373:
raids like it resulted in violence against LGBTQ+ people in Cuba. Even though homosexuality was persecuted against, Casal did not criticize this persecution or the Cuban government. In Cuban revolutionary politics, the idea of being homosexual and a revolutionary seemed to be impossible. Hiding ones' sexuality was a common practice for many members of the
Revolution, including those who occupied higher ranks within the government. Casal believed the suppression of her homosexuality to be a necessary price to pay in order to feel connected to Cuba. She aimed not to become a further target for those who opposed her writing and activism.
389:, posthumously shortly after her death. The impact she had on Cubans internationally left an important legacy for having begun the conversation between Cuban politicians and refugees through both her writing and advocacy. Her stance on reconciliation between the diaspora and Cuban politicians and support of the regime, impacted her status as an exile and for a period of time, she was omitted from Cuban-American literature compilations. A reawakening of her legacy coincided with talks of normalization of the US/Cuban relationship at the turn of the 21st century.
345:) brought members of the Cuban diaspora to Havana to discuss points of interest with Cuban officials. The members of the Brigade were born mostly in the United States or Puerto Rico and were allowed to return to Cuba as a result of "The Dialogue". The Cuban government welcomed and accepted these former exiles, using different forms of propaganda that catered to them. In addition to allowing separated families to reunite, "The Dialogue" resulted in the release of "thirty-six hundred political prisoners".
332:
in 1974, comparing the different experiences of white and black Cuban migrants in terms of their "success". In 1977, Casal began work on the
Antonio Maceo Brigade, a project aimed at reuniting young Cuban-Americans with the island. At its inception, Casal believed that the group should be composed of
372:
Casal did not openly address her lesbianism. In Casal’s youth and throughout her life, Cuba had staunch anti-homosexual policies and attitudes. In 1961, a raid on Havana was conducted to search for and detain those suspected of hedonism, which included those who were homosexual. This raid and other
308:
In 1973, she became the first US exile from Cuba to return to the country. Being invited by the government to return was at the time a novel event, as the government stance had branded those who left as betrayers of the revolution. She stayed from May to
September and from that point forward was an
231:
to oppose what they saw as a betrayal of the revolutionary ideals. She worked briefly in the counterrevolutionary movement in Cuba, but in 1962 was forced into exile. As a
Director from the Consejo Revolucionario Cubano, she made a tour of Africa, underwritten by the CIA, collecting information on
156:
Lourdes Emilia de la
Caridad Casal y Valdés was born on 5 April 1938 in Havana to Emilia Valdés, a teacher, and Pedro Casal, a dentist and physician. Her family was of mixed-racial descent, including African, Chinese and Spanish ancestry. She was privately educated until 1951, when she entered
273:
Casal wrote many poems and articles about Cuba and exploring what it meant to be an exile. In her poetry, she explored how being an exile had changed her life, making her no longer only Cuban, but with a recognition that she would never fully be a New Yorker. Racial and social inequality, the
360:. Though she continued trips to and from Cuba in her attempts to serve as a bridge between Cubans and Cuban-Americans, her health was in decline. In 1980, she participated in a conference as part of the activities of the Institute for Cuban Studies, which was held in Cuba, during the
139:
which focused on creating dialogue on relationships between Cubans living abroad and on the island. Casal earned notoriety by attempting to reconcile Cuban exiles in the United States. She was instrumental in organizing a dialogue between Cuban immigrants and
274:
suppressive politics of both her homeland and adopted home, and struggle to understand changed Casal from an opponent to a supporter of the Cuban government in the early 1970s. In 1971, she began compiling documents to explore the arrest of the poet
309:
outspoken advocate of the Cuban government. At times her advocacy was seen to divide the Cuban exile community, but her ability to maintain her position and allow voices of opposition to speak as well, gained overall respect of the diaspora.
257:
and simultaneously began a prolific writing career. Her works focused on her need to understand people; she analyzed topics in literature, politics, and the social sciences. Casal later moved to
316:
in 1974 and completed her PhD from the New School for Social
Research in 1975. In the mid-seventies, she explored racism and its cultural context, such as the difference of being
123:
community. She was internationally known for her contributions to psychology, writing, and Cuban politics. Born and raised in Cuba, she sought exile in New York because of Cuban
47:
684:
Herrera, MarĂa
Cristina (2015). "Casal, Lourdes (1938–1981), poet, activist, and founder of the Institute for Cuban Studies". In Oboler, Suzanne; González, Deena J. (eds.).
