 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4362: 4353: 4323: 4314: 4312:Monaco. p. 17. 4305: 4303:Monaco. p. 12. 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4111: 4091: 4046: 4020: 4011: 4002: 4000:Patrick. p 12. 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3954: 3919: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3852: 3850:Stagg. p 40–41 3843: 3811: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3749: 3729: 3700: 3669: 3662: 3644: 3637: 3619: 3612: 3591: 3582: 3567: 3543: 3528: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3453: 3423: 3409: 3389: 3376:Florida Memory 3356: 3342: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3293: 3276: 3263: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3224:Indian removal 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3189:Trail of Tears 3184: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3163: 3151: 3143: 3140: 3082: 3079: 3047:Reconstruction 3018: 3015: 3010:New Year's Day 2984:to aid in the 2972: 2969: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2843: 2840: 2801: 2800:Indian attacks 2798: 2760: 2757: 2747: 2744: 2710: 2709:War winds down 2707: 2662: 2659: 2597:Zachary Taylor 2570:surrounded by 2560:Zachary Taylor 2505:Revenue-Marine 2431:Winfield Scott 2393:Main article: 2390: 2387: 2325:Oklawaha River 2317:Main article: 2314: 2311: 2182:Main article: 2179: 2176: 2160:Suwannee River 2132: 2129: 2088: 2085: 2077:Fort Barrancas 2063: 2060: 1999:. Close to 40 1997:Econfina River 1985:Suwannee River 1944:) on April 6. 1938:Fort St. Marks 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1866:Scott Massacre 1823: 1820: 1700:Edward Nicolls 1692:Prospect Bluff 1663:Andrew Jackson 1651:Andrew Jackson 1640:Main article: 1637: 1634: 1625: 1622: 1614:David Mitchell 1602:Paynes Prairie 1594:Buckner Harris 1584: 1581: 1475:George Mathews 1467:Main article: 1464: 1461: 1456:George Mathews 1372:Peninsular War 1356:Main article: 1353: 1350: 1291: 1288: 1223: 1222:Early conflict 1220: 1157:Alachua County 1099: 1096: 1067:Yamasee Indian 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1008: 1005: 924: 921: 900:Andrew Jackson 895: 892: 848:runaway slaves 771:Main article: 768: 765: 763: 760: 672:Black Seminole 664:Andrew Jackson 617: 616: 614: 613: 611:Caloosahatchee 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 581:Ouithlacoochie 578: 564: 563: 558: 556:Fort Barrancas 553: 548: 543: 534: 531: 530: 521: 520: 513: 506: 498: 490: 489: 486: 479: 478: 474: 473: 470: 466: 465: 461: 460: 418: 416:William Harney 404:James Buchanan 356:Zachary Taylor 296:Richard Gentry 252:Winfield Scott 210:Wiley Thompson 162:Andrew Jackson 151: 150: 146: 145: 128: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 83: 81: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10392: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10335:Seminole Wars 10333: 10332: 10330: 10317: 10311: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10274: 10268: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10224: 10223: 10210: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:Miami Gardens 9842: 9840: 9839:Pompano Beach 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9814:Coral Springs 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9578:South Florida 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9568:North Florida 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518:Emerald Coast 9516: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9360:Idalia (2023) 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9350:Dorian (2019) 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9325:Dennis (2005) 9323: 9321: 9320:Jeanne (2004) 