337:
agreed to allow a selected group of Cubans to return in 1978, Casal assisted in drafting the list of participants. The meeting, which became known as "The
Dialogue" (
792:
434:
170:
265:. An interesting aspect of Casal's writing is that her scholarly works primarily were written in English, while her literary works were written in Spanish.
189:. She joined the Cultural Association and served as its Secretary General and became president of the women's group of the Catholic Youth Organization, (
611:
953:
491:
958:
963:
968:
685:
772:
745:
651:
444:
216:
135:
which illustrated the failing relationship between writers and Cuban officials. A year later, she co-founded a journal named
490:
de la Cuesta, Leonel
Antonio (1982). "Perfil Biográfico". In Herrera, MarĂa Cristina; de la Cuesta, Leonel Antonio (eds.).
328:(The Founders: Alfonso and Other Stories) which discussed the history of Chinese-Cubans. She co-wrote with Rafael Prohias
815:
250:
197:) of Villanova. She won the second prize of the 1956-1957 term literary competition with a paper on the work of Father
128:
933:
699:
562:
333:
those who were either Cuban-born or born to Cuban parents that left Cuba when the revolution began. When
President
161:. She graduated in 1954 with a bachelor's degree in science and letters with the simultaneous certification as a
948:
587:
403:
433:
López, Antonio (2016). "Casal, Lourdes (1938–1981)". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Jr, Henry Louis (eds.).
386:
145:
144:, which led to the release of thousands of Cuban prisoners. She was the first Cuban-American to receive the
793:"Stealing the Nation. Three Cuban Women Writers in the U.S.: Lourdes Casal, Dolores Prida, and Achy Obejas"
262:
254:
557:. Vol. I: Abarca through Guzmán. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 123–124.
938:
381:
Casal died on 1 February 1981, aged 41 in Havana from complications of her illnesses. Her final work,
398:
290:(1972), which aimed to critically explore both positive and negative effects of the Cuban regime and
127:
rule. Casal received a master's degree in psychology in 1962 and later, a doctorate in 1975 from the
943:
687:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
505:
691:
762:
733:
550:
639:
303:
209:
162:
928:
923:
174:
261:
and then in 1969 co-founded the Institute for Cuban Studies at Rutgers She also taught at
8:
504:(in Spanish). Miami, Florida: Instituto de Estudios Cubanos. pp. 1–8. Archived from
582:. Franco Serri, Conchita., Garcia, Richard A., 1941-. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
605:
258:
900:
858:
807:
768:
741:
695:
647:
593:
583:
558:
440:
313:
213:
208:
As the country radicalized, Casal became involved with the Catholic elements of the
892:
850:
338:
228:
220:
201:, which led her to change direction the following term and enroll in the school of
190:
738:
Notable American women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
361:
275:
198:
880:
353:
177:. She became editor of several publications while she was studying, including
896:
119:(April 5, 1938 – February 1, 1981) was an important poet and activist for the
917:
904:
862:
811:
212:
participating with other students from Villanova. She was active in the anti-
838:
597:
767:(1st ed.). Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. p. xxxviii.
357:
334:
321:
283:
141:
91:
70:
17:
249:
Settling in New York in 1962, Casal enrolled in psychology courses at the
879:
NegrĂłn-Muntaner, Frances; MartĂnez-San Miguel, Yolanda (September 2007).
854:
740:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 105–107.
364:. Soon after the conference, she decided to return permanently to Cuba.
202:
158:
124:
227:) and like other members within the group, switched sides after the
349:
166:
878:
707:
452:
317:
21:
46:
646:. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Incorporated. p. 80.
253:
and completed her master's degree in 1962. She taught at the
232:
the continent and published an account of her experiences in
470:
Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia
120:
580:
Notable Latino Americans : a biographical dictionary
436:
Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
294:(1974), which was openly supportive of the Cuban state.
806:(2). San Marcos, Texas: Texas State University: 12–25.