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9295:Andrew (1992) 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9285:Eloise (1975) 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170:State forests 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055:Seminole Wars 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029:British Rule 9028: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8809: 8807: 8802: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8773:War on terror 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8254: 8253: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8158:(adopted son) 8157: 8154: 8152:(adopted son) 8151: 8148: 8146:(adopted son) 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066:The Buccaneer 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058:The Buccaneer 8055: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8003:Panic of 1837 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881:Spoils system 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7802:Seminole Wars 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7767:Fort Strother 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7757:The Hermitage 7755: 7753: 7752:Hunter's Hill 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7645: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7263:Seminole Wars 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248:Panic of 1819 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7130:12th and 16th 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6811:Fort McIntosh 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6781:George Winter 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6738:David Wallace 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6703:James Gadsden 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6578:Seminole Wars 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Seminole Wars 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179:Camp Recovery 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170:Buck and Ball 6168: 6164: 6154:on 2016-03-13 6150: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6053:0-8130-1662-2 6050: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6031:1-56164-101-4 6028: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010:0-87024-149-4 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5954:9780877954774 5950: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5793:0-8130-2715-2 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778:0-8130-1360-7 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5749:Nobody's Hero 5746: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5703: 5702:0-7385-2424-7 5699: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5595:0-8130-1196-5 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5475:9781561643967 5471: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5336: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5168: 5161: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4811:on 2021-11-23 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4700: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4653: 4645: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4598:0-670-91025-2 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4520: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4417:Sugden, p.287 4414: 4408:Sugden, p.281 4405: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3912: 3903: 3897:Cusick. p. 14 3894: 3885: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3857: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3721:Billy Bowlegs 3718: 3714: 3713:Billy Bowlegs 3710: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3663:0-631-21864-5 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3613:0-8130-2966-X 3609: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3578: 3571: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3523: 3521: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3412: 3410:0-8160-6578-0 3406: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3345: 3343:0-8160-6578-0 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3155:Distant Drums 3152: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3088:Tamiami Trail 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055:disfranchised 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929:south of the 2928: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:Billy Bowlegs 2857: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2794:Billy Bowlegs 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2768:Billy Bowlegs 2765: 2756: 2754: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:Henry Perrine 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2653:in the upper 2652: 2651:Tea Table Key 2648: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2406: 2403:Woodcut from 2401: 2396: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:James Gadsden 2254: 2250: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:Fort Crawford 2070: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2018:The trial of 2016: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:Peter McQueen 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:Royal Marines 1693: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 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Bell 2149: 2134: 2121: 2113: 2101: 2090: 2087:Consequences 2081:William King 2065: 2052:Fort Gadsden 2049: 2025: 2009:Chattahochee 1978: 1946: 1941: 1922:Fort Gadsden 1895: 1863: 1856: 1848:Indian agent 1825: 1818: 1810: 1786: 1766: 1759: 1727: 1709: 1680: 1656: 1627: 1618: 1606: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1558: 1546: 1527: 1522:James Monroe 1519: 1507: 1472: 1453: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1404: 1396: 1384: 1369: 1352:West Florida 1335: 1331: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1302:James Monroe 1293: 1268:West Florida 1264:East Florida 1261: 1225: 1207: 1195: 1170: 1160: 1150: 1131: 1116:Creek people 1101: 1060: 1045: 1018:Holata Micco 1010: 993: 957:Florida Keys 926: 897: 845: 833:the colonies 830: 776: 753: 740: 730: 718: 709:(modern day 689:for a large 684: 659: 628:Florida Wars 627: 623: 621: 567: 566: 535: 525: 482: 453: 445:Holata Micco 406:(1857–1858) 341: 336:Francis Dade 321: 316:David Moniac 301: 281: 264:Thomas Jesup 215: 112:Belligerents 38:Part of the 10253: / 9804:Gainesville 9779:Tallahassee 9716:Tallahassee 9701:Punta Gorda 9686:Panama City 9636:Gainesville 9613:Metro areas 9588:Space Coast 9528:First Coast 9416:Agriculture 9340:Irma (2017) 9315:Ivan (2004) 9300:Opal (1995) 9270:King (1950) 9265:Easy (1950) 9175:State parks 8941:LGBT rights 8894:Environment 8877:delegations 8834:Tallahassee 8640:Bosnian War 8600:Vietnam War 8575:World War I 8565:Banana Wars 8495:War of 1812 7731:(1796–1797) 7703:(1829–1837) 7523:(2015 film) 7520:Monroe Hill 7498:Monroe Park 7453:Fort Monroe 7316:War of 1812 7297:Other noted 7171:(1783–1786) 7159:(1790–1794) 7151:(1794–1796) 7143:(1803–1808) 7124:(1814–1815) 7116:(1811–1817) 7105:(1817–1825) 6971:in Oklahoma 6843:(1804–1811) 6733:John Tipton 6646:(1836–1839) 6640:(1831–1838) 6634:(1831–1833) 6594:Removal Act 6574:(1817–1818) 6390:Stomp dance 6279:Fort Pierce 6269:Big Cypress 6188:Fort Hughes 5807:(1): 1–25. 