640:"Lourdes Casal (1938-1981): Writer, political activist"
555:
Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia
553:. In Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez (eds.).
485:
483:
481:
479:
297:
195:
Femenino de la Juventud Universitaria CatĂłlica (JUC)
185:, as well as a regular contributor to the newspaper
476:
754:
493:Itenerario IdeolĂłgico: AntologĂa de Lourdes Casal
282:became a pivotal point in changing her stance on
148:, which was awarded to her posthumously in 1981.
133:El caso Padilla: literatura y revolucion en Cuba,
915:
786:
784:
764:Daughters of the diaspora: Afra-Hispanic writers
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
28: and the second or maternal family name is
760:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
881:"In Search of Lourdes Casal's "Ana Veldford""
790:
781:
618:
610:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
523:
489:
472:. pp. 123–124 – via Google Books.
439:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
169:. Furthering her studies, Casal enrolled in
716:
415:
225:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE)
171:St. Thomas of Villanova Catholic University
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
637:
324:in the United States. In 1973, she wrote
731:
836:
683:
330:The Cuban Minority in the United States
326:Los Fundadores: Alfonso y Otros Cuentos
954:Cuban expatriates in the United States
916:
660:
642:. In Telgen, Diane; Kamp, Jim (eds.).
548:
367:
874:
872:
832:
830:
828:
432:
385:(Words Join Revolution) received the
791:Rivera-Barnes, Beatriz (Fall 2005).
761:DeCosta-Willis, Miriam, ed. (2003).
467:
959:Caribbean people of African descent
13:
869:
825:
577:
348:Beginning in 1977, Casal, who was
298:Travel to Cuba and Castro advocacy
173:(Villanova), pursuing a degree in
14:
980:
964:American writers of Cuban descent
839:"The Cuban Exile Wars: 1976–1981"
217:Student Revolutionary Directorate
969:20th-century Cuban women writers
244:
45:
644:Notable Hispanic American Women
571:
461:
404:List of Cuban-American writers
286:. She co-founded two journals
251:New School for Social Research
129:New School for Social Research
102:New School for Social Research
1:
409:
263:Dominican College of Blauvelt
151:
551:"Casal, Lourdes (1938-1981)"
20:, the first or paternal
7:
392:
268:
255:City University of New York
10:
985:
638:Novo Pena, Silvia (1993).
387:Casa de las Américas Prize
383:Polabras juntan revoluciĂłn
301:
146:Casa de las Américas Prize
15:
897:10.1215/01642472-2007-005
399:Cuban American literature
376:
239:
106:
98:
77:
56:
44:
37:
934:20th-century Cuban poets
736:. In Ware, Susan (ed.).
732:Martinez, Maria (2004).
578:S., Meier, Matt (1997).
549:Prieto, Yolanda (2006).
712:(subscription required)
708:Oxford University Press
692:Oxford University Press
457:(subscription required)
453:Oxford University Press
837:Quiroga, José (2014).
706: – via
451: – via
352:, began to experience
342:
312:Casal was awarded the
224:
194:
110:Writer/Social Activist
949:Cuban women activists
304:Antonio Maceo Brigade
302:Further information:
210:26th of July Movement
131:. She wrote the book
855:10.1353/aq.2014.0045
710:'s Reference Online
498:Biographical profile
468:Ruiz, Vicki (2006).
455:'s Reference Online
175:chemical engineering
690:. Oxford, England:
368:Casal and sexuality
157:Institute No. 2 in
843:American Quarterly
358:dialysis treatment
278:, and her article
259:Rutgers University
939:Cuban women poets
774:978-976-637-077-0
747:978-0-674-01488-6
653:978-0-8103-7578-9
446:978-0-199-93580-2
356:and had to begin
354:renal dysfunction
314:Cintas Fellowship
114:
113:
976:
909:
908:
876:
867:
866:
834:
823:
822:
821:on 21 July 2017.
820:
814:. Archived from
797:
788:
779:
778:
758:
752:
751:
734:"Casal, Lourdes"
729:
714:
713:
705:
681:
658:
657:
635:
616:
615:
609:
601:
575:
569:
568:
546:
521:
520:
518:
516:
511:on 24 April 2016
510:
503:
487:
474:
473:
465:
459:
458:
450:
430:
288:Nueva GeneraciĂłn
229:Cuban Revolution
137:Nueva Generation
87:
85:
66:
64:
49:
35:
34:
984:
983:
979:
978:
977:
975:
974:
973:
944:Cuban activists
914:
913:
912:
877:
870:
835:
826:
818:
800:Letras Hispanas
795:
789:
782:
775:
759:
755:
748:
730:
717:
711:
702:
682:
661:
654:
636:
619:
603:
602:
590:
576:
572:
565:
547:
524:
514:
512:
508:
501:
488:
477:
466:
462:
456:
447:
431:
416:
412:
395:
379:
370:
362:Mariel boatlift
320:in Cuba verses
306:
300:
280:El Caso Padilla
276:Heberto Padilla
271:
247:
242:
154:
94:
89:
88:1 February 1981
83:
81:
73:
68:
62:
60:
52:
40:
33:
12:
11:
5:
982:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
911:
910:
868:
849:(3): 819–833.
824:
780:
773:
753:
746:
715:
700:
659:
652:
617:
588:
570:
563:
522:
475:
460:
445:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
401:
394:
391:
378:
375:
369:
366:
299:
296:
270:
267:
246:
243:
241:
238:
183:Revista Insula
163:land appraiser
153:
150:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
90:
79:
75:
74:
69:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
981:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
829:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
787:
785:
776:
770:
766:
765:
757:
749:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
709:
703:
701:9780199744619
697:
693:
689:
688:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
655:
649:
645:
641:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
613:
607:
599:
595:
591:
585:
581:
574:
566:
564:0-253-11169-2
560:
556:
552:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
507:
499:
495:
494:
486:
484:
482:
480:
471:
464:
454:
448:
442:
438:
437:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
414:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
390:
388:
384:
374:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
245:Professorship
237:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
149:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Lourdes Casal
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
80:
76:
72:
59:
55:
48:
43:
39:Lourdes Casal
36:
31:
27:
23:
19:
891:(3): 57–84.
888:
884:
846:
842:
816:the original
803:
799:
763:
756:
737:
686:
643:
579:
573:
554:
513:. Retrieved
506:the original
497:
492:
469:
463:
435:
382:
380:
371:
347:
335:Jimmy Carter
329:
325:
311:
307:
291:
287:
279:
272:
248:
233:
207:
199:FĂ©lix Varela
186:
182:
178:
155:
142:Fidel Castro
136:
132:
116:
115:
92:Havana, Cuba
71:Havana, Cuba
67:5 April 1938
29:
25:
18:Spanish name
929:1981 deaths
924:1938 births
885:Social Text
515:19 February
918:Categories
589:058538908X
410:References
343:El Diálogo
234:Cuba Nueva
203:psychology
152:Early life
107:Occupation
84:1981-02-01
63:1938-04-05
905:0164-2472
863:1080-6490
812:1548-5633
606:cite book
159:El Vedado
125:communist
99:Education
598:49569798
393:See also
350:diabetic
269:Writings
187:El QuibĂş
167:surveyor
16:In this
339:Spanish
318:mulatto
221:Spanish
214:Batista
191:Spanish
179:Memoria
22:surname
903:
861:
810:
771:
744:
698:
650:
596:
586:
561:
500:]
443:
377:Legacy
292:AreĂto
284:Castro
240:Career
26:Valdés
819:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
509:(PDF)
502:(PDF)
496:[
322:black
121:Cuban
30:Casal
901:ISSN
859:ISSN
808:ISSN
769:ISBN
742:ISBN
696:ISBN
648:ISBN
612:link
594:OCLC
584:ISBN
559:ISBN
517:2017
441:ISBN
181:and
165:and
78:Died
57:Born
51:1975
893:doi
851:doi
24:is
920::
899:.
889:25
887:.
883:.
871:^
857:.
847:66
845:.
841:.
827:^
802:.
798:.
783:^
718:^
694:.
662:^
620:^
608:}}
604:{{
592:.
525:^
478:^
417:^
341::
236:.
223::
205:.
193::
907:.
895::
865:.
853::
804:2
777:.
750:.
704:.
656:.
614:)
600:.
567:.
519:.
449:.
219:(
86:)
82:(
65:)
61:(
32:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