5261:12 November 4360:Lacey p. 42 4082:|work= 3879:Stagg. p 43 3654:The Timucua 3526:Mahon p. 24 3514:Mahon p. 25 3496:Mahon p. 20 3478:Mahon p. 19 3172:Rock Hudson 3160:Gary Cooper 3029:During the 2960:Fort Fraser 2931:Miami River 2832:New Orleans 2810:Peace River 2785:Pine Island 2678:Dade County 2674:county seat 2635:bloodhounds 2549:Fort Marion 2465:government. 2261:Tallahassee 2249:Fort Brooke 2238:Fort Brooke 1970:Tenskwatawa 1930:Tallahassee 1781:Flint River 1715:Fort Bowyer 1657:During the 1572:territory. 1445:Mississippi 1424:Pearl River 1415:Baton Rouge 1391:Baton Rouge 1234:ending the 1226:During the 1142:Tallahassee 1124:Upper Creek 1120:Lower Creek 979:during the 953:Dade battle 917:reservation 883:Mississippi 591:Wahoo Swamp 576:Dade battle 54:U.S. Marine 10329:Categories 10300:12 January 10241:80°50′15″W 10238:27°19′32″N 10203:Washington 10143:Santa Rosa 10118:Palm Beach 10103:Okeechobee 10077:Miami‑Dade 9829:Clearwater 9784:Cape Coral 9538:Gold Coast 9523:Everglades 9453:Everglades 9428:Floridians 9355:Ian (2022) 9197:hurricanes 9123:Everglades 8951:newspapers 8946:Mass media 8931:Hurricanes 8921:Government 8778:War crimes 8645:Kosovo War 8590:Korean War 8570:Border War 8429:Bonus Army 8424:Tulsa riot 8414:Red Summer 8334:Mormon War 8114:(SSBN-619) 7988:Force Bill 7933:Hard money 7863:Presidency 7603:George Hay 7507:(painting) 7429:Legacy and 7220:Presidency 6919:New Echota 6829:Greenville 6698:Lewis Cass 6294:Miccosukee 6158:2017-11-18 5449:2011-03-02 5325:13 January 4815:2017-08-03 4385:January 4, 4346:January 4, 3808:: 286–301. 3745:Cimarrones 3693:23 October 3638:0813012325 3561:2017-08-03 3505:Mahon p.20 3127:Miccosukee 3063:minorities 2777:James Polk 2666:Indian Key 2661:Indian Key 2647:Everglades 2545:white flag 2541:John Horse 2537:Coacoochee 2497:volunteers 2482:West Point 2273:Washington 2265:Miccosukee 2225:Under the 2001:Red Sticks 1974:Union Flag 1942:San Marcos 1934:Miccosukee 1898:Fort Scott 1874:Fernandina 1870:Washington 1835:Fort Scott 1793:Negro Fort 1777:Fort Scott 1762:José Masot 1740:Negro Fort 1667:Red Sticks 1532:and other 1530:King Payne 1484:volunteers 1171:Cimarrones 1146:Miccosukee 1032:Background 1022:Fort Myers 1014:Everglades 943:under the 904:Negro Fort 871:Negro Fort 767:Background 745:Everglades 737:Fort Myers 441:John Horse 429:Tiger Tail 394:(1856–57) 382:(1841–42) 370:(1840–41) 358:(1838–40) 266:(1836-38) 200:(1841–42) 198:John Tyler 176:(1837–41) 58:Everglades 10163:St. Lucie 10158:St. Johns 10027:Lafayette 10022:Jefferson 9997:Highlands 9962:Gilchrist 9902:Charlotte 9799:Hollywood 9573:Panhandle 9548:Heartland 9497:Big Bend 9468:Kissimmee 9423:Education 9160:Sinkholes 9105:Geography 9070:Civil War 8889:Education 8882:districts 8837:(capital) 8485:Quasi-War 8374:Range War 7998:Pet banks 7762:Creek War 7443:Memorials 7383:Elections 6959:Landbases 6460:Education 6370:Fastachee 6309:Languages 6289:Immokalee 6284:Hollywood 5846:. P. 153. 5312:0015-4113 5306:(1): 46. 4964:140431933 4669:Howe 2007 4084:ignored ( 4074:cite book 3313:Citations 3259:Quasi-War 3132:eco-tours 3077:in 1968. 3017:Aftermath 3002:woodcraft 2986:uprisings 2943:Bradenton 2869:Baltimore 2746:Aftermath 2529:Sam Jones 2525:bona fide 2493:governors 2289:Fort King 2242:Tampa Bay 2203:Neamathla 2164:Tampa Bay 2156:Creek War 1928:(today's 1906:Tennessee 1839:Neamathla 1775:to build 1708:HMS 1659:Creek War 1554:Lake City 1492:U.S. Navy 1380:Pensacola 1280:Louisiana 1257:squatters 1248:Pensacola 1244:St. Marks 1240:garrisons 1198:Fort Mose 1153:Cowkeeper 1092:New Spain 1072:Pensacola 995:treachery 859:Fort Mose 826:Carolinas 814:Pensacola 794:Apalachee 682:of 1819. 676:Pensacola 636:Seminoles 75:1816–1858 10370:Seminole 10310:cite web 10173:Suwannee 10153:Seminole 10148:Sarasota 10128:Pinellas 10098:Okaloosa 10087:Mosquito 9992:Hernando 9977:Hamilton 9952:Franklin 9942:Escambia 9922:Columbia 9882:Bradford 9859:Counties 9834:Lakeland 9819:Palm Bay 9593:Suncoast 9475:Politics 9045:Seminole 9023:missions 9013:Timeline 8768:Cold War 8685:Cameroon 8655:Iraq War 8625:Gulf War 8349:Utah War 8307:Domestic 8252:Category 8176:(nephew) 7916:Bank War 7644:Category 7369:Oak Hill 7364:Highland 7165:Delegate 6358:Mascogos 6274:Brighton 6225:Seminole 5886:53-13265 5839:Archived 5827:Archived 5813:30149405 5679:: Torch. 5659:Archived 5634:30149692 5320:30145700 5162:(p. 486) 4172:25 April 3964:Collier. 3831:(1918). 3741:Americas 3717:Micanopy 3442:July 18, 3416:July 18, 3382:27 April 3349:July 17, 3303:Micanopy 3199:Genocide 3183:See also 3167:Seminole 2991:Colonel 2939:Sarasota 2856:Cherokee 2695:Campeche 2682:wrecking 2680:, and a 2572:sawgrass 2367:settlers 2355:Micanopy 2214:and the 2145:Kentucky 2125:Napoleon 1954:Scottish 1904:, 1,000 1902:regulars 1852:Congress 1837:. Chief 1831:Mikasuki 1827:Fowltown 1801:magazine 1797:hot shot 1612:, after 1534:Seminole 1495:gunboats 1434:Veracruz 1133:Hitchiti 1128:Mikasuki 989:Micanopy 941:Oklahoma 798:Tequesta 762:Overview 711:Oklahoma 668:Seminole 634:and the 464:Strength 425:Micanopy 131:Seminole 80:Location 10275:p. 265. 10193:Wakulla 10188:Volusia 10113:Osceola 10062:Manatee 10057:Madison 10052:Liberty 10017:Jackson 9957:Gadsden 9947:Flagler 9917:Collier 9897:Calhoun 9892:Broward 9887:Brevard 9867:Alachua 9809:Miramar 9769:Hialeah 9759:Orlando 9711:Sebring 9490:Regions 9463:Orlando 9411:Economy 9401:Culture 9369:Society 9180:Straits 9165:Springs 9113:Beaches 9060:Slavery 9005:History 8968:Symbols 8916:Geology 8862:Climate 8824:Florida 8706:Related 8468:Foreign 8207:Gilbert 8103:Jackson 7557:Related 7283:Cabinet 7167:to the 6901:Cusseta 6399:History 6365:Chickee 6336:Culture 5730:2954272 4956:3031484 3949:1833000 2927:coontie 2568:hammock 2553:malaria 2360:Osceola 2335:Osceola 2216:Bahamas 2045:yardarm 1995:on the 1981:Bolek's 1958:Bahamas 1926:Anhaica 1910:militia 1779:on the 1704:Captain 1669:at the 1488:Georgia 1449:Alabama 1274:to the 1187:Calusas 1175:Choctaw 1162:la Chua 1108:Yamasee 1052:Spanish 985:Osceola 975:in his 970:General 933:voiding 887:Georgia 873:on the 852:British 788:to the 656:Georgia 640:Florida 454:† 437:Osceola 346:(1835) 342:† 326:(1836) 322:† 306:(1837) 302:† 286:(1837) 282:† 254:(1836) 220:(1835) 216:† 188:(1841) 139:Choctaw 93:Florida 10198:Walton 10178:Taylor 10168:Sumter 10138:Putnam 10108:Orange 10093:Nassau 10082:Monroe 10072:Martin 10067:Marion 10007:Holmes 9987:Hendry 9982:Hardee 9967:Glades 9927:DeSoto 9907:Citrus 9501:region 9480:Sports 9185:Swamps 9155:Rivers 8844:Topics 8190:Slaves 8140:(wife) 8131:Family 8105:(1832) 8069:(1958) 8061:(1938) 7719:(1821) 7599:(wife) 7590:Family 6951:(1857) 6945:(1854) 6939:(1842) 6933:(1842) 6927:(1838) 6921:(1835) 6915:(1832) 6909:(1832) 6903:(1832) 6897:(1831) 6891:(1830) 6885:(1829) 6879:(1829) 6873:(1825) 6867:(1821) 6861:(1820) 6855:(1818) 6849:(1814) 6837:(1796) 6831:(1795) 6825:(1790) 6819:(1788) 6813:(1785) 6807:(1784) 6801:(1768) 6676:(1900) 6670:(1864) 6664:(1863) 6658:(1850) 6652:(1838) 6568:(1817) 6562:(1817) 6556:(1817) 6550:(1816) 6544:(1814) 6538:(1813) 6532:(1813) 6107: 6051: 6029: 6008: 5977: 5951: 5923:29 May 5914: 5884: 5865: 5811: 5791: 5776: 5757:1967. 5728: 5700: 5632: 5609: 5593: 5546: 5472: 5318: 5310: 4962: 4954: 4595: 4542: 4109: 4009:Higgs. 3947: 3737:Maroon 3660: 3635: 3610: 3407: 3340: 3033:, the 2982:Kansas 2770:, 1858 2699:Mexico 2691:Consul 2456:Major 2427:Gaines 2423:Clinch 2407:(1836) 2172:liquor 1829:was a 1719:Mobile 1710:Sophie 1232:treaty 784:. 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